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FLORA 



OF THE 



SOUTHERN UNITED STATES 



Copyright, 1883, 1897, 
By a. W. Chapman. 



J\A^Ci" 



University Press : 
John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, U.S.A. 



PREFACE. 



This work, originally designed to be the joint production 
of the late Eev. Dr. Curtis and myself, ultimately fell to 
my sole charge. With limited equipment for such an 
undertaking, and fully occupied in the discharge of the 
active duties of my profession, in moments of leisure dur- 
ing three or four years the task was completed, given to 
the press, and favorably received by my contemporaries both 
at home and abroad. 

In this edition, in order to incorporate the contents of the 
two supplements of the last edition, and additional matter 
since accumulated, and still to retain the volume within 
handy limits, it became necessary to rewrite or abbreviate 
portions of the former editions. 

The nomenclature of the first edition, which was that in 
general use at the commencement of my botanical career, 
three quarters of a century ago, is mainly retained. 

In a recrion so vast, with surface and climate so varied as 
that embraced within the limits assigned to this work, there 
still must remain much to reward the labors of future ex- 
plorers, and many new species have been proposed by recent 
collectors as occurring within my limits. These, w^hich are 
unknown to me, when duly confirmed, together with cor- 
rections of such errors as may be detected in the present 
volume, will have place in future issues. 

Apalachicola, Florida, 

December 4, 1896. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Introduction ix 

Sketch of the Elements of Botany , . . . ix 

Glossary of Botanical Terms ..... xviii 

Abbreviations of the Names of Authors . . , xxv 

Signs used in this Work xxvi 

Directions to the Student xxvii 

Artificial Analysis of the Natural Orders . . xxix 

FLORA. — Ph^nogamous or Flowering Plants . . . i 
Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants . . 621 

Index 645 



INTRODUCTION. 



L SKETCH OF THE ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. 

1. Vegetalile Tissue. 

1. Plants are primarily composed of minute membranous vesicles or cells, 
which are endowed with the power of reproduction, and through which, al- 
though closed and destitute of visible pores or openings, the juices of the plant 
are readily transmitted. 

2. Variously modified, these cells form the Elementary Tissues ; viz. Cellular 
Tissue or Parenchyma, Woody Tissue or Woody Fibre, and Vascular Tissue or 
Vessels and Ducts. 

3. Cellular Tissue, which exists in all plants, and of which those of the lower 
orders are wholly composed, consists of cells aggregated together, and cohering 
by their contiguous surfaces. 

4. Woody Tissue is composed of slender and elongated cells, with firm and 
thickish walls, collected in threads or bundles. 

6. Vascular Tissue is made up of larger cells, either in the form of continuous 
tubes, or forming such by the union of their extremities. In some of tliese, the 
walls are marked with dots, lines, or bands ; while in others they are lined with 
spirally coiled fibres which are capable of being unrolled. The latter are called 
Spiral Vessels, and exist only in plants which bear proper flowers. 

6. Of these tissues are formed the Organs of plants ; viz Organs of Vegetation, 
consisting of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, and Organs of Reproduction, consisting 
of the Flower and Fruit. 

2. The Root. 

7. The Root, or Descending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows down- 
ward, commonly penetrating the soil, from the moisture of which it imbibes 
nourishment. It branches indefinitely and without order, but bears no other 
appendages. Its ultimate branches are called Rootlets. 

8. Roots which descend immediately from the embryo are termed Primary 
Roots. They are called Tap-Roots, when they consist of one thick and fleshy 
piece ; fascicled or clustered, when of several fleshy branches springing from a 
common centre; tuberous when the branches become greatly enlarged and filled 
with starchy matter; and fibrous, when all the parts are slender and thread-like. 



X INTRODUCTION^ 

9., But roots iuuIit fiivoriible circumstances arc developed from other parts of 
the plant. These are called Secundary Hauls. 

10. Aerial llouts are those which sjjring from the stem or branches above 
ground. In some, as in many Endogenous Plants, they proceed from the lower 
joints of the stem ; in others, as -the Mangroves and Fig-trees of South Florida, 
they descend from the branches, and at length, penetrating the soil, form new 
stems in all respects similar to that of the parent tree. The tendril-like roots of 
some dintbing stems are also of this class. 

11. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, of which the Tillandsia and Epidendnim are ex- 
amples, are those which are borne on the trunks or brunches of trees, but draw 
their nourishment from the air. 

12. Parasites, like Air-Plants, grow on other plants; but their roots, pene- 
trating the substance of the supporting plant, feed upon its juices. Some, as 
the Mistletoe and Dodder, fix themselves upon the trunk or branches ; others, 
like the Beech-drop, upon the root. 

3. The Stem. 

13. The Stem, or Ascending Axis, is that part of the plant which grows up- 
ward into the air and light, bearing leaves and flowers. It exists, under various 
modifications, in all flowering plants ; but in those which are said to be stemkss 
or acaulescent, it is very short, or concealed in the ground. 

14. It consists of a succession of leaf-bearing points, or Nodes, separated by 
naked joints, or Internodes. The growing points, which are protected by reduced 
leaves in the form of scales, are called Buds. These are terminal, when they ter- 
minate the axis ; axillary, when they spring from the axil of the leaves ; that is, 
from the point <rhere the upper suiface of the leaf joins the stem ; and adventi- 
tious, when they are developed from any other part. 

15. Simple stems grow by the development of the terminal bud alone ; branch- 
ing stems expand indefinitely from the axillary buds also. The ultimate divis- 
ions of the branches are called hranchlets. 

16. The jointed stem of Grasses and similar plants is a Culm. 

17. The thick and simple stem of the Palmetto is a Caudex. 

18. A Rhizorna, or Rootstock, is a perennial stem, commonly creeping on the 
ground, or beneath its surface, developing annually a bud at the apex, whil^ 
the older portion decays. 

19. A Tuber is a subterranean branch, excessively thickened by the deposition 
of starchy matter, and furnished with minute scales, having concealed buds (eyes) 
in their axils. 

20. A Corm is a solid globular subteiTanean stem, filled with starchy matter, 
with a bud at the apex and roots below. 

21. A Bulb is a short subterranean stem, made up of the thickened bases of 
leaves, in the form of persistent scales. It is tunicated or coated, when the scales 
are large and wrapped one within the other ; and scaly, when these are small 
and imbricated. Small aerial bulbs, such as are borne in the axil of the leaves 
of the Tiger-Lily, and among the flowers of the Onion, are called Bidblets. 

22. A Stolon is a branch which bends to the earth, strikes root, and forms a 
new plant. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XI 

23. A Runner is a thread-like prostrate branch, producing roots and a tuft of 
leaves at its extremity 

24. Spines, or Thorns, are imperfectly developed, leafless branches, with hard 
tips. 

25. Tendrils are the thread-like spirally coiled branches of weak and slender 
plants, by means of which they attach themselves to other and stronger objects 
for support. Leaf-stalks and parts of the inflorescence are occasionally convert- 
ed into tendi'ils. 

26. Plants which die down to the ground at the close of the season, or after 
maturing seed, are called Herbs, or Herbaceous Plants. Those with woody stems, 
lasting from year to year,- when of humble size, are called Shrubs, and when 
reaching an elevation of twenty feet or more, Trees. 

4:, Internal Structure of Stems. 

27. The stems of Phaenogamous Plants are composed of cellular tissue, woody 
tissue, and vessels ; and upon the arrangement of the latter are founded the two 
divisions of Exogenous and Endogenous Plants. 

28. Exogenous stems consist of a central column, called the Pith ; an external 
covering, called the Bark; and a middle portion, called the Wood. 

29. Their Pith is a mass of cellular tissue, enclosed in a thin sheath of spiral 
vessels, termed the Medullary Sheath. 

30. Their Wood is composed of one or more layers of woody and vascular 
tissue, traversed by thin plates of cellular tissue, called the medullary rays, and 
annually increased, in all perennial stems, by the addition of a new layer to the 
outside of that of the previous year. The new wood is called the Alburnum, or 
Sap-wood, and the older and harder portion, the Duramen, or Heart-wood. 

31. The Bark, like the wood, is made up of layers. The inner bark, or Liber, 
is composed chiefly of woody fibre. Between it and the wood, in the growing 
season, is secreted a thin mucilage, called the Cambium, in which the new layers 
of wood and bark are developed. Surrounding the inner bark is the Green bark, 
consisting of cellular tissue filled with Chlorophyll, or the green matter of veg- 
etables. Covering the whole is a thin membrane of cellular tissue, called the 
Epidermis, or Cuticle. 

32. Endogenous stems exhibit no distinction of pith, wood, and bark ; but 
are composed of threads or bundles of woody tissue, irregularly embedded in 
cellular tissue. They increase in diameter by the formation of new bundles, 
which are chiefly directed to the centre of the stem. 

5. The Ijeaves. 

33. Leaves are expanded appendages of the stem, developed fi-bm axillary 
and terminal buds. They consist of loose cellular tissue, supported by a net- 
work of woody and vascular tissue, called veins or ribs, and protected by the 
epidermis. In them the fluids received from the root, and what they imbibe 
from the air, through minute openings in the epidermis, called stomata, are con- 
verted into the proper food of the plant. 

34. In the bud, they are folded, plaited, or coiled in various ways. This is 
termed their Vernation. 



Xii INTUODirCTION-. 

35. A fomplctc leaf cijiiipriscs the Blade, the Stalk, and a pair of Stipules; 
Kiir these three parts arc not always present in one leaf, 

.'36. The Blade, Limb, or Lamina, is the expanded pnrt, and presents a great 
variety of forms. It is simple, when it consists of a sin;,^le piece, however cut or 
divided; and comjxjitud^ wlien <jf two or more distinct pieces (Icujlds), which 
separate l)y a joint. 

.'57. The Stalk, or Petiole, connects the blade with the stem. When it is 
wanting, the leaf is said to Ijc sessile. The stalk of a leaflet is called a Peiiolule. 

38. The Stipules are appendages of various forms, placed one on each side at 
the base of the petiole. They arc separate, or else united with the petiole, or 
with each other, when they occasionally form a sheatli {Ochrea) around the 
stem above. The stipules of a leaflet are called Sllpeh. 

39. The manner in which the veins are distributed through the leaf is called 
Venation. 

40. There are two modes of venation ; viz. parallel-veined, or nerved, when 
several simple veins, or ribs, run parallel from the base of the blade to its apex ; 
and reticulated, or 7ietted-vei7ied, when the veins divide into numerous primary and 
secondary branches (veinlets), which again unite to form a kind of network. 

41. The latter mode embraces both the pinnately veined, or feather-veined leaf, 
where the petiole is continued through the middle of the blade, giving oft' at in- 
tervals lateral veins ; and the palmately veined or ribbed leaf, when it divides at 
the apex into three or more strong branches. 

42. The manner in which leaves are divided corresponds with that of their 
venation. 

43. A simple pinnately veined leaf becomes pinnatijid, wlien the incisions 
[sinuses) extend about half-way to the midrib, or continuation of the petiole; 
and pinnately divided, when they extend down to the midrib. A compound pin- 
nately veined leaf is, of course, pinnate, with the separate leaflets arranged on 
each side of the common petiole. When this is terminated by a leaflet, the leaf 
is said to be odd-pinnate, or unequally pinnate, and when it is wanting, abruptly 
pinnate. 

44. So, also, the palmately veined leaf becomes palmately cleft or divided, 
Avhen the incisions are directed toward the base of the blade. When the divis- 
ions consist of separate leaflets, it becomes palmately compound. 

45. Floral leaves, or those from the axils of which the flowers are developed, 
are called Bracts; and those which are borne on the flower-stalk, Bractlets. 

6. The Flower. 

46. A Flower consists of those parts, or organs, which are concerned in the 
production of seed. Like the leaf, of which its parts are a modification, it is 
developed from an axillary or terminal bud. 

47. The manner in which the flowers are arranged on the stem or branches is 
termed the Inflorescence. 

48. There are two modes of inflorescence ; viz. the indefinite, or centripetal, 
where the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the lowest or outermost expand- 
ing first, while the axis elongates indefinitely from the terminal bud ; and the 
definite, or centrifugal, where the flowers arise from the terminal bud, first, of the 
main axis, and successively from that of the branches. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XIU 

49. When the flowers arise from the axil of the ordinary leaves of the stem, 
they are said to be axillary ; but oftener, they are disposed in a more or less 
obvious cluster, each arising from the axil of a greatly reduced leaf, or Bract. 

50. The stalk of a solitary flower, or of a cluster of flowers, is termed the 
Peduncle; or, when it proceeds from the root, a Scape; and that of each indi- 
vidual of a cluster is called a Pedicel. The main axis of a cluster, or that 
portion of the common peduncle which bears the flowers, is called the Rachis. 

51. The indefinite inflorescence includes the Spike, Ament, Spadix, Raceme 
Corymb, Umbel, Head, and Panicle ; the definite, the Cyme and its modifications. 

52. The Spike consists of a more or less elongated rachis, with the flowers 
sessile, or nearly so, in the axils of the bracts. 

53. The Ament, or Catkin, is the scaly deciduous spike of the Pine and 
Willow. 

54. The Spadix is a spike with the flowers borne on a thick and fleshy rachis. 
It is naked, as in the Golden-club, or enclosed in a hood, called the Spathe, as in 
the Indian Turnip. 

55. The Eaceme presents the elongated rachis of the spike, but the flowers 
are raised on pedicels. 

56. The Corymb is a short raceme, with the lower pedicels elongated, so as to 
bring their flowers to the same level as the upper ones. 

57. The Umbel is a modification of the raceme, but with the rachis so much 
contracted, that the pedicels (rays) apparently spring from a common centre. 
When the umbel is compound, the partial umbels are termed Umbellets. 

58. A Head is an umbel with sessile flowers. The crowded bracts of this and 
the preceding are collectively termed the Involucre, and those of the umbellets, 
the Involucel. 

59. When the pedicels of a raceme or corymb are transformed into branches, 
either simple or successively divided, the inflorescence becomes a Panicle. 

60. When the further growth of the axis is arrested by a single terminal 
flower, and from the axils below branches are developed, each terminated by a 
flower, and bearing branches in the same manner, the inflorescence is said to be 
cymose or centrifugal. But it presents several peculiar forms, occasioned either 
by the imperfect development, or by the entire suppression of some of its parts. 
Some, as the true Cyme, are short and expanded ; others are elongated, like the 
spike or raceme. In all, the flowers expand successively from the summit, 
downward, or from the centre, outward. 

61. The Flower consists, commonly, of one or more whorls of leaves, called 
the Floral Envelopes, — of which the outer one is termed the Calyx, and the inner 
one the Corolla, — an inner whorl of thread-like organs, called the Stamens, and 
one or more central organs, called the Pistils. These are inserted on the apex 
of the axis, which here takes the name of Torus, or Receptacle. 

62. The Floral Envelopes are sometimes wanting ; but the stamens and pis- 
tils, being the fertilizing organs, are, in all perfect floAvers, always present. 

63. The Calyx is composed of leaves (Sepals), usually of a greenish color, 
which are distinct, or united by their margins. When the floral enA'elopes con- 
sist of a single whorl only, it is always a calyx. 

b 



XIV INTRODUCTION. 

G4. The Corolla is usually of ii tliinncr texture thau the calyx, and variously 
colored. Its leaves (Petals), when of the same numljer as the sej)als, always 
alternate wirh them. They ai-e also often united by their contiguous margins, to 
form a monupetalous corolla. 

65. VVhen the calyx and corolla arc so nearly alike as not to be readily dis- 
tinguished, they arc collectively termed the Perianth. 

66. A flower is complete when all its parts are present ; incomplete, when the 
fioral envelopes, or a part of them, are wanting ; perfect, when the stamens and 
]jistils are borne in the same flower ; imperfect, or diclinous, when they are borne 
in separate tiowers ; reyular, when the sepals or petals are of unifoi'm shape and 
size ; and irre(jular, when they arc unlike in shape or size. 

67. Imperfect flowers are further distinguished into rnoncecious, when those fur- 
nished with stamens (staminate or sterile Jiowers) and those furnished with pistils 
[pistillate or fertile jiowers) are borne on the same plant; dioecious, when they arc 
borne on separate plants ; and polygamous, when both perfect and imperfect flow- 
ers are borne on the same or different individuals. 

68. The manner in which the parts of the floral envelopes are arranged with 
respect to each other in the bud is termed their JEstivation. They are valvate, 
when their contiguous margins meet, without overlapping ; induplicate, when 
these project inwardly ; reduplicate, when they project outwardly ; imbricated, 
when the margins of one overlap the adjacent margins of the two next within ; 
convolute, or twisted, when one edge of each piece covers the margin of the one 
next before it, and the other edge is covered by the margin of the one next after 
it ; and plaited, when the parts are folded lengthwise. 

7. The Stamens. 

69. A Stamen consists of a sac, called the Anther, and, usually, a stalk, called 
the Filament, by which it is supported. 

70. They are kypogynous, when they are inserted on the receptacle ; perigynous, 
when on the calyx ; epigynous, when on the ovary ; epipetalous, when on the co- 
rolla ; and gynandrous, when they are united with the style. They are, also, 
often combined with each other, either into one set (monadelphous) , or into two, 
three, or more sets (diadelphous, triadelphous, &c.). 

71. The Anther is composed, commonly, of two united cells, which open in 
various ways, and discharge a yellow, fertilizing powder, called the Pollen. The 
part which connects the cells is the Connective. 

72. It is erect, or innate, when fixed by its base to the apex of the filament ; 
adnate, when fixed to the filament by its whole length ; versatile, when fixed by 
the middle to the apex of the filaments on which it tui'ns as on a pivot ; introrse, 
when it faces inwardly toward the pistils ; and extrorse, when it faces outwardly 
toward the petals. Occasionally, they are united into a tube [syngenesious). 

73. Between the stamens and the pistils is often a fleshy expansion, called the 

Dish. 

8. The Pistils. 

74. The Pistils occupy the centre of the flower. They are inserted, singly or 
in a whorl, on the receptacle ; or, when this is elongated or enlarged, they cover 
its s-aiface. 



ELEMENTS OP BOTANY. XV 

75. A Pistil consists of three parts, — the Ooary, the Style, and the Stigma. 

76. The Ovary is the lower and hollow portion, containing the Ovules, or ru- 
diments of seeds. 

77. The Style is an extension of the ovary, commonly of its apex, which sup- 
ports the stigma. 

78. The Stigma is commonly the apex of the style, or, when this is wanting, 
of the ovary, denuded of the epidermis. 

79. When the pistil is composed of a single piece, or carpel, it is simple; but, 
oftener, it is compound^ consisting of two or more carpels, united by their margins, 
or by their sides, which then form partitions or dissepiments, that divide the pistil 
into as many cells as there are carpels. 

80. The line next the axis, or whicli corresponds to the united margins of a 
folded leaf, is called the Ventral Suture ; and that which corresponds to the mid- 
rib, the Dorsal Suture. 

81. The Ventral Suture bears the ovules; and the line of their attachment is 
called the Placenta. This is central or axile, when it occupies the centre of the 
pistil, and parietal, when it is borne on its walls. 

82. The Ovule is connected with the placenta by a cord, called the Funiculus. 
It consists of a central body, called the Nucleus, enclosed in two sacs, each with 
an opening at the apex, called the Foramen. The outer sac is termed the Primine, 
and the inner one the Secundine. The point where these parts unite is called the 
Chalaza. 

83o The Ovule is orthotropous when the chalaza is next the placenta, and the 
apex at the opposite extremity ; campylotropous, when it curves on itself, so as to 
bring the apex near the chalaza ; anatropous, when it is inverted on its cord, to 
which it adheres ; the true apex pointing to the placenta, while the chalaza, or 
true base, points in an opposite direction ; and amphitropous, when it is half in- 
verted on its cord, its axis running parallel with the placenta. The adhering 
portion of the cord in the last two cases is termed the Raphe. 

9. The Fruit. 

84. The Fruit is the ovary, with its contents, brought to maturity. But dur- 
ing this process it sometimes undergoes important changes, either by the obliter- 
ation or abortion of some of its cells, partitions, or ovules, or by the formation of 
false partitions, or by various changes effected in its walls, or in the parts which 
surround them. 

85. In some, the walls, or Pericarp, remain closed ; in others, they open, or 
are dehiscent in various ways, oftener splitting regularly into separate pieces, 
called Valves. 

86. Many terms are employed to designate the different kinds of fruit, but only 
the following are in general use. 

87. A Follicle is a simple fruit, opening along the ventral suture only ; as the 
fruit of the Milkweed. 

88. A Legume is a simple fruit opening at both sutures ; as in the Pulse Fam- 
ily. When it is divided across into closed joints, it is a Lament. 

89. A Capsule is a dry compound fruit, opening in various ways. When it 
opens at the dorsal sutures, or into the cells, the dehiscence is said to be loculicidali 



XVI INTRODUCTION. 

and septia'clal, wlien it opens at the ventral suture, or through the partitions. 
When it opens transversely, the upper portion falling off entire, like a lid, the 
dehiscenec is circumscissile. 

90. A SUique is a slender two-valved capsule, with two parietal placentse con- 
nected by a persistent false partition, A short and broad silique is a Silicle. 
These are peculiar to the Mustard Family. 

91. A P<q)o is the fleshy indehiscent fruit of the Gourd Family, with the seeds 
often embedded in the pulpy placentai. 

92. A Pome is the indehiscent fruit of the Apple or Quince tribe, where the 
cells arc enclosed in the enlarged and fleshy tube of the calyx. 

93. A Berrij is an indehiscent fruit, with the seeds embedded in soft pulp. 

94. A Drupe consists of one or more hard or bony cells, called the Pula- 
men, covered with a fleshy or pulpy coat, called the Sarcocarp ; as the Peach, 
Holly, &c. 

95. An Acheniwn is a small, dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit, the walls of 
which do not adhere to the enclosed seed. When these are closely united, it 
becomes a Caryopsis ; or when the walls are thin and bladder-like, and open 
irregularly, a Utricle. 

96. A Nut is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with hard or bony walls ; as the Acorn 
and Hickory-nut. 

97. A Samara is a dry, indehiscent fruit, with its walls expanded into a wing; 
as that of the Maple and Elm. 

98. The collective fruit of the Pine is called a Cone or Strobile. 

10. The Seed. 

99. The Seed is the matured ovule, and contains the Embryo, or the rudiment 
of a future plant. The outer coat, or Integument^ is called the Testa. It varies 
greatly in texture, and is occasionally furnished with hairs, which either cover the 
entire seed, or form a tuft ( Coma) at one or both extremities. 

100. The terms employed in describing the ovule are chiefly applicable to the 
seed. The foramen of the ovule, which is closed in the seed, becomes the Mi- 
cropyle, and is always opposite the radicle of the embryo. The scar left on the 
seed by the separation of the cord is the Hilum. It is sometimes enveloped in 
a false covering, originating, during its growth, from the cord or from the pla- 
centa. This is called the Aril. 

101. The Testa mcludes either the embryo alone, or an additional nutritive 
substance, called the Albumen. 

102. The Embryo consists of the Radicle, the Plumule, and the Cotyledons. 

103. The Radicle is the first joint of the stem. In germination, it elongates 
at one end to form the root, and at the other, from a minute bud {Plumule), to 
form the stem. It is inferior when it points to the base of the pericarp, and su- 
perior when it points to its summit. 

104. The Cotyledons are the seed-leaves. The embryo of the Exogenous 
Plants bears two of these, placed opposite (rarely three or more in a whorl), 
while that of Endogenous Plants bears only one. Hence the former are called 
dicotyledonous, and the latter monocotyledonous. 

10.5. When the embryo is exposed to the combined influence of air, heat, and 
moisture, it develops into a growing plant. This is termed Germination. 



ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. XYll 

106. The preceding considerations refer solely to Phoenogamous Plants, or 
those which bear flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, and produce seeds, 
which contain an embryo, or a rudiment of a future plant, 

107. But there are plants of a lower grade, which do not bear flowers furnished 
with ordinary stamens and pistils, nor seeds containing an embryo, but in place 
of seeds they produce minute powdery bodies, called Spores. These are termed 

11. Cryptogamous or Flo^werless Plants. 

108. The stems of the higher orders of Cryptogamous Plants — and these only 
are embraced in this work — exhibit nearly the same anatomical structure as 
those of Pheenogamous Plants. But they grow only from the apex, without any 
perceptible increase of diameter, and therefore are termed Acrogens or Point- 
growers. 

109 The different orders presenting no common type, the habit, the mode of 
inflorescence, and the process of fertilization, so far as it is known, being different 
in all of them, the characteristics of each are more conveniently explained in the 
body of the work, and need not be enumerated here. 

12. Classification. 

110. Classification consists in the aiTanging of plants possessing like structure, 
habits, &c., into groups, designating them by proper names, and defining them 
by appropriate characters. 

111. An assemblage of individuals which are so essentially alike as to indicate 
their descent from a common parent, and which preserve their characteristics 
when propagated from seed, is termed a Species. But circumstances connected 
with the growth of an individual may produce some deviation from its ordinary 
state, and it then becomes a Variety. 

112. When the pistil of one species is fertilized by the pollen of another allied 
species, the result is a Hybrid. 

113. An assemblage of species agreeing with one another in structure and ap- 
pearance constitutes a Genus. In the same manner, although with fewer points 
of agreement, genera are collected into Orders, or Families, and these, in turn, into 
Classes. 

114. But each of these may include members that agree in some important 
points, which are not common to the others. Of such are formed the intermedi- 
ate divisions of Subgenera., Suborders, and Subclasses. 

11.5. There are two modes or systems of classification; the Artificial System 
of Linnaeus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. 

116. In the Artificial System, the Classes and Orders are founded on the num- 
ber, position, and connection of the stamens and pistils, regardless of any other 
relationship. In the Natural System, every part of the plant is taken into consid- 
eration ; and the Orders embrace those genera which agree with each other in the 
greatest number of important particulars. The latter system is now in almost 
universal use, and is the one adopted in this work. 



n. GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS. 



*#* The numbers annexed to the names, or their definition, refer to the paraf^raphs of the 
preceding Sketch ; but those preceded by " Flora, p." refer to the pages of the Flora. 



Abortive : not fully developed. 

AbiTiptly pinnate, 43. 

Accumbent: Flora, p. 24. 

Achenium, 95. 

Achlamydeous : without floral envelopes. 

Acrogens: Flora, p. 585. 

Acuminate : tapering into a slender point. 

Acute : pointed. 

Adherent : growing fast to another 
body. 

Adnate: same as Adherent. 

Adnate Anthers, 72. 

Aerial Eoots, 10. 

^Estivation, 68. 

Air-Plants, 11. 

Aggregate : crowded together. 

Albumen, 101. 

Alburnum, 30. 

Alternate: scattered; one after another. 

Alveolate : deeply pitted. 

Ament, 53. 

Amentaceous: bearing aments. 

Amphiti-opous, 83. 

Anatropous, 83. 

Androgynous : containing both staminate 
and pistillate flowers. 

Angiospermi3e : Flora, p. 1. 

Annual : lasting only one year. 

Annular : disposed in, or forming, a ring 
or circle. 

Anterior : applied to that part of an axil- 
lary flower which is farthest removed 
from the main axis. 

Anther, 71. 

Apetalous : without petals. 

Apiculate : tipped with a short abrupt 
point. 

Appendage : something added to a part. 

Appressed : lying near to ; pressed against. 

Aquatic : growing in water. 

Arborescent: tree-like. 

Areolation : spaces between the leaf-veins. 

Aril, 100. 

Arilled : covered with an aril. 

Armed: furnished with thorns, prickles, 
&c. 

Articulated: divided into joints; connect- 
ed by a joint. 



Ascending: ) curving outward and up- 
Assurgent: ) ward. 
Attenuated : gradually narrowed. 
Auriculate : eared ; bearing small lateral 

lobes. 
Awl-shaped: naiTow and sharp-pointed. 
Awn: a rigid bristle-like appendage. 
Awned : bearing an awn. 
Axil: the point where the upper surface 

of the leaf joins the stem. 
Axillary: borne in the axil. 
Axis: the central line of a body; the part 

around which others grow. " 

Baccate : berry-like ; juicy. 

Barbed: bearing rigid points which are 

directed backward. 
Bark, 31. 

Basal : belonging to the base. 
Beaked : ending in a stout point. 
Bearded: bearing tufts or lines of hairs. 
Bell-shaped : expanding from a short and 

rounded base, into a spreading border. 
Berry, 93. 

Bidentate : two-toothed. 
Biennial : lasting two years. 
Bifid : two-cleft. 

Bifoliolate : bearing two leaflets. 
Biglandular: bearing two glands. 
Bilabiate: two-lipped. 
Bipinnate : twice pinnate. 
Biternate : twice ternate. 
Bladders : small sacs filled with air. 
Blade : the expanded portion of a leaf, &c. 
Boat-shaped: see Carinate. 
Brachiate : with pairs of opposite branches 

spreading at right angles. 
Bract, 45. 

Bracted : furnished with bracts. 
Bractlet, 45. 
Bristle : a rigid hair. 
Bristly : beset with, or like, bristles. 
Brush-shaped: divided at the apex into 

numerous hairs or filaments. 
Bud, 14. 
Bulb, 21. 

Biilbous : shaped like a bulb. 
Bulblet, 21. 



GLOSSARY. 



XIX 



Caducous : falling a^vay early. 

Ccespitose: growing in a tuft. 

Callous : thickened. 

Calyx, 63. 

Cambium, 31. 

Campanulate: see Bell shaped. 

Campylotropous, 83. 

Capillary : hair-like. 

Capsule, 89. 

Capsular: relating to, or Avith the char- 
acters of a capsiile. 

Carinate: keeled; bearing on the back a 
sharp longitudinal ridge. 

Cariopsis, 95. 

Carpel: a single pistil, or one of the parts 
of a compound pistil. 

Carpellary : pertaining to a carpel. 

Carpophore : Flora, p. 157. 

Cartilaginous : hard and tough. 

Caruncle : an appendage of the liilum. 

Caudate : tailed. 

CaudeS, 17. 

Caulescent: furnished with a stem. 

Cauline : pertaining to the stem. 

Cell : one of the cavities of the fruit or 
of the anther, &c. 

Celled : divided into cells. 

Cellular Tissue, 3. 

Centrifugal Inflorescence, 48, 

Centripetal Inflorescence, 48. 

Chaff: thin scales or bracts. 

Chaffy : furnished with chaff, or of the 
texlure of chaff. 

Chalaza, 82. 

Channelled : with a deep longitudinal 
furrow. 

Character: a phrase employed to distin- 
guish a genus, &c. from all others. 

Chartaceous : of the texture of paper. 

Chlorophyll : the green matter of leaves, 
&c. 

Ciliate: fringed with a row of haii's. 

Circinate : rolled inward at the apex. 

Circumscissile, 89. 

Cirrhose : bearing tendrils ; tendril-like. 

Clasping: enclosing by its base, as a leaf 
the stem. 

Clavate : club-shaped. 

Claw: the stalk of a petal. 

Clawed: raised on a claw. 

Climbing: clinging to other objects for 
support. 

Club-shaped : terete and gradually thick- 
ened upward. 

Clustered : crowded. 

Coated Bulb, 21. 

Cobwebby: bearing fine loose hairs. 

Cochleate : coiled like a snail-shell. 

Coherent: growing together. 

Column: the axis of a compound pistil; 
the united stamens of the Mallow Fam- 
ily ; the united stamens and pistil of the 
Orchis Family. 

Commissure : Flora, p. 157. 

Comose: bearing a coma, 99. 

Compound: composed of similar simple 
parts, 36. 



Compressed : flattened. 

Cone: the scaly fruit of the Pine. 

Confluent: running together. 

Conglomerate : heaped together. 

Conical : cone-shaped. 

Connate: growing together at the base, 

as opposite leaves around the stem. 
Connective, 71. 

Connivent : brought near together. 
Continuous: in one piece; not jointed. 
Contorted : twisted ; bent. 
Contorted aestivation: see Convolute. 
Contracted : narrowed ; not spreading. 
Convolute, 68. 
Cordate : heart-shaped. 
Coriaceous : of the texture of leather. 
Corm, 20. 

Corneous : hard like horn. 
Cornicialate : bearing a horn or spur. 
Corolla, 64. 
Corymb, 56. 
Corymbose : branched like a corymb ; 

arranged in corymbs. 
Costate: ribbed. 
Cotyledons, 104. 

Creeping: prostrate, and rooting. 
Crenate : having sharp notches on the 

edge separated by rounded teeth. 
Crenulate : slightly crenate. 
Crested: bearing an elevated ridge. 
Crown : an appendage of the corolla at 

the base of the limb. 
Crowned : bearing anything at the apex. 
Cruciform: shaped like a cross. 
Crustaceous : hard and brittle, like a shell. 
Cryptogamous Plants, 107. 
Cucullate: see Hooded. 
Culm, 16. 

Cuneate : wedge-shaped. 
Cup-shaped: shaped like a bowl or cup. 
Cuspidate : ending abruptly in a sharp 

point. 
Cuticle 31. 
Cylindrical: round and of nearly equal 

"^thickness. 
Cyme, 60. 
Cymose : arranged in a cyme. 

Decandrous: having ten stamens. 

Deciduous: falling off at, or before, the 
close of the season. 

Declining : leaning to one side. 

Decompound : several times divided. 

Decumbent: prostrate, but ascending at 
the summit. 

Decurrent: with the edges extending be- 
low the main point of attachment. 

Definite: few; a number easily counted. 

Definite Inflorescence, 48. 

Deflexed : bent dowuAvard. 

Dehiscence: the manner in which closed 
organs regularly open. 

Dehiscent : opening regularly. 

Deltoid : triangular. 

Dentate : having sharp notches on the edge 
separated by coarse and spreading teeth. 

Denticulate : 'slightly toothed. 



INTRODUCTIOX. 



l).'|.n'>.tod: flattened liorizoiitally. 

l)i'-cci]iiiiig: (lii-ecteil downward. 

hiadclplious: collected in two sets. 

Diandrous: huvinf? two stamens. 

Dichlaniydcous: liiiving both calyx and 
conjlla. 

Dicliotonious : forked. 

Diclinous, GO. 

Dicotyledonous: liavini; two cotyledons. 

Didynious: twin. 

Didynanious: havin;^ four stamens, with 
two of them longer than tiie others. 

Diffuse: loosely spreading. 

l)ii:itate : when the ajjcx of the petiole 
hcai-s hve or more leaUcits. 

Dimorphous: of two forms. 

Diuicious, G7. 

Discoid: Flora, p. 184. 

Disk, 73. Also the central part of the 
head of composite flowers. 

Dissected: divided into many lobes. 

Distichous: two-ranked; placed on oppo- 
site sides of the axis. 

Distinct: separate. 

Divaricate: widely spreading. 

Divided: parted nearly to the base. 

Dorsal: pertaining to back or outside. 

Dorsal Suture, 80. 

Downy: bearing soft short hairs. 

Drupe, 94. 

Drupaceous : with the characters of a 
drupe. 

Duramen, 30. 

Dwarf: below the common size. 

Eared: see Auriculate. 

Echinate: beset with prickles. 

Elliptical : in outline twice as long as 
wide, broadest in the middle, and 
rounded at each end. 

Elongated: unusually long; extended. 

Emarginate: notched at the apex. 

Embryo, 102. 

Emevsed : raised out of water. 

Endocarp : the inner layer of the pericarp. 

Endogenous (stems), 32. 

Enneandrous : having nine stamens. 

Ensiform : sword-shaped. 

Entire : with margins not toothed or di- 
vided. 

Epigynous, 70. 

Epiphytes, 11. 

Equilateral : equal-sided- 

Equitant (leaves) : two-ranked, with their 
bases clasped one within the other, and 
their sides facing the horizon. 

Ei'ose: with the margin irregularly scal- 
loped, as if gnawed. 

Evergreen : lasting through the winter. 

Exogenous, 28. 

Exserted: protruding out of the surround- 
ing parts. 

Exstipulate: without stipules. 

Extrorse Anthers, 72. 

Falcate : scythe-shaped. 
Family, 113. 



Fan-shaped: folded or plaited like a f;in. 

Farinaceous : mealy. 

Fascicle: a cluster. 

Fascicled: collected in a cluster. 

Fastigiate : rising to the same level ; flat- 
topped. 

Feather-veined, 41. 

Female (flowers): bearing only pistils. 

Ferruginous: of the col(jr (jf ir(jii-rust. 

Fertile: bearing fruit. 

Fibre, 4. 

Fibrous Roots, 8. 

Fiddle-shaped : oblong in outline, and 
contracted in the middle. 

Filament, 69. Any thread-like part. 

Filamentose : bearing or composed of 
threads. 

Filiform: thread-like. 

Fimbriate : with the margin cut into a 
fringe. 

Fistulous : hollow. 

Fleshy : soft and juicy. 

Flexuous: zigzag; bent outward and in- 
ward. 

Floating: resting on the surface of the 
water. 

Floccose: bearingtufts of deciduous hairs. 

Flora : a systematic description of the 
plants of a country. 

Floral : belonging to"^the floAvers. 

Floret : one of the flowers of a cluster. 

Flower, 61. 

Flowering Plants, 106. 

Flowei'less Plants, 107. 

Fohaceous: leaf-like. 

Foliolate : bearing leaflets. 

Fohicle, 87. 

Follicular: like a follicle. 

Forked : divided into two branches. 

Free : separate ; disconnected. 

Fringed: see Ciliate. 

Frond: the leaf of a Fern. 

Fructification : the fruiting state. 

Fruit, 84. 

Frutescent: shrubby. 

Fugacious : continuing for a short time. 

Fulvous: tawny. 

Funiculus, 82. 

Funnel-shaped : gi-adually dilated upward 
from a tubular base. 

Furrowed : grooved lengthwise. 

Fusiform : spindle-shaped ; broadest in 
the middle, and tapering at each end. 

Geminate : bv pairs. 

Geniculate : bent abruptly. 

Genus, 113. 

Germination, 105 

Gibbous : puffed out. 

Glabrous : free from roughness, or hairs. 

Glands : small knobs or excrescences. 

Glandular: bearing glands. 

Glaucous : covered with a minute whitish 

powder. 
Globose: ) i i, • i 

Globular: r°^^"^; ^P^^^cal- 
Glomerate : collected in a close cluster. 



GLOSSARY. 



XXI 



Glumaceous ; gkime-like, or bearing 

glumes. 
Glumes : the scale-like bracts, &c. of 

grasses and sedges. 
Granular: covei'ed Avith grains. 
Gymnospermous Plants: Flora, p. 431. 
Gynandrous, 70. 

Habit: the general appearance of a plant. 
Habitat: the native situation of a plant. 
Hairs : hair-like appendages of the cuticle. 
Hairy: famished Avith hairs. 
Hastate or Halberd-shaped : dilated at the 

base into two spreading lobes. 
Heart-shaped : ovate, with a sinus at the 

base. 
Heptandrous : having seven stamens. 
Herb, 26. 
Herbaceous, 26; of the color and texture 

of a leaf. 
Herbarium : a collection of dried plants. 
Hilum, 100. 

Hirsute : beset with coarse hairs. 
Hispid : beset with rigid hairs. 
Hoary: grayish- white. 
Homogeneous : uniform in substance. 
Hooded : rolled inward or arched. 
Horn: an appendage like a horn. 
Horny: of the texture of horn. 
Hyaline : thin and nearly transparent. 
Hybrid, 112. 
Hypogynous, 70. 

Imbricated, 68. 

Imperfect (flowers), 66. 

Incised: cut into notches or lobes. 

Included : enclosed ; opposed to Exserted. 

Incumbent: Flora, p. 24. 

Incurved: bending inward. 

Indefinite : numerous; not readily counted. 

Indefinite Inflorescence, 48. 

Indehiscent: not opening. 

Indigenous : native to a country. 

Induplicate : folded inward. 

Indusium: Flora, p. 5S6. 

Inferior: below, 103. 

Inflated: puffed out, as if distended with 
air. 

Inflexed : bent inward. 

Inflorescence, 47. 

Innate (anther), 72. 

Inserted on : used in the sense of growing 
from a part. 

Insertion : the mode of attachment. 

Internodes, 14. 

InteiTupted : not continuous ; not jointed. 

Interruptedly pinnate: with smaller leaf- 
lets between the larger ones. 

Intervals: Flora, p. 157 

Introrse (anthers), 72. 

Introduced : brought from another coun- 
try. 

Inverted : turned upside down. 

Involucel, 58. 

Involucre, 58. 

Involute: with the margins rolled inward. 

Irregular (flowers), 66. 



Jointed : separating across into pieces ; 
furnished with joints. 

Keel: a sharp longitudinal ridge on the 
back of an organ ; Flora, p. 86. 

Keeled: see Carinate. 

Kidney-shaped : heart-shaped, but the 
width greater than the length. 

Labellum: the odd petal (lip) of the Or- 
chis Family. 

Labiate: divided into an upper and lower 
lobe or lip. 

Laciniate : divided into irregular lobes. 

Lamellate : formed of thin plates. 

Lamina: the blade of a leaf, &c. 

Lanceolate : lance-shaped. 

Lanuginous : woolly. 

Lateral: placed at, or pertaining to the 
side. 

Leaf, 33. 

Leaflet, 36. 

Leathery: see Coriaceous. 

Legume, 88. 

Lenticular: like a double-convex lens. 

Liber, 31. 

Ligulate : strap-shaped. 

Ligula: Flora, p. 545. 

Limb : the expanded part of a leaf, &c. 

Linear : long and narrow, with parallel 
mai'gins. 

Lip : see Labellum and Labiate. 

Lobe : one of the parts of a divided body. 

Loculicidal, 89. 

Lunate : crescent-shaped. 

Lyrate : pinnatifid, with the upper lobes 
enlarged. 

Marginal: borne on, or pertaining to, .the 
edge or margin. 

Medullary Eays, 30. 

Medullary Sheath, 29. 

Membranous : of the texture of mem- 
brane 

Mericarp : Flora, p. 157. 

Micropyle, 100. 

Midrib: the prolongation of the petiole 
through the limb of a leaf. 

Monadelphous, 70. 

Monandrous : bearing one stamen. 

Moniliform: bearing short joints; like a 
string of beads. 

Monochlamydeous : bearing only one row 
of floral envelopes. 

Monocotjdedonous, 104. 

Monoecious. 67. 

Monopetalous : with the petals united 
into one piece. 

Monosepalous : with the sepals united 
into one piece. 

Mucronate : tipped with an abrupt slen- 
der point. 

Muricate : beset with hard wart-like 
points. 

Naturalized : introduced, but propagat- 
ing freely by seed. 



INTRODUCTIOX. 



Neckliice-sliaped : see Moniliform. 

Nectary: aiiv iKJiiey-beariiig part. 

Nerved (leaves), 40. 

Netted-veiiieil, 40. 

Neutral (lluwer.^) : witlioiit stamens and 

pistils. 
Noddin;;;: tnrinng outward or downward. 
Nodes, 14. 
Nodose: knotty. 
Nut, 9G. 
Nutlet: same as Aclienium. 

Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped. 
Ohlaiiceolate: inversely lance-shaped. 
()l)li(iue: unequal-sided. 
Oblong: narrower than Elliptical, Avitli 

nearly parallel margins. 
Obovate: egg-shaped, with the narrow 

end downward. 
Obtuse: blunt; not pointed. 
Ochrea, 38. 

Octandrous : having eight stamens. 
One-sided: borne one side of the axis. 
Opacpie: dull. 
Op[)nsite : placed directly against each 

other, as leaves on the stem; placed 

before, as stamens before the petals. 
Orbicular: circular. 
Organs, 6. 
Orthotropous, 83. 
Oval: same as Elliptical. 
Ovary, 76. 
Ovate: egg-shaped. 
Ovoid: a solid with an oval outline. 
Ovule, 76. 

Palate : a prominence at the throat of 
some bilabiate flowers. 

Palea: Plora, p. 545. 

Palmate: hand-shaped; when the lobes 
or divisions spread from a common 
centre. 

Palmately-veined, 41. 

Panicle, 59. 

Papery : of the texture of paper. 

Papilionaceous (flower): Flora, p. 86 

Papillose : studded with minute wart-like 
prominences. 

Pappus : the limb of the calyx of com- 
posite flowers. 

Parallel-veined, 40. 

Parasitical : supported and nourished by 
other plants. 

Parietal, 81. 

Parted: divided nearly to the base. 

Partial: pertaining to the parts of a com- 
pound organ. 

Pectinate : cut into fine pai'allel lobes. 

Pedate : nearly as palmate, but with the 
lateral lobes divided. 

Pedicel. 50. 

Pedicelled : raised on a pedicel. 

Peduncle, 50. 

Peduncled : raised on a peduncle. 

Peltate : fixed to the stalk at a point 
within the margins. 

Pendent: hanging, drooping. 



Pendulous: somewhat drooping. 

Penicillate: see l)ni-!i-<lia])e(l. 

Pentandrous: having five stamens 

Pepo, 91. 

Peremnal: lasting itom year to year. 

Perfect Flowers, 66. 

Perfoliate: growing around the stem. 

Perianth, 65. 

Pericarp: the walls of the fruit. 

Perigynium: Flora, p. 532. 

Perigynous, 70. 

Persistent: remaining late, as opposed to 

deciduous. 
Personate : bearing a palate. 
Petal, 64. 

Petaloid: petal-like; colored like a petal. 
Petiole: the stalk of a leaf. 
Petioled : borne on a petiole. 
Petiolule: the stalk of a lo<iflet. 
Petiolulate: raised on a petiolule. 
Phtenogamous Plants, 106. 
Pilose: beset with stiff straight hairs. 
PinnjB: the primary divisions of a pin- 

nately compound leaf. 
Pinnate, 43. 
Pinnately divided, 43. 
Pinnules: the secondary divisions of a 

pinnately compound leaf. 
Pistil, 74. 
Pith, 29. 

Pitted : marked with fine indentations. 
Placenta, 81. 

Plaited. 68; folded lengthwise. 
Plumose: feathery. 
Plumule, 103. 
Pollen, 71. 
Pollinia: the pollen-masses of the Milk- 

Aveed. 
Polyandrous : bearing many stamens. 
Polypetalous and Polysepalous : applied 

to a corolla or calyx with, separate 

petals or sepals. 
Polymorphous : of various forms. 
Pome, 92. 
Prickles : sharp and rigid appendages of 

the cuticle. 
Prickly : beset with prickles. 
Primine, 82. 

Prismatic : angular, with flat sides. 
Process: a prominence or ^jrojection. 
Procumbent : resting on the ground. 
Produced: prolonged. 
Proliferous: where a chxster of flowers 

arises out of another cluster. 
Prostrate: see Procumbent. 
Pubescence : hairiness in general. 
Pubescent : hairy or downy. 
Pulvenilent: covered with fine powder. 
Punctate: dotted. 

Pungent : ending in an abrupt hard point. 
Pyramidal : pyramid-shaped. 
Pyriform: pear-shaped. 

Quinate : bearing five leaflets. 

Raceme, 55. 
Eachis, 50. 



GLOSSARY. 



XXlll 



Ravs 57 ; the marginal flowers a head or 
'cyme • the partial stalks of an umbel. 

Radiate 'or Radiant: bearing rays; di- 
vero-ino- from a centre. 

Radical :°near or belonging to the root. 

Radicle, 103. 

Raphe, 83. 

Receptacle, 61. . 

Reclining: leaning or faUmg to one side. 

Refleil^^ I ^'''' g^'^^^^"^^^ backward. ^ 

Refracted: bent abruptly backward, as if 
broken. 

Regular: of uniform shape and size. 

Reniform: see Kidney-shaped. 

Repand: wavy. 

Resupinate: turned upside down. 

Reticulate : disposed in little spaces, like 
network. 

Re volute : rolled backward. 

Rhizoma, 18. 

Rhombic or Rhomboidal : diamond- 
shaped. 

Ribs, 33 ; longitudinal ridges. 

Ribbed: bearing ribs. 

Root, 7. 

Rootlet, 7. 

Rootstock, 18. 

Rostrate: beaked. 

Rotate : wheel-shaped ; with a short tube 
and a spreading limb. 

Rudimentary: imperfectly developed. 

Rugose : uneven ; wrinkled. 

Ruminated (albumen) : divided into 
lobes. 

Runcinate : same as lyrate, but with the 
lobes directed backward. 

Runner, 23. 

Sagittate ; arrow-shaped. 

Samara, 97. 

Scabrous: rough. 

Scales : reduced leaves, or any small 

and thin appendage. 
Scaly: beset with scales; of the texture 

of scales. 
Scape, 50. 

Scarious : very thin and colorless. 
Scurfy : covered with minute scales. 
Secund: one-sided. 
Seed, 99. 
Segment : one of the parts of a divided 

leaf, &c. 
Sepal, 63. 
Septicidal, 89. 
Serrate : with the margin cut into teeth 

like a saw. 
Serrulate : finely serrate. 
Sessile: not raised on a stalk. 
Setaceous : bristle-like. 
Sheath: the base of a leaf when it is 

wrapped round the stem. 
Sheathing : enclosing the stem like a 

sheath. 
Shield-shaped: see Peltate. 
Shrub, 26. 
Silicle and Silique, 90. 



Silky : clothed with fine appressed shin- 
ing hairs. 

Silveiy: white and shining. 

Simple : of one piece. 

Sinuate : with the margins cut into 
rounded incisions (sinuses) which are 
separated by rounded lobes. 

Solitary : standing alone. 

Sorus : the fruit cluster of ferns. 

Spadix, 54. 

Spathe, 54. 

Spatulate : dilated into a broad and 
rounded summit, from a slender base. 

Species, 111. 

Specific : pertaining to a species. 

Spike, 52. 

Spikelet: a small spike, or a branch of a 
spike. 

Spindle-shaped: see Fusiform. 

Spine, 24. 

Spiny : armed with spines ; spine-iike. 

Spiral Vessels, 5. 

Sporangia: Flora, p. 585. 

Spores: Flora, p. 585. 

Spur: a hollow appendage of the calyx 
or the corolla. 

Spurred : furnished with a spur. 

Squarrose : covered with spreading 
scales. 

Stamen, 69. 

Staminate : bearing stamens. 

Standard: Flora, p. 86. 

Stellate or Stellar : radiating from a 
common centre. 

Stem, 13. 

Stemless, 13. 

Sterile : unfruitful ; imperfect. 

Stigma, 78. 

Stigmatic: belonging to the stigma. 

Stipe : the stalk of an ovary or of a fern- 
leaf. ^ 

Stipel, 38. 

Stipellate : furnished with stipels. 

Stipule, 38. 

Stipulate: furnished with stipules. 

Stolon, 22. 

Stoloniferous: bearing stolons. 

Stomata, 33. 

Strap-shaped : long and flat, with par- 
allel margins. 

Striate : marked with fine furrows. 

Strigose : bristly with rigid appressed 
hairs. 

Strobile, 98. 

Style, 77. 

Subulate : awl-shaped. 

Sulcate : marked with deep furrows. 

Suspended: hanging. 

Suture, 80. 

Syngenesious, 72. 

System, 115. 

Tap-root, 8. 
Tendril, 25. 

Terete: cylindrical; round. 
Ternate : of three leaflets ; three in a 
whorl. 



INTRODUCTION. 



Testa: the covering of the seed. 
Tctnuuerous: in ])arts of lour. 
'Jc'tnuidnnts: htivniy four stuineas. 
Thorn, 24. 
Throat: the orifice of a tubular corolla, 

calyx, (S:c. 
Tonientose: chjtlK-d with a close velvety 

jjubcsceiice. 
Toothed: see Dentate. 
Top-sliajjcd: like an inverted cone. 
Torose, or Torulose : knotted ; knobby. 
Torus, Gl. 
Tree, 2G. 

Triandrous : having three stamens. 
Tribe : a subdivision of an order. 
Trichotomous : dividing into three 

branches. 
Trifoliolate: bearing three leaflets. 
Truncate : ending abruptly, as if cut off. 
Tube : the united part of a calyx or co- 
rolla. 
Tuber, 19. 
Tubercle : a wart-like appendage ; Flora, 

p. 504. 
Tubercled : bearing tubercles, or crowned 

with a tubercle. 
Tuberous: like a tuber. 
Tubular : shaped like a tube. 
Tumid: swelled; thickened. 
Tunicated Bulb, 21. 
Twin : in pairs ; a pair united. 
Twining : rising by coiling around a 

support. 

Umbel, 57. 

Umbelled: arranged in an umbel. 

Umbellet, 57. 

Unarmed: destitute of thorns, prickles,&c. 

Uncinate : hooked. 

Undulate : wavy. 

Unequally pinnate, 43. 

Unguiculate : clawed. 



Unifoliol^te : bearing a single leaflet. 
Urceolate : urn-shaped; pitcher-shaped. 
Utricle, 95. 
Utricular : formed like a utricle. 

Valve, 85. 

Valvate, 08 : opening by valves. 

Variety, 111. 

Vascular Tissue, 6. 

Vaulted : arched. 

Veins, 33. 

Veiny : furnished Avith reticulated veins-. 

Veinlets : the ultimate branches of veins. 

Venation, 39. 

Ventral Suture, 80. 

Ventricose : inflated. * 

Vernation, 34. 

Versatile, 72. 

Vertical : with the edges directed upw^ard 

and downward, and the sides facing the 

horizon. 
Vessels, 2. 

Vexillum : Flora, p. 86. 
Villous : woolly. 

Virgate : wand-like; long and slender. 
Viscid : clammy ; glutinous. 
Vittte : Flora, p. 157. 

Waxy : like beeswax. 

Wedge-shaped : broad at the summit, and 

tapering regularly to the base. 
Wheel-shaped : see Eotate. 
Whorl: a collection of parts an-anged in 

a ring or circle. 
Whorled : disjiosed in a v\^horl. 
Wing : Flora, p. 86 ; any thin expansion. 
Winged : furnished with wings. 
Wood, 30. 

Woody : of the texture of Avood. 
Woody Fibre or Woody Tissue, 4. 
Woolly : clothed Avith long and dense soft 

hairs. 



III. ABBEEYIATIONS OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS. 



Adans. ■■ 


= Adanson. 


Good. = 


Goodenough. 


Ait. 


Alton. 


Griseb. 


Grisebach. 


All 


AUioni. 


Gronov. 


Gronovius. 


Andr. 


Andrews. 


Haw. 


Haworth. 


Am. 


Arnott. 


H. B. K. 


Humboldt, Bonpland, and 


Auhl 


Aublet. 


Hoff. 


Hoffmann. [Kunth. 


Baldw. 


Baldwin. 


Book. 


Hooker. 


Bartr. 


Bartram. 


Houst. 


Houston. 


Beauv. 


Palisot de Beauvois. 


Huds. 


Hudson. 


Benth. 


Bentham. 


Jacq. 


Jacquin. 


Bigel 


Bigelow. 


Juss. 


Jussieu. 


Boerh. 


Boerhaave. 


L. or Linn. 


Linngeus. 


Brongn. 


Brongniart. 


Lag. 


Lagasca. 


BucM. 


Buckley. 


Lam. 


Lamark. 


Cass. 


Cassini. 


Lelim. 


Lehmann. 


Catesb. 


Catesby. 


VHerit. 


L'Heritier. 


Cav. 


Cavanilles. 


Lindl. 


Lindley. 


Chapm. 


Chapman. 


Marsh. 


Marshall. 


Chois. 


Choisy. 


Mart. 


Martius. 


Darl. 


Darlington. 


Mey. 


Meyer. 


DC. 


De Candolle. 


Miclix. 


Michaux. 


A. DC. 


Alplionse de Candolle. 


Miclix.f. 


Michaux the younger. 


Desf. 


Desfontaines. 


31111 


Miller. 


Desv. 


Desveaux. 


McencJi. 


Moenchausen. 


Dew. 


Dewey. 


MuM. 


Muhlenberg. 


mil 


Dillenius. 


Murr. 


]\Iurray. 


Ehrh. 


Ehrhart. 


Nech. 


Necker. 


Ell 


Elliott. 


Nets. 


Nees von Esenbeck. 


Endl 


Endlicher. 


Nutt. 


Nuttall. 


Engelm. 


Engelmann. 


Panz. 


Panzer. 


Fisch. 


Fischer. ' 


Pers. 


Persoon. 


ForsL 


Forster. 


Plum. 


Plumier. 


Goert. 


Gaertner. 


Poir. 


Poiret. 


Gand. 


Gaudin. 


Raf. 


Eafinesque. 


Ging. 


Gingins. 


R.Br. 


Eobert BroAvn. 


Gmel 


Gmelin. 


R. ^ S. 


Roemer & Schultes. 



XXVI 



INTRODUCTION. 



Rich. 


Richard. 


Tourn. 


= Toumefort. 


Salisb. 


Siilisbury. 


Trin. 


Trinius. 


SchL 


Schkuhr. 


Tuck. 


Tuckerman. 


Sdirad. 


Sclirader. 


Vent. 


Veiitenat. 


Schreb. 


Schrober. 


WaJil. 


Watdenberg. 


Schw. 


Sclnveinitz. 


Wang. 


Wangenheim. 


Stop. 


Scopoli. 


Walt. 


Walter. 


Shuithc. 


Slmttleworth. 


Wallr. 


Wallroth. 


Sulllv. 


SuUivant. 


Wendl. 


Wendland. 


Ton: 


Torrey. 


Willd. 


Willdenow. 



lY. SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK. 



(i) An annual plant. 
(2) A biennial plant. 
H. A perennial plant. 

o The length in feet; as, " 2° long," two feet long. 
' The length in inches; as, "2' long," two inches long. 
'' The length in lines; as, "2" long," two lines long. 
(*) Placed at the end of a specific character, denotes that the species is not well 

known. 
Two adjectives connected by a hyphen denote a form intermediate between the 
two; as, "ovate-lanceolate," between ovate and lanceolate. 

Two figures connected by a dash, as " stem A^-Q^ long," denote that the length 
of the stem varies from four to six feet. 
n. sp. ; indicate that the species, or genus, is new, or has not been previously 
n. gen. ) characterized. 



V. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. 



Havixg- acquired a general knowledge of the principles of botany, and of the 
meaning of the peculiar terms employed in the science, the student proceeds to 
study or analyze plants, with a view to determine their names, and the place they 
occupy in the system. 

His chief difficulty, at the outset, will be to ascertain to which one of the 164 
natural orders or families contained in this Avork the plant he may have in hand 
belongs. Were he to attempt to compax-e it with the characters of each order 
successively, the task would be tedious and discouraging. 

To obviate this, and to enable him to refer any unknown plant directly to its 
proper place in the Flora, some guide, such as is supplied by the following An- 
alysis of the Natural Orders, will be necessary. One or two examples will best 
explain its use. 

Suppose we have in hand a flowering branch of the Linden-Tree or Bass- 
wood. Turning to the Analysis on page xxix., we compare it, first, with the 
Series of Ph^nogamous Plants, with which we find it to agree in having 
flowers. 

Then, dividing the branch across, we see if it is made up of pith, wood, and 
bark ; if the leaves are netted-veined ; and if the floral envelopes are in fours 
or fives. Exhibiting these peculiarities, it doubtless belongs to the Class of 
DiCQTTLEDONOus PLANTS ; although, in consequence of the minuteness of the 
seed, we have not been able to asceitain the number of the cotyledons. 

We next see if the ovules are contained in an ovary. This being clearly the 
case, it comes under the Subclass of Angiospermous Plants. The double 
floral envelopes, and the separate petals of the corolla, carry it to the Polypet- 
ALOus Division. 

Our attention is next directed to the insertion of the stamens and petals, — 
whether on the calyx, or hypogynous. In our plant they are hypogynous. 
Then, if the stamens are more than twice as many as the petals. They are so 
in ours. Then, if the leaves are opposite or alternate. In ours they are alter- 
nate. Then, if the ovaries are more than one, or solitary and 1 -celled, or soli- 
tary and 2 -many-celled. In ours they are solitary and 5-celled ; bringing it 
under the last alternative. Then, if the stamens are in any way connected 



XXVIU INTRODUCTION. 

with the petals, or free from them. In ours they arc free. Lastly, wliether 
they arc united into a tube, or in clusters, or arc all separate. In ours they are 
are united in five clusters, and the sepals are deciduous. This brings our plant 
to tlie natarai order, Tiliack^, 59, — the number referring to the page of the 
Flora where the order is described. 

Turning to that page, and comparing our plant with the character of tlie 
order, we notice their agreement. 

We then proceed to find the name of the genus. This is readily done, in this 
instance, by comparing the plant with the two genera comprised in this order. 
With the first it will be found to agree in every particular, and therefore we 
need not carry it further. We find, then, the plant in question to be a species 
of the genus Tilia, so named by Tourncfort, and commonly called Linden or 
Basswood. 

Again, suppose the plant under consideration to be the common Bear-Grass. 
Having flowers, it is, of course, Phcenogamous. But, cutting across the stem, we 
find, in the place of pith, wood, and bark, a white mass of cellular tissue, stud- 
ded with minute points, which are the ends of the divided threads of woody 
fibre ; the veins of the leaf run parallel from the base to the apex ; the floral 
envelopes are in two rows of three each ; and the embryo, if examined, will be 
found to have but one cotyledon. In these respects, our plant differs widely 
from the Class of Dicotyledonous Plants, and we therefore turn to its alterna- 
tive, the Class of Monocotyledonous Plants, on page xxxvii. of the Anal- 
ysis, which, we observe, includes plants possessing these characters. 

Our plant, having the floral envelopes double, and not glumaceous, falls 
under the second heading, marked with two stars ( * * ). 

Proceeding as in the former example, and carefully comparing the plant with 
the analysis that follows, we see, first, if the ovary is adherent with, or free from, 
the perianth. In ours it is free. Then, if the perianth is single, or double. In 
ours it is double. Then, if the calyx and corolla are alike or unlike. In ours 
they are alike. Then, if the leaves of the perianth are glume-like, or otherwise. 
In ours they are not glume-like. Then, if the leaves are netted-veined or par- 
allel-veined. In ours they are parallel-veined. Then, if the capsule is 1 -celled, 
or 3 - 6-celled. In ours it is 6-celled. Lastly, if the anthers are introrse or ex- 
trorse In ours they are introrse. 

This brings us to the natural order Liliace^, described on page 480 of the 
riora. It contains ten genera, belonging to three tribes, the characters of which 
are briefly given in the Synopsis. Our plant, by its capsular fruit, the separate 
divisions of the perianth, and leafy stem, comes under the third tribe, Tulipa- 
CEvE. Of the two sections, marked with a star ( * ), our plant belongs to the 
second; having a Palm-like stem. No. 10, Yucca, alone remains; and to it 
our plant must belong. 

Turning to page 48.5, where this genus is more fully described, we find it to 
embrace four species, divided into two sections based upon the character of the 
Bteni and capsule. The short stem (excluding the scape) and dry capsule of 
our plant belong to the former. It contains but one species, Y. filamentosa, L., 
which we therefore find to be the botanical name of the plant in question. 



VI. AKTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATUKAL ORDERS, 



Series I, PH^NOGAMOUS or FLOWEEING PLANTS. 

Plants furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens and pistils, 
and producing seeds which contain an embryo plant. 

Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stem composed of bark and pith, with an interposed layer of woody 
fibre and vessels, and increasing in diameter, in all perennial stems, 
by the annual deposition of a new layer between. the wood and bark. 
Leaves netted-veined, commonly articulated with the stem. Floral 
envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons two, rarely more. 

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Ovules contained in an ovary, and fertilized by the action of the 
pollen, through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons two. 

Division L POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the latter of 
separate petals. 

* Stamens and petals free from the calyx^ hypogynous or nearly so. 

•1- Stamens more than tivice as many as the petals. 

Page 
Ovaries two or more, 1-celled. 

Shrubs, trees, or woody vines. 



Petals imbricate. Flowers small, dioecious. Woody vines. 


MENISPERMACE^, 


14 


Flowers large, perfect. Trees. 


MAGNOLIACE^, 


11 


Petals valvate. Flowers solitary, nodding. Fruit pulpy. 


Shrubs. ANONACE^., 


13 


Herbs. 






Leaves peltate. Aquatic, 






Ovaries in cavities at the top of a large receptacle. 


NELUMBONE^, 


18 


Ovaries on the receptacle. Leaves glutinous beneath. 


CABOMBE^, 


17 


Leaves not peltate. 






Stamens separate. Leaves exstlpulate. 


RANUNCULACE^, 


2 


Stamens monadelphous. Leaves stipulate. 


MALVACEAE, 


45 


Ovary solitary, 1-celled. 






Leaves opposite, pellucid-punctate, entire. 


HYPERICACE.E, 


55 



XXX IXTRODUCTIOX. 

Leaves alternate. 

Sepals '2. Leaves entire. Placenta central. PORTULACACEiE, 38 

Leaves lobed. Placenta parietal. PAPAVERACEiE, 20 

Sepals 4. Fruit indehiscent. Leaves entire. Shrubs. » ^ , 

„ ., , ^ T o -7 * ,• , * « . CAPPARIDACEiE, 31 

Fruit valvate. Leaves 3- 7-foliolate. Herb--.) ' 

Sepals 5. Leaves small, entire. Two outer sepals small and bract-like. 

CISTACEiE, 35 
Leaves large, .3-ternate. PVuit a follicle. CIMICIFUG.^, 2 

Leaves all radical, fringed, irritable. DROSPZRACEiE, 19 

Sepals united into a 4-5-toothed calyx. Leaves compound. Flowers capitate. 

MIMOSE^, %, 126 
Ovary solitary, 2- or more-celled. 

Shrubs or trees. 

Leaves opposite. Sepals 5. Stamens separate. HYPERICACE.^, 55 

Sepals G. Stamens united. CLUSIACEvE, 00 

Leaves alternate, stipulate. Stamens monadelphous. MALVACEAE, 45 

Stamens separate, or in clusters. TILIACE^, 54 

Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 

Flowers perfect. Stamens on the base of the petals. CAMELLIACE.iE, Gl 

Flowers monoecious. Stamens hypogynous. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seedeJ. 

Herbs. EUPHORBIACE^, 421 

Flowers irregular. Stamens 6 or 8. Petals 3. POLYGALACE^, 88 

Flowers regular. Leaves exstipulate, opposite, entire. HYPERICACE^E, .55 

Leaves exstipulate, alternate, tubular. SARRACENIACEiE, 18 

Leaves stipulate. Stamens monadelphous. MALVACE.iE, 45 

H- -i- Stamens twice as many as the petals. 
Stamens 12 - 20. Leaves peltate, lobed. Flowers solitary, nodding. PODOPHYLLUM, 16 
Stamens 10. 
Leaves compound. 
Leaves stipulate, alternate. Fruit a legume. LEGUMINOS.Si. 93 

opposite. Fruit separating into indehiscent carpels. 

ZYGOPHYLLACEiE, 67 
Leaves exstipulate, trifoliolate, the leaflets obcordate. Herbs. OXALIDACEiE, G5 
pinnate. Flowers dioecious. Trees. BURSERACE^, 71 

pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers perfect. Trees. MELIACE^, G3 
Leaves simple. 
Herbs. 
Flowers monoecious. Capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. EUPHORBIACE^, 421 

Flowers perfect. Leaves alternate, or 3 in a whorl. Stamens 8 or 10. 

CRASSULACE^, 149 
Leaves alternate, palmately lobed. Fruit of 5 elastic carpels. 

GERANIACE^, 66 
Leaves opposite, entire, dotted. Flowers yellow. 

HYPERICACE.E, 55 
Leaves opposite, or whorled, not dotted. Flowers never yellow. 
Trees or shrubs. CARYOPHYLLACE^, 39 

Leaves stipulate, lobed. Fruit uncinate-hispid, TILIACE^, 54 

Leaves exstipulate, entire. Cells of the capsules 1-seeded. CYRILLACEiE, 83 

Cells of the capsule many-seeded. ERICACE^, 279 

Stamens less than 10 (two exceptions). 
Petals 3. Stamens 6 or 8, united in one or two sets. Flowers irregular. 

POLYGALACE^. 88 
Petals 3. Stamens 6. Aquatic herbs, with finely dissected opposite leaves. 

CABOMBE^, 17 
Petals 3-5. Stamens 6-10. Leaves trifoliolate. Trees. BURSERACEiE, 71 

Petals 4-5. Stamens 8 or 10. Leaves simple, succulent. Flowers cymose. 

CRASSULACE^, 149 
Petals 4. Stamens 8. Leaves simple. Flowers racemose. A shrub, ELLIOTTIA, 288 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXl 

■(--(- -f- Fertile stamens as many as the petals, or fewer. 
Ovaries more than one. 
Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. 
Flowers dioecious. Trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnate, punctate. RUTACE^, G8 

Woody vines. Anthers 4-celled. Stamens separate. 

MENISPERMACE^, 14 
Anthers 2-celled. Stamens united, disk-like. 

SCHIZANDRE^, 11 
Flowers perfect. Petals gland-like. Leaves pinnate. ZANTHORHIZA, 10 

Herbs. Leaves linear. Scape l-flowered. Achenia spiked. MYOSURUS, 6 

Ovary solitary, 1-celled. 
Leaves opposite or whorled. 

Sepals 2. Stem 2-leaved. Flowers racemose, purple. PORTULACACE^, 38 

Sepals 5. Leaves punctate. Placentae parietal. Flowers yellow. 

HYPERICACE^, 55 
Leaves not punctate. Placentae central. Flowers red or white. 

CARYOPHYLLACE^, 39 
Leaves alternate, stipulate. 
Leaves pinnately compound. Fruit a legume. LEGUMINOS^, 93 

Leaves simple. Flowers irregular. Capsule many-seeded. VIOLACEJH, 32 

Flowers regular, clustered. Capsule 1-seeded. 

BYTTNERIACE^, 53 
Leaves alternate, exstipulate. 

Sepals 2. Stamens 6, diadelphous. Flowers irregular. FUMARIACEJ5, 21 

Sepals 4. Stamens 6. Flowers regular. Fruit silique-like. CAPPARIDACEiE, 31 
Sepals 5. Stem a naked or 1-leaved scape. 

Scape 1-leaved, l-flowered. Leaves smooth. PARNASSIACE^, 148 

Scape naked. Flowers racemose. Leaves bristly, glandular. DROSERACE^, 19 
Scape paniculately branched. Flowers in 1-sided spikes, blue. 

PLUMBAGINACE^, 300 
Sepals 5. Stem leafy. 
Flowers monoecious, the pistillate apetalous. EUPHORBIACEiE, 421 

Flowers perfect, irregular. Fruit spiny. Leaves entire. KRAMERIACE^, 92 

Flowers perfect, regular. Leaves large, biternate. Fruit follicular. 

CIMICIFUGE^, 2 
Flowers perfect, regular. Leaves small, entire. Outer sepals small 
and bract-like. CISTACE^, 35 

Sepals 6. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. BERBERIDACE^, 15 

Ovary solitary, 2- or more-celled. 
Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. 
Leaves opposite or whorled. 
Flowers dioecious. 
Leaves pinnate. Fruit a samara. OLEACEiE, 351 

Leaves pinnate or lobed. Fruit a double samara. ACERINE^E, 85 

Leaves simple, club-shaped. Ovaries and fruit capitate. BATIDACEJS, 434 

Leaves simple, heath-like, 3 in a whorl. Sepals, petals, and stamens 2. 

EMPETRACE^, 434 
Flowers perfect. Leaves simple, with pellucid dots, entire. HYPERICACEjE, 55 
Leaves digitate. Stem climbing. VITACE^E, 73 

Leaves alternate. 
Leaves pinnate. Flowers dioecious. Fruit a drupe. SIMARUBACE^, 70 

Leaves trifoliolate. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a circular samara. PTELEA, 69 
Leaves simple, evergreen. Flowers perfect. Fruit a 2-celled drupe. 

CYRILLACE^, 83 
Leaves simple, deciduous. Flowers monoecious. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. 

EUPHORBIACE.E, 421 
Herbs. 
Flowers irregular. Sepals 4, the lowest large and saccate, spurred. 

Capsule elastically dehiscent. BALSAMINACE.E, 67 



XXXii INTRODUCTION. 

Flowers irregular. Sepals 5, the two lateral ones petal-like. Stamens 

united in 1-2 sets. POLYGALACE^, 88 

Flowers regular. 
Sepals and petals 5. Stamens united. 
Stamens 5, united at tlie base. Styles 5. Leaves exstipulate, entire. 

LINAGES, G4 
united at the base or apex. Style single. Leaves stipulate. 

BYTTNERIACE^, 53 
united in a tube. Style single. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves all radical. 

DIAl^ENSIACEiE, 290 

Stamens 9, united in sets. Leaves opposite, entire, dotted. HYPERICACEiE, 55 

Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 6. Fruit a silique or silicle. CRUCIFERiE, 23 

* * Stamens and petals inserted on the ovary. 

Floating aquatic. Leaves and flowers long-stalked. Petals and stamens 

numerous. NYMPHEACEiE, 17 

* * * Stamens and petals inserted on the calyet^ or on a more 9r less perigynous disk. 
1- Calyx not adherent to the ovary. 
Stamens fewer than the petals. 

A woody vine. Leaves opposite, entire. Fruit 3-winged. HIPPOCRATE.^, 79 

Stamens as many as the petals. 
Leaves stipulate. 
Stamens monadelphous around the stipe of the ovary. Vines. 

PASSIFLORACE^, 168 
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume 1 - several-seeded. 

LEGUMINOS^, 93 
Stamens separate, alternate with the petals. 
Leaves pinnate. Calyx uncinate-hispid. Herbs. AGRIMONIA, 133 

Leaves trifoliolate. Capsule inflated, 3-lobed. Shrubs. STAPHYLEACE^, 84 

Leaves simple. Sepals imbricate. Flowers small, in racemes or cymes. 

CELASTRACEiE, 78 
Stamens separate, opposite the petals. 
Sepals valvate. Leaves entire. Shrubs or trees. RHAMNACE^, 75 

Calyx truncate. Leaves mostly lobed. Woody vines. VITACEiE, 73 

Leaves exstipulate. 
Ovaries, sepals, petals, and stamens 3 or 4. Small annuals. CRASSULACE^, 149 

Ovaries 5. Leaves simple. Flowers perfect, axillary. I glMARUBACE^, 70 

Ovary solitary. Leaves pmnate. Flowers dioecious, terminal. ) 

Leaves opposite. Flowers perfect. Calyx valvate. LYTHRACE.^, 157 
Flowers dioecious. Calyx imbricate. 

ACERINE^, 85 
Leaves alternate. Calyx persistent. Aquatic shrub. ITEA, 146 

Calyx deciduous. Low perennial. 

TURNERACE^, 167 
Stamens more numerous than the petals. 
Ovaries more than one. 
Leaves alternate, stipulate, mostly lobed. Herbs or shrubs. ROSACEA, 129 

exstipulate, mostly entire. Succulent herbs. CRASSULACE^, 149 
Leaves opposite, exstipulate. Sepals and petals numerous and alike. Shrubs. 

CALYCANTHACE^, 142 
Ovary solitary. 
Leaves simple, stipulate. 
Style basal, single. Fruit a drupe. Shrubs. Calyx lobes persistent. 

CHRYSOBALANE^, 129 
Style terminal, single. Fruit a drupe. Trees. Calyx lobes deciduous. 

AMYGDALE^, 129 
Styles 3. Petals clawed. Leaves Opposite. MALPIGHIACE^, 88 



AKTIFICIAIi ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS^ XXXlll 

Leaves simple, exstipulate. 

Style single. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers axillary. LYTHRACE^, 157 

Styles 2. Leaves alternate. Flowers terminal, perfect. SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 

Leaves opposite, lobed. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a samara. 

ACERINEJE, 85 
Leaves compound, alternate, pinnate. Flowers polygamous. Trees. BURSERA.CE^, 71 
abruptly pinnate or biternate. Flowers 

polygamous. Trees. SAPINDACE^, 84 

pinnate or bipinnate. Stamens monadelphous. 

MELIACE^, 63 
Stamens separate or dia- 
delphous. LEGUMINOS^, 93 

Leaves compound, opposite, palmately 5-7 foliolate. Stamens 7. 

Fruit capsular. HIPPOCASTANE^, 85 

trifoliolate. Fruit drupaceous. AMYRIS, 69 

•*- -!- Calyx adherent to the ovary. 
Herbs. 

Ovary 1-celled. Capsule and 2-lobed calyx circumscissile. PORTULACACE^, 38 

Capsule 2-3- valved. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles separate. 

SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 
Stamens numerous. Styles united. 

LOASACEiE, 166 
Ovary 2 - 6-celled. 

Style single. Anthers opening by a terminal pore. Leaves ribbed. 

MELASTOMACE^, 155 
Anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves ribless. ONAGRACE^, 160 

Styles or stigmas 2 or more. 
Flowers umbelled. Fruit dry, separating into two pieces. UMBELLIFERJS, 173 
Fruit berry-like, of 2 - 5 nutlets. ARALIACE^, 183 

Flowers not umbelled. 
Flowers perfect. Fruit capsular. Leaves alternate. SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 

Flowers monoecious. Fruit nut-like. Leaves whorled. HALORAGE^, 159 

Fruit pulpy. Tendril-bearing vines. CUCURBITACEiE, 169 
Shrubs or trees. 
• Leaves opposite. 

Fruit dry, variously dehiscent, many-seeded. HYDRANGEA, 143 

Fruit indehlscent, 1 - 2-seeded. 

Stipules between the petioles. RHIZOPHORACE^, 152 

Stipules none. Leaves dotted. Stamens numerous. MYRTACE^, 154 

Leaves dotless. Stamens 4. Ovary 2-celled. CORNACE^, 184 

Leaves dotless. Stamens 10. Ovary 1-celled. COMBRETACE^, 152 
Leaves alternate. 
Flowers umbelled. Leaves compound. ARALIACE^E, 183 

Flowers not umbelled. 
Leaves stipulate. Fruit fleshy or baccate, indehiscent. POMEjE, 130 

Fruit dry, woody, 2-valved. HAMAMELACE^, 151 

Fruit dry, of three 1-seeded nutlets. RHAMNACE^, 75 

Leaves exstipulate. 
Flowers dioecious. Drupe baccate. Sterile flowers apetalous. CORNACE^E, 184 

Flowers perfect. Ovary 3-celied. Fruit a 2-winged nut. , STYRACACE.E 291 

Ovary 2-5 celled. Fruit a 1 ■• 5-seeded berry. ) ' 

Ovary 1-celled, with two parietal placentae. RIBES, 148 

Ovary 1-celled, with numerous placentae. CACTACE^, 170 



XXXIV 



INTRODUCTION. 



Division II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 



Floral envelopes double, cousisting of both calyx aud corolla; the latter of 
more or less united petals. 

* Calyx free from the ovary. 

t- Flowers regular. 

++ Fertile stamens fewer than the lobes of the corolla. 

Fruit a 1-seedcd fleshy drupe. Evergreen shrubs or trees. 
Fruit separating into 2-4 nutlets. 

Ovary 4-lobed ; the style rising from between the lobes. 

Ovary not lobed ; the style terminal. 
Fruit a 2-celled capsule. 

Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate, radical. 

Capsule 2-valved. Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. 
Corolla lobes twisted in the bud. 



OLEACE^, 351 

LABIATiE, 371 
VERBENACE^, 367 

PLANTAGINACEiE, 390 

SCROPHULARIACE.E, 30G 

ACANTHACE^, 3G3 



^-^ ++ Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. 

Herbs. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. PRIMULACE^, 297 

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. 
Anthers introrse. Calyx plaited, glandular. Fruit a utricle. PLUMB AGIN AC E^, 300 
Calyx not plaited. Fruit a drupe. Embryo transverse. 

MYRSINACE^, 296 

Anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Flowers racemose. THEOPHRAgTE^, 296 

Ovary 3-8 celled. Flowers clustered. SAPOTACE^E, 294 

++ ++ -w- Fertile stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. 

Ovaries 2, separate. 
Juice milky. 
Stamens united with the stigmas into a mass. 
Stamens separate and free from the stigma. 
Juice not milky. Stems creeping. Utricle 1-seeded. 
Ovary solitary. 



ASCLEPIADACEiE, 343 
APOCYNACE^, 341 
DICHONDRE^, 326 



Fruit indehiscent. 
Leaves opposite. 

Ovary 2-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. Corolla lobes long. 
Ovary 4-celled. Drupe 4-seeded. Corolla lobes short. 
Ovary 4-lobed, the style between the lobes. 
Leaves alternate. 
Flowers dioecious. Fruit baccate, 4-9 seeded. 
Flowers perfect. 
Ovary 2-celled. Corolla plaited or valvate. 
Ovary 4-celled. Corolla mostly imbricated in the bud. 
Fruit dehiscent. 
Capsule circumscissile. Flowers on a scape. 
Capsule dehiscent by valves. 
Ovary 1-celled. Leaves lobed, hairy or pubescent. 

Leaves bipinnate. Flowers capitate. 
Leaves entire, smooth. 
Ovary 2-5 celled. 
Stipules membranous or annular between the opposite 
Stipules none. 
Capsule few-seeded. 

Stems twining. Leaves alternate. ) 
Stems twining. Leaves none. > 



OLEACE^, 351 

VERBENACE^, 3G7 

LABIATE, 371 

rLICINE^, 81 

SOLANACE^, 321 
BORRAGINACE^, 357 

PLANTAGINACE^, 390 

HYDROPHYLLACEiE, 354 

MIMOSE^, 96 

GENTIANACE^, 335 

leaves. LOGANIACE^, 200 



CONVOLVULACE^, 326 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXV 

Stems not twining. Leaves opposite or alternate. 
Stamens 5. Capsule 3-celled. POLEMONIACE^, 333 

Stamens 4. Capsule 2-ceUed. ACANTHACE^, 3G3 

Capsule many-seeded. 
Style single. 
Capsule 2-celled. Corolla plaited in the bud. SOLANACE^, 321 

Capsule 2-celled. Corolla imbricated in the bud. 

SCROPHULARIACEiE, 306 
Capsule 3-celled, Anthers opening transversely. DIAPENSIACE^, 290 

Capsule 5-celled. Anthers opening by a terminal chink or pore. 

ERICACE^, 279 
Styles 2. Capsule 2-ceUed. HYDROLEACEiE, 354 

++++++++ Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. 

Leaves compound, stipulate. Fruit a legume. MIMOSE^, 96 

exstipulate. Fruit of 4 carpels. CRASSULACE^, 149 
Leaves simple. 

Flowers dioecious. Ovary 8-celled. Fruit a berry. EBENACE^, 293 

Ovary 1-ceUed. Fruit pulpy. PASSIFLORACE^, 168 
Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous. 

Stamens united into a column. Anthers 1-celled. MALVACEJ5, 45 

Stamens united in a ring or in clusters at the base. CAMELLIACEiE, 61 
Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes. 

Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule many-seeded. ERICACE^, 279 

Capsule 1-seeded, 3-valved. STYRACACE^, 291 

Corolla lobes valvate in the bud. Drupe 1-seeded. OLACACE.^, 62 

•1- -f- Flowers irregular. 

Stamens 6. Calyx of 2 sepals. Capsule 1-ceUed. FUMARIACEiE, 21 

Stamens 6 or 8. Sepals 5, the outer ones petaloid. POLYGALACE^, 88 

Stamens (the fertile ones) 2 or 4. 

Ovary 1-ceUed. Stamens 2. Corolla spurred. LENTIBULACE^, 301 

Stamens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, reflexed. PHRYMEiE, 367 

Stamens 4. Fruit many-seeded. Leaves scaly. 

OROBANCHACE^, 305 
Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs or woody vines. Corolla large, tubular. Seeds vringed. , 

BIGNONIACE^, 303 
Herbs. Capsule woody, 2-beaked. SESAMES, 303 

Capsule many-seeded. Corolla imbricated in bud. 

SCROPHULARIACE^, 306 
Capsule few-seeded. Corolla twisted in bud. 

ACANTHACEiE, 363 

Ovary 4-celled, 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. LABIATE, 371 

not lobed. Style terminal. VERBENACE^, 367 

* * Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary. 
Anthers united. 
Anthers contorted. "Vines climbing by tendrils. CUCURBITACEiE, 169 

Anthers straight. Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a many-seeded capsule. 

LOBELIACE^, 275 

Flowers in a raceme. Fruit a 1 - 4 seeded drupe. RUBIACE^, 190 

Flowers in a head. Fruit a dry achenium. COMPOSITiE, 203 

Anthers separate. Leaves opposite or whorled. 

Leaves connected by stipules, or whorled. RUBIACEjE, 190 

Stipules none. Chiefly shrubs or woody vines. Stamens 5. CAPRIFOLIACE^, 186 

Herbs. Flowers cymose. Stamens 1-3. VALERIANACE^, 202 

Flowers capitate. Stamens 4. DIPSACACE^, 203 



XXXVl 



INTRODUCTION. 



Anthers separate. Leaves alternate. 

Herbs. 

Corolla lobes valvate in the bud. Capsule opening at the sides. CAMPANULACE^, 278 

Corolla lobes imbricated in the bud. Capsule valvate. PRIMULACEjE, 297 

Shrubs. Flowers irreguLar. Stigma within a ciliate cup. GOODENIACE^, 277 

Flowers regular. Anthers opening by a terminal chink. VACCINIEjE, 279 

Flowers regular. Authers opening lengthwise STYRACACEiE, 291 

Flowers regular. Stamens 4-5, opposite the corolla lobes. OLACACEJi, G2 



Division III. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral cuvolopes single, cousisting of a calyx only, or altogetlier wanting. 

* A'mentaceous trees or shrubs. Flowers monmcious or dioecious. 

•I- Only the sterile /lowers in anients. 

Leafless. Branches grooved and sheathed. CASUARINACE^, 454 

Leaves simple, stipulate. Involucre scaly. Seed entire. 
Leaves pinnate, exstipulate. Involucre none. Seed 4-lobed. 



CUPULIFERJi, 443 
JUGLANDACE^, 441 



•(- -t- Both the sterile and fertile floivers in aments. 

Aments globose. Calyx none. 
Fruit 2-beaked, 2-valved, many-seeded. Sterile aments spiked. 
Fruit nut-like. 1-seeded, hairy. Amentt. single. 
Aments oblong or linear. 

Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. 

Leaves persistent. Drupe waxy granular. 

Leaves deciduous. Drupe smooth. 

Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. Seed comose. 

Fruit dry, angled or winged. 

Fruit enclosed in the confluent berry-like calyx. 

* * Flowers not in aments. 



Ovary 2-celled. 



HAMAMELACE^, 151 
PLATANACE^, 441 



MYRICACE^, 449 

LEITNERIACE.E, 450 

SALICACEiE, 452 

BETULACE^, 451 



HORACES, 437 



PIPERACE^, 418 



H- Calyx and corolla none 

Ovaries 3-4, united below. Leave? cordate. Stamens 4- 8. ) 

Ovary single. Leaves obovate. Stamens 2. ' 

Involucre none. Capsule 4-celled. Aquatic. CALLITRICHACE^, 420 

Involucre spathe-like. Styles 2. Leaves alternate, parted. PODOSTEMACE.E, 420 

Involucre 8 - 12 parted. Style one. Leaves whorled, forked. CERATOPHYLLACE^, 419 
Involucre 4-5 toothed, cup-like, containing one fertile flower and 

several sterile ones, each reduced to a single stamen. EUPHORBIACE^, 421 



-I- -1- Calyx herbaceous or corolla-like. 
Ovaries more than one. 
Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves stipulate. 
Stamens hypogynous. Stipules none. 
Embryo minute. 
Embryo and seeds large, curved. 
Ovary solitary. --^_^ 

Calyx adherent to the ovary. 
Ovary 1-celled. 
Fruit a 2-Yalved, many-seeded capsule. 
Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded. 

Anthers (and stigma) sessile. Tree parasites. 
Anthers on filaments. 

Drupe berry-like. Stigma decurrent. 

Drupe dry. Albumen copious. Root parasites. 

Drupe dry. Albumen none. Trees. 



ROSACEA, 129 



RANUNCULACE^, 2 
MENISPERMACEiE, 14 



SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 

LORANTHACE^, 418 

CORNACEtE, 184 

SANTALACE^, 416 

COMBRETACE^, 152 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXXVU 



Ovary 2 - 
Herbs. 



3 celled. 
Stamens 5 - 12. 



Capsule many-seeded. 



391 
IGO 
159 
151 
154' 
75 



PASSIFLORACE^, 1G8 



Leaves cordate. 

ARISTOLOCHIACE^, 
Stamens 4. Leaves not cordate, entire. ONAGRACEjE, 

Stamens 3 or 8. Capsule 3- 4-seeded. Leaves dissected. HALORAGEjE, 
Trees or shrubs. Capsule 2-valved. Leaves alternate. HAMAMELACEJS, 

Fruit a berry. Leaves opposite. MYRTACE JS, 

Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. Calyx lobes valvate. RHAMNACE^, 
Calyx free from the ovary. 
Ovary 1-celled. 
Ovules and seeds numerous. 
Fruit baccate. Tendril-bearing vines. 
Fruit a capsule. 

Capsule circumscissile. Leaves alternate. 
Capsule valvate. Leaves opposite. 
Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves stipulate. 
Stipules sheathing. Leaves alternate. 
Stipules scarious. Leaves opposite. 
Stipules not sheathing nor scarious. 
Flowers perfect, spiked. Achenium 2-lobed, spiny. Herbs. PETIVERIEiE, 
clustered. Drupe baccate. Shrubs. RHAMNACE^, 

Flowers imperfect. 
Herbs. Stems twining. Leaves 3- 5-lobed: CANNABINACE^, 

Stems not twining. Leaves serrate or entire. URTICACE^, 

Trees or shrubs. Juice watery. Flowers single or clustered. ULMACEJ5, 
Juice milky. Flowers included in a fleshy receptacle. HORACES, 

Ovule and seed solitary. Leaves without stipules. 
Stamens more numerous than the calyx lobes. 
Anthers opening by valves. LAURACE^E, 

Anthers opening lengthwise. 

Calyx 5-6 parted. POLYGONACEiB, 

Calyx entire. Berry oval. THYMELEACE^, 

Stamens equalling in number or fewer than the calyx lobes. 



CELOSIE^, 
CARYOPHYLLACE^, 



POLYGONACE^, 
ILLECEBRACE^, 



Flowers with scarious bracts. 
Flowers without scarious bracts. 
Calyx corolla-like, plaited. 
Calyx herbaceous. Styles 2. 
Ovary 2-12-celled. 
Leaves whorled. 
A heath-like shrub. Calyx of imbricated scales. 
A prostrate annual. Calyx corolla-like. 
Leaves opposite. 
Fruit a single samara. Calyx minute, persistent. 
Fruit a double samara. Calyx deciduous. 

Fruit a drupe. Flowers perfect. Stamens on the calyx 



AMARANTACEiE, 



NYCTAGINACE^, 
CHENOPODIACE^, 



EMPETRACE^, 
MOLLUGINE^, 

FRAXTNE^, 

ACERINE^, 

RHAMNACE^, 



Flowers dioecious. Stamens hypogynous. FORESTIERE^, 



LYTHRACEiE, 
FICOIDEJE, 



EUPHORBIACEiE, 
SAPINDACE^, 



Fruit a many-seeded capsule. Valvate. 

Circumscissile. 
Leaves alternate. 

Ovules and seeds 1 - 2 in each cell. 
Flowers mono-dioecious. Fruit a drupe or capsule, 
Flowers polygamous. Capsule 3 - 4-winged. 
Flowers perfect or polygamous. 

Fruit a berry. Calyx colored. PHYTOLACCACE^, 

Fruit a samara. Leaves stipulate. ULMACEiE, 

Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. Capsule circumscissile. 

Capsule 3-celled. Flowers solitary. PORTULACACE^, 

Capsule 5-celled. Flowers cymose. CRASSULACE^, 



39 

406 
396 

395 

75 

437 
434 
439 
437 



414 



406 
416 



393 

403 



434 
172 

352 
85 
75 
352 
157 
172 



421 

84 



395 
439 



38 
149 



XXXVlll INTRODUCTION. 



Subclass II. GYMNOSPERMOUS EXOGENOUS PJ.ANTS. 

Ovules naked (not contained in an ovary), supported by an open 
scale or leaf, or else terminating a branch, and fertilized by the direct 
application of the pollen. 

stem branching. Leaves simple. C0NIFER.(9E, 455 

Stem simple, palm-like. Leaves pinnate. CYCADAGEilC, 4G0 



Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS 
PLANTS. 

Stem composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles of woody 
fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or concentric layers, 
and increasing in diameter by the deposition of new fibrous bundles. 
Leaves mostly alternate, entire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheath, 
ing at the base, seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral enve- 
lopes usually by threes. Cotyledon single. 

* Floral envelopes none. Flowers on a spadix. 

Stemless, floating herbs. 

Plants frond-like, with no distinction of stem and leaves. LEMNACE^, 466 
Leaves clustered, spreading. Flowers axillary. Pistia in ARACE^E, 465 

Caulescent, leafy, rooting herbs. 

Fruit a berry. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. ARACE^, 464 

Fruit an achenium. Stem immersed, floating. NAIADACE^, 468 

Stem not immersed, erect. TYPUACEiE, 467 

* * Floral envelopes ( perianth) single or double, not glmnaceous. 

Ovary adherent to the perianth. 
Stamens and pistil united into a column. Flowers irregular. ORCHIDACE J5, 477 

Stamens and pistil separate. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
Flowers enclosed in a spathe in the bud. Aquatics. HYDROCHARIDACE^, 475 
Flowers without a spathe. Leaves reticulate. Terrestrial vines. 

DIOSCOREACE^, 501 
Flowers perfect. 

Ovary 1-celled. Stamens 3. Leaves minute. BURMANNIACE^, 476 

Ovary 3-celled. Stamen 1. Flowers irregular. CANNACE^E, 491 

Stamens 3. Anthers extrorse. IRIDACE^, 499 

Stamens 3 or 6. Perianth woolly or scurfy. H^EMODORACEiE, 496 
Stamens 6. Perianth smooth or hairy. AMARYLLIDACE JS, 492 
Ovary free from the perianth. 
Perianth single (calyx). 
Flowers on a spadix. Ovary solitary. ARACEJ5, 464 

Ovaries 4. Stem leafy. NAIAD ACE^, 468 

Flowers on a scape, spiked. Leaves rush-like. JUNCAGINE^, 520 

Flowers on axillary peduncles. Leaves oval. ROXBURGHIACE^, 506 

Perianth double (calyx and corolla). 
Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and glume-like. JUNCACEjE, 519 

Calyx and corolla alike, or nearly so, and not glume-like. 
Leaves ribbed and netted-veined. Fruit a berry, SMILACE.S], 502 



ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. XXxix 

Leaves parallel-veined. 
Capsule 1-celled. Stamens, or the fertile ones, three. PONTEDERIACE^, 523 
Capsule or berry 3- (rarely 4 or 6-) celled. 
Anthers introrse (except Lilium). Style single. i 

Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. } ^ILIACEJS, 507 

Styles 3. ) 

. ,, , , ^ rr « 1^. ^ a* , o W MELANTHACE^, 513 

Anthers extrorse (except Toneldia). Styles 3 or 1. ) 

Calyx and corolla unlike. 

Ovaries few or numerous, forming achenia in fruit. ALISMACE^E, 472 

Ovary solitary. 

Palms. Calyx tubular. Leaves fan-shaped. PALM-^, 4G1 

Epiphytes. Plants scurfy. BROMELIACE^, 497 

Herbs. Stamens 6. Leaves 3 in a vi^horl. Flower single. TRILLIACE^, 502 

Leaves alternate, sheathing. COMMELYNACE^, 524 

Stamens 3. Flowers perfect, solitary. Stem leafy. MAYACACE^, 52G 

Flowers perfect, capitate. Scape leafless. 

XYRIDACE^, 526 

Stamens 3 or 4. Flowers monoecious, capitate. Scape leafless. 

ERIOCAULONACE^, 529 

*■ * * Flowers glumnceous,i. e. ivith scale-like bracts, in place of proper floral 
envelopes. 
Bracts single. Sheaths closed. Fruit an achenium. CYPERACE^E, 531 

Bracts by pairs. Sheaths open. Fruit a caryopsis. GRAMINEvE, 573 



Series II. CEYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWEELESS 
PLANTS. 

Plants destitute of proper flowers, and producing, in place of 
seeds, minute bodies (spores) which do not contain an embryo. 

Class III. ACROGENS. 

Plants with a distinct stem containing woody and vascular tissue, 
growing from the apex only. 

Spores of only one kind. 
Sporangia borne beneath peltate scales in a terminal spike. Stem leafless. 

EQUISETACEtE, G21 
Sporangia borne on the back or margin of fronds circinate in vernation. FILICES, G22 
Sporangia borne in spikes or panicles. Fronds not circinate. OPHIOGLOSSACE^, 636 
Sporangia solitary in the axils of small leaves. LYCOPODIACEiE, 638 

Spores of two kinds, large or small. 
Sporangia solitary in the axils of small 4-ranked leaves. Stems branching. 

SELAGINELLACE^, 639 
Sporangia solitary in the dilated base of long clustered leaves. Stem corm-like. 

ISOETACEiE, 640 
Sporangia enclosed in a peduncled sporocarp. Leaves 4-foliate. MARSILIACEiE, 640 
Sporangia enclosed in a sessile sporocarp beneath branching floating stems. 

SALVINIACE^, 641 



FLORA 



OF THE 



SOUTHERN UNITED STATES. 



SERIES I. 

PHJENOGAMOUS or FLOWEEING PLANTS. 

Vegetables furnished with flowers, consisting of stamens 
and pistils, and usually floral envelopes of some kind, and 
producing seeds which contain an embryo. 

Class I. DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stem composed of bark and pith, which are separated by 
an interposed layer of woody fibre and vessels, and increas- 
ing in diameter, in all perennial stems, by the annual depo- 
sition of new layers between the wood and bark. Leaves 
reticulaterveined, commonly articulated with the stem. 
Floral envelopes usually in fours or fives. Cotyledons 
two, rarely more. 

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMiE. 

Ovules enclosed in an ovary, and fertilized by the action 
of the pollen through the medium of a stigma. Cotyledons 
two. 

Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and 
corolla ; the latter of separate petals. 

1 



KANUNCULACE^. (CKOWFOOT FAMILY.) 



Order 1. KANUNCULiACEiE. (Crowfoot Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, rarely shrubs or woody vines, with watery acrid juice. 
Leaves exstipuhite, ofteuer divided. Flowers hypogyiious, sometimes 
irregular. Sepals few or many, separate, often colored. Petals com- 
monly as many as the sepals, and alternate with them, or wanting. 
Stamens mostly indefinite. Ovaries numerous and distinct, or few, or 
solitary, 1-celled, 1 -many-ovuled. Fruit dry or baccate. Seeds anat- 
ropous, with fleshy or horny albumen, and a minute embryo- 
Synopsis of the Genera. 
* Sepals valvate or with incurved margins in the bud. Fruit an achenium. 
Tribe L CLEMATIDE^. Sepals colored. Petals none. Style persistent. — Chiefly 
vines, with opposite mostly ternately or pinnately divided leaves. 

1. CLEMATIS. Flowers solitary or cymose, when vines climbing by the coiling tendril- 

form summit of the petiole. 

* * Sepals imbricated in the bud. Fruit an achenium. 
Tribe II. ANEMONES. Sepals colored. Petals none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 
alternate or whorled, variously lobed or divided. 

2. ANEMONE. Flowers solitary. Stem leaves whorled, forming an involucre under the 

flower. Achenia not ribbed nor inflated. 

3. ANEMORELLA. Flowers umbelled. Stem leaves involucrate. Achenium ribbed. 

4. THALICTRUM. Flowers corymbose or panicled. Leaves alternate. Achenium ribbed 

or inflated. 

5. TRAUTVETTERIA. Flowers corymbose. Leaves alternate, lobed. Achenium 4- 

angled. Seed erect. 

Tribe III. KANUNCULE^. Sepals mostly herbaceous. Petals manifest. —Herbs. 
Leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or corymbose. 

6. MYOSURUS. Sepals spurred at the base. Leaves radical. Scape 1-flowered. 

7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals spurless. Petals yellow or white, with a pit or scale at the 

base. Stem leafy. 

8. ADONIS. Petals red, not pitted at the base. 

* * * Sepals imbricated in the bud. Fruit a follicle or berry. 
Tribe IV. HEL-LEBORINE^. Sepals colored. Petals mostly irregular, or none. 
Fruit a 1 - many-seeded follicle. 

* Petals none. 

9. CALTHA. Sepals yellow. Leaves entire. 

10. ISOPYRUM. Sepals white. Leaves ternately divided. 

* * Petals 2 -10. 

11. AQUILEGIA. Petals 5, alike, hollow, spurred. Leaves compoundly divided. 

12. DELPHINIUM. Outer sepal hollow, spurred. Petals 4, unlike. Leaves lobed. 

13. ACONITUM. Outer sepal large, hooded, enclosing the two stalked petals. 

14. HELLEBORUS. Petals 8 - 10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals regular. 

15. COPTIS. Petals 5 - 6, thickened and hooded at the apex. Scape 1-flowered. 

16. ZANTHORHIZA. A shrub. Flowers regular, 5-petalled. Follicle 1-2-seeded. 

Tribe V. CIMICIFUGE^. Sepals colored. Petals small and flat, or none. Fruit 
a follicle or berry. — Leaves alternate. 

17. HYDRASTIS. Petals none. Fruit baccate. — Stem 1-flowered. 

18. ACTjEA. Petals entire. Racemes short. Fruit a berry. 

19. CIMICIFUGA. Petals 2-cleft. Racemes long. Fruit a follicle. 



RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 3 

1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's Bower. 

Sepals 4, petal-like, valvate or with incurved margins in the bud, decidu- 
ous. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries numerous, capitate, 1-ovuled, 
forming achenia in fruit, with the persistent styles in the form of long, mostly 
plumose tails. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs or woody vines, with op- 
posite entire or divided leaves, and single or cymose perfect or polygamous 
flowers. 

§ 1. Flowers solitary ; outer stamens petal-like, sterile; buds scaly. — Atragene. 

1. C. vertieillaris, DC. Stem woody, climbing; leaves ternate, the 
stalked leaflets cordate-ovate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, spreading, bright 
purple, V - IV long; sterile stamens spatulate ; tails of the achenia plumose. 
(Atrageue Americana, Sims.) — Mountains of N. Carolina. April -May. 

§ 2. Sterile stamens none ; buds not scaly. — Clematis. 

■^ Flowers solitary, perfect, nodding ; sepals thick, valvate; stems herbaceous. 

-^r- Stems erect, mostly simple. 

2. C. OChroleuca, Ait. Villous or silky-pubescent, rarely glabrous; 
stems rigid, 1° high ; leaves ovate or roundish, entire, reticulate, glabrate 
above; floAver yellowish, I'long; tails of the villous achenia plumose. (C. 
ovata, Pursh, the smooth form.) — Rocky woods in the upper districts. 
May -June. 

3. C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, 1° - 11° high, smoothish ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire or three-lobed; peduncles 8'- 10' long; 
flower purple ; tails of the achenia 2' - 3' long, plumose. — S. Plorida. 

-f— -i— Stems climbing ; leaves pinnately divided. 

4. C. crispa, L. (Blue Jessamine.) Glabrescent ; leaflets 3-9, thin, 
ovate or oblong, lobed or entire, acute, or (in var. Walteri, Torr. Sf Gray) lance- 
olate or linear ; calyx V -2' long, pale purple ; sepals recurved or re volute and 
wavy-margined above the middle ; tails of the achenia stout, pubescent. — 
Marshes and wet banks, middle and lower districts. May - June. 

5. C. Viorna, L. (Leather-Elower.) Smoothish; leaflets 5 - 7, thin, 
oval or oblong-ovate, lobed or entire; calyx V long, ovate, reddish brown; 
sepals tapering into a short recurved point ; tails of the achenia plumose. — 
Woods and along rivers, rare in the lower districts. May -July. 

6. C. reticulata, Walt. Smooth; leaflets 7 - 9, coriaceous, oval, mostly 
entire, strongly reticulated ; calyx ovate, purple ; sepals spreading at the 
point; tails of the achenia long and slender, plumose. — Dry sandy soil, 
chiefly in lower districts. May - July. 

# * Floivers cymose, poly gamo-dia^cious ; sepals thin, spreading ; stems woody, 
climbing ; leaves ternately divided ; tails of the achenia plumose. 

7. C Virginiana, L. (Virgin's Bower.) Glabrate; leaves ternate, the 
oblong or cordate-ovate leaflets 2' -3' long, lobed or toothed ; cymes axillary, 
trichotomous, many-flowered ; sepals oblong, Y long, white or yellowish. — 
River banks, chiefly in the upper districts. June - July. 



4 RAXUXCULACEiE. (cROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

8. C. Catesbyana, Pursh. Pubescent; leaves ternate, quinate, or Ijiter- 
nate ; leaficts ovjite or cordate-ovate, usually S-lohed ; cymes few-flowered, 
mostly comjjound or jjaiiicled ; sej)als wliite, tomeiitose. — Dry sandy soil near 
the coast. August. 

2. ANEMONE, L. Wind-Flower. 

Sepals 4-30, colored., imbricated in the bud, deci(hious. ]^etals none. 
Stamens indefinite, tlieir filaments filiform. Ovaries mostly numerous. Ovule 
solitary. Achenia even (not ribbed), capitate, compressed, pointed by the 
short persistent style. Seed suspended. — Perennial herbs, with naked stems 
bearing at the sunnnit 2-3 opposite or whorled leaves, which form an iuvo- 
lucre at the base of the 1 -flowered peduncle. Leaves lobed or divided. 

^ Stem simple, \-Jiowered. 

H— Involucre close under tlie flowers, small, sessile, resemldimj a cahjx ; stems 

several, peduncle-like ; leaves cordate, 3- 5-lobed, persistent. 

1. A. Hepatiea, L. (Liver-Leaf.) Silky-villous ; stems spreading, 
4'- 6' long ; leaves reniform-cordate, the lobes rounded ; sepals 6-8, ol)long, 
generally purple; achenia oval, longer than the curved styles. (Hepatiea 
triloba. Dill.) — Dry rocky woods, chiefly in the upper districts. March. 

2. A. acutiloba, Lawson. Leaves cordate, 3- (rarely 5-) lobed, the 
lobes acute; sepals generally white; otherwise like the preceding. — Moun- 
tains of Georgia, and northward. March. 

H— -i— Involucre remote from the long-peduncled flower, lobed or divided. 

3. A. nemorosa, L. (Wood Anemone.) Pubescent ; stem 4' - 8' high 
from a slender scaly rootstock ; radical leaves (wanting on flowering plants) 
ternately divided, the wedge-shaped divisions lobed and toothed, or the lateral 
ones deeply 2-parted (Var. quinquefolia), those of the involucre similar, longer 
than the petioles ; sepals white, oval, or oblong, ^ long ; achenia few, oblong, 
pubescent, pointed by the short hooked persistent style. — Woodlands, moun- 
tains. March - April. 

4. A. triflora, L. ? Divisions of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, entire, 
finely serrate, acute, equalling or shorter than the petiole ; achenia numerous. 
— Mountains of Georgia. March. 

5. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Stem 3' - lO' high, from a globular stolonifer- 
ous tuber ; radical leaves ternately divided into linear toothed divisions ; in- 
volucre small, sessile, 3 - 5-lobed ; peduncle long, pubescent; sepals 10-30, 
oblong-linear, white, the outer ones dotted with purple ; achenia numerous in 
an oblong head, woolly. (A. heterophylla, Nutt., with coarser leaves and green- 
ish flowers.) — Dry woods, chiefly in the upper districts. March -April. 

* * Stem cymosely branched, bearing a 2-leaved involucel, and a single long- 
peduncled floiver at each joint. 

6. A. Virginiana, L. (Wind-Flower.) Hirsute or villous, 20-3° 
high ; radical leaves loug-petioled, broadly cordate, twace 3-lobed, the divis- 
ions acutely lobed and toothed ; involucres petioled, deeply 3-parted ; sepals 
5, greenish, the two outer ones lanceolate, acute, the inner obovate ; achenia 
woolly, in an oblong head. — Dry woods in the upper districts. July -Aug. 



RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 5 

3. ANEMONELLA, Spach. Rue-Anemone. 

Habit and flowers of Auemoue, with the foliage of Thalictrum. Flowers 
umbelled. Style none. Aclienia few, smootli, oblong, strongly ribbed. 

1. A. thalictroides, Spach. Glabrous, 6'- 10' high, from clustered 
tubers ; leaves teruately compound ; leaflets long-stalked, oval or roundish, 
cordate, shortly 3 - 5-lobed, of the involucre 6 -9 ; umbel 3 - 6-flowered ; seprls 
6-10, oblong, white, 4'' - 6" long. — Dry woods. April - May. 

4. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Rue. 

Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, colored, deciduous. Petals none. Sta- 
mens numerous. Ovaries 3-15, 1-ovuled. Achenia furrowed or inflated, 
pointed by the persistent stigma or short style. Seed suspended. — Perennial 
mostly giabous branching lierbs, with alternate ternately compound leaves, 
and mostly dioecious or polygamous small flowers. 

* Flowers dicecious or polijgatnuus ; sepals shorter than the stamens ; stijle short; 

achenia ribbed. 
-h- Leaves 2-3-ternate, petioled ; leaflets roundish, crenate, glaucous; anthers 
longer than the filaments ; achenia oval or oblong; pedicels long, axillarg ; 
sepals greenish ; flowers dicecious. 

1. T. debile, Buckley. Stem prostrate, 6' -12' long, from clustered 
tubers; pedicels mostly in pairs; stamens 10-15; achenia 1-6, oblong. — 
Rocky woods, mountains of Georgia and Alabama. April - May. 

2. T. dioicum, L. Stem erect, from a fibrous root ; pedicels 2 - 6 in a 
cluster; stamens 20 -30; achenia 4- 10, oval, sessile, or rarely stipitate. (Var. 
stipitatum, Torr. ^ Gratj). — Rocky woods, in the upper districts. March - 
April. 

-1— -H- Lowest leaves petioled, decompound, the others sessile ; leaflets very vari- 
able, entire or 3-lobed ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; achenia acute ; 
flowers panicled. 

3. T. purpurascens, L. Stem 3° -5° high, generally purplish ; leaf- 
lets ovate or oblong, often cordate, strongly veined, 3-lobed or entire, mostly 
pubescent beneath ; floAvers dioecious, greenish or purplish ; filaments long 
and drooping, slightly thickened upwards; anthers linear, mucronate. — Dry 
soil in the upper districts. July- August. 

4. T. polygamum, Muhl. Like the last, but taller ; leaflets less strongly 
veined and thinner; flowers polygamous, white; filaments plainly thickened 
under the short oblong obtuse anthers. — Swamps and wet banks. July - 
August. 

# # Flowers perfect ; stigma sessile ; achenia stipitate, inflated, veiny ; flowers 

panicled; leaves petioled, biternate. 

5. T. clavatTim, DC. Stem 1^-2° high, sparingly branched ; leaflets 
thin, obovate or rounded, 3-lobed ; panicle corymbose ; flowers white; achenia 
5-10, scimitar-shaped, short-pointed. (T. nudicaule, Schweinitz.) — Moun- 
tains of N. Carolina. July. 



6 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Mej. 

Sepals 3-5, orbicular, iiuliricated in the bud, caducouij. Petals none. 
Staineus indefiuite. Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Acheiiia capitate, 4-angled, 
beaked by tiie hooked persistent style. Seed erect. — Perennial herljs, witli 
alternate palmately lobed leaves, and corymbose white flower.s. 

1. T. palmata, Fisch. & Mey. Stem 2° -4° high; leaves divided into 

5-9 serrate and toothed lobes, the lowest 4-6' wide, loiig-petioled. 

Mountains, also dry pine woods, W. Florida. 

6. MYOSURUS, L. Mouse-Tail. 

Sepals 5-7, imbricated, spurred at the base. Petals 5-7, linear-spatulate. 
Stamens 5 -20, Ovaries numerous, 1-ovuled. Achenia 3-angled, imbricated 
on the spike-like receptacle. Seed vsuspended. Small annuals, with linear 
radical leaves, and a small yellowish flower on a naked scape. 

1. M. minimus, L. Scape 2' -6' long, longer than the leaves; achenia 
beakless. — Augusta, Georgia ; Nashville, Tennessee. 

7. RANUNCULUS, L. Cro\vfoot, Buttercup. 

Sepals 3-5, regular, herbaceous, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 
3-10, with a pit or scale at the narrowed base. Stamens mostly numerous. 
Ovaries few or numerous, 1-ovuled. Achenia capitate, compressed, mostly 
beaked by the short persistent style. Seed erect. — Herbs. Leaves alternate, 
the lowest petioled. Flowers axillary or corymbose, white or yellow. 
§ 1. Petals ivith a pit at the base, white ; achenia rugose. 

1. R. aquatilis, L. var. triehophyllus, Gray. Aquatic, filiform, 
immersed ; leaves petioled, divided into very numerous capillary segments ; 
peduncles opposite the leaves. — Slow-flowing streams in the upper districts, 
Pursh. June - August. 

§ 2. Petals yellow, with a small scale at the base. 
* Achev i a muricate ; annuals. {Introduced.) 

2. R. parvifloms, L. Softly villous, much branched, p - 1° high : 
lower leaves round-cordate, 3-lobed, toothed, the upper 3-par£ed or entire ; 
flowers small ; petals 3 - 5, as long as the sepals ; styles recurved. — Eoadsides 
and waste ground. April - May. 

3. R. murieatUS, L. Nearly glabrous; stem 1°-1-J° high; petals .5, 
longer than the sepals; styles straight; achenia strongly margined; other- 
wise like the preceding. — Waste ground, Charleston {'Elliott). April -May. 

* * Achenia smooth ; chiefli) perennials. 

H— Leaves undivided, denticulate or entire, lanceolate, the lower broader and 

petioled ; flowers small. 

4. R. am.bigens, Watson. Stem l°-2° long, ascending, rooting at the 
lower joints ; flowers 3'' - 5" wide, the petals longer than the calyx ; achenia 
tumid, slender-beaked, (R. alismoefolius. Gray.) — Wet banks, chiefly in the 
upper districts. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. 



RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 7 

5. R. pusillus, Poir. Stems several, erect, 6' -12' high; lowest leaves 
ovate or rouuded ; flowers 2" wide, the 1-5 petals as .long as the calyx ; 
acheuia obovate, miuutely pointed. — Miry banks in the upper districts. 
April - May. — Leaves 1' long. — Stamens 5-9. 

6. R. oblongifolius, Ell. . Stem l°-2° high; lower leaves oblong; 
flowers 3" -5" wide; petals longer than the calyx; stamens numerous; 
achenia globular, pointless. — Ditches and wet places in the lower districts. 
May - July. Rare. 

-{— -i— Leaves {excepting No. 7) ternatel/j lobed or divided, the lowest petiole d. 
■i-i- Petals small, not exceeding the calyx. 

7. R. abortivus, L. Biennial, glabrous, l°-lj° high; lowest leaves 
broadly cordate, crenate, rarely 3-parted ; stem leaves 3 - 5-parted, the lance- 
olate lobes toothed or entire ; achenia in globose heads, very short-pointed. — 
Low grounds. April - May. 

8. R. sceleratus, L. Annual, glabrous, i°-li° high; lower leaves 
round-cordate, 3-lobed, obtusely toothed, the upper 3-parted ; achenia in an 
oblong or cylindrical head, pointless. — Ditches, etc., Charleston (Elliott). 
Introduced. April -May. 

9. R. recurvatus, Poir. Hirsute, 1°- 2° high; leaves all petioled, cor- 
date, 3 - 5-lobed or parted, the broad divisions mucronate-toothed or serrate; 
acheuia in a globose head, pointed with a long and slender recurved beak. — 
Low grounds. June - July. 

10. R. Pennsylvanicus, L. Hirsute, 1°- 2° high; leaves ternate, the 
leaflets stalked, 3-parted, narrowly lobed and toothed ; achenia in an oblong 
head, pointed with a broad straight beak. — Damp grounds, N. Carolina 
( Curtis). May - June. 

++ ^-i- Petals much larger than the calyx ; achenia in a globose head, compressed, 
the margins thickened. 

11. R. multifldus, Pursh. Stem long, floating ; immersed leaves as in 
No. 1, the floating ones palmately much divided ; achenia pointed with a short 
straight beak. — In shallow ponds, N. Carolina (Curtis). 

12. R. septentrionalis, Poir. Stem erect or spreading, 1° high, hir- 
sute ; leaves ternate or 3-parted, the divisions mostly stalked, 3-lobed ; achenia 
broadly straight-beaked. (R. repens, 1st edition.) — Low or wet ground, in 
the upper districts. April- May. — Stem sometimes stoloniferous. 

Var. Marilandicus. Densely hirsute with spreading hairs ; leaves 
mostly ternate, the leaflets ovate or cuneate, 3-lobed. — Dry shaded soil in 
the middle and upper districts. 

Var. nitidus. Smooth, pro.strate, \°-2° long; leaves trifoliolate ; beak 
of the achenium slightly curved. — River swamps in the lower districts. 
Early spring. 

13. R. fascicularis, Muhl. Silky pubescent ; stem ^°-l° high from a 
cluster of fleshy fibres ; leaves ternately or somewhat piunately divided ; flow- 
ers large ; achenia long-beaked. — Rocky woods, N. Carolina and Tennessee. 
March - April. 



8 KANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 

14. R. bulboSUS, L. Stem erect from a solid Ijull); leaves piniiately 
divided; flowers large (T wide) ; acheuia jjointed with a short curved beak. 
— N. Carolina. Introduced. 

IT). R. acris, L., and of the 1st edition, is probably not permaneutly 
established within my limits. 

8. ADONIS, L. Pheasant's Eye. 

Differs from the preceding mainly in the absence of a pit or scale at the 
base of the petals, the spike-like arrangement of the achenia, and in the pin- 
nate di\'ision of the leaves, 

1. A. autumnalis, L. Annual; leaves finely dissected; petals 6-8, 
crimson. — New Orleans. Introduced. 

9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold. 

Sepals 4-10, regular, colored, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals 
none. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 5-1.5, forming many-seeded follicles in 
fruit. Stigma sessile. — Perennial smooth herbs, with cordate or reniform 
undivided leaves, and showy yellow flowers. 

I. C. palustris, L. Stem furrowed, simple or branched, 6'- 10' high; 
leaves long-petioled, or the upper sessile, entire, crenate, or sharply denticu- 
late, 1' - 6' wide ; flowers single or corymbose, long-peduneled ; follicles spread- 
ing. — Marshes, N. Carolina {Hyams), Tennessee [Gattlnger). 

10. ISOPYRUM, L. 

Sepals 5-6, regular, colored, deciduous. Petals none, or 5 and minute. 
Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2 - 20. Ovules few or many, in 1-2 rows. 
Style short, subulate. Follicles sessile. Seed horizontal. — Low and tender 
perennial herbs, with alternate ternately divided leaves, and solitary white 
flowers. 

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Stem 6^-12' high, from fibrous 
tuber-bearing roots ; radical leaves biternate, long-petioled ; stem leaves ter- 
nate, nearly sessile ; leaflets ovate and obovate, obtusely 3-lobed ; petals none ; 
follicles 1-5, 2-seeded. — Shaded cliffs of the Chipola River, W. Florida, 
Alabama {E. A. Smith). March -April. 

11. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. 

Sepals 5, regular, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, prolonged downward into 
hollow spurs. Filaments long, filiform. Follicles 5, connivent, many-seeded, 
tipped with the long filiform persistent styles. — Erect branching herbs, with 
alternate 2 - 3-ternate leaves, and showy nodding solitary flowers. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Stem 1°- 3° high, smooth or slightly pubescent; 
radical leaves biternate, the leaflets roundish, crenately lobed ; flowers scarlet 
stamens and styles exserted. — Rocky woods, chiefly in the upper districts. 
April- May. 



RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 



12. DELPHINIUM, L. Laekspur. 

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, the upper one prolonged backward into a hollow 
spur. Petals 4, and separate, or 2 and united, the 2 upper with spurs which 
are received in the spur of the sepal. Ovaries 1-5. Follicles many-seeded. 
— Erect herbs, with alternate palmately divided leaves, and showy flowers in 
terminal racemes. 

^ Petals 4 ; follicles 3. Perennial. 

1. D. exaltatum, Ait. Stem 2° -4° high, branching and hairy above; 
leaves 4' - 6' wide, the divisions lanceolate or oblong ; racemes many-flowered ;• 
flowers blue; spur straight, rather longer than the calyx; follicles erect. — 
Mountains of Alabama to N. Carolina. June - August. 

2. D. azureum, Michx. Stem mostly simple, downy, lo-2° high; 
leaves 2' -3' wide, the divisions linear ; racemes many-flowered; flowers blue; 
spur curved, twice as long as the calyx ; follicles erect. — Light soil in the 
middle and upper districts. May - June. 

3. D. tricorne, Michx. Stem smoothish, 1°- 1|° high from small clus- 
tered tubers; leaves 2' -3' wide, with oblong-linear divisions; racemes many- 
flowered, the pedicels shorter than the deep-blue flowers; spur straight, 
equalling the calyx; follicles arcuate spreading. — Mountains of Georgia and 
Tennessee. April - May. 

4. D. virescens, Nutt. ? Stem doAvny, slender, 6'- 10' high; leaves 1' 
wide; racemes 3-6-flowered, the pedicels longer than the yellowish white 
flowers ; spur longer than the calyx, curved at the summit ; follicles arcuate- 
spreading. — Valley of the Coosa Elver, Georgia. May - June. 

# # Petals 2, and united ; follicles single. Annual. 

5. D. COnsolida; L. Smooth; divisions of the leaves narrow-linear; 
flowers white or various shades of blue or purple ; follicle glabrous. — Grain- 
fields and around homesteads. Introduced. 

13. ACOTQ"ITUM, L. Monkshood, Wolfsbane. 

Sepals 5, irregular, colored, the uppermost large, helmet- shaped, the 2 lat- 
eral large and rounded, the lower oblong. Petals 2 or 5, the 2 upper long- 
stalked, produced backward into a short spur, the three lower minute or 
wanting. Stamens numerous. Ovaries 2-5. Follicles many-seeded. Seed 
rugose. — Perennial herbs, with alternate palmately dissected leaves, and 
racemose showy flowers. 

1. A. uncinatum, L. Stem slender, 2° -6° long; leaves 3 - 5-cleft, the 
ovate-lanceolate lobes coarsely toothed ; raceme few-flowered ; sepals blue, the 
upper helmet-shaped. — Mountains of N. Carolina. June- August. 

2. A. reelinatum, Gray. Stem reclining, 4° - 8° long ; leaves deeply 
3-7-cleft, the cuneate lobes acutely toothed; racemes few - many-flowered ; 
sepals white, the upper long-conical. — Mountains of N. Carolina. July - 
August. 



10 RANUNCULACE^. (CKOWFOOT FAMILY.) 

14. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore. 

Sepals 5, rounded, persistejit. reUil.s 8-10, Aery small, tubular, 2-lipped. 
Stamens numerous. Follicles 3-10, coriaceous, many-seeded. — I'ereunial 
herbs, with ])almate or pedate loaves, and solitary nodding flowers. 

1. H. viridis, L. Stem 1°- 2° high; lowest leaves pedate, loiig-petioled, 
the upper ])almate and nearly sessile, the divisions lanceolate; sepals oval, 
green; follicles oblong. — N. Carolina (//iya//is). Introduced. 

15. COPTIS, Salisb. Gold-Thkead. 

Sepals 5-6, colored, regular, deciduous. Petals .5 - 6, thickened and 
hooded at the apex. Stamens numerous. Follicles 3- 10, long-stipitate (as 
if umbellate), pointed with the hooked style, few-seeded. — Perennial smooth 
herbs, with ternately divided leaves, and 1-4 small flowers at the summit of 
a naked scape. 

1. C. trifolia, Salisb. Scape 4' -6' high, from a slender yellow root- 
stock, 1 -flowered; leaves persistent, trifoliolate, long-petioled, the leaflets 
obovate and slightly lobed ; flowers white. — Mountains of E. Tennessee ( Gat- 
linger). June. 

16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Yellow Root. 

Sepals .5, regular, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, small, gland-like, 2-lobed. 
Stamens 5-10. Ovaries 5-10, 2-ovuled. Style subulate, incurved, at length 
dorsal. Follicles sessile. Seed solitary, suspended. — A sm;ooth slender 
shrub, 2° -3° high, with yellow roots. Leaves pinnate, long-petioled, the 
3-5 ovate leaflets lobed and toothed. Flowers in slender compound racemes, 
appearing before the leaves, dark purple. 

1. Z. apiifolia, L'Herit. — Shady banks, chiefly in the upper districts. 
March - April. 

17. HYDRASTIS, L. Golden Seal. 

Sepals 3, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals none. Stamens numerous. 
Ovaries 12-20, fleshy, 2-ovuled, ripening into a head of ] -2-seeded crimson 
berries. — Stem \° high, from a thick knotted rootstock, 2-leaved, l-flowered ; 
leaves palmately 5 - 7-lobed, toothed and serrate, the lower petioled, the upper 
sessile under the short-stalked greenish white flower. 

1. H. Canadensis, L. — Rich open woods. Mountains of Georgia, and 
northward. May. 

18. ACTJEA, L. Baneberry. 

Sepals 3-5, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals 4-10, entire. Stamens nu- 
merous. Ovary solitary, l-celled, ripening into a many-seeded berry. — Per- 
ennial herbs. Stem simple, bearing one or two large 2 - 3-ternately compound 
leaves, and a single oval or oblong raceme of small white floAvers. 

1. A. alba, Bigel. (White Cohosh.) Smooth or nearly so, 2° high; 
leaves mostly 2, long-petioled, the ovate leaflets acutely toothed ; raceme 
long-peduncled, the pedicels in fruit thick and red ; berry white — Rocky 
woods. Mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. 



MAGNOLIACE^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY.) 11 

2. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Ait. (Red Cohosh.) Like the pre- 
ceding, but the pedicels not thickened in fruit, and the berries cherry-red. — 
Tennessee. May. 

19. CIMICIFUGA, L. BuGBANE. 

Sepals 4 -.5, ovate, colored, caducous. Petals 1-8, 2-lobed. Stamens very 
numerous, the filiform filaments elongated. Ovaries 1-8, 1-celled, ripening 
into many-seeded follicles. — Tall perennial herbs, with large ternately com- 
pound leaves, and long slender racemes of white flowers. 

^ Ovary mostly single; stigma large, depressed ; seeds horizontal, smooth. 

1. C. raeemosa, Ell. (Black Snakeroot.) Stem 4°-8° high; 
leaves 3-ternate, the ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaflets sharply toothed and 
serrate ; racemes 6'- 12' long, mostly branched, downy ; follicles ovate, sessile 
on the pedicel. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts. 

* # Ovaries 3-8; stigma minute; seeds vertical, chaffy. 

2. C. Americana, Michx. • Stem 3° -4° high; leaves 3-teruate; leaflets 
ovate, sharply toothed and serrate, the terminal one 3-lobed ; racemes some- 
what panicled ; follicles 3-5, compressed, obovate-oblong, short- stipitate. — 
Mountains of N. Carolina. June - July. 

3. C. COrdifolia, Pursh. Stem 2° -3° high; leaves 2-ternate, ovate or 
cordate-ovate, 2 - 3-lobed, toothed and serrate ; racemes long, panicled ; fol- 
licles 2-3, oblong, sessile. — High mountains of N. Carolina. Rare. June- 
July. 

Order 2. MAGIVOLIACE^E. (Magnolia Family.) 

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, and regular 
hjrpogynous flowers. — Sepals and petals mostly alike, imbricated in 
three or more rows in the bud. Stamens distinct or united. Anthers 
adnate. Ovaries numerous, imbricated or whorled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Fruit 
fleshy, baccate, or samara-like, distinct, or in cone-like heads. Seed 
dry or baccate. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. WINTERED. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. Ovaries 
in a single whorl, 1-ovuled, becoming coriaceous follicles in fruit. — Erect shrubs. 
Leaves entire. Stipules none. 

1. ILLICIUM. Leaves evergreen. Flowers nodding. 

Suborder II. SCHIZANDRE^. Flowers monoecious. Stamens united. Ovaries 
imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled, becoming scattered berries in fruit. — Climbing shrubs. 
Leaves deciduous, often toothed. Stipules none. 

2. SCHIZANDRA. Stamens 5, united into a 5-lobed disk. 

Suborder III. MAGNOL-TE^. Flowers perfect. Stamens numerous, separate. 
Ovaries imbricated in a head, 2-ovuled. Fruit fleshy or somewhat woody, in cone- 
like heads or spikes. — Chiefly trees. Leaves entire. Stipules large. 

3. MAGNOLIA. Fruit fleshy, dehiscent, persistent on the receptacle. Anthers introrpe. 

4. LIRIODENDRON. Fruit woody, indehiscent, samara-like, deciduous. Anthers 

extrorse. 



12 MAGNOLIACE.E. (mACtNOLIA FAMILY.) 

1. ILLICIUM, L. Anisetree. 

Flowers perfect. Sej)als 3 or 6. Petals 9-30, sj)rea(liug. Stamens nu- 
merous. Anthers introrse. Follicles 6 or more, in a single whorl, coriaceous, 
at length 2 valved, l-seeded. Seed ascending. — Smootli anise-scented shrubs, 
with entire exstipulate evergreen leaves. Peduncles from terminal buds, 
1-flowered, nodding. 

1. I. Floridanum, Ellis. Shrub 6° - 10° liigli ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate ; petals 20 - 30, linear, widely spreading, dark purple. — Sandy 
swamps, Florida to Mij^sissippi. April. 

2. I. parviflorum, Michx. Leaves lanceolate, acute ; petals G - 12, ovate 
or roundish, concave, yellow. — Coast of Georgia and E. Florida. 

2. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5-6, ovate. I'etals .5 - 6, oblong. Stamens 5, 
their short filaments united, forming a circular 5-lobed disk, with the anther- 
cells widely separated. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, ripening into 1-2- 
seeded berries which are scattered on the greatly elongated filiform receptacle. 
— A woody climbing vine, with ovate membranaceous deciduous leaves, and 
small long-peduncled crimson flowers from axillary buds. Stipules none. 

1. S. coecinea, Michx. — Low shaded ground in the lower districts. 
May- June. 

3. MAGNOLIA, L. Cdcumber-teee. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, caducous. Petals 6-9, deciduous. Stamens 
indefinite. Ovaries numerous, imbricated, ripening into a cone-like head of 
2-seeded persistent follicles opening on the back. Seeds fleshy, suspended by 
a slender cord. — Trees or shrubs. Stipules adnate to the leaf-stalks. Flowers 
large, solitary, terminal, odorous. 

* Leaves perennial. 

1. M. grandiflora, L. (Magnolia.) Leaves oblong or obovate, smooth 
above, rusty -pubescent beneath, 6'- 12' long ; flowers 6' -9' wide, the petals 
white, obovate, concave ; cone of fruit oval, 3' - 4' long. — Light fertile soil in 
the lower districts. May. — A large tree. 

2. M. glauca, L. (Sweet Bay.) Leaves 4'- 6' long, oblong or lanceo- 
late, silky-pnbescent, glabrate above, glaucous beneath; flowers P- 2' wide, 
white and fragrant, the petals obovate, concave ; cone of fruit P- 1^' long. — 
Swamps. April - May. — A shrub or small tree. 

* * Leaves deciduous, acute at the base. 

3. M. Umbrella, Lam. Leaves I°- H^ long, obovate-oblong, clustered 
at the summit of the branches, glabrate ; flowers 4'- 6' wide, the white petals 
oblong-lanceolate, acute; cone of fruit oblong, 4' -6' long. — L^pper districts. 
June. — A small tree. 

4. M. acuminata, L. Leaves 6' -9' long, oval, acuminate, downy be- 
neath; flowers 3' -4' wide, the yellow petals oblong, obtuse ; cone of fruit 
cylindrical, 2^-3 long. — Upper districts. May. — A large tree. 



ANONACE^. (cUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.) 13 

# * * Leaves deciduous, auriculate or cordate at the base. 

5. M. COrdata, Michx. Leaves oval or roundish, 4' -5' wide, white- 
downy beneath; flowers 3' -4' wide, the yellow petals obloug-, acute; cone of 
fruit oblong, 3' long. — Western parts of S. Carolina (Michaux), and Co- 
lumbia County, Georgia, very rare. 

6. M. Fraseri, Walt. Leaves spatulate-obovate, glabrous, 8''- 12' long, 
auriculate-cordate at the base ; flowers 3' - 4' wide, the oblong obtuse petals 
white ; cone of fruit ovate. — Mountains, and a small-leaved form in the lower 
districts. June - July. — Mostly a small tree. 

7. M. macrophylla, Michx. Leaves 1° -2° long, oblong-obovate, cor- 
date, glaucous beneath ; flowers 8^-10' wide, white, the petals oblong, obtuse ; 
cone of fruit 4' long, oval. — Middle and upper districts, local. April. — A 
email tree. 

4. LIRIODENDRON, L. White Poplar. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3, reflexed. Petals 6, erect. Stamens indefinite. 
Ovaries numerous, imbricated, 1-celled, forming in fruit a cone-like head 
of indehiscent 1 - 2-seeded deciduous carpels. — A large tree. Leaves lobed. 
Stipules free. Flowers terminal. 

1. L. Tulipifera, L. (Tulip-tree.) Leaves smooth, rounded at the 
base, 3-lobed, the middle lobe truncated; flowers bell-shaped, the petals 
greenish yellow striped with orange. — Low grounds. May. 



Order 3. A]S^ONACE^3E. (Custard-Apple Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple entire alternate leaves, and solitary 
axillary perfect hypogynous flowers. — Sepals 3. Petals 6, in two 
rows, valvate, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers adnate. 
Ovaries few or many, baccate in fruit. Seeds large, anatropous. 
Embryo minute, at the base of ruminated albumen. 

1. ASIMIWA, A dans. Custard-Apple. 

Petals thick, the 3 outer ones larger and spreading. Ovaries 3-15, 1-celled, 
few-many-ovuled, pulpy or fleshy in fruit. Seeds horizontal, enclosed in a 
thin, succulent aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with deciduous exstipulate leaves 
and nodding flowers. 

* Floirers appearing with or hefore the leaves. 

1. A. triloba, Dunal. (Papaw.) Leaves 4^-8' long, obovate-oblong, 
acuminate, rUvStv-pubescent, like the branches, at length glabrous; flowers 
r wide; outer petals round-ovate, purplish brown, 3-4 times longer than the 
calyx; fruit oblong, many-seeded, edible. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper 
districts. March. — A shrub or small tree. 

2. A. parviflora, Dunal. Shrub 2^-5° high. Leaves 4'- 6' long, obo- 
vate-oblong, acute, glabrate ; flowers ^' wide, the oblong-ovate outer petals 



14 MENISPEKMACEiE. (mOONSEED FAMTLY.) 

twice as long as tlie calyx, purplish brown ; fruit oblong or pear shaped, few- 
seeded. — Dry sandy soil in the lower districts. March. 

3. A. grandiflora, Dunal. Shrub 2° -3° high; leaves obovate, obtuse, 
rigid, 2' -:V long, densely pubescent, like the brandies, when young, at length 
smooth above ; (juter petals 2' long, round-obovate, yellowish, many times 
longer than the calyx; fruit small, 1 -few-seeded. — Dry sandy soil in the 
lower districts of Georgia and E. Florida. March- April. 

* * Flowers from the axils of coriaceous leaves. 

4. A. pygmsea, Dunal. Glabrous ; shrub 2° - 3° high ; leaves 2' - 6' lorig, 
cuneate-oblong to linear, early deciduous; flowers V-3' wide, white or pale 
yellow, the outer petals oblong-obovate ; fruit cylindrical, few-seeded. (A. an- 
gustifolia, Grai/ 1 ) — Sandy pine barrens, Florida, and lower districts of 
Georgia. May. — On young stems the leaves are broader and tlie flowers 
larger. 

5. A. cuneata, Shuttl. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, pubescent beneath, 
3' -4' long ; flowers V wide, the outer petals oblong, three times longer than 
the calyx, and twice as long as the inner ones. — S. Florida [Feay). 

2. ANONA, L. Custard-Apple. 

Differs from the preceding in its numerous ovaries, with a single erect 
ovule, forming in fruit a compound many-seeded pulpy berry. — Tropical 
trees or shrubs. 

1. A. laurifolia, Dunal. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, 3' -4' long; 
flowers r wide, whitish; petals thick, the outer ones round-ovate; fruit 
smooth ; seeds compressed. — Wet banks, S. Florida. — A small tree. 



Order 4. ME:N'ISPEKMACE^. (Moonseed Family.) 

Climbing woody vines, with alternate exstipulate palmately veined 
leaves, and small polygamous or dioecious flowers, in axillary or supra- 
axillary racemes or panicles. — Sepals and petals mostly alike, in two 
or more rows, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6 or more, hypogy- 
nous. Anthers 2- or 4-celled. Ovaries 3 - 8, drupaceous in fruit. 
Seed and embryo curved, the latter large, in thin albumen. 

1. COCCULUS, DC. 

FloAvers dioecious or polygamous. Sepals and petals 6, each in two rows. 
Stamens 6, the anthers 4-celled. Ovaries 3-6, 1-celled, l-ovuled. Stigma 
subulate. Drupe baccate. Nut uniform, rugose. Seed conformed to the 
cavity of the nut. Embryo semicircular. 

1. C. CarolimiS, DC. Pubescent; leaves petioled, ovate or cordate, 
entire or 3 - 5-lobed, acute or obtuse ; racemes of the fertile flowers simple, 
of the sterile compound ; flowers white ; drupe red. — Woods and thickets. 
June- July, 



BERBERIDACE^. (bAKBERRY FAMILY.) 15 

2. MENISPERMUM, L. Moonseed. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals and petals 4-8. Stamens 1 2 - 24. Anthers 4- 
celled. Ovaries 2-4. Stigma dilated, spreading. Otherwise like the 
preceding. 

1. M. Canadense, L. Glabrous ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, 
entire, angular, or lobed, slightly peltate at the base, glaucous beneath ; pan- 
icles supra-axillary, single or in pairs, drooping ; flowers small, white. — 
Kiver banks, chiefly in the upper districts. July. 

3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. 

Flowers dioecious. Sepals G. Petals none. Stamens 12. Anthers 2- 
celled. Ovaries 3, 1-ovuled. Stigma radiate, many-cleft. Drupe oval. Nut 
excavated on the inner face. Embrj^o curved, foliaceous. 

1. C. Lyoni, Nutt. — River banks in the upper districts. May- June. 
Pubescent ; leaves round-cordate, 3 - 7-lobed, acuminate ; racemes compound, 
supra-axillary ; flowers white ; drupe globose. 

Order 5. BERBERIDACE^. (Barberry Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate mostly divided leaves, and perfect 
regular hypogynous flovv^ers. — Sepals and petals in tv^^o or more rows 
of 2-4 each, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens opposite 
the petals. Anthers 2-celled, opening by uplifted valves (or length- 
wise in Podophyllum). Fruit baccate or capsular. Embryo in the 
axis of fleshy or horny albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Anthers opening by uplifted valves. 

1. BERBERIS. Stamens 6. Leaves bristly-serrate. Shrubs. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Leaves compound. Herb. 

3. DIPHYLLEIA. Stamens 6. Leaves peltate, deeply 2-cleft and lobed. Herb. 

4. JEFFERSONIA. Stamens 8. Scape 1-flowered. Leaves 2-parted. Herb. 

* * Anthers opening longitudinally. 

5. PODOPHYLLUM. Stamens 12 or more. Flower solitary in the fork of the two peltate 

lobed leaves. 

1. BERBERIS, L. Barberry. 
Sepals 6, orbicular. Petals 6, obovate, often biglandular near the base. 
Stamens 6, irritable. Stigma circular, depressed. Fruit a 1 - 9-seeded berry. 
Seeds erect. — Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves bristly serrate, often reduced 
to branching spines. Flowers racemose, yellow. Berries acid. 

1. B. Canadensis, Pursh. Shrub smooth, spiny, 2° -3° high; leaves 
obovate, bristly-serrate ; racemes 6 - 8-flowe :ed ; petals notched ; berries oval, 
red. — Mountains of N. Carolina. 

2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh. 

Sepals 6, ovate-oblong. Petals 6, thick and gland-like, shorter than the 
sepals. Stamens 6. Style short, stigmatic within. Ovary tbin, early rup- 



16 NYMPlIiEACE^. (WATEK-LILY FAMILY.) 

tured by tlie two growing ovules. Seeds globose, drupe-like, stalked. Albu- 
meu horny. A sniooth pereuuial herb, witli large teruately coiiipouud leaves, 
and small y(;ll(j\vish green flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle, 

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Pappoosk-Uoot.) — Kich valleys in the 
up])er (listri{-ts. May, — Stem 1° - 2° high, glaucous. Kadical leaf 3-ternate, 
long-])etioled ; stem leaves (mostly two) sessile, the upper 2-teruate. Leaflets 
ovate or obovate, 2-3-lobed. Panicle lew-flowered. Seed glaucous. 

3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. 

Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6, oval, flat. Stamens 6. Stigma circular, 
depressed. Fruit baccate, 2-3-seeded. Seeds erect. — A smooth jjerennial 
herb, with two large alternate peltate 2-parted lobed leaves, and a terminal 
long-peduncled cyme of white flowers. 

1. D. cymosa, Michx. — Margins of streams, mountains of N. Carolina. 
May- June. — Stem 1*^-2° high. Leaves 1° or more wide, the divisions 
5 - 7-lobed. Berries blue. 

4. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twin-leaf, 

Sepals 4, petal-like, caducous. Petals 8, oblong. Stamens 8. Stigma 
nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, obovate, many-seeded, opening 
transversely on the back, near the summit. Seeds numerous, furnished with 
a fleshy laciniated aril. — A low stemless perennial herb, with long-petioled, 
2-parted leaves, and a naked scape bearing a single white flower, 

1, J. diphy 11a, Pers. — Rich shady woods, Tennessee. May. — Divis- 
ions of the leaves half-ovate, toothed or entire. Scape 6' - 12' high. Flowers 
1' wide, 

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. 

Sepals 6, caducous. Petals 6-9, obovate. Stamens twice as many (in our 
species) as the petals. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma lary:e, pel- 
tate, sessile. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in a pulpy aril. — 
Low perennial herbs, with the naked stem terminated by two large peltate 
5-9-parted lobed and toothed leaves, with a solitary nodding flower in the 
fork. 

1. P. peltatum, L. (Mandrake.) Glabrous, 1° high, from creeping 
rootstocks ; leaves of the flowering stem laterally peltate, 4' - 6' wide, of the 
barren ones single and centrally peltate; flower greenish, V wide; berry 1'- 
2' long, ovate, fragrant. — Low rich woods. April - May. 

Order 6. NYMPH^EACE^. (Water-Lily Family.) 

Perennial aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate floating leaves and 
flowers. — Sepals 3-6, colored within. Petals and stamens few or 
indefinite. Carpels indehiscent, distinct and few-seeded, or united, 
forming a several-celled many-seeded berry. Embryo enclosed in a 
sac outside the albumen, when present. The Order also includes, as 
Suborders, the Cabombacese and Nelumbiacese of the first edition. 



NYMPH^ACE^. (WATEK-LILY FAMILY.) 17 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. CABOMBE.1E. Caulescent, leafy. Flowers axillary, hypogynous. 
Sepals and petals 3 - 4. Stamens 6 - 18. Ovaries 2-18. Ovules suspended from the 
dorsal suture. Carpels distinct, 1 -3-seeded. Embryo at the base of fleshy albumen. 

1. CABOMBA. Stamens 6. Submerged leaves finely dissected, 

2. BRASENIA. Stamens 1 2 - 18. Leaves entire, peltate, floating. 

Suborder 2. NELUMBONE^. Stemless. Leaves floating. Flowers hjrpogynous. 
Sepals and petals alike, deciduous. Stamens indefinite, the filaments prolonged 
above the anthers. Ovaries 1-celled, 1-ovuled, embedded in the flat summit of the 
large obconical receptacle. Seed suspended. Embryo large. Albumen none. 

3. NELUMBIUM. Characters of the Suborder. 

Suborder 3. NYMPH^ACE^. Stemless. Leaves floating, cordate. Flowers 
solitary. Sepals 3 -6. Petals numerous. Stamens indefinite. Ovary many-celled, 
the numerous ovules inserted on the partitions. Fruit indehiscent, baccate. Seed 
albuminous. 

4. NYMPH^A. Petals perigjraous. Stigma radiate. 

5. NUPHAR. Petals hypogynous. Stigma peltate. 

1. CABOMBA, Aublet. 

Sepals and petals 3. Stamens 6. Ovaries 2-4. Carpels 1 - 3-seeded. — 
Stems filiform, branching. Submerged leaves opposite, finely dissected, the 
floating peltate, entire. Elowers small in the axils of the floating leaves. 

1. C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves small, linear-oblong ; flowers 
long-peduncled, white. — Ponds and still water in the lower districts. July. 

2. BRASENIA, Schreber. Water-shield. 

Sepals and petals, 3 - 4. Stamens 12-18. Ovaries 4-18. Carpels 1-2- 
seeded. — Leaves alternate, peltate, entire. Flowers axillary, small, 

1. B. peltata, Pursh, Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the leaves 
coated with a gelatinous exudation ; leaves 2' - 3' wide ; flowers dull purple, — 
Still water, July, 

3. NELUMBIUM, Juss, Water-Chinquepin. 

Characters of the Suborder. 

1. N. luteum, Willd. Ehizoma thick, creeping; leav.es 1°-1|° wide, 
centrally peltate, depressed in the centre, the petioles, like the peduncles, 
more .or less muricate ; flowers 5' - 8' wide, pale yellow ; appendage of the 
anther linear. — Ponds and still water, chiefly in the lower districts. July. 

4. NYMPHS A, Tourn. Water-Lily. 

Sepals 4. Petals inserted on the ovary. Stamens inserted above the petals, 
the outer ones petal-like. Stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, linear, 
incurved. Seed enclosed in a membranous aril. — Petioles and peduncles 
long and mostly spiral. 

1. N. odorata, Ait. Rootstock long, creeping; leaves orbicular or 
reniform ; 6' -12' wide; flowers white, 2' -6' wide, more or less fragrant. — 
Still water. May- Aug. 

2 



18 SARRACENIACE^. (piTCHER-PLANT FAMILY.) 

2. N. flava, Leitner. Kootstock short, oblong; leaves broadly oval, 
often with wavy margins, 3' -5' wide; flowers yellow, 3' -4' wide. — East 
Florida. 

5. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow^ Water-Lily. 

Sepals 5-6, obovate, yellow within. Petals short, stamen-like, hypogynous, 
or none. Stamens at length recurved, persistent. Stigma circular, sessile, 
many-rayed. Seed witliout an aril. — Leaves and flowers floating or erect. 

1. N. ad vena, Ait. Leaves thickish, cordate, or reniform, downy be- 
neath ; sepals concave ; petals numerous, thick and fleshy. — Ponds and 
rivers. May - Aug. 

2. N. sagittsefolia, Pursh. Leaves thin, floating, oblong, sagittate, 
smooth ; petals none. — In still water, near the coast, Florida to N. Carolina. 
Rare. 

Order 7. SARRACENIACE^. (Pitcher-Plant Family.) 

Perennial marsh herbs, with hollow pitcher or trumpet-shaped 
leaves, and a naked or bracted scape bearing few or solitary nodding 
hypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, colored, persistent. Petals 5, imbri- 
cated in the bud, deciduous, rarely wanting. Stamens numerous : 
anthers adnate, introrse. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled. Placentae 
central. Style single, 5-cleft, or umbrella-shaped. Capsule 5-ceUed, 
many-seeded. Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 

1. SARRACENIA, L. Trumpet-leaf. Side-Saddle Flower. 

Calyx 3-bracted. Petals obovate, drooping or incurved. Style umbrella- 
shaped, 5-angled ; the angles emarginate, and bearing the minute hooked 
stigmas beneath. Capsule globose, papillose, loculicidally 5-valved. — Scape 
1-flowered. Flowers large, purple or yellow Leaves 1-winged, hairy Avithin, 
expanded at the summit into a short hood, usually containing water and 
dead insects ; the earlier ones more broadly winged, with smaller tube and 

hood, or destitute of both. 

* Flowers purple. 

1. S. purpurea, L. (Huntsman's Cup.) Leaves short, spreading, the 
tube inflated, contracted at the throat, broadly winged ; hood reniform, erect, 
hairy within, often purple-veined. — Mossy swamps. April -May. — Leaves 
4' -6' long. Scapes 1° high. 

2. S. Psittacina, Michx. (Parrot-beaked Pitcher-Plant.) Leaves 
short, spreading ; tube slender, broadly winged, marked with white spots, and 
reticulated with purple veins ; hood globose, inflated, incurved-beaked, almost 
closing the orifice of the tube. — Pine barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. April - May. — Leaves 2' - 4' long. Scapes 1 ° high. 

3. S. rubra, Walt. (Red-flowered Trumpet-leaf.) Leaves elon- 
gated, erect, slender, narrowly winged, paler above, and reticulated with 
purple veins ; hood ovate, erect, beak-pointed, contracted at the base, tomeutose 
within ; flowers reddish purple. (S. Sweetii, A. DC. ; hood not contracted.) 
— Sandy swamps in the middle and upper districts, Georgia to N. Carolina 
and westward. May. — Leaves l°-2° long, shorter than the scapes. 



DROSERACE^. (SUNDEW FAMILY.) 19 

4. S. Drummondii, Croom. Leaves elongated, erect, trumpet-shaped, 
narrowly winged; hood erect, rounded, short-pointed, hairy within, and like 
the upper portion of the tube Avhite, variegated with reticulated purple veins. 

— Pine barren swamps, Florida, to the middle districts of Georgia, and west- 
ward. April. (S. undulata, Z>eca?sne.) — Leaves 2° long. Scapes longer than 
the leaves. Flowers 3' wide. 

* * Flowers yellow. 

5. S. flava, L. (Trumpet-leaf. Watches.) Leaves large, erect, 
trumpet-shaped, narrowly winged ; hood yellow, erect, orbicular, slender- 
pointed, tomentose within, reddish at the base, or reticulated with purple 
veins. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April 

- May. — Leaves yellowish, 2° long. Hood 3' - 4' wide. Scapes as long 
as the leaves. Flowers 4' - 5' wide. 

6. S. variolaris, Michx. (Spotted Trumpet-leap.) Leaves erect, 
trumpet-shaped, broadly winged, spotted with white near the yellowish summit ; 
hood ovate, concave, arching over the orifice of the tube, hairy and reticulated 
with purple veins within. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. May. — Leaves 6' -12^ long, longer than the scapes. Flowers 2' 
wide. 

Order 8. DROSEKACE^:. (Sundew Family.) 

Low marsh herbs, with tufted radical leaves, and regular hypogy- 
nous white or purplish flowers, borne on a naked scape. Sepals 5, 
persistent. Petals 5, withermg. Stamens 5-15, distinct: anthers 
extrorse. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled, with 3-5 parietal placentae. 
Styles separate or united. Capsule 3-5-valved. Seeds anatropous. 
Embryo minute at the base of fleshy albumen. 

1. DROSERA, L. Sundew. 

Stamens 5. Styles 3-5, deeply 2-parted; the divisions 2 - many-lobed. 
Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. — Leaves dewy with glandular hairs, circinate 
in vernation. Scape often forking. Flowers racemose, secund, scorpioid. 

1. D. filiformis, Eaf. Eootstock thick, creeping; leaves erect, filiform, 
elongated, smooth at the base ; scape smooth, many-flowered ; flowers large, 
bright purple; calyx hairy; seeds oblong, dotted. — Low pine barrens, in 
the lower districts. April. % — Scapes 1°-1|° high. Flowers 1' or more 
wide. 

2. D. longifolia, L. Eootstock long and slender ; leaves linear-spatu- 
late, gradually narrowed into the long and smooth petiole, the upper ones 
erect; scape smooth, declined at the base, 8- 12-flowered ; calyx obovate ; 
seeds oblong. — Sandy swamps, oftener in water. Eare. May - June. 2/ — 
Scapes 4' - 6' high. Flowers small, white. 

3. D. eapillaris, Poir. Eootstock short or none ; leaves spatulate, nar- 
rowed into the long and smoothish petiole; scape slender, smooth, erect, 



20 PAPAVERACE^. (POPPY FAMILY.) 

9 - 20-flowere(l ; calyx obovate ; seeds oval, finely furrowed and granular. — 
Boggy ponds, Florida to South Carolina (Base). April -May. (l) ov "21 — 
Scape 6'- 15' high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers pale rose-color. 

4. D. rotundifolia, L. Rootstock none ; leaves orbicular, abruptly 
contracted into tlie hairy petiole; scape erect, smooth, 6- 10-flowered ; calyx 
ovoid ; seeds covered with a loose membranaceous coat. — Mossy swamps. 
May - June, (l) — Scapes 6' - 9' liigh. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. 

5. D. brevifolia, Pursh. Glandular-pubescent throughout; rootstock 
none ; leaves short, wedge-shaped ; scape erect, 3 - 6-fiowered ; calyx oval ; 
seeds ovoid, minutely glandular. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina. April. (T) — Scapes 3' -6' high. Leaves -J' long. Flowers ^' 
wide, white. 

2. DIONJEA, Ellis. Fly-trap. 

Stamens 10-15. Styles united. Stigmas 5, fimbriate. Capsule 1-celled, 
opening irregularly. Placenta at the base of the cell, many -seeded. — A 
smooth perennial herb, with the habit of Drosera. Leaves spreading, on 
broadly winged spatulate petioles, with the liml) orbicular, notched at both 
ends, and fringed on the margins with strong bristles ; sensitive ! Flowers in 
a terminal umbel-like cyme, white, bracted. 

1. D. museipula, Ellis. — Sandy bogs near the coast, North Carolina 
and the adjacent parts of South Carolina. April -May. — Scape 1° high, 
8-10-flowered. Flowers 1' wide. — For an interesting account of this re- 
markable plant, see Curtis's Plants of Wilmington, in the Boston Journal of 
Natural History, Vol. I., 1834. 



Order 9. PAPAVERACE^E. (Poppy Family.) 

Herbs, with colored juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular 
hypogynous flowers. ^ Sepals 2-3, caducous. Petals 4-12, imbri- 
cated, deciduous. Stamens numerous. Anthers introrse. Capsule 
1-celled, many-seeded, with parietal placentse. Embryo minute, at 
the base of oily or fleshy albumen. 

1. ARGEMONE, L. Mexican Poppy. 

Sepals 2-3, hooded or horned. Petals 4-8. Stigmas sessile. Capsule 
oval, hispid, the 3-6 valves separating at the top from the persistent placentae. 
Seed globular, pitted, crestless. — Glaucous herbs, with yellow juice, sessile 
pinnatifid bristly leaves, and showy white or yellow flowers. 

1. A. Mexicana, L. Annual, hispid, l°-3° high, branching; leaves 
blotched with white ; flowers large and white, or smaller and yellow ; calyx 
hispid. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

2. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Yellow Poppy. 

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style conspicuous. Capsule oval, bristly, the 
3-4 valves separating from the base from the persistent placentae. Seed 



FUMARIACE^. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 21 

crested. — Perennial herbs, with yellow juice, 1 - 2-pinnatifid leaves, and showy 
long-peduncled yellow flowers. 

1 . S. diphyllum, Nutt. Stem 1° - 1-|° high ; leaves petioled. .5 - 7-lobed • 
peduncles terminal, single or clustered ; flowers 1^ wide, bright yellow. — Kich 
woods. Tennessee. 

3. CHELIDOWIUM, L. Celandine. 

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule linear, 2-valved. Seed 
crested. — Herbs, with yellow juice, pinnately divided leaves, and small yel- 
low umbelled flowers. 

1. C. majUS, L. Glabrous, branching, lO-2° high; divisions of the 
leaves lobed and toothed ; umbel peduncled, 4-flowered ; capsule knotty. — 
Waste ground. Introduced. 

4. SANGUINARIA, L. Puccoon, Bloodroot. 

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12. Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-valved, the valves separat- 
ing from the filiform persistent placenta. Seeds crested. — A stemless peren- 
nial herb, with orange-colored juice. Rhizoma thick. Leaves renif orm, with 
5-7 wavy or toothed lobes. Flowers white, solitary at the summit of the 
naked scape, fugacious. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, Florida and northward. March. — 
Scape 4' -6' high. Flowers 1' wide, appearing with the leaves. 



Order 10. FUMARIACE^E. (Fumitory Family.) 

Smooth herbs with watery juice, alternate compound dissected 
leaves, without stipules, and irregular flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4; 
the two outer or one of them spurred or gibbous at the base ; the two 
inner callous at the apex, and cohering over the stigma. Stamens 6, 
commonly united in two sets of three each, placed opposite the outer 
petals, hypogynous : anther of the middle stamen 2-ceUed, of the lat- 
eral ones 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled and 2-valved, with two parietal 
placentae, or 1-seeded and indehiscent. Embryo minute in fleshy 
albumen. 

1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Climbing Fumitory. 

Petals united, free at the summit, the two outer gibbous at the base. Fila- 
ments united. Stigma 2-crested. Capsule linear-oblong, 4 - 8-seeded. Seed 
reniform, crestless. — A smooth biennial vine. Leaves 3-pinnate, with ten- 
dril-like petioles. Flowers purplish, in axillary drooping panicles. 

1. A. eirrhosa, Raf. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — 
Stem climbing high. Leaflets thin, obovate, 2 - 3-lobed. Corolla thick and 
spongy. 

2. DICENTRA, Bork. Dutchman's Breeches. 

Petals connivent but scarcely united, the two outer spurred or gibbous at 
the base, the inner erested. Filaments slightly united in two sets. Stigma 



22 FUMARIACEiE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.) 

2-crested. Capsule 10-20-seeded. Seed crested. — Stemless herbs, from 
creepinj^ or granular rootstocks, with ternately divided long-pctioled leaves, 
and a naked scape of racemose nodding howlers. 

1. D. CucuUaria, DC. Rootstock of clustered grains; scape fevi^- 
flowered ; lobes of the leaves linear ; corolla white, triangular, the divergent 
spurs longer than the pedicel ; inner petals minutely crested. — Kich woods in 
the upper districts. April. 

2. D. Canadensis, DC. (Squirrel-Corn.) Eootstock of scattered 
grains, creeping; scape few-flowered ; leaf-lobes oblong-linear ; corolla green- 
ish, cordate-oblong, the short rounded spurs mostly shorter than the pedicel ; 
inner petals crested. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. May. 

3. D. eximia, DC. Rootstock creeping, scaly ; scape many-flowered in 
a compound raceme ; leaf -lobes oblong ; corolla cordate-oblong, purple ; inner 
petals crested. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. June - July. 

3. CORYDALIS, Vent. 

Petals separate, deciduous ; one of the outer ones spurred at the base. 
Filaments united nearly to the summit, with a gland at the base. Stigma 
2-lobed. Capsule silique-like, many-seeded. Seed crested. — Caulescent, an- 
nual or biennial herbs, with bipinnate dissected leaves, and flowers in lateral 
and terminal racemes. 

1. C. glauca, Pursh. Glaucous; stem erect, l°-2° high; leaves ter- 
nately divided, the lobes Y-V long ; racemes few-flowered ; corolla purplish, 
tipped with yellow, short-spurred ; capsule erect. — Mountains of North Caro- 
lina. August. 

2. C. micrantha, Gray. Stem diffuse, 10' -20' long; leaf-lobes small, 
obtuse; early racemes long, 10- 20-flowered, the corolla Y loog, crested, 
golden yellow, and the spar mostly longer then the short pedicel ; later ones 
short and few-flowered, these very small and fertilized in the bud ; capsule 
erect-spreading, even ; seed smooth, turgid. — (C. aurea, var. australis, S. Fl.) 
— Cultivated ground in the lower districts. April - May. 

3. C. flavula, D.C. Stem slender, .5' -10' high; leaf-lobes small and 
acute ; racemes f ow-floAvered ; corolla 3" - 4" long, pale yellow, crested ; the 
short spur much shorter than the pedicel ; capsule slightly torulose, spread- 
ing or drooping ; seed rugose-reticulate, the margins acute. — Dry woods in 
the upper districts. May- June. 

4. FUMARIA, L. Fumitory. 

Posterior petal spurred, united below with the two inner ones. Stamen 
united in two sets of three each. Style deciduous. Fruit globular, 1 -seeded, 
indehiscent ; feeds crestless. — Tender branching annuals, with finely dis- 
sected leaves, and small flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. 

1. P. officinalis, L. Leaves bipinnately divided, the narrow lobes 
widening upwards ; racemes many-flowered ; sepals sharply toothed ; petals 
flesh-color, tipped with crimson. — Waste places, sparingly introduced. 



ckucifektE. (mustard family.) 23 

Order 11. CRTJCIFER.^. (Mustard Family.) 

Herbs with pungent watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and 
regular hypogenous racemose or corymbose bractless flowers. Fruit 
a silique or silicle. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, regular, placed 
opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs forming a cross. 
Stamens 6 (rarely fewer), two of them shorter. Capsule 2-celled by 
a membranaceous partition which unites the two marginal placentae, 
from which the two valves separate at maturity, or indehiscent and 
nut-like, or separating into 1-seeded joints. Seeds campylotropous, 
without albumen, filled with the large embryo, which is curved or 
folded in various ways, or straight only in Leaven worthia. (The 
genera are distinguished chiefly by the fruit and seed ; the flowers 
being nearly similar throughout the order.) 

Synopsis. 

I. SILIQUOStE. Fruit a silique, few - many-seeded. 

* Cotyledons flattened, parallel with the partition, one edge applied to the ascending 

radicle {accumbent). 
-t— Valves of the fruit nerveless. 

1. NASTURTIUM. Silique short, nearly terete. Seeds in two rows in each cell. 

2. CARD AMINE. Silique linear, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 

3. DENTARIA. Silique lanceolate, compressed. Seeds wingless, in a single row. 

4. LEAVENWORTHIA. Silique oblong. Seeds winged. Embryo straight. 

-t— -t— Valves of the fruit 1-nerved. 

5. ARABIS. Silique linear, elongated : valves flattened. 

6. IODANTHUS. Silique nearly terete : valves convex. Flowers purple. 

7. BARBAREA. Silique terete or 4-sided. Seed wingless. Flowers yellow. 

* * Cotyledons flat, vdth one edge turned toward the partition, and the back of one of them 

applied to the ascending radicle {incumbent). 

8. SISYMBRIUM. Silique sessile, nearly terete. 

9. WAREA. Silique stalked, compressed. Petals on long claws. 

10. ERYSIMUM. Silique 4-angled, valves keeled. Leaves entire. Flowers yellow. 

11. HESPERIS. Silique nearly terete. Seeds triangular. Leaves toothed or serrate. 

12. SINAPIS. Silique beaked. Seeds globular. Cotyledons folded. 

II. SILICUL0SJ5. Fruit a silicle, 

* Silicle compressed parallel with the broad partition, or globular. 

-f— Cotyledons accumbent, 

13. DRABA. Silicle oval or oblong, many-seeded : valves 1-3 nerved. 

14. LESQUERELLA, Silicle orbicular, few-seeded : valves nerveless : flowers yellow. 

15. ALYSSUM. Silicle orbicular, 2 - 4-seeded : flowers white. 

-i— 4— Cotyledons incumbent. 

16. CAMELINA, Silicle obovoid : valves 1-nerved, 

* * Silicle compressed contrary to the narrow partition. Cotyledons incumbent, rarely 

accumbent. 

17. SENEBIERA, Valves of the silicle globular, rugose : seeds solitary. 

18. LEPIDIUM. Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds solitary. 

19. CAPSELLA, Valves of the silicle boat-shaped : seeds numerous. 

III. LOMENTACE^. Fruit separating transversely into joints. 

20. CAKILE, Fruit 2-jointed. 



24 



CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 



1. NASTURTIUM, R.Br. Water-Ckess. 

Silique nearly terete, liuear or oblong, or short and silicle-like, usually 
curved upward ; the valves nerveless. Seeds numerous, small, in two rows in 
each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. — Herbs. Leaves piuuately 
lobed. Flowers white or yellow, small. 

* Petals yellow, minute {except No. 6). 

1. N. tanacetifolium, Hook. & Am. Stems diffuse, 6'- 12' long; 
leaves bipiunatifid, the lobes toothed ; silique oblong-linear, twice as long as 
the pedicel. — Ditches and wet ground in the lower districts. May -June. 

2. N. sessiliflorum, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, 1°- 2° high; leaves 
oblong-obovate, pinnatifid towards the base, toothed above; silique linear- 
oblong ; nearly sessile ; style short and thick. — Wet ground. South Carolina, 
Tennessee, and westward. May - June. 

3. N. palustre, DC. Smooth or hairy ; stem erect, 1°- 3° high, branch- 
ing; leaves pinnatifid, the lobes 'oblong, toothed; silique short, ovate or 
oblong-ovate, barely half as long as the spreading pedicel ; style slender. — 
Wet ground, chiefly in the upper districts. 

4. N. obtusum, Nutt. Low and spreading ; leaves pinnatifid, the ob- 
long or rounded lobes sparingly toothed ; silique oblong, obtuse, twice as long 
as the slender pedicel. — Banks of the Mississippi. 

5. N. limosum, Nutt. "Very smooth; leaves lanceolate, laciniately 
pinnatifid towards the base, nearly entire above, or angularly toothed, the 
lobes serrate or entire ; pedicels much shorter than the short silique ; stigma 
nearly sessile." — New Orleans [Nuttall). 

6. N. sylvestre, H. Br. Stem ascending ; leaves pinnately divided into 
narrow toothed lobes ; silique linear, mostly shorter than the slender pedicel ; 
style very short ; petals yellow, longer than the calyx. — New Orleans. 
Introduced. 

* ^ Petals white, conspicuous. 

7. N. oflS-Cinale, R. Br. (Water-Cress.) Stems spreading and root- 
ing ; leaves pinnate, the oblong or roundish lobes nearly entire ; silique lin- 
ear, curved, longer than the spreading pedicel. — Cool springs and branches. 
Introduced. 

8. N. lacustre, Gray. Aquatic; stem 2° -3° long; immersed leaves 
pinnately divided into indefinite capillary segments, deciduous ; the emerged 
ones oblong ; silique obovate, shorter than the pedicel ; style shorter than the 
ovary. — In a cool spring, Marianna, Florida, and New Orleans. Rare. 

2. CARDAMINE, L. 

Silique linear flattened, the valves veinless, usually opening elastically 
from the base. Seeds wingless, disposed in a single row in each cell and sus- 
pended by a filiform stalk. Cotyledons accumbent. — Tender, mostly smooth 
herbs, with usually pinnately divided leaves, and white flowers. 



CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.) 25 

* Leaves entire : Jlowers conspicuous : perennials. 

1. C. rotundifolia, DC. Root fibrous : stem simple, 6'- 12' high, soon 
bearing from the root or upper axils long and leafy runners ; leaves oval or 
roundish, with wavy or toothed margins, the lowest long-petioled ; silique subu- 
late ; seeds oval. — Cool springs. Mountains of North Carolina. June - July, 

2. C. rhomboidea, DC. Root tuberous; stem without runners, 12'- 
18' high ; lower leaves ronnd-cordate, petioled, the upper oblong-ovate, toothed, 
sessile ; silique fusiform ; seed roundish. — Wet springy places, chiefly in tlie 
upper districts. May. 

* * Leaves pinnateli/ divided : Jlowers small: annuals. 

3. C. hirsuta, L. Smooth or hairy; stems branching, i°-2° high; 
leaves pinnate, the leaflets varying from oval to linear, toothed or entire ; 
silique narrow-linear, erect ; seeds minute, oval. — Wet ground, sometimes in 
dry soil. April - May. 

4. C. Clematitis, Shuttlw. Smooth, 6'- 12' high; leaves broadly 3- 
lobed and toothed, the lowest reniform, entire ; racemes short ; silique narrow- 
linear, compressed, tipped with the slender style. — Cool shaded banks, 
mountains of North Carolina. July. 

5. C. C?) CUrvisiliqua, Shuttlw. Stem erect from the creeping base, 
6'- 12' high, branching ; leaves pinnate, the leaflets few, oblong, the terminal 
one larger, oval or obovate ; racemes at length elongated ; silique subterete, 
incurved, the valves finely veined ; tipped with the short thick style ; seeds 
wingless, oval, emarginate. Wet places, ditches, etc. Florida. 

3. DENTARIA, L. Toothwort. 

Silique linear. Seeds ovate, in a single row in each cell, on a flattened 
stalk, not margined. Style slender. — Perennial smooth herbs, erect from 
a fleshy rootstock, the simple stem bearing at the summit 2-3 palmately 
divided leaves, and a single long-peduncled raceme of large white or purple 
flowers. Radical leaves mostly separate and solitary. 

# Rootstock continuous : Jlowers white. 

1. D. diphylla, Michx. Stem 6'- 9' high; leaves 2, ternate, long- 
petioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, of the radical leaf ovate or 
roundish, — Rich woods. Mountains. April. 

2. D. multifida, Muhl. Stem slender, 6' -12' high; leaves ternate, 
leaflets divided into three simple or pinnately parted linear entire segments. 
— Rocky woods in the upper districts. April. 

* # Rootstock jointed : Jlowers mostli/ purple. 

3. D. laciniata, Muhl. (Pepper-root.) Stem 4'- 12' high ; leaves usu- 
ally 3, 3 - 5-nate ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear, coarsely and sharply 
toothed or lobed ; the radical similar. — Rich woods in the middle and upper 
districts. March. 

4. D. heterophylla, Nutt. Stem 6' -12' high; leaves mostly 2, small 
(1' or less), ternate, the leaflets lanceolate or linear, entire; radical leaves 
with large ovate crenately toothed leaflets. — Rich woods in the upper dis- 
tricts. March. 



26 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 

4. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. 

Silique oblong or obloug-liiicar, compressed, often contracted between the 
seeds. Seeds in a single row in each cell, orbicular, flat, winged. Embryo 
straight or nearly so. — Small annual or biennial herbs, witli short 1 - few- 
flowered stems, pinuatifid leaves, and yellow, white, or purplish flowers, on 
elongated ])edicels. 

1. L. aurca, Torr. Leaves mostly radical, witli 4-8 oblong toothed lobes, 
the terminal one larger and rounded ; raceme at length 4- 10-flowered ; style 
manifest ; embryo straight. — On flat rocks in the upper districts of Alabama, 
and westward. — Plant 2'- 6' high. Flowers yellow 

2. L. Michauxii, Torr. Leaves as in No. 1 ; flowers mostly solitary, on 
radical peduncles ; style almost none; embryo slightly curved. (Cardamine 
uniflora, Michx.) — liocks, Alabama and Tennessee. — Flowers purplish or 
white. 

3. L. torulosa, Gray. Silique linear, torose ; style fully equalling the 
breadth of the silique; seeds broadly oval, narrowly winged; radicle nearly 
transverse, strictly applied to the edges of the cotyledons at the base on one 
side; petals purplish with a yellow base. — Cedar barrens, Tennessee [Dr. 
Gattinger). 

4. L. stylosa, Gray. Slender, strictly stemless ; silique oval or broadly 
oblong (4" long), plane, surmounted by a slender style of fully 2 lines in 
length ; seeds only 3-6, orbicular, distinctly winged ; embryo as in the pre- 
ceding ; petals pure golden yellow^ — With the preceding. 

5. ARABIS, L. 

Silique elongated, linear, flattened ; valves 1-nerved, or finely veined. Seeds 
numerous, in a single row in each cell, roundish, usually winged or margined. 
Cotyledons accumbent. — Chiefly annual or biennial herbs. Eadical leaves 
mostly pinnatifid ; those of the stem sessile and often cordate or sagittate at 
the base. Flowers white or rose-colored, in terminal racemes. 

# Silique compressed-filiform, erect or spreading ; seeds wingless or narrowly 

margined. 

1. A. hirsuta, Scop. Stem slender, erect, pubescent, 2° high; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong, cordate-clasping, smooth, sparingly denticulate, the 
radical petioled ; petals white, twice as long as the sepals ; silique (and pedi- 
cel) erect, 2' long, tipped with the short style ; seed margined. — Banks of the 
Coosa River, Georgia. May. 

2. A. patens, Sulliv. Leaves ovate, coarsely toothed ; pedicels and 
siliques spreading ; style distinct. Otherwise like the last. — Eiver banks, 
Tennessee ( (ra^^m^er). May. 

3. A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish, branching from 
the base, 1° high ; leaves oblong, toothed, clasping and auriculate at the base, 
V-2' long, the lowest obovate, petioled; petals barely exceeding the calyx; 
silique spreading, 1' long; seed not margined. — Rich soil, Tennessee. 
April. 



CRUCIFER^. (mUSTAKD FAMILY.) 27 

4. A. lyrata, L. Smooth, branching, 4' - 10' high ; radical leaves tufted, 
pinnatifid, of the stem linear, entire ; petals twice as long as the calyx ; si- 
lique erect, pointed hy the short style ; seeds not margined. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. April. 

# ^ Silique linear, flat, erect-spreading ; seed winged. 

5. A. Ludoviciana, Meyer. Smooth or nearly so, branching from 
the base, 4'- 10' high; leaves pinnately lobed, the lobes oblong or linear, 
toothed ; flowers minute ; stigma sessile ; seeds orbicular. — Waste ground 
around homesteads. March - May. 

■^ # * Silique linear, recurved-spreading or drooping ; seed broadly winged. 

6. A. Canadensis, L. Pubescent, with branching hairs ; stem 2° - 3° 
high, mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, the radical pinnatifid ; petals 
exserted ; silique flat, drooping, 2' - 3' long. — Dry rocky woods in the upper 
districts. April - May. 

7. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous; stem mostly simple, 
l°-2° high ; lower leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid, the upper linear and 
entire, clasping and sagittate at the base, petals slightly exserted; silique 
3' -4' long, recurved. — Hocks along the mountains. April. 

6. lODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. 

Silique linear, elongated, terete ; the valves nerveless. Seeds in a single 
row in each cell, not margined. Cotyledons accumbent. Claws of the violet 
purple petals longer than the calyx. — A smooth perennial, with ovate-oblong 
pointed and toothed leaves, the lowest sometimes lyrate-pinnatifid, and showy 
flowers in panicled racemes. 

1. I. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray. (Hesperis pinnatifida, MicAx.) — 

Banks of rivers, Tennessee, and northward. May - June Stem 1° - 3° high. 

Silique 1' or more long, curving upward. 

7. BARBAREA, R. Br. 

Silique long, linear, terete or 4-sided, the valves keeled. Seeds in a single 
row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledon thick, accumbent. — Biennial or per- 
ennial herbs, with pinnatifid clasping leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Scurvy Grass.) Lower leaves lyrate, with 
the terminal lobe obovate, the upper ones pinnatifid, with oblong-linear lobes; 
silique compressed, barely thicker than its pedicel ; style short and thick, — 
Waste places. North Carolina. Introduced. 

8. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge-Mustard. 

Silique linear or oblong, terete or angled, with 1 -3-nerved valves. Seeds 
in a single row in the cells, marginless. Cotyledons incumbent. — Herbs, 
with simple or pinnately divided leaves, and small white or yellow flowers. 

1. S. canescens, Nutt. Pubescent; stem i°-2° high; leaves bipin- 
natifid, the lobes small and toothed ; silique ^ long, shorter than the spreading 
pedicel; petals barely exserted, greenish yellow. — Fallow ground. March - 
May. ®. 



28 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 

2. S. Thaliana, Gaud. Stem smooth and branched above, hairy at the 
base, 6'- 12' high, lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, petioled, the upper lance- 
olate, sessile, V long ; petals white, exserted ; siliques linear, spreading, longer 
than pedicel. (Cardainine spathulata, Michx. f) — Low ground in the upper 
districts. Introduced. April. @. 

3. S. ofiS-Cinale, Scop. Stem 2° -3° high, widely branched; leaves run- 
cinate, ])ubescent ; petals yellow ; silique subulate, nearly sessile, oppressed to 
the rhachis. — Waste ground in the upper districts. Introduced, (l). 

9. WAREA, Nutt 

Silique linear, flattened, long-stalked, recurved ; the valves 1-nerved. Seeds 
in a single row in each cell. Cotyledons oblong, flat, incumbent. — Smooth 
and erect branching annuals. Leaves entire. Flowers showy, in corymb-like 
racemes. Petals long-clawed, white or purple. 

L W. amplexifolia, Nutt. Leaves oval and slightly clasping ; petals 
oval, bright purple ; silique linear. — Sand hills, Florida. Sept. — Stem 1°- 
2° high. 

2. W. cuneifolia, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate; petals obovate, 
white or rarely purple; silique narrow-linear. — Sand hills, Florida and 
Georgia. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

10. ERYSIMUM, L. 

Silique linear, 4-angular, the valves keeled. Seeds in a single row in each 
cell, oblong, marginless. Cotyledon flat, incumbent. — Chiefly biennial herbs, 
with narrow leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1. E. cheiranthoides, L. (Wormseed Mustard.) Stem erect, 
branching above, closely pubescent ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute, entire or 
slightly toothed, roughish ; flowers small ; silique ascending, rather longer 
than the slender pedicel, the angles rounded. — North Carolina (Curtis). 
July. — Stem l°-2° high. Silique 8'- 10' long. 

11. HESPERIS, L. EocKET. 

Silique nearly terete. Seeds oblong-triquetrous. Cotyledons incumbento 
Petals obovate or linear. Stigmas erect. — Chiefly annuals or biennials. 

1. H. matronalis, L. Stem tall, simple, pubescent; leaves oblong, 
roughish, denticulate ; petals large purple. — North Carolina. Escaped from 
cultivation. 

12. SINAPIS, L. Mustard. 

Silique terete or 4-angled, prolonged into an empty or 1-seeded beak, the 
valves 1 - 5-nerved. Seed globose, in a single row. Cotyledons incumbent, 
folded around the radical. — Erect branching annual or biennial herbs, with 
coarse pinnatifid leaves, and yellow flowers. All introduced. 

1. S. nigra, L. (Black Mustard.) Siliques smooth, appressed to the 
rachis ; beak short ; seed dark brown. — Grain-fields. 



CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.) 29 

2. S. alba. L. (White Mustard.) Siliques hispid, on spreading pedi- 
cels, scarcely as long as the sword- shaped beak; seed pale brown. — With 
the preceding. 

3. S. arvensis, L. (Charlock.) Siliques smooth, angular, knotted, 
spreading thrice as long as the 2-edged beak; seed black. — Around 
homesteads. 

13. DRABA, L. 

Silicle oblong or oval, flattened parallel with the broad partition. Seeds 
numerous in two rows in each cell, compressed, wingless. Cotyledons accum- 
bent. — Small herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and yellow or white flowers 

in terminal racemes. 

§ 1. DRABA. — Petals entire. 

1. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Annual; minutely downy; stems leafy, 
simple or branched ; radical leaves round-ovate, stalked, those of the stem 
oblong-linear ; silicle oval, as long as the pedicel. — Middle districts of Georgia, 
in dry soil, and westward. March - April. — Stem 2' - 6' high. Silicle 2" - 
.3'^ long. Flowers white. 

2. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stems leafy and hispid at the base, 
smooth above ; leaves tufted, spatulate-obovate, hispid ; silicle linear-oblong, 
two or three times as long as the pedicel. — Dry sterile soil. Feb. -April. 
— Stems r-3' high. Silicle 4"' -6" long. Flowers white. 

3. D. cuneifolia, Nutt. Annual; leaves obovate, wedge-shaped, or the 
lowest spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongated in fruit {V-'6'), at 
length equalling the naked peduncle ; petals emarginate, much longer than 
the calyx ; silicles oblong-linear, minutely hairy, longer than the horizontal 
pedicels. — West Florida (Nuttall)^ and westward. March - April. 

4. D. ramosissima, Desv. Perennial; stems diffuse, pubescent ; leaves 
Hnear-lanceolatc or the lowest oblanceolate and crowded, coarsely toothed ; 
racemes corymbose-branched ; silicle lanceolate, flat, twisted, hairy ; style 
slender. — Mountains of North Carolina. April - May. — Stems 4' - 8' long. 
Flowers white. 

§ 2. EROPHILA. — Petals 2-cIeft. 

5. D. verna, L. Stems naked, slender (2^-4' high) ; leaves radical, ob- 
long; silicles oblong, smooth, shorter than the pedicels, scattered; flowers 
small, white. — Waste places, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. (T). 

14. LESQUERELLA, Watson. 

Silicle globular, or flattened parallel to the orbicular partition, the valves 
nerveless. Seeds few, flat. Cotyledons accumbent. Filaments toothless. — 
Low herbs, pubescent or hoary with stellate hairs. Racemes many-flowered. 
Flowers yellow, 

1. L. Lescurii, Watson. Biennial, pubescent ; stems clustered, ^° high ; 
leaves oval or oblong, Y long, toothed, half clasping by the sagittate base, 
the lowest narrowed in a petiole ; style half as long as the flattened hispid 
2 - 8-seeded silicle ; seed wing-margined. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee. 
April - May. 



30 CRUCIFERiE. (mustard FAMILY.) 

2. L. globosa, Watson. Biennial, hoary-tomentose ; stems clustered, 
mostly simple, 1° high; leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, mostly entire; 
style longer than the globular 1 - 4-seeded silicle ; seeds wingless. — Bluffs of 
the Cumberland liiver, Tennessee. April. 

15. ALYSSUM, Tourn. 

Silicle flat, 2 - 4-seeded, Filaments often toothed. Flowers (of ours) white. 

— Otherwise like the last. 

1. A. maritimum, L. (Sweet Alyssum.) Perennial, prostrate; 
leaves lanceolate ; silicle 2-seeded. — North Carolina. Introduced. 

16. CAMELINA, Crantz. 

Silicle ovoid or pear-shaped, flattened parallel to the broad partition ; valves 
1-nerved. Seeds numerous, oblong. Cotyledons incumbent. Style slender. 

— Flowers small, yellow. 

1. C. sativa, Crantz. Leaves alternate, sagittate; silicle large. — Fields, 
North Carolina, and northward. Introduced, (l). 

17. SENEBIERA, Poir. 

Silicle didymous, compressed contrary to the narrow partition; the cells 
globular, 1-seeded, crested or pitted, indehiscent, at maturity separating from 
the partition. Cotyledons incumbent. — Annual or biennial diffuse strong- 
scented herbs, with pinnately lobed or divided leaves, and minute white flow- 
ers, in short racemes, opposite the leaves. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. 

1. S. pinnatifida, DC. Stem prostrate ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with 
the numerous lobes toothed on the upper edge ; silicle pitted, emarginate at 
both ends. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. March - May. — Ra- 
cemes many-flowered. 

2. S. Coronopus, Poir. Stem prostrate ; leaves deeply pinnatifid, with 
the lobes entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ; silicles not emarginate, the margins 
crested. — Waste places. Introduced. March - April. 

18. LEPIDIUM, L. Peppeegrass. 

Silicle rounded or obcordate, compressed contrary to the narrow partition ; 
valves carinate; cells 1-seeded. Cotyledons accumbeut and incumbent. 
Petals sometimes wanting. Stamens 2, 4, or 6. — Leaves entire, toothed, 
or pinnately divided. Flowers minute, in terminal racemes. 

I. L. Virginicum, L. Smooth; stem erect, much branched; leaves 
lanceolate, sharply toothed, the lowest tapering and mostly pinnatifid toward 
the base ; silicle orbicular, wingless ; cotyledons accumbeut ; stamens mostly 
two. — Waste places, very common, March- June, (l) — Stem 1°- 2° high. 

19. CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd's Purse. 

Silicle triangular wedge-shaped, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 
many-seeded ; valves wingless. Cotyledons incumbent. — An annual herb, 



CAPPAKIDACE^. (CAPER FAMILY.) 31 

with the radical leaves clustered and pinnatifid ; those of the stem clasping 
and often entire. Racemes elongated. Silicle shorter than the spreading 
pedicel. Flowers white. 

1. C. Bursa-pastoris, Mcench. — Waste ground. March -April. 
Introduced. 

20. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea Mustard. 

Loment 2-jointed, the joints thick, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed of the upper 
joint erect, of the lower suspended. Cotyledons accumbent. — Fleshy seaside 
annuals, with pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and racemose white or purple flowers. 

1. C maritima, Scop., var. sequalis, Chapm. Glabrous; stem much 
branched, l°-2° high; leaves oblong-obovate, toothed or pinnatifid, petioled; 
petals wedge-shaped, pale purple; loment (dry) sulcate, 6'^-8'Mong, short- 
stalked, the upper joint beaked, larger than the lower one. — Drifting sands 
along the coast. May - Sept. 



Order 12. CAPPAKIDACE^E. (Caper Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with acrid watery juice, alternate, simple or 
palmately compound leaves, and regular hypogynous flowers. Stipules 
spiny or wanting. — Sepals 4, imbricated or valvate in the bud. Petals 
4, mostly clawed. Stamens 6 or numerous. Ovary 1-celled : ovules 
amphitropous or campylotropous, attached to the two parietal placentae. 
Fruit silique-like, and 2-valved or indehiscent. Seeds reniform, with- 
out albumen. Embryo curved. 

Synopsis. 

* Calyx 4-ceptalous. — Herbs. 

1. POLANISIA. Stamens 8 -32, free. Torus short. Style filiform. 

2. CLEOME. Stamens 6, free. Torus short. Stigma sessile. 

3. GYNANDROPSIS. Stamens 6. Filaments partly united with the stipe of the ovary. 

* * Calyx 4-parted. — Shrubs. 

4. CAPPARIS. Stamens numerous, free. Leaves entire. 

1. POLANISIA, Raf. 

Petals clawed. Stamens 8 - 32 : filaments free, unequal, filiform. Recep- 
tacle short, bearing a truncated or emarginate gland on the upper side. Ovary 
sessile or short-stipitate. Style filiform. Capsule silique like, many-seeded. 
— Annual clammy herbs, with palmately trifoliolate petioled leaves, and race- 
mose flowers. 

1. P. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, branching ; leaf- 
lets filiform, longer than the petiole ; petals oval, entire, short clawed, unequal ; 
stamens 12-1.5; capsule linear, smooth, short-stipitate, pointed with the per- 
sistent style; seeds minute, circular. — Georgia {Le Conte) and South Florida 
(Blodgett). — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers white. 

2. P. graveolens, Raf. Glandular-pubescent, branching, 6' - 1 8' high ; 
leaflets oblong or lanceolate ; petals cuneate, notched, 4^' long, yellowish 



32 VIOLACEiE. (violet FAMILY.) 

white; stamens 1,0 - 12, barely longer than the petals ; style shorter than the 
ovary ; ca])sule nearly sessile. — Margins of ponds, Tennessee. 

3. P. uniglandulosa, DC. Glandular-pubescent; leaflets and bracts 
ovate or oblong ; raceme bjosely many-flowered ; petals yellow (^' long), the 
obovate notched limb as long as tlie capillary claw; stamens 20-30,2-3 
times as long as the petals ; style longer than the ovary ; capsule stipitate. — 
Roadsides, IJadeville, Alabama [Mohr).- 

2. CLEOME, L. 

Petals long-clawed, nearly equal, entire. Stamens 6, the filaments distinct. 
Stigma sessile. Capsule silique-like, stipitate, or nearly sessile, many-seeded. 
— Chiefly annuals, with palmately 3 - 7-foliolate leaves witli spiny stipules, or 
none, and racemose bracted flowers. 

1. C. pungens, Willd, Clammy-pubescent; leaves 5 - 7-foliolate, the 
leaflets lanceolate ; bracts cordate ; flowers purple ; capsule shorter than the 
elongated stipe. — Waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° -4° high. 

3. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. 

Like the preceding, but the filaments partly adnate to the stipe of the 
ovary. 

1. G. pentaphylla, DC. Stem 2° -3° high; leaves 3 - 5-foliolate, the 
leaflets oblong-obovate ; flowers white ; capsule hispid. — Waste ground. 
Introduced. 

4. CAPPARIS, L. Caper-tree. 

Sepals partly united, often with a gland at the base. Petals imVricated, 
Stamens numerous. Stigma sessile. Fruit mostly silique-like, stipitate, 
many-seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with simple entire coriaceous leaves, spiny 
or adnate stipules, and mostly showy flowers. 

1. C Jamaicensis, Jacq. Leaves elliptical, the lower surface, like 
the branches and inflorescence, covered with minute scales ; peduncles 2- 
flowered ; sepals ovate, valvate, about half the length of the white petals ; 
stamens 16-32, villous at the base ; capsule dry. — Keys of South Florida. — 
Shrub 80-10° high. 

2. C. cynophallophora, L. Leaves oblong, glabrous ; peduncles 
few-flowered ; sepals imbricated, rounded, much shorter than the white petals ; 
stamens indefinite, naked, 2' long ; capsule pulpy within. — Coast and keys 
of South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. 



Order 13. VIOLACE^E. (Violet Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, involute in the bud. 
Stipules persistent. Flowers irregular, axillary, on bracted peduncles, 
nodding. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Petals 5, hy- 
pogynous, obliquely convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, alternate with 
the petals, connivent. Anthers adnate, introrse. Style single. Cap- 



VIOLACE^. (violet FAMILY.) 33 

sule 1-celled, loculicidally 3-valvecl, many-seeded : valves each bearing 
a placenta in the middle. Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. 

1. VIOLA, Tourn. Violet, Heart's-ease. 

Sepals nearly equal, produced at the base into a free appendage. Petals 
unequal, the lower one produced into a sac or spur at the base. Stamens short ; 
the broad filaments membranaceous and prolonged above the anthers ; the 
two anterior ones spurred on the back. Stigma often beaked. — Low herbs. 
Peduncles 1 -flowered. 

§ 1, Leaves and peduncles arising from a subterranean rJdzoma, without appar- 
ent stems: perennials, flowering in early spring, the later flowers apetalous. 
* Flowers blue or purple. 

1. V. CUCuUata, Ait. Smooth or pubescent; leaves long-petioled, all 
undivided, varying from cordate-ovate to reniform, serrate, the sides at the 
base involute when young ; the later ones acutish ; lateral petals bearded ; 
stigma beakless. — Low ground, common. — Flowers blue, often variegated 
with white. 

2. V. palmata, L. Downy or hairy, rarely smooth ; earliest leaves 
entire, cordate or reniform ; later ones variously 3 - 9-lobed, the central lobe 
always largest, lanceolate or oblong, the lateral ones spreading ; flowers large, 
with the lateral and lower petals bearded. — Dry soil, common. — Flowers 
purple or blue. 

3. V. villosa, Walt. Downy ; leaves prostrate, short-petioled, orbicular 
or broadly cordate, crenate, purple-veined ; peduncles mostly shorter than 
the leaves, flowers small. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to North 
Carolina. — Flowers pale blue. 

4. V. sagittata, Ait. Smoothish ; leaves cordate-oblong, acute, toothed 
and somewhat sagittate at the base, the earliest ones rounded, short-petioled ; 
lateral petals bearded. — Damp pastures in the upper districts. — Flowers 
larger than in the last, deep blue. 

5. V. pedata, L. Smoothish ; leaves all 7 - 9-parted, the divisions linear- 
lanceolate, entire or toothed, narrowed downward ; petals beardless. — Dry 
sandy soil in the middle and upper districts. — Flowers large, deep blue or 
purple. 

* * Floioers lohite. 

6. V. primulsefolia, L. Smooth or hairy ; leaves oblong, mostly acute, 
crenate, cordate or abruptly decurrent on the winged petiole ; petals often 
acute, the lower ones bearded and striped with purple. — Low grounds, com- 
mon. — Rhizoma slender, and commonly bearing long leafy runners. Flowers 
small. 

7. V. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or lin- 
ear, narrowed into the long and winged petioles; flowers beardless. — Low 
pine barrens. — Rhizoma like the last. 

8. V. blanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent; rhizoma slender; leaves 
small, orbicular-cordate, crenate, shorter than the peduncles ; flowers small. 



34 VIOLACE.E. (violet FAMILY.) 

beardless, sweet-scented, the lower petal striped with purple. — Low ground 
and meadows, North Carolina. — Petioles slender, wingless. Leaves rarely 

acute. 

* * * Flowers yellow : root stock short and fleshy. 

9. V. rotundifolia, Michx. Nearly glabrous, stoloniferous ; leaves 
round-cordate, the sijius closed ; petals striped with purple, the lateral 
bearded ; spur very short. — Shady woods, mountains of North Carolina and 
Tennessee. 

§ 2. Caulescent : perennial. 

* Stems leafy only at the summit : /lowers yellow: stipules not fringed : spur 

small. 

10. V. pubescens, Ait. Pubescent; stem 6'- 12' high, with a Ibract- 
like stipule below the middle ; leaves ])roadly cordate or deltoid, coarsely ser- 
rate ; spur very short ; capsule densely villous. — Shady woods and banks in 
the upper districts. 

Var. scabriuscula, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous ; stem bractless 
leaves smaller (]|' long) ; capsule glabrous. — With the type. 

11. V. hastata, Michx. Glabrous; rootstock thick and creeping; stem 
4'- 12' high, bractless; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a cordate 
and hastate base, finely serrulate ; stipules minute ; spur very small. — 
Shaded banks, mountains of North Carolina {Michaux), Athens, Georgia 
(Elliott). Bristol, Florida. Very rare. 

Var. glaberrima, Ging. Stem glabrate, 6'- 10' high; leaves rhombic 
ovate, acute or truncate (rarely cordate) at the base, pubescent on the veins. 

— Dry rich woods, chiefly in the upper districts. 

Var. tripartita (V, tripartita, i!^//.). Stem hairy; leaves 3 - 5-parted or 
lobed, the divisions dentate-serrate. — Upper districts, in rocky woods. 

* # Stems leaf y from the base ; flowers purple ; stipules fringed {except No. 15). 

12. V. canina, L. Primary stems erect, the later ones prostrate; leaves 
broadly cordate or reniform, crenate and roughened with minute elevated 
points, the uppermost acute ; spur obtuse, half as long as the pale purple 
petals ; lateral petals bearded. — Damp shades in the upper districts. 

Var.? multicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Stoloniferous ; primary stems none, 
the peduncles rising from the rootstock and the axils of the leafy stolons ; 
leaves orbicular-cordate, crenulate, ^'-1' long; flowers pale purple, |' wide. 

— Dry rocky woods, mostly in the upper districts. 

13. V. Thorapsonse, n. sp. Stoloniferous, nearly glabrous ; leaves or- 
bicular-cordate, finely crenate, membranaceous, 2' - 2^' long ; stipules lance- 
olate, acuminate, slightly ciliate ; sepals oblong-ovate, as long as the rostrate 
spur ; petals purple, beardless ; capsule globose-ovate, glabrous. — ■ Shady 
banks of streams, Smithville, Georgia {Mrs. Sarah Thompson). April. — 
Habit of the precediiig variety, with the foliage of No. 1. 

14. V. rostrata, Pursh. Stems numerous, ascending (3' -6' long); 
leaves cordate, serrulate ; stipules large ; spur straight, slender, longer than 
the pale purple beardless petals ; stigma beakless. — Mountains of Georgia 
and Alabama. 



CISTACE^. (kOCK-ROSE FAMILY.) 35 

15. V. striata, Ait. Stems ascending ; leaves cordate, serrate, roughened 
as in No. 1 2, the uppermost often acute ; stipules large ; spur thick, shorter 
than the large cream-colored petals ; lateral petals bearded, the lower striped 
with purple. — Movmtains of Georgia and Tennessee, April. — Stems 10' - 12' 
high. Peduncles elongated. 

16. V, Canadensis, L. Tall; leaves large, broadly cordate, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, longer than the peduncles ; stipules nearly entire ; spur very 
short ; petals white, externally purplish, the lateral ones bearded. — Eich soil 
•along the mountains. May - August. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 

§ 3. Stems leafij ; root annual. 

17. V. tricolor, L., var. arvensis, DC, Stems branching; lowest 
leaves roundish, the upper lanceolate, entire ; stipules leafy, pinnatifid ; 
flowers small, yellow and purple. — Open woods and waste places, perhaps 
indigenous, — Stem 6' high. 

2. SOLEA, Ging. 

Sepals not produced at the base. Petals unequal, the lowest one gibbous 
at the base and 2-lobed at the apex, the others smaller. Stamens with the 
filaments united and produced above the anthers, the two lower ones glandu- 
lar at the base. Style hooked at the summit. — An upright simple hairy 
perennial herb, with numerous ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and entire leaves, 
and 1-3 short-stalked greenish nodding flowers in each axil. 

1. S. COncolor, Ging. — Pich soil in the upper districts, in deep shades. 
June- July, — Stem 1° -2° high. Leaves short-petioled. 



Order 14. CISTACE.^. (Rock-rose Family.) 

Herbs or low shrubs, with entire leaves, and regular mostly poly- 
androas flowers, — Sepals 5, persistent, the two outer ones smaller, the 
three inner twisted in the bud. Petals mostly 5, twisted contrary to 
the sepals in the bud, rarely wanting. Stamens few or numerous, 
distinct, hypogynous. Anthers innate. Ovary 1-celled, Style single. 
Capsules 3-5-valved, bearing as many parietal placentse each in the 
middle of the valve, few- or many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous. Em- 
bryo curved, in mealy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM. Style none. Stigma capitate. Embryo nearly annular. 

2. LECHEA. Style none. Stigmas plumose. Embryo nearly straight. 

3. HUDSONIA. Style filiform. Stigma minute. Embryo coiled. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Eock-rose. 

Petals 5, corrugated in the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigma sessile or 
nearly so, capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 3-valved, Embryo curved nearly into 
a ring. — Low herbs or partly shrubby plants, with fugacious yellow 
flowers. 



36 CISTACEiE. (rock-rose FAMILY.) 

# Flowers alike, solitary : petals conspicuous : stamens indefinite : capsule 
many -seceded. 

1. H. Carolinianum., Miclix. Hirsute; leaves lanceolate, denticulate, 
acute, short-potiolcd, the lowest obovate, crowded; flowers large, solitary, 
borne above tiie axils. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina and west- 
ward. March -April. — Stems 6'- 12' high, ascending from a shrubby base. 
Flowers V wide. 

2. H. Georgianum, n. sp. Tomentosa ; stem 6' - 9' high, much branched 
from near the base ; leaves lanceolate, fiat, or the margins slightly revolute, 
g// _ g// jQj^g . flowers all single and opposite the leaves, or the uppermost 
racemose, the slender pedicels 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; petals 3" - 4'' 
long. — Fields and pastures. Bainbridge, Georgia, Mobile (Mohr). May- 
June. 

3. H. arenicola, Chapm. Hoary; leaves sma'l, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, 
with the sides revolute ; flowers solitary, or 2-4 in terminal umbellate clus- 
ters, on slender pedicels. — Drifting sands near the coast, West Florida. 
March - April. — Stems shrubby and branched at the base, all but the short 
(2' -6') flowering stems buried in the sand. Flowers ^' wide. 

* * Flowers of two kinds : the earliest as in the last section, the later ones 
smaller, clustered, with small petals, or none, fewer stamens, and few- 
seeded capsules. 

4. H. COrymbOSUm, Michx. Tomentose and hairy ; stems erect, shrubby 
at the base ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, hoary beneath, with the sides 
revolute ; flowers nearly sessile in a cymose cluster at the summit of the stem, 
the earlier ones long-peduucled ; sepals woolly. — Dry sands near the coast, 
Florida to North Carolina. April. — Stems 1° high. Capsule smooth. 

5. H. Canadense, Michx. Stem soon branching above, tomentose, and 
sparsely pilose ; leaves lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, rather sca- 
brous above, canescent-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute ; primary 
flowers large {V wide), solitary, the calyx pilose, later ones very small, clus- 
tered, tomentose. — Dry soil in the middle districts. April. — Stem 6' - 1 2' 
high- Leaves 9'' - 1 2'' long. 

6. H. rosmarinifolium, Pursh. Tomentose ; stem strictly erect, sim- 
ple below, with short flowering branches above, 10'- 15' high ; leaves linear, 
r long, the margins revolute ; earlier flowers single, long-pedicelled, Y wide, 
the later in axillary clusters, i" long. — Louisville, Georgia {M. H. Hopkins, 
whose observations on this genus have afforded me valuable aid). 



2. LECHEA, L. Pinweed. 

Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the sepals. Stamens 3-12. Stig- 
mas 3, plumose, sessile. Capsule oval or globose, 3-valved, incompletely 
3-celled, 3-6-seeded. Embryo slightly curved. — Perennial herbs branching 
above, and later at the base in the form of barren leafy shoots, "witli entire 
leaves, and small mostly greenish flowers in panicled bracted racemes. 



CISTACE^. (rock-rose FAMILY.) 37 

§ 1. Placentce fragile, separating from the partitions, and wrapped around the 

seeds. — Lechea. 

* Leaves of the barren shoots oblong or oval. 

1. L. major, Michx. Stem 1° - 2° high, the branches and barren shoots 
villous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lower and those on the barren shoots op- 
posite or whorled ; racemes short, closely 2 - 6-flowered, these longer than 
their pedicels. — Dry light soil. Common. 

2. L. thymifolia, Michx. Stem l°-2° high, the erect branches very 
numerous and leafy ; leaves lauceolate, of the barren shoots elliptical, opposite 
or whorled ; racemes leafy, 3-5-flov/ered; outer sepals longer than the ovoid 
capsule. — Dry sandy soil. July. 

3. L. racemulosa, Michx. Stem l°-2° high, the slender branches 
spreading; leaves alternate, linear; of the barren shoots oblong; racemes very 
slender, partly bractless, 3 - 6-flowered ; outer sepals shorter than the oblong 
capsule. — South Carolina and westward. July. 

4. L. pa tula, Leggett. Stems 6'- 12' high, widely branched; leaves 
linear, 2" - 3'' long, of the ascending barren shoots oblong ; racemes short, 
2 - 5-flowered ; flowers very small, dioecious ; sepals equal ; capsule 1 -seeded. — 
Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. August. 

* # Leaves of the ban-en shoots linear. 

5. L. tenuifolia, Michx. Stems clustered, 6' -12' high, the branches 
spreading ; leaves linear ; racemes very slender, 5 - 12-flowered ; pedicels erect, 
shorter than the globular flowers ; outer sepals longer than the 1-nerved inner 
ones ; capsule globose. — Dry sandy soil. July- August. 

6. L. einerea, Eaf. Canescent, 1°-1^° high, branching above ; leaves 
erect, linear ; racemes loosely 3 - 5-flowered ; sepals villous, the outer ones 
shorter ; capsule 3-seeded. — Florida, near the coast, in damp soil. August. 

Var. Torreyi. Leaves and branches spreading or recurved; capsule 
6-seeded. (L. Torreyi, Leggett.) — South Florida. 

§ 2. Placentae firm, scarcely recurved, adhering to the persistent partitions. — 
Lechidium. 

7. L. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching at the base, 6' -8' 
high ; leaves scattered, narrow-linear ; racemes loosely few-flowered, the 
spreading or reflexed pedicels much longer than the flowers ; petals purple ; 
stamens 10 or more ; capsule globose. — Barrens of Tennessee, and west- 
ward. 

3. HUDSOWIA, L. 

Petals .5, larger than the sepals, fugacious. Stamens 9 -30. Style filiform. 
Stigma minute. Capsule oblong, 1-celled, 3-valved, with 2-6 erect seeds at- 
tached near their base. Embryo coiled. — Low tufted shrubs, with minute 
hoary subulate imbricated leaves, and yellow flowers at the summit of the 
branches. 

1. H. montana, Nutt. Stems 2' -4 high; leaves loosely imbricated; 
pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx campauulate ; sepals acuminate. — 
Table Rock, North Carolina. 



38 POKTULACACE.^. (PURSLANE FAMILY.) 

2. H. ericoides, L. Hoary-pubescent ; stem erect, 6' high ; leaves sub- 
ulate, erect, or loosely iinl)ricate(l ; peduucles about as long as the flowers ; 
sepals barely acute; capsule pubescent, mostly 3-seeded. — Coast of North 
Carolina, and northward. May. 

3. H. tomentosa, Nutt. Tomentose, intricately branched, 6' high ; 
leaves minute, ovate-lauceolate, closely imbricated ; flowers nearly sessile ; 
sepals obtuse, the outer ones minute ; capsule smoothish, mostly 1-seeded. — 
Coast of North Carolina, and northward. May. 



Order 15. PORTULACACE^. (Purslane Family.) 

Succulent plants, with entire leaves and regular hypogynous or 
perigynous flowers. Sepals 2-5. Petals 3-6, imbricated in the bud, 
sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite 
them, or indefinite. Styles 3-6, mostly united below, stigmatic 
along the inside. Capsule 1 - 5-celled, few - many-seeded. Seeds 
campylotropous, erect from the base of the cell, or attached to a cen- 
tral placenta. Embryo slender, curved around mealy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. CLAYTONIA. Petals and stamens 5. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded. 

2. TALINUM. Petals 5. Stamens 10-30. Capsule 3-valved, many-seeded. 

3. PORTULACA. Petals 5 -6. Stamens 8 -20. Capsule circumscissile. 

1. CLAYTONIA, L. Spring-Beauty. 

Sepals 2, free, persistent. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 5, inserted on 
the claws of the petals. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, 3 - 6-seeded. 
— Smooth herbs, with a simple stem bearing two opposite leaves and ter- 
minated with a loose raceme of pale rose-colored veiny flowers. Root 
tuberous. 

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves long (3''-6'), linear, acutish; petals mostly 
emarginate, but sometimes acute. — Damp rich soil in the upper districts. 
March. — Plant 4' - 10' long. 

2. C. Caroliniana, Mlchx. Leaves short (r-2'), ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong, tapering at the base, obtuse ; petals obtuse. — Mountains of North 
Carolina. March - April. — Smaller than the last. 

2. TALINUM, Adans. 

Sepals 2, free, deciduous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10-30. Style 
3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled at the base, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth and 
fleshy herbs, with alternate leaves and cymose flowers. 

1. T. teretifolium, Pursh. Stem thick, leafy ; leaves linear-cylindrical ; 
cymes on long peduncles ; petals purple, fugacious. — Rocks, North Carolina. 
June - August. 2}. — Stems 2' - 4' long. Peduncles 5' - 8' long. 



CARYOPHYLLACEiE. (PTNK FAMILY.) 39 

3. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslane. 

Sepals 2, united and cohering with the ovary below, the upper portion cir- 
cumscissile and deciduous with the upper part of the capsule. Petals 4-6, 
inserted with the 8-20 stamens on the calyx. Style 3 - 8-parted. Capsule 
globose, 1-celled, many-seeded. — Low, fleshy herbs, with terete or flat, mo.stly 
alternate leaves, and fugacious yellow or purple flowers. 

1. P. oleracea, L. Leaves flat, cuneate, naked in the axils ; flowers yel- 
low; stamens 10- 12. — Cultivated ground everywhere. — Stem prostrate. 

2. P. pilosa, L. Stem mostly prostrate and diffusely branched ; leaves 
linear, woolly in the axils ; flowers clustered, purple ; stigmas 4 ; . stamens 
10-15. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

3. P. halimoides, L. Stem thick, erect (3^-6' high), branching; leaves 
terete, woolly in the axils ; flowers few, in a terminal cluster, immersed in 
wool, and surrounded by a whorl of short subulate bracts ; petals 4-6, yellow ; 
stamens 8-12. — Shell-Hummocks at Sarasota Bay ( Garber). 



Order 16. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. (Pink Family.) 

Herbs with tumid joints, entire opposite or whoiied, often connate 
leaves, and regular hypogynous or perigynous cymose flowers. Stip- 
ules dry and scarious, or none. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, 
persistent. Petals 4-5. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite 
them, or twice as many, or by abortion fewer. Ovary free, 1-5- 
celled, with the amphitropous or campylotropous ovules attached to a 
central placenta. Styles 2 - 5, distinct or partly united, stigmatic 
along the inner side. Fruit valvate, 1 - many-seeded. Embryo curved, 
or forming a ring around mealy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. SH-ENE^. Sepals united into a tube. Petals and stamens inserted on the 
stipe of the ovary. — Stipules none. 

1. SILENE. Styles 3. Capsule 6-toothed. 

2. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Capsule 4-toothed. 

3. AGROSTEMMA. Styles 5. Capsule 5-toothed. 

Tribe II. AI-SINE^. Sepals separate or nearly so. Stamens inserted at the base 
of the sessile ovary. — Stipules none. 

* Valves of the capsule as many as the styles. 

4. SAGINA. Styles and valves 4-5. 

5. ALSINE. Styles and valves 3. 

* * Valves or teeth of the capsule twice as many as the styles. 

6. ARENARIA. Valves of the capsule 2-4, each soon 2-cleft. Petals entire. 

7. STELLARIA. Valves of the capsule 6 - 10. Petals 2-cleft. 

8. CERASTIUM. Capsule 8 - 10-toothed. 

Tribe III. SPEKGUIiE.^. Sepals separate. Ovary sessile. Leaves stipulate, 
-I- Leaves opposite. 

9. STIPULICIDA. Stem-leaves minute ; the lowest spatulate. Flowers in terminal 

clusterso 



40 CARYOPHYLLACEJ]:. (PINK FAMILY.) 

10. SPERGULARIA. Leaves all linear. Flowers solitary, axillary. 

•<- -t- Leaves whorled. 

11. SPERGULA. Styles 5. Stamens 5 - 10. Capsule 5-valved. 

12. POLYCARPON. Styles 3. Stamens 3-5. Capsule 3-valved, 

1. SILENE, L. Catchfly. 

Sepals united into a 5-tootlied tube. Petals 5, long-clawed, inserted with 
the 10 stamens on the stipe of the ovary, commonly crowned with two scales 
at the base of the limb. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, or 3-celled at the base, 
opening by 6 teeth, many-seeded, — Leaves mostly connate. Flowers cy- 
mose, often showy, 

* Perennials : /lowers showy. 

-t— Petals gash-Jimhriate, crownless. 

1. S. stellata, Ait. Leaves in whorls of four, lance-ovate, acuminate, 
the uppermost opposite ; flowers white, in a large spreading panicle ; calyx 
inflated, bell-shaped. — Dry woods in the upper districts, and northward. 
June - August. — Stems 2° - 3° high, downy, branching above. 

2. S. ovata, Pursh. Rough-pubescent; leaves large (4'- 5'), opposite, 
oblong-ovate, acuminate ; flowers white, in a contracted lanceolate panicle; 
calyx tubular. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July. — Stems stout, 
2° -4^^ high. 

3. S. Baldwinii, Nutt. Villous; stems low, slender, bearing runners 
at the creeping base ; leaves opposite, spatulate ; the upper ones oblong, 
sessile ; cymes few-flowered ; flowers very large, white or pale rose-color, on 
slender pedicels ; calyx tubular. — Low shady woods, Georgia and Florida. 
April- May. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves thin. Flowers 2' wide. 

H— H— Petals emarginate or 2-cleft, crowned. 

4. S. Virginica, L. Clammy-pubescent; leaves abruptly pointed, the 
lowest ones clustered, spatulate-obovate, on fringed petioles, the upper small, 
remote, lanceolate, sessile ; cymes loosely few-flowered ; calyx tubular-club- 
shaped, oblong and nodding in fruit; petals crimson, lanceolate. — Rich open 
woods, chiefly in the upper districts. June -July. — Stems l°-2° high. 
Flowers 1' wide. 

5. S. regia, Sims. Viscid-pubescent and roughish ; stem tall (3° -4°) 
and erect, branched above ; leaves ovate, the upper ones acuminate ; flowers 
bright scarlet, short-stalked, clustered and forming a strict panicle; calyx 
long, cylindrical, striate, dilated in fruit ; petals oblanceolate ; stamens and 
style exserted. — Upper districts of Georgia and westward. July. 

6. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. Hairj- and viscid; stems weak, decumbent, 
branched ; leaves thin, roundish, abruptly acuminate at each end, the lowest 
obovate ; flowers few, large, bright scarlet ; calyx cylindrical ; petals 2-cleft, 
with the lobes cut- toothed. — Shady rocky banks, Alabama and Tennessee. 
June - August. — Stems 2° long. Flowers showy. 

7. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; stems low, clus- 
tered ; lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, the upper lance-oblong, mostly obtuse ; 



CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 41 

cymes dense-flowered ; calyx club-shaped, erect ; petals white or rose-color, 
obovate, emarginate or entire. — Rocky hills, chiefly in the upper districts. 
March - April. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 

8. S. nivea, DC. Glabrous or nearly so; stem slender, 2° -3° high; 
leaves distant, lanceolate, acuminate, nearly sessile, 2' - 4' long ; cymes few- 
flowered; calyx cylindrical, at length inflated; flowers white. — Mountains 
of East Tennessee, and westward. July. 

* * Annuals : flowers small, crowned, expanding at night. 

9. S. Antirrhina, L. Stem slender, smoothish, clammy below the 
iy)per joints ; leaves linear, acute, sessile, the lowest lanceolate, narrowed into 
a petiole ; flowers panicled ; calyx smooth ; petals obcordate, rose-colored. — 
Dry old fields. May -June. — Stems 6' - 2° high, simple or branched. 

10. S. quinquevulnera, L. Hairy ; stem branching ; leaves spatulate, 
the upper ones linear; flowers in 1-sided racemes; calyx hairy; petals 
rounded, entire, pink or crimson with a paler border. — Near Charleston. 
Naturalized. — Stem 1° high. 

2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort. 

Calyx tubular, terete, 5-toothed. Petals long-clawed. Stamens 10. Styles 
2. Capsule sessile or short-stiped, 1 -celled, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed 
at the apex. — Cymes dense-flowered. 

1. S. officinalis, L. Perennial; stems stout, erect, smooth; leaves 
ovate, connate, strongly 3-ribbed ; petals crowned, white or rose-color, mostly 
double. — Waste places. Naturalized. — Stems 1 ° - 2° high. 

3. AGROSTEMMA, L. Corn-Cockle. 

Calyx tubular, with 5 elongated linear deciduous lobes. Petals 5, entire, 
crownless. Stamens 10. Styles 5. Capsule 1-celled, 5-toothed. — Annual 
or biennial pubescent herbs, with linear leaves, and showy purple flowers on 
elongated peduncles. 

1. A. GithagO, L. Plant (1°- 2° high) whitened with long appressed 
hairs ; stem forking ; petals obovate, emarginate, shorter than the lobes of 
the calyx. — Grain fields. Introduced. June - July. (T) — Peduncles 4' - 6' 
long. Flowers V wide. 

4. SAGINA. L. 

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, entire, or wanting. Stamens 4-10. Styles 
4 - 5, alternate with the sepals. Capsule 4 - 5-valved ; the valves entire, 
opposite the sepals. — Small herbs, with filiform forking stems, subulate 
leaves, and solitary flowers. 

1. S. deeumbens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or nearly so; stems erect 
or ascending, tufted ; peduncles erect ; petals and sepals 5, equal, obtuse ; 
stamens 10. — Damp cultivated ground, common. April -June. — Stems 
2' - 6 ' high. Peduncles 2-3 times as long as the sharp-pointed leaves. 



42 CAKYOPIIYLLACE^. (PlNK FAMILY.) 

2. S. proeumbens, L. Stems prostrate ; leaves narrow-linear ; sepals, 
petals, and slanicus 4; capsule 4-valved. — Wet banks, North Carolina 
{llij(iins), and northward. 

5. ALSINE, Tourn. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Styles 3. Capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, 
the valves entire, opposite the inner sepals. — Low slender herbs, with linear 
or subulate leaves, and white cymose or solitary flowers. 

1. A. squarrosa, Fenzl. Stems tufted; leaves subulate, rigid, those of 
the glandular flowering stems distant, of the sterile stems imbricated, with 
spreading tips ; sepals ovate, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. — Dry sand- 
hills in the middle districts. April - May. "^l — Stems 6' - 10' high. Cymes 
few-flowered. Pedicels rigid. 

2. A. glabra, Gray. Smooth; stems filiform, sparingly branched; 
leaves tender, narrow-linear, obtuse, spreading; cyme few-flowered, spread- 
ing ; sepals oblong, obtuse, faintly 3-ribbed, as long as the capsule. — Moun- 
tains of North Carolina. July. ^? — Stems tufted, 4' - 6' high. Cymes 
leafy. Pedicels setaceous. Leaves ^' - V long. 

3. A. Groenlandica, Gray. Very near the preceding ; stems lower 
(2'- 5' high), mostly simple; cymes less spreading, with fewer and larger 
flowers; petals wedge-obovate, fully twice as long as the sepals; capsules 
rather acute. — High mountains of North Carolina. Sept. 

4. A. patula, Gray. Minutely pubescent ; stem filiform, diffusely 
branched from the base ; leaves narrow-linear, spreading ; cyme spreading, 
few - many-flowered ; pedicels very slender ; petals spatulate, emarginate, 
twice the length of the lanceolate acute 3 - .5-nerved sepals. — Rocky woods, 
Tennessee and westward, and sparingly along the coast of Florida and Ala- 
bama. — Stems 6' - 1 0' high. 

5. A. Miehauxii, Fenzl. Smooth ; stems tufted, erect or diffuse, 
straight ; leaves linear-subulate, erect, spreading or recurved, much clustered 
in the axils ; cymes spreading or contracted ; petals oblong-ovate, twice as 
long as the rigid ovate acute 3-ribbed sepals. (Arenaria stricta, Michx.) — 
Rocks and barren soil, Georgia and North Carolina. May -June. — Stems 
3' -10' high. 

6. A. brevifolia. Stems smooth, not tufted, erect, filiform, simple, 2-5- 
flowered ; leaves minute (l"-2''), erect, lance-subulate; sepals oblong, ob- 
tuse, as long as the capsule ; petals twice as long as the sepals. — Rocks in 
the upper districts of Georgia, (l) — Stems 2' -4' long, bearing 3 or 4 pairs 
of leaves. Flowers small, on filiform peduncles. 

6. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. 

Petals 1-5, or none. Styles 2-4. Capsule opening above by as many 
valves as there are styles, each valve soon 2-cleft. Otherwise like Alsine. 

1. A. diffusa, FU. Downy; stem elongated, prostrate, alternately 
short-branched ; leaves lanceolate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, lateral, 
reflexed in fruit ; petals 1-5, shorter than the sepals, often wanting. — Shady 
banks. May - Oct. % — Stems 1° - 4° long. 



CARYOPHYLLACE^. (PINK FAMILY.) 43 

2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Dowuy ; stems erect or diffusely branched ; 
leaves small, ovate, acute, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; flowers c ymose ; 
petals much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate sepals. — Waste places. 
Introduced. April - May. (l) — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves ^ long. 

7. STELLARIA, L. Chickweed, Starwort. 

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, 2-cleft, or 2-parted. Stamens 3-10. Styles 
3 - 5, opposite the sepals. Capsule 1-celled, opening by twice as many valves 
as there are styles, many-seeded. — Stems weak. Flowers white, on terminal 
peduncles, becoming lateral in fruit. 

1. S. pubera, Michx. Perennial; stems erect or diffuse, forking, hairy 
in lines ; leaves oblong, acutish, narrowed at the base, sessile ; petals longer 
than the sepals. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. April - May. — Stems 
6' - 12' high. Flowers showy. 

2. S. media, Smith. Annual ; stems prostrate, forking, pubescent in 
lines ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, the lower ones petioled ; petals shorter 
than the sepals — Yards and gardens. March - April. Introduced. 

3. S. prostrata, Baldw. Smooth or nearly so ; stems forking, prostrate ; 
leaves ovate, acute, all on slender petioles, the lower ones often cordate ; 
petals twice as long as the sepals ; seeds rough-edged. — Damp shades, 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. March -April, (l) — Stems l°-2°long. 
Petiole mostly longer than the limb. 

4. S. uniflora, Walt. Smooth ; stems erect from a prostrate base ; 
leaves remote, narrow-linear, sessile; peduncles very long (2' -4'), erect; 
petals obcordate twice as long as the calyx. — River swamps. East Florida to 
North Carolina. May. (l) ? — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves V long. 

5. S. fontinalis, Robinson. Stems weak, diffuse (6'- 12' long) ; leaves 
linear-spatulate or oblong, spreading; peduncles axillary, longer than the 
leaves ; flowers very small, mostly 4-androus ; petals none ; sepals 3-nerved, 
acute. (Sagina fontinalis, Short ^ Peters.) — Springy places, Tennessee {Dr. 
Gattinger). April. 

8. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear. 

Sepals 4-5. Petals 4-5, obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 10. Styles 4-5. 
Capsule cylindrical, 8 - 10-toothed, many-seeded. — Herbs. Flowers white, 
solitary or cymose, peduncled. 

■^ Petals not longer than the sepals. 

1. C. viscosum, L. Villous and somewhat clammy ; stems ascending ; 
leaves oval, remote, the lowest obovate; cymes crowded in the bud, spreading 
in fruit; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the peduncles, and half as long as 
the slender capsule. — Fields. April - May. (l) — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. 

2. C. VUlgatum, L. Hairy and clammy; stems ascending; leaves 
lance-oblong, obtuse, the lowest wedge-shaped; cymes loose in the bud; 
sepals oblong-ovate, obtuse, shorter than the peduncles. — Fields. April - 
May. 11 — Flowers and capsules larger than in No. 1. 



44 CARYOPHYLLACE^. (piNK FAMILY.) 

* * Petals lonyer than the sepals. 

3. C. arvense, L. Hairy or downy; stems uumerous, naked above; 
leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate ; cymes rather few-flowered ; petals 
obcordate, twice as long as the oblong sepals. — Kocky or dry soil, chiefly in 
the npper districts. May -June. If. — Stems 6'- 12' high. Leaves seldom 
r long. Flowers -^' wide. Capsule rather longer than tlie calyx. 

4. C. nutans, Kaf. Clammy-pubescent ; stems tufted, furrowed ; leaves 
lanceolate ; cymes ample, many-fiowered ; petals oblong, emarginate, rather 
longer than the oblong sepals. — Low grounds in the upper districts, (l) — 
Stems 1° high. Peduncles long. Capsule curved, tliree times as long as the 
calyx. 

9. STIPULICIDA, Michx. 

Sepals b, emarginate, white-margined. I'etals 5, spatulate, 2-toothed near 
the base, longer than the sepals, withering-persistent. Stamens .3, opposite 
the inner sepals. Style very short, 3-parted. Capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 
many-seeded. — A small perennial, with an erect forking stem. Stem leaves 
minute, subulate, with adnate pectinate stipules. Radical leaves spatulate, 
clustered, growing from a tuft of bristly stipules. Flowers white, in a 
terminal cluster. 

1. S. setacea, Michx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina. April -June. — Stem 3'— 6' high, the branches spreading and 
curving. 

10. SPERGULARIA, Pers. 

Sepals 5. Petals .5, oval, entire. Stamens 2-10. Styles 3 - 5. Capsule 
3 - 5-valved ; the valves when 5 alternate with the sepals. — A low maritime 
herb, with opposite fleshy leaves, and conspicuous scarious stipules. Flowers 
axillary, solitary, rose-colored. 

1. S. salina, Presl. Stems diffusely branched, glandular, 4^-6' high; 
leaves linear ; sepals oblong, about as long as the pedicels ; petals red ; seeds 
roundish, roughened with raised points. — Sandy coast. April. 

11. SPERGULA, L Spukrt. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. Capsule 5-valved, 
the valves opposite the sepals. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. 
— Leaves whorled. Flowers cymose, white. 

1. S. arvensis, L. Stem erect; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear, seA^eral in 
a whorl ; cyme loose, long-peduncled ; fruiting pedicels reflexed; stamens 10; 
seeds rough. — Cultivated fields. Introduced, (l). 

12. POLYCAHPOW, L. 

Sepals 5, carinate. Petals 5, emarginate, shorter than the sepals. Stamens 
3-5. Styles 3, very short. Capsule 3-valved. — Low annuals, with whorled 
leaves, and minute flowers, in terminal cymes. 

1. P. tetraphyllum, L. Stems (3' -6') forking, diffuse ; leaves spatu- 
late-obovate, the lower ones 4 in a whorl, the upper opposite ; sepals acute ; 
stipules conspicuous. — Near Charleston. Introduced. May -June. 



MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 45 



Order 17. MALA^ACE^gE. (Mallow Family.) 

Mucilaginous lierbs or shrubs, with pahnately veined alternate stip- 
ulate leaves, and regular monadelphous flowers on jointed peduncles. 
— Sepals 5, united at the base, valvate in the bud, persistent, often 
with a calyx-like involucel. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens 
numerous, united into a column which is continuous with the claws of 
the petals: anthers 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovaries united 
into a ring, or forming a several-celled capsule. Styles separate or 
united. Seeds kidney-shaped. Albumen scarce or none. Embryo 
large, curved, with leafy cotyledons. Pubescence commonly stellate. 
Pollen grains hispid. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. MAL.VE^. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, 1 - few-seeded, disposed in a 
circle around a central axis, separating at maturity from the axis and from each other. 
Anthers borne at the apex of the column. 

* Carpels 1-seeded. 
•I- Stigmas occup3dng the inner face of the styles. 

1. MALVA. Carpels beakless. No process within. 

2. CALLIRRHOE. Carpels beaked, and bearing a dorsal process above the seed within. 

■f- -i- Stigmas capitate. 

3. MALVASTRUM. Involucel 2- 3-leaved. Ovule peritropous-ascending. Radicle inferior. 

4. SID A. Involucel none. Ovule resupinate-pendulous. Radicle superior. 

* * Carpels 2 - few-seeded. 

5. ABUTILON. Carpels 1-celled. Involucel none. 

6. MODIOLA. Carpels transversely 2-ceUed. Involucel 3-leaved. 

Tribe II. URENE.^. — Carpels half as many as the stigmas, separating at maturity. 
Anthers borne above the middle of the column. 

7. PAVONIA. Involucel 5 - 15-leaved. Flowers axillary or racemose. 

8. URENA. Involucel 5-cleft. Flowers racemose. Carpels hispid. 

9. MALACHRA. Involucel none. Flowers capitate. 

Tribe III. HIBISCE^. — Carpels as many as the stigmas, united and forming at ma- 
turity a loculicidal capsule. Column bearing the anthers throughout, or from above 
the middle. 

10. KOSTELCTZKYA. Cells of the depressed capsule 1-seeded. 

11. HIBISCUS. Cells of the globose or oblong capsule few - many-seeded. 

12. THESPESIA. Capsule indehiscent. Involucel 3-leaved, entire. 

13. GOSSYPIUM. Capsule dehiscent. Involucel 3-leaved, gashed. 

14. FUGOSIA. Capsule dehiscent. Involucel of 6 - 9 subulate leaves. 

1. MALVA, L. Mallow. 

Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Petals obcordate. Styles 9-20, filiform, 
stigmatic on the inner face. Carpels broadly reniform, beakless, 1-seeded, in- 
dehiscent, disposed in a circle around the central axis, from which they sep- 
arate at maturity. Embryo nearly annular. Radicle inferior. — Herbs. 
Leaves rounded. Flowers axillary, not yellow. 

1. M. rotundifolia, L. Stems several, prostrate ; leaves long-petioled, 
round-cordate, crenate and crenately-lobed ; flowers single or clustered, white 
veined with purple ; carpels even. — Around dwellings. Introduced. 2/. 



46 MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 

2. M. sylvestris, L. Hirsute, erect, 2° -.'3° liigh ; leaves sharply ser- 
rate, ')-7-h)\H-A\; flowers lonj^-peduncled, 2' wide, bright purple; carpels 
wrijikli'd. — Waste ground. Introduced. June. 

2. CALLIRRHOE, Nutt. 

Involucel 1 - 3-leaved and persistent, or none. Petals wedge-shaped, eutire, 
or crenate. Styles as iu Malva, Carpels numerous, witli a short and naked 
beak, and a ligulate dorsal process below the beak within. Embryo curved. 
Kadicle inferior. — Perennial herbs. Leaves palmately lobed, or angled. 
Flowers sliowv, i)urple or whitish. 

1. C. triangulata, Gray. Kough-pubesceut ; stem ascending from a 
perpendicular rootstock, branching above ; leaves triangular, coarsely and 
unequally crenate, the lowest ones long-petioled and cordate, the upper 3 - 
5-lobed; flowers approximate, panicled, longer than the pedicels; involucel 
3-leaved, the leaves linear; carpels at length 2-valved. — Dry soil in the upper 
districts of Alabama to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Ilowers 
1'- H' wide, purple, 

2. C. Papaver, Gray. Eough with scattered appressed and rigid hairs; 
stems low, simple; leaves 3 - 5-parted ; the lobes oblong or lanceolate, toothed 
or entire ; flowers few, solitary, axillary, long-peduncled ; involucel 1 -3-leaved, 
or none ; petals finely crenate ; carpels indehisceut. — Rich open woods, 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. May -Sept. — Stems 1° high. Flowers 
purple, 2' wide, on peduncles sometimes 1° long. 

3. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pubescent ; stems slender (1° high); 
lower leaves triangular-cordate, incised; the upper .5-7-parted, laciniate, the 
uppermost divided into linear segments ; flowers corymbose, on slender pe- 
duncles (rose-color or wdiite) ; involucel none ; carpels obtusely beaked, crested 
and strongly wrinkled on the back. — Barren oak lands, Tennessee. 

3. MALVASTRUM, Gray. 

Involucel 1 -3-leaved or none. Styles 5-20. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 
beaked or beakless, 1 -seeded. Seed ascending. Embryo curA-ed or annular. 
Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubby plants, rough with rigid hairs. Flowers 
yellow. 

1. M. triCTlspidatum, Gray. Perennial or shrubby ; stem branching; 
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acute, petioled ; stipules, lanceolate; 
flowers in leafy spiked racemes ; petals obliquely truncated; carpels 10-12, 
more or less distinctly 3-toothed or awned at the apex. — South Florida. — 
Stems 1° high. Involucel 3-leaved. 

2. M. angustum, Gray. Annual; stem erect, branching; leaves 
lanceolate, sparingly serrate, short-petioled ; stipules bristle-like ; flowers axil- 
lary, mostly solitary ; involucel setaceous, 2 - 3-leaved ; carpels 5, circular, 
awnless, at length 2-valved. — Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 6'- 12' high. 
Calyx enlarged in fruit. 

3. M. Rugelii, Watson. Stems erect, much branched, stellate-hairy; 
leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, slender petioled ; flowers axillary, small, sin- 



MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 47 

gle, or the upper ones densely spiked ; involucel 3-leaved, as long as the very- 
hairy calyx ; petals yellow, oblique ; carpels 12, even, awnless. — South Florida. 
— Stems 2° - 4° high. Flowers ^ wide. 

4. SIDA, L. 

Involucel none. Calyx angular. Styles .5 -15. Stigmas capitate. Ovaries 
1 -celled. Carpels erect, mostly 2-valved and 2-beaked at the apex, separating 
at maturity from each other, and from the central axis. Seed resupinate, sus- 
pended, 3-angled. Embryo curved. Radicle superior. — Branching herbs or 
shrubs, with chiefly undivided leaves, and small yellow, rarely red or white, 
flowers in their axils. 

# Leaves, at least the lower ones, cordate. 
-i— Floicers dioecious, white. 

1. S. Napsea, Cav. Nearly smooth, 4° -8° high; leaves thin, long- 
petioled, cordate-ovate, 5-lobed, acuminate, toothed or serrate; peduncles 
few-flowered; petals obovate; carpels 10, acuminate. — Shady banks. East 
Tennessee. June. 

-f— -f— Flowers perfect, yellow or red. 

2. S. spinosa, L. Annual, minutely pubescent ; branches erect ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, acute, serrate, the slender petioles often with a tubercular spine 
at the base, the lower ones cordate ; stipules setaceous, half as long as the 
petioles ; flowers single or clustered, on short erect peduncles ; carpels faintly 
reticulated, each pointed with two erect subulate spines. — Waste places. 
July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Flowers Y wide, yellow. 

3. S. SUpina, L'Her. Perennial, tomentose ; stems divided at the base 
into slender simple ascending or prostrate branches; leaves all round-cordate, 
crenate ; stipules minute ; floAvers solitary ; the peduncles reflexed in fruit ; 
carpels downy, reticulated, almost beakless. — South Florida. Oct. — Stems 
6'- 12' long; leaves \' -V long. Flowers yellow, not half as large as in the 
preceding. 

4. S. diffusa, HBK. Perennial; stems prostrate, hairy, 2° long ; leaves 
V long, cordate-oblong, serrate; stipules setaceous; peduncles V long, soli- 
tary ; flowers yellow ; carpels 5, pubescent, short-beaked. — Keys of South 
Florida. 

5. S. cordifolia, L. Annual, villous ; stem tall, much branched ; leaves 
ovate, cordate, entire or angularly 3-lobed, crenate-serrate ; flowers small, 
yellow, mostly crowded in axillary and terminal racemes; carpels 10-12, 
shorter than the slender retrorsely scabrous awns, — Cedar Keys, Florida. 
Introduced. Kov. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

* * Leaves not cordate. 

6. S. carpinifolia, L. Nearly glabrous, erect, branching ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, obtuse and 3-nerved at the base, serrate; stipules linear; flowers 
axillary, the earlier solitary, the later ones clustered ; petals yellow, unequally 
obcordate ; carpels 7-12, reticulate-rugose. 

Var. brevicuspidata, Griseb. Stem l°-3® high, the branches and 



48 MALVACEiE. (mALLOW FAMILY.) 

leaves mostly distichous; leaves ovate-ol)long ; flowers T wide, ochroleucous ; 
carpels 10, short-beaked. (S. stipulate, Cav.Sj- Flora). — Around lioinesteads 
in the lower districts. July - Sept. 

Var. parviflora. Stem 2° - 3° high, with numerous long and virgate 
branches, pubesceut ; leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers Y wide, orange-yellow ; 
carpels 7, short-beaked. — Roberts Key, in Caximbas Bay. South Florida. 
July - August. 

Var. acuta. Stem 3° - 6° high, short-branched ; leaves lanceolate or ob- 
long ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; flowers \' - \Y wide, golden yellow ; 
carpels 10- 12, slender-beaked. (S. acuta, Burrn.) — Sandy coast of South 
Florida. August - Sept. 

7. S. rhombif olia, L. Downy ; stems erect, much branched ; leaves 
rhombic-oblong, obtuse at each end, serrate, short-petioled, pale beneath; stip- 
ules setaceous, longer than the petioles, caducous ; peduncles solitary, more 
than half as long as the leaves; carpels 10-12, even, pointed with a single 
subulate spine, indehiscent. — Around dwellings, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. July -Oct. (T) — Stems 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 
Flowers yellow. 

8. S- ciliaris, Cav. Rough with appressed rigid hairs ; stems prostrate ; 
leaves elliptical, obtuse at both ends, serrate above the middle, smooth above, 
the uppermost approximate ; stipules setaceous, and like the calyx fringed 
with long hairs ; flowers nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves ; car- 
pels 7, strongly reticulated, pointed with two minute barbed spines. — Key 
West. 2/ — Stems 6' long. Leaves Y - 1' long. Flowers small, red. 

9. S. EUiottii, Torr. & Gray. Perennial; stems slender, roughish, erect, 
with long and straight branches ; leaves smoothish, lanceolate or linear, acute, 
serrate, on short petioles ; stipules setaceous ; flowers large, single ; peduncles 
longer than the petioles; carpels 10-12, strongly reticulated, truncate or 
slightly 2-pointed. — Open woods, Florida to North Carolina and westward- 
July -Oct. — Stems l°-3° high. Leaves l''-2' long. Flowers T wide, 
yellow. 

Var. parviflora. Stem shrubby, smooth ; leaves narrow-linear, obtuse, 
downy beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; petals barely longer than 
the calyx. — Key West (Blodgett). 

5. ABUTILON, Tourn. Indian Mallow. 

Involucel none. Stigma capitate. Ovaries 5 or more, 1-celled, 2-9-ovuled. 
Carpels 1 - 6-seeded, partly 2-valved, tardily separating from each other or 
from the central axis. Radicle ascending.— Leaves cordate. Flowers yel- 
low, white, or purplish. 

1. A. AvicennSB, Gsertn. Tomentose; leaves round-cordate, acuminate, 
crenate ; peduncles axillary, 1 - 3-flowered, shorter than the long petioles ; car- 
pels 12-14, hairy, inflated, truncate, 3-seeded, with two long and spreading 
spines, — Waste places chiefly in the middle and upper districts. Introduced. 
(T) — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' wide. Flowers orange-red. 



MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 49 

2. A. permoUej Don. Stem erect (2° -3°), branching, smooth or soft- 
downy ; leaves long-petioled, cordate or oblong-cordate, acuminate, unequally 
crenate, velvety on both surfaces and hoary beneath, or roughish above ; 
peduncles solitary in the up])er axils, 1 -flowered, about the length of the peti- 
oles, or the upper ones longer; lobes of the calyx ovate or oblong, shorter 
than the yellow petals ; carpels 8- 10, rigid, hairy, longer than the calyx, 
acute or beaked, 3-seeded. — South Florida. — Flowers 9''- 12" wide. 

3. A. pedunculare, HBK. Shrubby, velvety-tomentose ; leaves long- 
petioled, round-cordate, acuminate, crenate, canescent beneath ; peduncles 
axillary, as long as the petioles ; calyx-tube plicate ; petals " rose-color," 
reflexed, twice as long as the calyx; carpels about 20, mucronate, villous, 3- 
9-seeded. — South Florida {Miss Reynolds). — Stem 2°- 6° high. Petals 10" 
long. 

4. A. Indicum, Don, var. hirtum, Griseb. Stem pilose, 2° -4° high; 
leaves cordate, acuminate, unequally-toothed, villous above, white-velvety be- 
neath ; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla orange-yellow, the centre dark brown, 
twice as long as the calyx ; carpels 10 or more, as long as the calyx, 
acuminate, pilose, 3 - 9.seeded ; seeds warty. — Coast and Keys of South 
Florida. 

5. A. crispum, Gray. Hoary-tomentose ; stem erect, the lower branches 
long and trailing; leaves round-cordate, acuminate, finely crenate; peduncles 
axillary, 1-flowered, elongated, filiform, refracted after flowering; carpels 10, 
beakless, inflated, corrugated, hispid, 2-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem slen- 
der, 1° - 2° high. Leaves T - 2' long, the upper ones nearly sessile. Peduncles 
as long as the leaves. Flowers 4''-6'^ wide, yellow. 

6. MODIOLA, Manch. 

Involucel 3-leaved, persistent. Stamens 10-20. Ovaries 14-20, trans- 
versely 2-celled, each cell 1-ovuled. Stigmas capitate. Carpels 2-valved, 2- 
seeded, separating at maturity from each other and from the central axis, 
each valve tipped with a slender spine. — Prostrate herbs, with palmately 
divided leaves, and small axillary flowers. 

1. M. multifida, Moench. Hirsute; stems diffuse ; leaves long-petioled, 
cordate-ovate, more or less deeply 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions lobed and toothed ; 
peduncles longer than the petioles ; carpels hispid. — Waste places, Florida 
to North Carolina and westward. July -Oct. 2/ — Sems l°-2° long. 
Earliest leaves orbicular, undivided. Petals red, as long as the calyx. 

7. PAVONIA, Cav. 

Involucel 5 -1.5-leaved, persistent. Ovaries 5, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 
10, capitate. Carpels indehiscent or somewhat 2-valved, naked or armed at 
the apex with three hispid awns, separating at maturity. Embryo incurved. 
Eadicle inferior. — Chiefly shrubs, with petioied stipulate leaves, and solitary 
flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1. P. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched, roughishpubes- 
cent ; leaves ovate or somewhat sagittate, obtusely toothed, densely pubescent 

4 



50 MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 

and hoary beneath, rough above, longer than the petioles; involucel of 5-6 
ovate leaves, which are slightly united at the base ; carpels obovate, awnless, 
strongly reticulate. — South Georgia (Lecon^e). — Stem 4° -5° high. Leaves 
V long. Flowers large, pale red. 

2. P. racemosa, Swartz. Shrubby, tomentose, sparingly branclied ; 
leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, .3-nerved ; stipules 
subulate, deciduous ; racemes terminal, leafless, few-flowered ; involucel 8- 
leaved ; petals twice as long as the calyx, convolute, " dull white tinged with 
yellow"; stigmas sessile, " carpels unarmed." — Miami and Key Biscayne 
( Garber, Curtiss). — Stem 6° - 8° high. 

3. P. spinif ex, Willd. Shrubby, hirsute ; leaves long-petioled, oblong- 
ovate or cordate, coarsely serrate ; flowers long-peduncled ; involucel 8-leaved, 
longer than the calyx, shorter than the yellow corolla ; carpels armed with 
three stout retrorsely bearded spines. — Charleston {Rev. Dr. Bachman). 
Mayport, Florida (Curtiss). Introduced. — Stem 3° -5° high. Corolla 1' 
wide. 

8. URENA, L. 

Involucel deeply 5-cleft. Calyx 5-parted. Petals oblique. Colunm short ; 
anthers few, terminal. Stigmas 10, capitate, capsule separating into 5 bristly- 
barbed 1-seeded carpels. — Branching shrubs. 

1. U. lobata, L. Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves roundish, slightly cor- 
date, entire or obscurely 3-5-lobed, canescent beneath; flowers small, 
axillary, and crowded in a terminal raceme ; leaves of the involucel 5-7, 
subulate ; petals pale rose-color ; carpels densely bristly. — Waste places. 
Introduced. 

9. MALACHRA, L. 

Flowers capitate, surrounded by a 3 - 5-leaved involucre. Leaves of the 
involucel 8- 12, linear or setaceous. Stigmas 10, capitate. Capsule separat- 
ing into five 1-seeded carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, rough with rigid, often 
stinging hairs. Flowers white or yellow. 

1 . M. capitata, L. Bristly and tomentose in lines ; stem much branched ; 
leaves cordate, obscurely lobed and toothed; peduncles single or 2-3 in a 
cluster, axillary, 7-flowered ; involucre 3-leaved, cordate ; petals twice as 
long as the calyx, yellow ; capsule glabrous. — Key in Chuckolusky Bay, 
South Florida (Curtiss). — Stem 3°- 5° high. 

10. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (Hibiscus, L. in part.) 

Capsule depressed, the cells 1 -seeded. — Otherwise as in Hibiscus. 

1. K. Virginica, Presl. Kough-hairy; stem erect, stout, branching; 
lower leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, mostly 3-lobed, the upper narrower and 
usually entire; flowers (purple) in terminal racemes. — Var. althe^folia. 
Densely stellate-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves all undivided, ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequally toothed-serrate ; racemes dense- 
flowered ; capsule hirsute. — Marshes, near the coast, the var. South Florida 
July - August. 



MALVACE^. (mallow FAMILY.) 51 

2. K. smilacifolia, Chapm. Stem slender, the lower branches long 
(2° -3°) and trailing; leaves small, the lowest ovate, the others hastate -3- 
lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate, serrate ; racemes loosely few-flowered ; 
corolla rose-color, 2' wide ; column interruptedly antherif erous ; capsule hir- 
sute. (Hibiscus, Shuttlw.) — Low pine woods, South Florida. 

11. HIBISCUS, L. Rose-Mallow. 

Involucel many-leaved or many-cleft, and, like the calyx, persistent. Stig- 
mas 5, peltate or capitate. Capsule globose or oblong, 5-celled, loculicidally 
5-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with petioled stipulate 
leaves, and large showy flowers, on axillary peduncles. 

* Leaves of the involucel forked. 

1. H. aculeatus, Walt. Muricate-hispid ; leaves round-cordate, divided 
into 3 - .5 coarsely toothed and spreading lobes, the upper ones narrower and 
mostly entire ; flowers yellow, with a purple centre, short-peduncled ; involu- 
cel 10-12-leaved; capsule hispid ; seeds smooth. — Margins of swamps and 
ponds. South Carolina, and westward. July. ^ — Stems 2° - 6° high. 
Flowers 4' wide. 

2. H. furceUatuS, Desrous. Shrubby ; stem tall, branching, tomentose ; 
leaves cordate, entire, finely serrate, rough above; tomentose beneath ; leaves 
of the involucel 10, forked ; calyx hispid ; corolla yellow (3' long) ; capsule 
strigose; seeds smooth. — Eastern shore of South Florida (Curtiss). 

* * Leaves of the involucel entire. 
H— Perennial herbs : stipules deciduous. 

3. H. Moseheutos, L. Tomentose; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, 
toothed-serrate, mostly 3-lobed above the middle, rounded or slightly cordate 
at the base, hoary beneath ; peduncles often partly adnate to the petioles ; 
flowers Avhite or pale rose-color with a crimson centre ; seeds smooth. — Ponds 
and marshes. July. — Stems 3° - 5° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Flowers 
4' -5' wide. 

4. H. incanus, Wendl. Leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, not 
lobed, slightly cordate, acuminate, finely serrate, hoary on both sides ; flowers 
pale yellow Avith a crimson centre, often umbelled ; peduncles mostly free 
from the petioles; capsule and seeds smooth. — Ponds and marshes, Florida 
to South Carolina. June -July. — Stems 2° -5° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. 
Flowers 6' - 8' wide. 

5. H. grandiflorus, Michx. Tomentose ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, 
mostly 3-lobed, toothed-serrate, hoary beneath ; flowers very large, pale rose- 
color with a deep red centre ; peduncles free from the petioles ; capsule vel- 
vety; seeds smooth. — Marshes near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and west- 
ward. July. — Stems several from one root, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long 
and nearly the same in width. Flowers 10' - 12' wide. 

6. H. Carolinianus, Muhl. ? Ell. Smooth; leaves cordate-ovate, acu- 
minate, serrate, sometimes slightly 3-lobed ; flowers purple ; peduncles 
slightly adhering to the petioles ; seeds hispid. — On Wilmington Island, 



52 MALVACEAE. (mALLOW FAMILY.) 

Georgia. July - Sept. — Steins 4° - 6° higli. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Flowers 
6' -8' wide. (*) 

7. H. militaris, Cav. Smooth ; leaves thin, on long and slender peti- 
oles, serrate, sliglitly cordate, the lower ones roundish, 3 - .5-lohed, the upper 
ovate-lanceolate, entire or somewhat hastate, with rounded loljes ; peduncles 
shorter than the petioles ; calyx inflated ; corolla tubular-campanulate, pale 
rose-color with a red centre ; seeds silky. — River banks in the upper dis- 
tricts. July -August. — Stems 3° -4° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Corolla 
2^' long. 

8. H. COCeineus, Walt. Smooth ; stem glaucous ; leaves long-petioled, 
5-parted to the base, the lobes lanceolate, remotely toothed, with long-taper- 
ing entire tips ; corolla expanding, bright scarlet ; petals long-clawed ; seeds 
pubescent. — Deep marshes near the coast, Georgia, and westward. July - 
August. — Stems 4° -8° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Corolla 6' -8^ wide. 
Column of stamens naked below. 

9. H. semilobatUS, n. sp. Glabrous ; stem simple, 4° - 5° high ; leaves 
4' - 6' long, ovate or roundish, slightly cordate, 3 - 5-lobed above the middle, 
coarsely serrate, the lateral lobes short or angular, the middle one tapering 
into a long entire point ; petals crimson, obovate, 3' - 4' long ; column as long 
as the petals. (H. coccineus, var. Flora.) — Marshes near Jacksonville, 
Florida. June. 

-f— -i— Annual herbs : calyx inflated, veiny. 

10. H. Trionum, L. (Bladder Ketmia.) Stem 4' - 1 2' high, branch- 
ing from the base ; leaves 3-parted, coarsely toothed ; calyx 5-winged ; petals 
vellow, with a black base ; capsule hirsute. — Grain fields. Introduced. 

-f— -i— -1— Trees or shrubs : stipules persistent. 

11. H. tubiflorus, DC. Hispid; leaves small, ovate, obtuse, crenate- 
serrate, often cordate, and slightly 3-lobed ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; 
corolla tubular-camparmlate, crimson ; column of stamens exserted ; seeds 
woolly. — South Florida. — Shrub 4° -5"^ high, branching. Leaves ^'-V 
long. Stipules subulate. Flowers 1' long. 

12. H. tiliaceus, L. Leaves orbicular-cordate, acuminate, slightly ere- 
nate, hoary-tomentose beneath ; stipules large, oblong, clasping ; involucel 
9 - 10-toothed ; capsule tomentose ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. — A small 
tree. Leaves 3^ - 4' long. Flowers yellow. 

H. ESCULENTUS, L. ( H. Collinsianus, iVw^. ?) is the garden Okra. 
H. Syriacus, L., the Althaea, is everywhere cultivated. 

12. THESPESIA, Correa. 

Livolucel 3-leaved. Calyx truncate. Stigmas 5, decurrent. Capsule 5- 
celled, several-seeded, indehiscent. — Tropical shrubs or trees. 

1 . T. populinea, Correa. Leaves cordate, acuminate, entire ; involucel 
caducous ; flowers large, purplish ; capsule globose ; seeds with villous angles. 
— Keys of South Florida. 



BYTTNERIACE^. (bYTTNERIA FAMILY.) 53 

13. GOSSYPIUM, L. Cotton-Plant. 

Involucels 3-leavecl, united at the base, incisely lobed and toothed. Calyx 
cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Stigmas 3-5. Capsule 3-5-celled, few- or many- 
seeded. Seeds woolly. — Herbs or shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, and 
axillary yellow flowers. 

1. G. hirsutum, L. Frutescent, hirsute; leaves 3-lobed, or entire, a 
linear gland on the midrib beneath ; flowers 3' wide ; leaves of the involucel 
cordate, 8 - 10-cleft, with narrow bristle-pointed lobes; capsule 3-4-celled^ 
few-seeded. — Thickets along the coast and Keys of South Florida. — Shrub 
6° -12° high. 

14. FUGOSIA, Juss. 

Involucel 6 - 9-leaved. Column of stamens naked above. Stigmas 3 or 4, 
separate or uuited. Capsule 3- or 4-celled, 3- or 4-valved, few- or many- 
seeded. Seeds woolly. — Shrubby tropical plants, with solitary axillary yel- 
low flowers. 

1. F. heterophylla. Vent. Smooth, erect ; stem angular, branching; 
leaves lanceolate, obovate, or 3-lobed, 3-nerved ; peduncles long, dilated under 
the flower ; leaves of the involucel minute, subulate ; calyx dotted with black, 
the acute sepals 3-ribbed, much shorter tlian the showy petals ; stigmas 3, 
united; capsule 3-celled, 12 -20-seeded. — Keys of South Florida. — Stem 
1 2' - 1 8' high. Corolla 1 1' - 2' wide. 



Order 18. BYTTNERIACE^. (Byttneria Family.) 

Chiefly trees or shrubs differing from Malvacese in having definite 
stamens, of which those opposite the petals are usually sterile, 2-celled 
anthers, with smooth pollen grains, and a straight embryo. — Ovary 
3 - 5-celled, rarely 1-celled. 

1. AYEWIA, L. 

Involucel none. Calyx 5-parted. Petals on long capillary claws, connivent 
over the stigma. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 1-2 sterile ones, their 
filaments united into a pedicellate cup. Style single. Stigma 5-angled. 
Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, the cells 1-seeded. — Low 
shrubby plants, with minute axillary flowers. Capsule rough. Albumen 
none. 

1. A. pusilla, L. Stems mostly simple, prostrate, downy ; leaves (4'' - 8" 
long) roundish or oblong, coarsely serrate ; peduncles solitary, reflexed in 
fruit; capsule depressed, muricate. — South Florida. % — Stems 6^-12' 
long. Flowers purple. 

2. WALTHERIA, L. 

Involucel 3-leaved, deciduous. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, spatulate, convo- 
lute in the bud. Stamens 5, united below. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Style 
single. Stigma penicillate or tuberculate. Capsule 2-valved, 1-seeded. Em- 



54 tiliacetE. (linden family.) 

bryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, 
and small flowers in axillary clusters. 

1. W. Americana, L. Stem erect, villous; leaves ovate or oblong, 
acute or obtuse, serrate, plicate, tomentose on both surfaces ; heads of flowers 
globose, stalked, or sul)sessile and shorter tlian the petioles, the upper ones 
often spiked ; calyx hirsute ; flowers yellow. — South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° 
high, rigid. Leaves V -2' long. 

3. MELOCHIA, L. 

Involucel 3-leaved or none. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, convolate. Stamens 
5, the filaments more or less united near the base. Cells of the ovary 1-2- 
ovuled ; styles 5, separate, or partly united ; stigmas club-shaped. Capsule 
5 -celled, few-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with stellate puljescence, and clus- 
tered white or purple flowers. 

§ RiEDLEiA. Capsule septicidal or locuUcidal. Involucel ^-leaved. 
Flowers purple. 

1. M. Serrata, Benth. Shrubby, pilose ; stem slender, branching (2° -4° 
high) ; leaves ovate, acute, unequally serrate ; stipules linear, longer than the 
petioles; flower clusters axillary, globose, the upper ones spiked; corolla 
showy, purple (T wide). — Pine woods, South Florida. Oct. 

2. M. hirsuta, Cav. Herbaceous, pubescent and slightly hispid ; leaves 
ovate, subcordate, crenate-serrate ; stipules subulate, shorter than the petioles ; 
flower clusters terminal ; corolla pale purple, yellowish within. — Streets of 
Savannah {Feay). East Florida {Curtiss). — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla 
Y wide. 

Order 19. TILIACE^. (Linden Family.) 

Trees, rarely herbs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules. 
Flowers axillary or extra-axillary, hypogynous, polyandrous. Sepals 
4-5, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Petals 4-5, convolute or im- 
bricated in the bud. Stamens distinct or united in clusters : anthers 
2-celled, the pollen grains smooth. Style single. Stigma 4- 10-lobed. 
Capsule 2- 5-celled, 1- many-seeded. Seeds anatropous. Embryo in 
the axis of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat, leafy. 

1, TILIA, Tourn. Linden, Basswood. 
Sepals 5. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united in 5 
clusters, with a petal-like appendage (sterile stamen) opposite each petal. 
Ovary 5-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigma 5-lobed. Capsule 1 -celled, 
1 - 2-seeded. — Trees, with cordate leaves, and several-floAvered axillary pe- 
duncles, which are connate below with a large ligulate veiny bract. Flowers 
cream-color. 

1. T. Americana, L. Leaves smooth and green on both surfaces, ob- 
liquely cordate or truncate at the base, sharply serrate. — Mountains of 
Georgia and North Carolina. June. — A large tree. Leaves 4' -5' wide. 



TTSTPEKICACE^. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 55 

2. T. pubescens, Ait. Leaves hoary-tomentose on both surfaces, be- 
comiug smoothish above, obliquely truncate at the base, mucronate-serrate. — 
Rich soil, Florida to North Carolina. June. — Leaves 4' - 5' wide. 

3. T. heterophylla, Vent. Leaves larger (6' -8' wide), deep green 
above, white-tomentose beneath. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. 
June - July 

2. CORCHORUS, L. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly numerous, sep- 
arate. Style slender. Stigma dilated, crenulate. Capsule mostly elongated, 
silique-like, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubby plants, 
with alternate serrate petioled. leaves, and small yellow flowers on short 
peduncles opposite the leaves. Stipules deciduous. 

1. C. pilolobus. Link. Stem much branched, hairy in lines; leaves 
ovate and lanceolate, smooth ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; stamens numerous ; 
capsule linear, compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded. — Coast of Florida, and 
westward. — Stems 1° - 2° high. Capsule 2' long. 

3. TRIUMPETTA, L. 

Sepals 5, linear. Petals 5, convolute. Stamens 10-30, separate. Cells of 
the ovary 2-5, 2-ovuled. Capsule uncinate-hispid, 2 - 5-celled, mostly sepa- 
rable into as many 1 - 2-seeded carpels. — Chiefly shrubs, with lobed leaves, 
and small clustered yellow flowers. 

1. T, semitriloba, L. Hirsute, much branched; leaves round-ovate, 
entire, or angularly 3-lobed; peduncles 3-flowered, clustered in the axils; 
sepals pointed, as long as the yellow wedge-shaped petals; stamens 10-15; 
capsule globose. — Manatee, Florida. Introduced. — Stem 3° - 4° high. 



Order 20. HYPERICACE^E. (St. John's-wort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire dotted leaves, without stipules, 
and regular hypogynous, mostly yellow flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbri- 
cated in the bud, persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute or imbricated in 
the bud, deciduous. Stamens mostly numerous, and often united at 
the base into 3-5 sets : anthers introrse. Styles 2-5, often united, 
persistent. Capsule 1-celIed, with strictly parietal placentae, or 2-5- 
celled by the meeting of the placentae at the axis, septicidally 2-5- 
valved. Seeds very numerous, minute, anatropous, without albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Petals convolute in the bud. 

1. ASCYRUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 4. 

2. HYPERICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens without interposed glands. 

* * Petals imbricated in the bud. 

3. ELODES. Sepals and (rose-colored) petals 5. A gland between the sets of stamens. 



56 HYPERICACEiE. (ST. JOHn's-WORT FAMILY.) 



1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter's-wort. 

Sepals 4, the two outer ones much larger. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, 
oblique. Stameus uumerous. Styles 2-4, distinct or united. Capsules 
2-4-valved, 1-colled, with 2-4 parietal placenta. — Smooth shrubs with 
2-edged branches, Flowers mostly solitary, yellow. 

* Styles 2 : inner sepals small, 

1. A. hypericoides, L. Stems single, l°-3° high, branching above; 
leaves ^linear-oblong ; flowers single or in threes, short-pedicelled ; outer 
sepals oval or round-cordate ; petals oblong ; styles shorter than the ovary ; 
capsule as long as the sepals. — Dry soil. July- August. 

2. A. Crux-Andrese, L. Stems numerous, decumbent and creeping, 
the numerous branches 6'- 12' high, very leafy; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, 
narrowed at the base, 6'' -8'' long; flowers three in a terminal cluster, and 
single on short branchlets ; sepals and capsule like the preceding. — Dry open 
woods in the upper districts. July. 

3. A. pumilum, Michx. Dwarf ; leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse ; outer 
sepals round-ovate, the inner minute ; petals obovate ; pedicels long and 
slender, reflexed in fruit ; styles 2, united. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida, 
Georgia, and westward. March - April. — Stems 3' - 6' long, diffuse. Leaves 
4'' - 6'' long. 

# # Styles 3 -4 : sepals nearly equal. 

4. A. cuneif olium, n. sp. Stem widely branching, 6' - 9' long ; leaves 
cuneate, sessile, 6'' -9'' long; flowers large (1' wide), single, long-peduncled ; 
outer sepals orbicular, shorter than the obovate petals, twice as long as the 
oblong capsule ; styles 3, filiform, half the length of the ovary. — Low pine 
barrens. Florida. August -Sept. 

5. A. stans, Michx. Stem and branches erect, l°-2°high; leaves 1" 
long, oblong, closely sessile ; flowers short-peduncled, single ; outer sepals 
round-cordate, as long as the obovate petals and oblong capsules ; styles 3-4, 
short, subulate. — Low ground. July- Oct. 

6. A. amplexieaule, Michx. Leaves and outer sepals cordate-ovate, 
clasping ; inner sepals lanceolate, as long as the outer ones ; petals obovate ; 
styles 3; capsule ovoid, barely half as long as the sepals. — Damp soil near 
the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -Sept. — Shrub 2° -3° 
high. Branches many times forking. 



L. St. John's-wort. 

Sepals 5, similar. Petals 5, oblique, convolute in the bud. Stamens mostly 
numerous, and commonly collected in 3 - 5 sets, without intervening glands. 
Styles 3-5, distinct or united. Capsule 1-5-celled. — Herljs or shrubs. 
Flowers mostly cymose, yellow. 



HYPERICACEiE. (ST. JOHN's-WOKT FAMILY.) 57 

§ 1. Stamens numerous. 

* Capsules 3 - 5-celled : placentce central : styles connivent : shrubs. 

■i— Carpels [cells) united only at the axis : flowers in leaf y few-flowered axillary 

and terminal cymes : leaves narrow, and clustered in the axils, persistent. 

1. H. aspalathoides, Willd. Stem 1° -3° high, widely branched; 
leaves 2" - 6'' long, linear, obtuse, spreading, the margins revolute ; sepals 
like the leaves, half the length of the slightly 1-toothed petals, and the oblong- 
linear obtuse-angled 3-celled capsule. — Wet pine barrens, July -August. 

2. H. fasciculatum, Lam, Stem 6° -18° high, strictly erect, and 
with long erect straight branches; leaves 9"- 12'' long, filiform, acute, erect; 
sepals about the length of the sharply 1-toothed petals, and the oblong rather 
acute-angied 3-celled capsule, — Shallow ponds near the coast. July. 

3. H. galioides, Lam. Leaves linear-oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to 
the base, glossy above, rigid ; cymes lateral and terminal, few-flowered, or the 
terminal ones compound ; sepals equal, linear, acute, shorter than the petals ; 
capsules acute. — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. 

Var. ambiguum. Leaves oblanceolate, mucronate, pale and thin; sepals 
unequal, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, longer than the petals. — River 
swamps, Florida. July - August. — Stems 2° - 4° high. Branches often 
elongated. Leaves T- 1^' long. 

4. H. loboearpum, Gattinger. Stem erect, 5° - 7° high ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or barely acute, l^ - 2' long ; cymes terminal, 
naked, many-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate, 2" - 3'' long, shorter than 
the petals; capsule oblong, 5-celled, sharply 5-angled, scarcely longer than 
the very slender style. — Deep marshes. West Tennessee [Gattinger). 

5. H. densiflorum, Pursh. Stem 2° -4° high, much branched; leaves 
lanceolate, flat, obtuse, mucronate, 1'- 2' long; cymes simple or compound, 
naked ; sepals oblong or oval, I as long as the petals, and f the length of 
the ovate 3 - 5-celled capsule. — Low ground in the middle and upper dis- 
tricts. July - August. 

H— H_- Carpels partly united, forming a S-&-celled capsule. 

6. H. proliflcum, L. "Stem l°-4° high, with long rather simple 
shoots ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mo.stly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers 
numerous in simple or compound clusters ; pods oblong, 3-celled," Gray. — 
North Carolina [Curtis). Tennessee {Gattinger). 

7. H. ambiguum, Ell. Stem 4° -8° high, the long straight branches 
erect, very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, or linear, tapering to the base, 
1'- 2' long; cymes axillary and terminal, 7-14-flowered ; sepals unequal, 
linear, acute, as long as the oblong petals ; capsule ovate, 3 - 4-celled. — Banks 
of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. July - August. 
— A low rigid form (1° - 2° high) occurs on the summit of Koan Mountain 
(J. D. Smith). 

* ^ Capsule S-celled : placenta central : styles separate : flowers dotted with 
black points. Herbs. 

8. H. perforatum., L. Stem much branched, slightly 2-edged ; cymes 
corymbose, many-flowered ; leaves elliptical or linear-oblong, obtuse, with pel- 



58 HYPERICACEiE. (ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY.) 

lucid dots ; sepals lanceolate, acute. — Old fields, sparingly naturalized. June- 
August. — Stem l°-2° high, bearing runners at the base, llowers V -wide 
deep yellow. 

9. H. maculatum, Walt. Stem terete, sparingly branched above ; leaves 
oblong-cordate, obtuse, clasping, marked with pellucid dots ; cymes many- flow- 
ered, corymbose ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; styles twice as long as the ovary. — 
Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June- August. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 1'- I5' long, rigid. Flowers small. 

10. H. COrymbosum, Muhl. Leaves thin, oblong, slightly clasping; 
sepals ovate ; styles as long as the ovary ; otherwise nearly as the last. — 
Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' 
long. 

* * * Capsule l-celled, oi' partially 3-cdled by the introversion oftheplacentce. 

-I- Shrubs : leaves evergreen. 

++ Cymes leafy. 

11. H. myrtifolium, Lam. Leaves cordate-oblong and partly clasping, 
mostly obtuse, glaucous ; cymes few-flowered, terminal; sepals leaf-like, ovate, 
acute, as long as the obovate petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule conical- 
ovate. — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May- 
Sept. — Shrub l°-2° high, with spreading terete branches. Leaves thick, 
1' long. Flowers 1' wide. 

12. H. aureum, Bartram. Leaves oblong, mucronate, narrowed at the 
base, wavy on the margins, glaucous beneath; flowers very large, mostly 
solitary at the summit of the 2-edged branches ; sepals leaf-like, shorter than 
the thick and tardily deciduous petals ; stamens very numerous ; capsule ovate, 
much smaller than the calyx. (H. amoenum, Pursh.) — Banks of the Flint 
Eiver, Georgia to Tennessee, and westward. June- August. — Stem 2° high, 
diffusely branched. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers sometimes 2' wide, with 
recurved orange-colored petals. 

++ ++ Cymes leafless. 
= Many flowered. 

13. H. nudiflorum, Michx. Branches 4-angled ; leaves oblong, obtuse, 
narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; cymes terminal, peduncled, 5-1 5-flow- 
ered ; bracts subulate ; buds globose ; petals oval, twice as long as the oval 
sepals ; capsule ovate, longer than the calyx. — Low grounds, chiefly in the 
upper districts. July -August. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves thin, l'-2' 
long. Flowers \' wide. Petals recurved. 

14. H. opaeum, Torr. & Gray. Branches 2-edged ; leaves rigid, linear, 
oblong, sessile ; cymes terminal, compound, many-flowered ; bracts subulate ; 
buds ovate ; petals spreading, obovate, twice as long as the oblong unequal 
sepals ; capsule 3-lobed, ovate, longer than the sepals. — Pine barren swamps, 
near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July- Sept. — 
Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1' long. Flowers -J' wide. Valves 
of the capsule strongly impressed on the back. 



HYPERICACE^. (ST. JOHN's-WORT FAMILY.) 59 

15. H. adpressura, Barton. Stem 2° - 3° high, branching and somewhat 
herbaceous above; leaves lanceolate, acute, l'-2' long; sepals lanceolate, 
equalling the oblong-ovoid capsule. (H. fastigiatum, Ell,) — Margins of 
swamps and ponds, Georgia and Tennessee. June - July. 

^ = Cymes 1 -few-flowered. 

16. H. Buckleyi, M. A. Curtis. Low, widely branching from the base ; 
leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base, paler beneath ; flowers solitary, 
terminal, on rather long and bracted pedicels ; sepals obovate ; style and 
stamens long and slender. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. — 
Shrub 8'- 12' high. Flowers V wide. 

17. H. microsepalum, Gray. Stems l°-2° high, dichotomously 
branched ; leaves very numerous, 4'' - 6'' long, oblong-linear, sessile ; cymes 
terminal, 1 - 3-flowered ; flowers 9'' - 1 2" wide ; petals mostly 4, unequal ; 
sepals like the leaves, barely half as long as the oblong ovate capsule. 
(Ascyrum, Torr. Sf Graij.) — Low pine barrens, near the coast, Florida, 
Georgia, and Alabama. Feb. -April. 

•^ ^— Perennial herbs. 

18. H. cistifolium, Lam. Stem woody at base, simple, or branch- 
ing above, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong-linear, obtuse, sessile ; cyme 
compound, many-flowered ; sepals nearly equal, ovate, much shorter than the 
petals ; styles united ; capsule coriaceous, globose. — Rocky hills, Alabama 
and Tennessee. 

19. H. dolabriforme, Vent. Stem woody at base, ascending, 2-edged 
above ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, spreading ; cyme few-flowered ; sepals 
unequal, ovate-lanceolate, about the length of the very oblique petals ; capsule 
broadly conical, acuminate. — Dry hills, Tennessee. July. — Stem 6' - 20' 
high. Leaves V -\^' long. 

20. H. graveolens, Buckl. Stem smooth, terete, nearly simple ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, obtuse, clasping ; cymes lateral and terminal, many-flowered ; 
petals oblong-obovate, much longer than the lanceolate acute sepals ; stamens 
collected in three sets, as long as the petals ; styles slender, twice as long as 
the ovary. — Mountains of North Carolina, July -August. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers large. 

21. H. pilOSUm, Walt. Downy; stem terete, mostly simple, slender; 
leaves small, lance-ovate, acute, erect, sessile ; cymes compound ; styles short. 
— Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July - August. 
(T) '? — Stems 1° - 2° high. Leaves |' long. Flowers 5" - 6" wide. 

22. H. virgatum, Lam. Smooth; stem 4-angled, branching; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; cymes leafy, many-flowered, the branches 
often simple ; sepals ovate, shorter than the petals, longer than the ovate 
capsule. — Varies (H. acutifolium, Ell.) with larger shining leaves, compound 
and nearly leafless cymes, and more crowded flowers. — Low ground (the var. 
in dry soil), Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June -August. — 
Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 6''- 12'' long. Flowers small. Styles longer 
than the capsule. 



60 CLUSIACEiE. (balsam-tree FAMILY.) 

§2. Stamens 5 - 20 : capsule strictlij \-celled : stijles separate: annuals. 
* Flowers in cymes. 

23. H. mutilum, L. Stems slender, branching above, 4-angled, leaves 
oblong or roundish, obtuse, clasping, 5-nerved ; cymes leafy at the base ; sepals 
lanceolate, mostly longer than the small petals, and eriualling the (green) 
ovoid capsule ; stamens 6-12. — Ditches and low grounds, common. June - 
August. — Stem 1° high. Branches of the cyme filiform. Flowers very 
small, remote. 

24. H. Canadense, L. Stems simple or branched, 4-angled; leaves 
linear or linear-lanceolate, the upper ones acute, sessile ; sepals lanceolate- 
acute, longer than the petals, shorter than the oblong (brown) capsule. — Wet 
sandy places. June -Oct. — Stem 4^-12' high, with the branches erect. 
Flowers small, copper-yellow. Stamens 5-10. 

* * Flowers scattered on the slender branches : leaves minute. 

25. H. Sarothra, Michx. Stem much branched ; branches erect, fili- 
form ; leaves minute, subulate, bract-like ; flowers small, sessile ; sepals 
scarcely half as long as the lanceolate purple capsule. — Sandy old fields. 
June - August. — Stems 6' - 12' high. Stamens 5-10. 

26. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves 
linear or the lower ones oblong, acute, appressed ; sepals barely shorter than 
the ovate capsule ; flowers pedicelled. — Dry barren soil, Florida, South 
Carolina, and westward. July - August. — Stems and branches stouter than 
the last. Stamens 10-20. 

27. H. gymnanthum, Engelm. & Gray. Stem sparingly branched, 
1°-1|° high; leaves 4''-8'' long, ovate, clasping; cymes bracted; sepals 
lanceolate, longer than the petals, equalling the conical capsule; stamens 10- 
12. — Barrens of Tennessee, and westward. July. 

3. ELODES, Adans. 

Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal -sided, imbricated in the bud. Stamens mostly 9, 
and united in sets of three, with a scale-like gland between each set. Styles 3. 
distinct. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Smooth perennial herbs. 
Flowers rose-color, in contracted lateral and terminal cymes. 

1. E, campamilata, Pursh. Leaves oblong or oval, cordate, clasping, 
conspicuously dotted beneath ; stamens united below the middle. — Swamps, 
Florida, and northward. July - August. — Stem terete, 1° - 2° high. 

2. E. petiolata, Pursh. Leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, short- 
petioled, qbscurely dotted beneath ; stamens united above the middle. — With 
the preceding. July - August. — Stem 2° high. 



Order 21. CL-USIACE^E. (Balsam-Tree Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous yellow juice, opposite coriaceous en- 
tire dotless leaves articulated with the stem, and regular hypogynous 
flowers. Sepals 3-6. Petals 4-9. Stamens mostly numerous, dis- 



CAMELLIACE^. (CAMELLIA FAMILY.) 61 

tinct or variously united. Ovary 1 - many-celled, few - many-ovuled. 

Style single, often none. Fruit capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. 

Seeds without albumen. Embryo straight. Cotyledons thick, dis- 
tinct or united. 

1. CLUSIA, L. 

Calyx 2 bracted, of 6 imbricated colored sepals. Petals 4-9. Stamens 
numerous, the filaments united at the base into a thick and fleshy tube. Ovary 
5-15-ce]led. Ovules numerous, fixed to a central column. Stigma large, 
radiate-peltate. Capsule coriaceous, globose-angled, 5-1 5-celled ; the valves 
separating from the central column at maturity. Seeds numerous, ovate. — 
Parasitical tropical trees, with thick, opposite, entire and shining leaves, and 
chiefly polygamous, cymose,- showy flowers. 

1. C. flava, L. Leaves short stalked, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 
finely veined ; flowers polygamous, single or by threes, on short axillary and 
terminal peduncles ; sepals rounded ; petals 4, oval, thick, yellow and unequal ; 
stamens short and thick; stigma about 12-rayed; capsule pear-shaped, 12- 
seeded, the seeds embedded in soft pulp. — South Florida. — A small tree. 



Order 22. CA:N'EIiLACE^^. (Canella Family.) 

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate entire leaves, 
and corymbose flowers. — Sepals 3, imbricated, like the 4-5 thick 
petals. Stamens 10-20, liypogynous, united, forming an entire trun- 
cated tube. Anthers adnate to the tube. Ovary 1-celled, the placentae 
parietal. Fruit baccate. Embryo short, included in copious albumen. 

1. CANELLA, P.Browne. 

Sepals rounded, convex. Petals oblong, deciduous. Ovary 4-6-ovuled. 
Stigmas 2-3. Berry globose, mostly 3-seeded, pulpy within. — A small tree. 
Leaves obovate-oblong, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal. Flowers small, 
purple. 

1. C. alba, Swartz. — Keys of South Florida. August. 



Order 23. CAMELLIACE^. (Camellia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hy- 
pogynous polyandrous showy flowers. — Sepals and petals 5-6, imbri- 
cated in the bud. Stamens numerous, united at the base into a ring, 
or into sets placed opposite the petals, and adnate to their bases : an- 
thers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 2 -5-celled, 2 -many-ovuled. Styles 
2-5, distinct or united. Capsule 2 -5-celled, mostly loculicidally de- 
hiscent. Albumen scarce or none. 



62 OLACACEiE. (XIMENIA FAMILY.) 

1. GORDONIA, Ellis. Loblolly-Bay. 

Sepals 5, roundish, concave. Petals 5, thick, obovate, united at the base. 
Stamens united into 5 sets. Ovary 5-celled, with 4-8 pendulous ovules in 
each cell. Styles united. Capsule loculicidally 5-valved, woody. Seeds an- 
gular or winged. Flowers axillary. 
§ 1. GoRDONiA proper. — Stamens short, inserted on the fleshy 5-lobed cup 

which adheres to the base of the petals; capsule ovoid, 5-valved. — Leaves 

coriaceous, perennial. Flowers long-peduncled . 

1. G. Lasianthus, L. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate-oblong, 
narrowed into a petiole, finely serrate. — Swamps in the lower di«tricts, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July -August. — A tree 30° -50° 
high. Flowers 2' wide, white. 

§2. Franklinia. — Stamens long, distinct, inserted on the base of the petals ; 
capsule globose, loculicidally 5-valved above the middle, and septicidally 
5-valved below. — Leaves deciduous. 

2. G. pubescens, L'Herit. Sepals and petals silky; leaves obovate- 
oblong, sharply serrate, white beneath ; flowers short-peduncled. — A small 
tree. Flowers 3' wide, white. — Discovered by Bartram a century ago near 
Fort Barrington on the Altamaha. Not seen since. 

2. STUARTIA, Catesb. 

Sepals 5 - 6, silky, 1 - 2-bracted. Petals 5-6, obovate, crenulate, silky. 
Stamens united into a ring at the base, and adnate to the base of the petals. 
Ovary 5-celled, with two anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 5, distinct or 
united. Capsule ovoid, woody, 5-valved; the cells 1-2-seeded. — Shrubs, 
with alternate leaves, and large white or cream-colored flowers on short axil- 
lary peduncles. 

§1. Stuartia. — Styles united : capsule globose : seeds not margined. 

1. S. Virginica, Cav. Sepals 5, roundish; petals 5, round-obovate ; 
leaves oval, thin, serrulate, finely pubesceni (S. Malachodendron, L.) — Shady 
woods, Florida to North Carolina, «,nd westward. April- May. — Shrub 8°- 
12° high. Flowers 2' -3' wide. Stamens purple. 

§ 2. Malachodendron. — Styles separate : capsuh ovate, acuminate : seeds 

margined. 

2. S. pentagyna, L'Herit. Sepals and petals 5-6, the latter obovate, 
with jagged edges ; leaves oval, acute. — Mountains of Georgia and North 
Carolina. May - July. — Shrub similar to the preceding, the leaves and flow- 
ers rather larger, and longer stamens. 



Order 24. OLACACE^. (Ximenia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate enth-e petioled and exstipulate leaves, 
and regular hypogynous perfect or polygamous flowers, in axillary ra- 
cemes or corymbs. — Calyx truncate or 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Petals 



MELIACE^. (mahogany FAMILY.) 63 

4-5, distinct or partly united, valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly 
twice as many as the petals, and opposite them. Anthers introrse. 
Ovary 1-4-celled. Ovules few, anatropous. Style single, filiform. 
Fruit drupaceous, often surrounded with the enlarged calyx, 1 -celled, 
1 -seeded. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

1. XIMENIA, Plum. 

Calyx small, 4-toothed. Petals 4, united at the base, villous within. Sta- 
mens 8. Ovary 4-celled, the cells 3- 4-ovuled. Drupe baccate; not enclosed 
in the calyx. — Thorny trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous. Flowers axil- 
lary, single or corymbose. 

1. X. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves 2-3 together, oblong, obtuse, 
short-petioled ; peduncles 2-4-flowered, shorter than the leaves; petals thick, 
lanceolate, spreading above, rusty-hairy within. — South Florida. — Thorns 
stout, Y loug. Leaves 2' long. Flowers small, yellow. Drupe yellow, 
roundish, as large as a plum. Nut white, globose. 

2. SCHCEPFIA, Walhch. 

Calyx truncate, calyculate. Petals united into a 4-.5-cleft tube, smooth 
within. Stamens 4 or 5, opposite the lobes. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1- 
ovuled. Style 3-furrowed; stigma 3-lobed. Drupe 1 -3-seeded. — Shrubs 
or trees. Flowers small, on axillary peduncles. 

1. S. arborescens, R. & S. Branches smooth, brittle; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, short-petioled; peduncles short, single or clustered, 3-flowered; 
corolla bell-shaped, red. — South Florida. A small tree. 



Order 25. MELIACE^E. (Mahogany Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, and regular hy- 
pogynous panicled flowers. Sepals 3-5, distinct or united. Petals 
3-5. Stamens twice as many, united into a tube. Anthers included. 
Ovary 3-5-celled, few-many-ovaled. Style single. Seeds anatro- 
pous. Cotyledons leafy. 

1. SWIETENIA, L. Mahogany. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Style short. Capsules woody, 5- 
celled, many-seeded. Seeds winged. — Trees, with pinnate leaves. 

1. S. Mahogoni, L. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the leaflets entire ; pani- 
cles axillary, with greenish yellow flowers; capsule very large. — Keys of 
South Florida. 

2. MELIA, L. Pride of India. 

Calyx 5-cleft, and flowers as in the preceding, but the fruit baccate, with a 
single wingless seed in each cell. 



64 LTXACETE. (fLAX FAMILY.) 

1. M. Azederach, L. (CniN.v Tree.) Leaves bipinnate, the leaflets 
coarsely serrate; panicles axillary; flowers lilac. — Introduced by the elder 
Micheaux a hundred years ago, and now a common shade tree around 
dwellino-s. 



Order 26. AURANTIACEtE. (Orange Family.) 

The Orange, Lemon, and Lime (species of Citrus, L.) are com- 
monly cultivated in the warmer parts of the Southern States, and the 
Bitter-sweet Orange (C. vulgaris, Risso) is completely natural- 
ized in some portions of South Florida. 



Order 27. LINAGE.^. (Flax Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous 
racemose or panicled flowers. — Sepals 4-5, imbricated in the bud, 
persistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 
4-5, united at the base. Styles 4-5, rarely united. Capsule globose, 
splitting into five 2-seeded carpels, which are more or less perfectly 2- 
celled and 2-valved. Seeds anatropous, suspended. Cotyledons flat. 

1. LINUM, L. Flax. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and styles 5. Capsule partly or completely 10- 
celled, the sells 1 -seeded ; seeds compressed, oily. — Stems slender. Leaves 
narrow and mostly alternate. Peduncle 1-fiowered, borne above or opposite 
the leaves. 

« St i/les separate: capsule lO-vahed. 

I. L. Virginianum, L. Stem l°-2° high, paniculately branched 
above ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower mostly opposite, the upper 
linear ; flowers small, distant on the filiform branches ; sepals ovate, acute, as 
long as the depressed-globose capsule, mostly smooth on the margins. — Dry 
light soil. July - August. 

2 L. Floridanum, Trelease. Stem nearly simple, virgate, l°-2° 
high; leaves linear, erect; flowers larger (-^' wide), rather closely arranged 
on the short corymbose branches ; sepals shorter than the larger globose-ovate 
capsule, the inner ones glandular-ciliate. — Low pine barrens, Florida. July- 
August. 

3. L. striatum, Walt. Stem striate with raised lines, widely branched ; 
leaves 1' long, lanceolate, acute; flowers very small, onesided on the leafy 
branchlets ; sepals ovate, as long as the small depressed-globose capsule. — 
Swamps in the upper districts. 

* * Stj/les more or less united : capsule b-vaJved. 

4. L. sulcatum, Eiddell. Annual; stem 1° high, simple or sparingly 
branched, sulcate; leaves linear, acute, minutely biglandular at the base; 
sepals glandular-hispid, as long as the ovoid capsule; styles united below the 
middle. — Drv soil, North Carolina, 



OXALTDACE.^. (WOOD-SOEEEL FAMILY.) 65 

5. L. rigidum, Pursh, Stem simple or sparingly branched (6'- 12' 
high) ; leaves narrow-linear ; flowers few, racemose, yellow ; sepals acute, 
glandular on the margins ; styles united to the top ; capsule globose. — 
Miami, South Florida (Garber). 



Order 28. OXALIDACE^E. (Wood-Sorrel Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with sour juice, alternate compound leaves, and reg- 
ular hypogynous decandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the 
bud, persistent. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 
more or less united. Styles 5, distinct. Ovary 5-celled. Capsule 5- 
celled, the cells few-seeded. Seeds anatropous, pendulous. Embryo 
straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. 

1. OXALIS, L. WoOD-SoRREL. 

Capsule 5-lobed ; the cells loculicidally dehiscent on the back, 1 - few- 
seeded. Seed-coat loose and separating, — Leaves 3-foliolate. Leaflets 
obcordate. 

1. O. violacea, L. (Purple Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root tuber- 
ous ; scapes umbellately 4 - 6-flowered ; flowers purple, nodding. — Rich 
woods. West Plorida to North Carolina, and westward. May - June. — 
Scapes and petioles 5' - 9' high. 

2. O. Acetosella, L. (White Wood-Sorrel.) Stemless ; root creep- 
ing ; scape 1-flowered ; flower white, veined with red. — Mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. June. — Scape and petioles hairy, 2' - 5' high. 

3. O. grandis, Small. Annual; stem simple, smooth or villous, 1°- 2° 
high; leaves exstipulate, the large (r-2' wide) leaflets margined with 
brownish purple; floAvers yellow, umbellate or cymose, 5'' -7" long, tri- 
morphous. — Alabama (Mokr), and northward. May. 

4. O. eorniculata, L. (Yellow Wood-Sorrel.) Perennial, appressed- 
hairy ; stems creeping ; leaves small, minutely stipulate ; peduncles 1 - 2- 
flowered; flowers yellow, 2''-4''' long; styles as long as the longer stamens; 
capsule many-seeded. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. 

Var. macrantha, Trelease. Perennial, villous ; peduncles 3 - 7-flowered, 
longer than the leaves; flowers 3'' - 6'^ long, trimorphous. — Dry sandy soil 
near the coast, Georgia, and westward. April -May. 

Var. striata, Sav. Annual, smoothish, stem erect, 6'- 12' high, at 
length much branched ; peduncles 3 - 9-floAvered, twice as long as the leaves ; 
stipules none; flowers 2'' -3'' long; styles as long as the stamens; capsule 
short, few-seeded. — Waste and cultivated ground. April - May. 

5. O. recurva, Ell. Pubescent, mOvStly simple, 4' -8' high; leaves 
small, shorter than the 2 -6-flowered peduncles, petals obovate, 2-3 times as 
long as the calyx ; stj-les shorter than the stamens, recurved. — Cultivated 
aud waste ground, North and South Carolina. April - May. 

6 



66 GEliANIACEiE. (gEKANIUM FAMILY.) 



Order 29. LIMANTHACE^. (Limantiius Family.) 

Low annual herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves, and sol- 
itary axillary flowers. — Sepals valvate, persistent. Petals convolute, 
withering-persistent. Stamens twice as many as the sepals. Ovaries 
distinct, with a single erect ovule, becoming rugose-tuberculate achenia 
at maturity. Seed without albumen. 

1. FLCERKIA, Willd. 

• 
Sepals 3. Petals 3, oblong, entire. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3, united at base 
to the central axis. Style 3-cleft. Achenia globose. Cotyledons thick. 
Radicle inferior. — A. small tender decumbent annual, with 3 - 5dobed leaves, 
and small white peduncled flowers. 

1. F. proserpinaeoides, Willd. — Marshes and shady banks. Ten- 
nessee. May - July. 



Order 30. GERAJS'IACE^. (Geranium Family.) 

Herbs or shrubby plants, with tumid joints, alternate or opposite 
palmately lobed stipulate leaves, and hypogynous decandrous flow- 
ers. — Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, convo- 
lute in the bud, deciduous. Stamens monadelphous at the base ; the 
5 exterior ones shorter and often sterile. Ovaries 5, 2-ovuled, and, 
with the persistent styles, adnate to an elongated central axis, from 
which they separate elastically at maturity. Seed solitary, without 
albumen. Embryo convolute. 

1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Craxesbill. 

Flowers regular. Stamens perfect, the inner ones with a gland at the base. 
Styles at maturity separating with the 1-seeded carpels, and coiled upward, 
the inner face naked. — Herbs. Stems forking. Leaves palmately lobed. 
Peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. 

1. G. maculatum, L. Perennial, erect, hairy; leaves 5 - 7-parted, the 
divisions acutely lobed and toothed; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered, the terminal 
ones often umbellate ; petals large, entire, 2-3 times longer than the oblong 
awned sepals. — Open woods in the upper districts. April - May. — Eoot 
tuberous, very astringent. Stem 1*^-2° high. Flowers purple, V wide. 

2. G. Carolinianum, L. Annual, generally prostrate, pubescent; 
leaves 5 -7-parted, the narrow divisions obtusely lobed and toothed; pedun- 
cles 2-flowered ; petals emarginate, as long as the ovate awned sepals. — 
Waste places, common. March -April. — Stems forking, 6' -18' long. 
Flowers pale purple. 



I 



ZYGOPHYLLACE^. (bEAN-CAPER FAMILY.) 67 



Order 31. BALSAMINACE.E. (Balsam Family.) 

Smooth and succulent annual herbs, with undivided exstipulate 
leaves, and irregular hypogynous pentandrous flowers. — Sepals 5, 
colored, deciduous ; the two inner (and upper) ones united, the lowest 
large and saccate. Petals 4-5, distinct or united. Stamens 5, co- 
herent above. Ovary 5-celled, the cells 2 - several-ovuled. Fruit 
capsular or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Em- 
bryo straight, with thick cotyledons. 

1. IMPATIENS, L. Jewel- Weed. 

Lowest sepal saccate and spurred. Petals 4, united by pairs. Filaments 
sliort, with a scale on the inner face. Capsule 5-celled, bursting elastically 
into 5 valves. Placenta central, persistent. — Stems branching, somewhat 
pellucid. — Leaves serrate. Peduncles axillary, 1 - several-flowered. Earliest 
flowers fruiting in the bud. 

1. I. pallida, Nutt. (Pale Touch-me-not.) Leaves ovate or oval, 
obtusely serrate, membranaceous ; flowers pale yellow ; lower sepal slightly 
spotted, dilated, open, tipped with a short recurved spur. — Wet shady places. 
July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 

2. I. fulva, Nutt. (Spotted Touch-me-not.) Flowers deep orange; 
lower sepal conical, conspicuously spotted, tipped with a rather long recurved 
spur; otherwise hke No. 1, but with smaller flowers. — Shady swamps. 
July - Sept. 



Order 32. ZYGOFHYLiL(ACE.aE. (Rean-Caper Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with hard wood, opposite pinnate dotless 
stipulate leaves, and regular hypogynous mostly decandrous flowers. — 
Sepals and petals 5-6, imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens 
distinct, often appendaged. Ovary 2 - 12-celled, with the styles united. 
Capsule composed of 2 - 12 indehiscent carpels, which separate from 
each other and often from a central axis at maturity. Embryo straight. 
Cotyledons flat. Radicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

1. TRIBULUS. Carpels 5, transversely few-celled, few-seeded. Herbs. 

2. KALLSTROMIA. Carpels 10, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Herbs. 

3. GUAIACUM. Carpels 2-5, compressed, 1-seeded. Trees. 

1. TBIBULUS, L. 

Sepals 5, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10. Ovary 5-celled, 
with 3-5 suspended ovules in each cell. Carpels of the fruit 5, spiny on the 
back, transversely divided into 2-5 one-seeded cells, separating at maturity. 



6S rutacetE. (rue family.) 

Avithout a central axis. Albumen none. — Prostrate herbs. Leaves abruptly 
pinnate. I'ed uncles solitary, 1-Howered. 

1. T. cistoides, L. Leave.s unequal; leaflets 6-16, linear-oblong, mu- 
crouate, silk} beneath; peduncles as long as the leaves; flowers large, yellow. 
— iSouth Fhnida. — IStenis l°-2° long, hairy. Petals 2-3 times as long as 
the calyx. 

2. KALLSTROMIA, Scop. 

Sepals 5-6, persistent, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 10-12. Ovary 
10- 12-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Carpels of the fruit 10-12, separating from 
each other and from the central axis. Albumen none. — Hairy herl)s, with 
the habit of Tribulus. 

1. K. maxima, Torr. & Gray. Leaves nearly equal; leaflets 6-8, ob- 
liquely oblong, luucronate, the terminal pair larger ; peduncles shorter than 
the leaves ; petals as long as the bristly calyx, yellow ; carpels rugose on the 
back. — Key West and Savannah. — Stems l°-2° long. 

3. GUAIACUM, Plum. 

Sepals 5, deciduous. Stamens 10, with naked filaments Ovary stalked, 
2-5-celled, the cells 8-10-oviiled. Carpels of the fruit 2 -.5, compressed, 1- 
seeded. Seed-coat fleshy. Embryo straight in hard thin albumen. — Trees. 
Leaflets reticulate. Flowers blue or j)urple. 

1. Gr. sanctum, L. Branches opposite and forking, jointed, pubescent 
when young ; leaflets 6 or 8, obliquely obovate or oblong, mucronate, entire ; 
peduncles single or clustered at the forks of the branches, 1-flowered, shorter 
than the leaves ; sepals and petals obtuse ; flowers blue. — South Florida. — 
A small tree with white bark. Flowers V wide. Fruit obovate. 



Order 33. RUTACE..gE. (Rue Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with exstipulate simple or compound dotted 
leaves, and regular hypogynous perfect or unisexual flowers. — Sepals 
and petals 3-5. Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals. 
Ovaries 2 - 5, distinct or united, stipitate or sessile on a glandular disk. 
Styles mostly united. Fruit commonly composed of separate 1-celled 
2-valved carpels. Embryo straight or curved, mostly in fleshy 
albumen. 

1. XAWTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3-5. 
Ovaries 2-5, sessile or stipitate, 2-ovuled. Carpels 2-valved, 1-2-seeded. 
Seed smooth and shining. — Trees or shrubs, commonly armed with stipular 
prickles. Leaves unequally pinnate, the leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. 
Flowers small, greenish. 

1. X. Clava-Herculis, L. (Toothache Tree.) Smooth; branches 
and commonly the petioles armed with long prickles ; leaves alternate, 7-9- 



KUTACE^. (hue family.) 69 

foliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrulate, unequal-sided, shining 
above ; panicles terminal ; stamens 5 ; carpels 3, nearly sessile. — Var. frf- 
TICOSU3I, Gray. Shrubby ; leaves shorter, ovate or oblong, more strongly 
crenate ; ovaries always two. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. June. — A small tree, with the pungent bark armed Avith warty 
prickles. 

2. X. Caribseum, Lam. (Satin-wood.) Branches and petioles un- 
armed ; leaflets 5-7, ovate-lauceolate on the fertile plant, and elliptical, obtuse, 
or emarginate on the sterile, slightly crenulate, and like the cymose panicle 
stellate-pubescent; stamens 4-5; carpels 1-2, obovate, stipitate; seed soli- 
tary, obovate, black and shining. — South Florida. — Leaves V-2' long. 
Cjane sessile, divided into three primary branches. Flowers minute. 

3. X. Pterota, HBK. Smooth ; branches zigzag, armed with short 
curved prickles; petiole winged, jointed; leaflets 7-9, small, obovate, coria- 
ceous,, crenate above the middle, sessile ; flowers in axillary clusters, which are 
single or by pairs, as long as the first joint of the petiole ; stamens 4 ; ovaries 
2 ; carpels solitary, globose, pitted, distinctly stipitate. — South Florida. — 
Leaflets Y ~¥ long, those on the fertile plant narrower and smaller. Carpels 
small, dotted. 

2. PTELEA, L. Hop-tree. 

Flowers polygamous. Sepals and petals 4 - 5, imbricated in the bud, de- 
ciduous. Stamens 4-5. Ovary 2-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Style 
short. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, surrounded by a broad 
circular reticulated wing. — Unarmed shrubs, with trlfoliolate leaves, and 
small greenish flowers in a terminal cyme. 

1. P. trifoliata, L. Pubescent or tomentose ; leaves long-petioled ; 
leaflets oval or oblong, mostly acute, obscurely crenulate, paler beneath, the 
lateral ones unequal-sided ; filaments 4-5, densely villous below the middle, 
longer than the style in the sterile floAvers, shorter in fertile pnes. Rocky 
banks. May- June. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Fruit V 
wide. 

2. P. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray, Leaves very small, glabrous ; leaflets 
sessile, oval, obtuse, the terminal one cuneiform at the base ; flowers tetran- 
drous ; style none. — East Florida. — Shrub 1° high, with numerous short and 
scraggy branches. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers smaller than in No. 1. 

3. AMYRIS, L. Torch-Wood. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-parted. Petals 4, narrowed at the base, imbri- 
cated in the T)ud. Stamens 8, shorter than the petals, hypogynous. Ovary 
1-celled. Stigma capitate. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. Cotyledons plano- 
convex. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves 3 - 7-foliolate, opposite, with glandular 
pellucid dots. Flowers panicled, white. 

1. A. maritima, Jacq. Smooth; leaves petioled, trlfoliolate; leaflets 
ovate, obtuse, entire, on slender stalks ; branches of the panicle opposite ; 
drupe, like the flowers, dotted. — South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. 
Leaflets I'-l}' long, shining above. Flowers yelloAvish white. 



70 SIMARUBAOEiE. (QUASSIA FAMILY.) 



Order 34. SIMARUBACE^E. (Quassia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with, usually, bitter milky juice, simple or pinnate 
exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect or polygamous hypogyiious flow- 
ers. — Calyx 3 - 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 3-5, deciduous. Stamens 
as many or twice as many, inserted on a hypogynous disk. Ovary 
composed of distinct or united carpels, each 1-2-ovuled. Fruit dru- 
paceous. Albumen none. — The following genera represent as many 
tribes of the order. 

1. SIMARUBA, Aublet. Quassia. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 4 - .5-toothed. Petals 4-5, spread- 
ing. Stamens 8-10, with the filaments adherent to the back of a ciliate scale. 
Ovaries 4-5, surrounded by 8-10 scale-like rudiments of stamens with a 
single suspended ovule in each. Drupes 1-5. — Trees. Leaves abruptly 
pinnate, with alternate and entire leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in lateral 
and terminal panicles. 

1. S. glauca, DC. Smooth throughout; flowers dioecious; stigmas 5, 
subulate, spreading ; leaflets 4-8, alternate and opposite, coriaceous, obovate 
or oblong, obtuse, paler beneath ; drupe oval, mostly solitary. — South Flor- 
ida. — A large tree. 

2. PICHAMlSriA, Swartz. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 3-5, oblong. Stamens 
3-5, opposite the petals, exserted. Stigmas 2, sessile. Fruit a 2-celled, 2- 
seeded drupe. — Small .trees, with unequally pinnate leaves, and small flowers 
in terminal racemes or panicles. 

1. P. pentandra, Swartz. Leaflets 5-7, alternately distant, ovate- 
oblong, obtuse ; panicle simple, drooping ; flowers greenish ; stamens 5. — 
Miami, South Florida ( Garher). 

3. SURIANA, Plum. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the base filled with a fleshy torus, which bears 
the ovaries, petals, and stamens. Petals 5, oblong-obovate. Stamens 10, 
hairy, the alternate ones shftrt and sterile. Ovaries 5, distinct, with 2 erect 
collateral orthotropous ovules in each. Styles 5, each arising from the central 
angle of the ovary near the base, thickened upwards. Carpels 1-seeded, inde- 
hiscent. Seeds without albumen. Embryo hooked. — A downy shrub, with 
alternate crowded exstipulate leaves, and perfect yellow flowers, iu small 
axillary bracted racemes. 

1. S. maritima, L. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 4° -6° high. 
Leaves linear-spatulate, fleshy, imbricated near the summit of the branches- 
Racemes shorter than the leaves. 



ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 71 



Order 35. BURSERACE^S]. (Torch-Wood Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, unequally-pinnate or trifoli- 
olate commonly dotted leaves, and small regular flowers in axillary or 
terminal racemes or panicles. — Calyx free from the 1 - 5-celled sessile 
ovary, 2-5-lobed, persistent. Petals 2-5, alternate with the calyx- 
lobes, and inserted under an orbicular or annular disk at the bottom 
of the calyx, mostly valvate in the bud. Stamens twice as many as 
the petals, and inserted with them : anthers introrse. Ovules anatro- 
pous, pendulous, mostly two in each cell. Stigmas 1-5. Fruit dru- 
paceous, dry; the pericarp often splitting into valves. Albumen 
none. Kadicle superior. 

1. BURSERA, Jacquin. 

Flowers polygamous. Sterile Fl. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Petals 3-5, A^alvate 
in the bud. Stamens 6-10. Disk creuulate. Fertile Fl. Calyx 3-parted. 
Petals 3, Stamens 6. Ovary ovate, 3-celled. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. 
Drupe obloug, 1-seeded ; the pericarp 3-valved. Cotyledons wrinkled. 

1. B. gummifera, Jacquin. Leaves alternate, 3 - 9-foliolate, long-peti- 
oled, deciduous ; leaflets stalked, opposite, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded 
or slightly cordate at the base, at length smooth on both sides ; flowers small, 
whitish, in axillary racemes ; drupe purplish. — South Florida. — A large tree. 



Order 36. AIS'ACARDIACE^E. (Cashew Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with milky or resinous juice, alternate exstipulate 
dotless leaves, and perfect or polygamous regular flowers. — Sepals 
and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the 
petals, or twice as many, and inserted with them on the base of the 
calyx. Ovary solitary, with a single ovule ascending from the base of 
the cell. Style simple or 3-cleft. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without 
albumen. Radicle curved. 

1. RHUS, L. Sumach. 

Calyx 5-parted. Peta]s 5, inserted with the 5 stamens on the disk which 
surrounds the base of the ovary. Stigmas 3. Drupe dry. Radicle superior, 
incurved. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnate or trifoliolate, rarely 
simple. Flowers small, greenish, in spikes or panicles. 

* Flowers polygamous, in a close terminal panicle: drupe red, hairy: leaves 
pinnate. {Not poisonous.) 
1. R. typllina, L. Branches, petioles, and drupes villous ; leaflets 17-21, 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, smooth, pale beneath. — Dry hillsides in the 
upper districts. June- July. — A shrub or small tree. 



72 ANACARDIACE^. (CASHEW FAMILY.) 

2. R. glabra, L. Smooth and glaucous ; leaflets 17 - 31, oblong-lanceo- 
late, serrate, acuminate, white beneath. — ()])eu woods in dry rich soil. July. 
— A shrub 6° - 10° high. Petioles terete. 

3. R. copallina, L. (Sumach.) Branches and wing-margined petioles 
tomentose ; leaflets 9-21, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtu.«e, 
mostly entire, smooth above, paler and downy beneath ; panicle often large 
and spreading. — Margins of fields and open woods. July -August. — A 
shrub or small tree. 

4. R. pumila, Michx. Low, procumbent ; branches and i)eti(des tomen- 
tose; leaflets 11 - 13, oval or oblong, acute, coarsely serrate, pale and tomen- 
tose beneath. — Pine barrens, Georgia to North Carolina, — Branches 1° high. 

* -* Flowers diceclous, in loose axillari/ panicles : drupe .whitish, smooth : leaves 

pinnate and trifoliolate. — {Juice poisonous.) 

5. R. venenata, DC. (Poison Elder.) Smooth ; leaves pinnate ; leaf- 
lets 7 - 13, ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acuminate, entire ; panicles 
loug-peduncled, narrow, erect. (R. Vernix, L.) — Swamps. July. — A shrub 

8° -12° high. 

6. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Oak, Poison Ivy.) Branches 

and petioles smooth ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate ; pani- 
cle small, s])reading. 

Var. quercifoliunij Michx. Stems low, erect; leaflets mostly vari- 
ously lobed. — Dry pine barrens. 

Var. radicans, Torr. Stems climbing by rootlets ; leaflets toothed or 
entire, rarely lobed, more or less pubescent. — Swamps. July, 

* * * Flowers dicecious, in loose panicles : drupe oblong, smooth, scarlet : nut 

chartaceous : seeds arillate : leaves pinnate. 

7. R. Metopium, L. Smooth; leaflets 3 -7, coriaceous, long-stalked, 
ovate or elliptical, acuminate, entire ; panicle narrow, as long as the leaves ; 
calyx lobes yellowish white ; petals and stamens 5. — South Florida. — A tree 
15° -20° high. 

* * * * Flowers dicecious, in short bracted spikes, appearing with the leaves : 

drupe red, hairy : leaves trifoliolate. 

8. R. Canadensis, Marsh. Stem low, smooth; leaflets ovate, or the 
terminal one obovate, obtuse, pubescent when young, toothed above the mid- 
dle ; spikes single or clustered, spreading. — Dry open woods in the. upper 
districts. March- April.— Shrub l°-2° high. Spikes V long. — Plant 
aromatic, not poisonous. 

*-»**# Flowers perfect, in an open panicle, the pedicels mostly abortive, 
elongating, and plumose : drupe smooth. 

9. R. eotinoides, Nutt. Smooth ; leaves simple, membranaceous, oval, 
obtuse, entire, acute at the base, the upper ones long-petioled ; panicle nearly 
sessile, narrow, with erect branches ; flowers minute. — Alabama {Buckley, 
Mohr). — Leaves, with the petiole, 3' -4' long. 



viTACE^. (vine family.) 73 

Order 37. VITACE^^E. (Vine Family.) 

Climbing shrubs, with watery juice, alternate stipulate leaves, and 
small greenish flowers in panicled or cymose clusters opposite the 
leaves. — Calyx minute, truncated. Petals 4-5, hypogynous or-peri- 
gynous, valvate in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4-5, opposite the 
petals : anthers introrse. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect collateral ovules 
in each cell. Style short or none : stigma slightly 2-lobed. Berry 
1 - 4-seeded. Seeds anatropous, bony. Embryo minute at the base 
of hard or fleshy albumen. Kadicle inferior. — Leaves simple or 
compound. Tendrils opposite the leaves. Flowers perfect or po- 
lygamous. 

1. VITIS, L. Vine, Grape. 

Flowers polygamous. Petals 5, cohering at the top, free at the base. 
Stamens 5. Disk thick, 5-lobecI. Style short. — Leaves simple, entire or 
lobed, cordate. Inflorescence paniculate. Berry pulpy, edible. 

§ 1. ViTis proper. Bark loose and shreddij : tendrils forked : pith 
interrupted at the nodes. 
* Tendrils opposite each leaf {continuous). 
-i— Leaves and branches woolly. 

1. V. Labmsca, L. (Fox Grape.) Leaves broadly cordate, angularly 
3 - 5-lobed, mucronate-serrate, very woolly when young, at length smoothish 
above ; fertile panicles or racemes few-flowered ; berry large. — River swamps, 
Mississippi to North Carolina. May - June. — Leaves 4' - 6' wide. Berry 
^' in diameter, purple or whitish, pleasant-flavored. 

* * Tendrils absent at every third leaf {inter' mittent). 
4— Leaves and branches pubescent. 

2. V. aestivalis, Michx. (Summer Grape.) Branchlets terete ; leaves 
broadly cordate, the sinus rounded, entire, or obtusely 3 - .5-lobed, broadly 
serrate, covered with a woolly mostly reddish pubescence, at length smooth 
on both sides ; sterile panicle long and loose ; berry small, blue. — Woods and 
thickets. June. — Stem climbing high. Leaves 4' - 1' wide. Panicles 6' - 12' 
long. Berry 4" - b" in diameter. 

3. V. cinerea, Engelm. Cinereous-pubescent ; branchlets angular; the 
pubescence persistent ; leaves entire or slightly 3-lobed, the sinus narrow ; 
berries small, black, pleasantly acid ; otherwise like the preceding. — Low 
ground along rivers, Florida, and westward. 

4. V. eoriacea, Shuttlw. Leaves and branches Avhite-downy ; leaves 2' 
long, reniform-cordate, with the sinus broad and shallow, entire and with 
undulate margins, or sharply 3 - 5-lobed, glabrate above ; panicles dense, 
shorter than the leaves, the pedicels smooth. — South Florida. — A low vine. 
Berries b" - 6'' in diameter, pleasantly acid. 

H— H— Leaves and branches smooth. 

5. V. COrdifolia, Michx. (Frost Grape.) Leaves 3' wide, cordate, 
with an acute sinus, acuminate, entire or slightly 3-lobed, sharply toothed 



74 viTACE^. (vine family.) 

panicles long ami loose; berries small, black, ripening late. — River banks 
and low ground. May -June. — Stem climbing high. Berries 2" -3'' iu 
diameter, sharply acid. 

6. V. riparia, Michx. Leaves orbicular-cordate, with a rounded sinus, 
3' -6' wide, strongly 3-5-lobed, coarsely toothed; stipules 2"-li" long; 
panicle small, the berries in compact clusters, 4'' -5'' in diameter, black with 
a bloom, sweet and juicy, ripening early. — River banks, Tennessee. 

7. V. rupestris, Scheele. Stem low, erect, branching ; leaves 3' long, 
glabrous, cordate or truncate at the base, rarely lobed, coarsely toothed; 
berries small, sweet and juicy. — Sandy banks, Tennessee, and westward. 
May. — Tendrils weak and deciduous, or none. 

§2. MuscADiNiA. Barh pale and smooth; tendrils simple; 'pith continuous 
through the nodes ; seed transversely wrinkled. 

8. V. rotundifolia, Michx. (Muscadine, Bullace.) Leaves broadly 
cordate, toothed-serrate, mostly smooth and glossy, the sinus broad and 
rounded, or narrow and acute ; panicle small ; berry large. — Banks of rivers, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem climbing high. 
Leaves 2^-3' wide. Berry i'-f in diameter, purple, pleasant-flavored. — 
A form with smaller leaves and berries, the latter very austere, and sometimes 
called the Mustang Grape, is common along the coast. 

2. CISSUS, L. 

Flowers mostly perfect. Petals 4, and spreading, rarely 5, and cohering 
at the top. Stamens 4-5. Disk cup-shaped. Styles mostly slender. — 
Leaves simple or compound. Inflorescence cymose. Berries small, inedible. 

L C. bipinnata, Nutt. Leaves bipinnate, smoothish ; leaflets small, 
ovate, sharply toothed ; flowers somewhat cymose, on a long forking peduncle ; 
petals 4-5, united at the apex, or spreading; style conical ; disk 4-5-lobed; 
berry 2-4-seeded. — Margins of swamps. June -July. — Stem climbing. 
Leaflets t' - 1' long. Berry small, black. 

2. C. acida, L. Branches geniculate ; leaves trifoliolate, thick and rigid; 
leaflets small, cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed at the apex ; flowers in com- 
pound umbels; petals 4; berry black, 1-seeded. — Key West. — Tendrils 
stout and elongated. Leaflets Y long. 

3. C. incisa, Desmoul. Smooth ; stem climbing, warty ; leaA^es trifolio 
late, very thick and fleshy ; leaflets stalked, wedge-shaped and entire near the 
base, the lateral ones 2-lobed, the middle 3-lobed, all mucronate-toothed or 
serrate ; cymes trichotomous ; petals 4 ; berry globose-ovate, nodding, pointed 
with the conspicuous slender style, 1-seeded. — Sandy shores, Florida, and 
westward. — Stem 6° -12° long. Leaflets l'~3' long. Panicles cymose. 
Berry 5" - 6 '' long. 

4. C. Ampelopsis, Pers. Leaves simple, undivided, ovate, truncate, or 
cordate at the base, acuminate, toothed-serrate, pubescent ; peduncles forking ; 
petals and stamens 5 ; style slender ; disk cup-shaped ; berry 1 -3-seeded. — 
Banks of rivers, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June. — Stem 
climbing high. Berry small, black. 



RHAMNACE^. (BUCKTHORN FAMILY.) 75 

5. C. sicyoides, L. Pubescent ; leaves entire, oblong-ovate, cordate, 
2' - 4' long, seta?i3ously serrate, longer than the small trichotomous cymes ; 
petals 4; styles long and slender; berries globose, 1 -seeded. — Low banks, 
South Florida. — Stem climbing high. Leaves succulent. 

3. AMPELOPSIS, Michx. Virginian Creeper. 

Flowers perfect. Petals 5, thick, spreading. Style short, conical. Disk 
none. — Stem climbing by expansion of the ends of the tendrils. Leaves 
digitate. Flower in corymbose cymes. Berry small, globose. 

1. A. qilinquefolia, Michx. (Virginian Creeper.) — Low grounds. 
June. — Stem climbing by lateral tendrils. Leaflets 5, oblong-obovate, ser- 
rate above the middle, smooth. Berry small, dark blue. 



Order 38. RHAMNACE^gE. (Buckthorn Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple mostly stipulate leaves, and small 
regular perigynous greenish or whitish flowers. — Sepals 4-5, united 
below, valvate in the bud. Petals alternate with the sepals, concave 
or hooded, sometimes wanting. Stamens opposite the petals, and in- 
serted with them into the margin of a fleshy disk, which lines the 
base of the calyx. Ovary 1 - 4-celled, with a solitary erect anatro- 
pous ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit drupaceous. Embryo 
large, in the axis of scanty fleshy albumen. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. FKANGULE JE. Fruit superior, drupaceous, fleshy or baccate. 

* Putamen entire, 1-3-celled. 

•i- Petals none. 

1. CONDALIA. Disk thick, filling the base of the calyx. Albumen entire. 

2. REYNOSIA. Disk thin, lining the calyx-tube. Albumen ruminated. 

1- -t- Petals 4-5. 

3. BERCHEMIA. Petals 5, as long as the calyx. Woody vines. 

* * Putamen separating into 2-4 nutlets. 

4. SAGERETIA. Flowers in terminal spikes. Leaves opposite. 

5. RHAMNUS. Flowers in axillary clusters. Leaves alternate. 
G. CEANOTHUS. Flowers in thyrsoid panicles. Calyx white. 

7. COLUBRINA. Flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx green. Fruit dry. 

Tribe II. GOUANIE^. Fruit inferior, dry, 3-winged. 

8. GOUANIA. A woody vine, climbing by tendrils. Flowers dioecious. 

1. CONDALIA, Cav. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, adherent to the base of the ovary, the lobes deciduous. 
Petals none. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the calyx lobes. Ovary 2-3- 
celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell. Style short ; stigma 2 - 3-lobed, 



76 RHAMNACE^. (bUCKTHOKN FAMILY.) 

Drupe l-celled, l-seeded, the seed not grooved. — Mostly spiny trees or shrubs, 
with short-pctioled leaves, and small clustered axillary flower*. 

1. C. ferrea, Griseb. Unarmed; brauchlets puberulent; leaves oval or 
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, entire, smooth; umbel-like clusters few-flow- 
ered, sessile or short-peduncled ; calyx lobes 4, ovate, acute ; stamens 4 ; 
stigma 2-lobed ; drupe globose. (Scutia iervea,, Broufju.) — Coast and Keys 
of South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves thick, V -2' long. 

2. REYNOSIA, Griseb. 

Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Ovary free, l-celled, 1-ovuled. 
Drupe baccate. Seed large, with ruminated albumen. Otherwise like 
Condalia. 

1. R. latifolia, Griseb. Leaves pale, coriaceous, alternate or opposite, 
elliptical or obovate, emarginate ; flowers axillary, short-pedicelled ; calyx- 
tube 5-angled, the lobes ovate; stigma 2-lobed; drupe ovoid. (Scutia ferrea, 
1st edition.) — South Florida. — A small tree, or shrub. Leaves T, or less, 
long. Drupe ^' long. 

3. BERCHEMIA, Neck. Supple-Jack. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical. Petals .5, sessile, concave, as long as 
the calyx. Ovary free, 2-celled, half immersed in the fleshy disk. Styles 
united. Stigmas 2. Drupe oblong, 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Erect or twining 
shrubs, with alternate pinnately veined leaves, with minute stipules, and small 
greenish axillary or panicled flowers. 

1. B. VOlubilis, DC. Stem twining; leaves oblong, acute, wavy on the 
margins, glossy above, the simple veins oblique ; flowers in small terminal 
panicles ; drupe purple. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
May - June. 

4. SAGERETIA, Brongn. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube hemispherical, the lobes carinate within. Petals 
obovate, shorter than the calyx, concave. Ovary free, 3-celled. Stigmas 3, 
nearly sessile. Drupe baccate, composed of three even l-seeded indehiscent 
nutlets. Seeds not grooved. Cotyledons flat. — Slender trailing shrubs, with 
opposite branches and leaves, and minute whitish spiked flowers. 

1. S. Michauxii, Brongn. Stem vine-like (6° -18° long), with spine- 
like spreading branches; leaves (1' long) nearly sessile, ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acute, finely serrate, smooth and shining, persistent ; spikes slender, inter- 
rupted, mostly panicled ; petals minute ; drupe dark purple, globose, (Rham- 
nus miuutiflorus, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North 
Carolina. Sept. — Drupes pleasantly acid.~ 

5. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckthorn. 

Calyx 4-5 cleft, the tube urceolate, lined with a thin disk. Petals small, 
obovate, concave, often wanting. Ovary free, 2 - 4-celled. Styles united be- 
low. Stigmas 2-4. Drupe baccate, composed of 2-4 somewhat dehiscent 



RHAMNACE^. (bUCKTHOKN FAMILY.) 77 

nutlets. Raphe dorsal. Cotyledons leafy, revolute. — Shrubs, with alternate 
stipulate finely veined leaves, and small axillary clustered polygamous or 
dioecious greenish flowers. 

1. R. laneeolatus, Pursh. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, or those of 
the flowering branches oblong and obtuse, serrulate ; flowers clustered, on 
short pedicels, with long styles, or the more fruitful ones scattered on 
longer pedicels, and with short styles ; petals emargijiate ; drupe 2-seeded ; 
seeds grooved. — Hills and river banks, in the upper districts, Alabama and 
northward. June. — A tall shrub. Drupes black, as large as a grain of 
pepper. 

2. R. Carolinianus, Walt. (Carolina Buckthorn.) Leaves oblong, 
wavy and finely serrulate on the margins, the slender petioles and many-flow- 
ered short-stalked umbels pubescent; petals 5, minute; stigmas 3; drupe 
globose, 3-seeded ; seeds even. — Fertile soil, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. June. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 3^-4' long. 

6. CEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. 

Calyx colored, 5-cleft, with the tube adnate to the ovary and persistent, the 
lobes connivent, deciduous. Petals .5, longer than the calyx, hooded, long- 
clawed. Stamens exserted. Style 3-parted. Drupe dry, composed of three 
2-valved 1 -seeded nutlets. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyledons flat. — 
Shrubby plants, with alternate serrulate minutely stipulate 3-ribbed leaves, 
and small flowers in lateral and terminal corymbs or panicles. 

1. C. Araericanus, L. Branches pubescent ; leaves deciduous, variable 
in size, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, sharply serrate, more or 
less pubescent, petioled ; peduncles elongated, mostly 2-leaved above. — Dry 
woods. July. — Plant shrubby, 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3-ribbed, varying from 
f (C. intermedins, Ell.) to 3' long, often nearly smooth (C herbaceus, Raf.). 
Flowers and pedicels Avhite. 

2. C. microphyllus, Michx. Stem erect, diffusely much-branched; 
leaves perennial, small, obovate, slightly crenate, 3-ribl)ed, glossy above, with 
scattered hairs beneath ; those in the axils clustered ; corym1)s small, terminal. 
— Dry barrens, Florida and Georgia, and westward. April -May. — Shrub 
l°-2° high, yellowish. Leaves 2'' -3'' long. Pedicels and flowers white. 
Drupe black. 

3. C. serpyllifolius, ISTntt. Decumbent, diffusely branched ; branches 
filiform ; leaves very small, ovate elliptical, serrulate, obtuse, the loAver sur- 
face, as well as the petioles, strigose ; peduncles axillary ; flowers few, in a 
simple corymbose head. — Near St. Mary's, Georgia, — Leaves 3''- 5'' long. 
Peduncles 12 - 15-flowered. 

7. COLUBRINA, Rich. 

Calyx herbaceous, with spreading lobes, Nutlets opening at the apex and 
down the inner angle. Embryo in thin albumen. Otherwise chiefly as in 
Ceanothus. — Tropical shrubs, with alternate parallel- veined leaves, and 
small flowers in close axillary cymes. 



78 CELASTIIACE^. (STAFF-TREE FAMILY.) 

1. C. Americana, Nutt. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-oUoug, entire, the 
lower surface, as also the branches and calyx, covered with a dense rust- 
colored pubescence ; cyme small, shorter thau the petiole ; petals spatulate, 
emarginate, sliorter thau the calyx; drupe 3-l(jbed. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 2' -4'^ long. Drupe 4" in diameter. 

2. C. reclinata, I^rongn. Nearly glabrous ; branches pendulous ; leaves 
thin, elliptical, minutely pubescent beneath ; peduncles not half the length of 
the petioles ; sepals keeled within ; petals yellow, shorter than the sepals ; 
styles 3, distinct. — South Florida. A large tree. 

8. GOUANIA, Jacquin. Ciiaav-stick. 

Calyx 5-cleft, partly aduate to the ovary, the lobes spreading. Petals 5, 
shorter than the calyx, and inserted on the 5-lobed disk which lines its tube, 
hooded, and enclosing the short stamens. Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled. Style 
3-cleft. Drupe dry, 3-lobed or 3-winged, separating from the central axis 
into three valveless nutlets. Embryo in the axis of thin all)umen. — Tropical, 
chiefly climbing shrubs, with alternate stipulate toothed leaves, and perfect or 
polygamous flowers in terminal spiked clusters. 

1. G. Domingensis, L. Branches pubescent; leaves obloug-ovate, ta- 
pering into an obtuse point, serrate, petioled; spikes elongated, bearing a 
tendril at the base; drupe globose, 3-winged. — South Florida. — Leaves 
2' -4' long. Flowers minute, yellow. Lobes of the disk emarginate. 



Order 39. CELASTRACE^E. (Staff-tree Family.) 

Shrubs with simple stipulate leaves, and small regular flowers. — 
Sepals and petals 4-5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 3-5, alter- 
nate with the petals, and inserted with them on the disk which fills 
the bottom of the calyx. Ovary free, 1 - 5-celled, with 1 - several 
erect ovules in each cell. Styles united. Fruit capsular or drupa- 
ceous. Seeds often arilled. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. — 
Flowers perfect or polygamous. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CELASTRE^. Sepals and petals 4-5. Stamens 4-5, distinct, irserted 
on the margins of the disk. Albumen fleshy. 

* Fruit a 1 - 2-seeded drupe. 

1. MYGINDA. Ovary 4-celled. Stigmas 4. Drupe 1-seeded. Leaves opposite. Flowers 

perfect. 

2. GYMINDA. Ovary 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Leaves opposite. Flowers dioecious. 

3. SCH^FFERIA. Oviry 2-celled. Stigmas 2. Drupe 2-seeded. Leaves alternate. 

Flowers dioecious. 

* * Fruit a 3 -5-valved capsule : seeds arilled. 

4. EUONTMUS. Flowers perfect, in axillary cymes. Calyx flat. Leaves opposite. 

5. CELASTRUS. Flowers polygamous, in terminal racemes. Calyx cup-shaped. Capsule 

globose. Leaves alternate. 



CELASTKACE.E. (STAFF-TKEE FAMILY.) 79 

6. MAYTENUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx flat. Capsule 3-angled. Leaves alternate. 

7. PACHYSTIMA. Flowers axillary, perfect. Capsule 2-celled. Leaves opposite. 

Tribe II. HIPPOCRATES. Sepals and petals 3-5. Stamens 3, united below, 
hypogyuous. Albumen none. 

8. HIPPOCRATEA. Capsule 3-wiuged. Anthers transversely deMscent. * 

1. MYGINDA, Jacq. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4, united below. Petals 4, roundish. Stamens 4, 
Ovary 4-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule in each cell. Style short, 
4-cleft. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed erect. Embryo in thin albumen. 
Cotyledons flat. Eadicle inferior. — Tropical shrubs, with small opposite 
coriaceous leaves, and minute white or reddish flowers on axillary forking 
peduncles. 

1. M. Rhacoma, Swartz. Branches slender, pubescent, angled; leaves 
oblong, obtuse, crenate, nearly sessile, paler and often discolored beneath ; 
peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, cyraosely 2 -4-flowered ; calyx 
lobes round, pubescent ; petals oval, concave, ciliate ; stigmas spreading l 
drupe obovate. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves i'-V long' 
glabrous. 

2. M. ilicifolia, Lam. Branches terete, pubescent; leaves smooth, 
round-ovate, spiny-toothed, short-petioled ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 
umbellately 3 - 4-floAvered ; calyx 4-toothed ; petals rounded ; drupe obovate, 
pointed with the persistent style. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves 
I'-f'long. 

3. M. latifolia, Swartz. Branches 4-arigled ; leayes elliptical or obovate, 
obtuse, crenate, smooth, nearly sessile ; peduncles few-flowered, forking, |' 
or less long, shorter than the leaves ; style distinct, 4-lobed ; drupe obovate. — 
Pine Key, South Florida {Cur[iss). — Shvuh 10°- 15° high. Leaves V-2' 
long. Flowers and drupe red. 

2. GYMINDA, Sargent. 

Flowers dioecious, tetramerous, cymose. Disk cup-shaped, fleshy, 4-lobed. 
Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, 
2-lobed. Drupe 1-seeded. Radicle superior. Embryo large, in thin albu- 
men. — A smooth shrub or small tree, the bran chiefs 4-angled. Leaves 
coriaceous, opposite, obovate, short-petioled, the revolute margins obscurely 
crenate. Cymes axillary, few-flowered. Drupe black. 

1. G. Grisebachii, Sargent. (Myginda? latifolia, 1st edit. M. integri- 
folia, HBK.) — Keys of South Florida." 

3. SCHJEFFERIA, Jacq. 

Flowers disecious. Sepals 4, barely united at the base, rounded, 3-furrowed. 
Petals 4, spatulate-oblong, much longer than' the calyx. Stamens 4. Ovary 
2-celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Drupe dry, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Embryo in 
oily albumen. Radicle inferior. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, and 
small greenish flowers in axillary clusters. 



80 CELASTRACE.^. (STAFF-TKEE FAMILY.) 

1. S. fruteseens, Jacq. Smooth; leaves obovate-o])long, entire, acute 
or obtuse ; fiowers 3 -5 in a cluster, the slender pedicels arising from a wart- 
like peduncle; drupe globose. — South Florida. — A small tree with hard 
and close-grained wood. Leaves 1.^' long, pale green. 

4. EUONYMUS, L. Spindle-tree. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx flat, 4 - 5 cleft. Petals 4 - 5, spreading. Stamens 
4 - 5, very short, inserted with the petals under the broad and fleshy disk which 
surrounds the ovary. Ovary 3 - 5-celled, with 2 erect or resupinate ovules in 
each cell. Style very short. Capsule 3 - 5-celled, loculicidally 3 - .5-valved. 
Seed enclosed in a red pulpy aril. — Erect or trailing shrubs, with 4-angled 
branches, opposite serrate leaves, and greenish or purplish flowers in axillary 
peduncled cymes. 

1. E. Amerieanus, L. Strawberry Bush. Flowers greenish, pen- 
tamerous ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; capsule warty ; leaves short-petioled, 
varying from ovate or obovate to linear-lanceolate, serrulate. — Low shady 
woods. May - June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

2. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. Flowers purple, tetramerous ; peduncles 
many-flowered ; capsule smooth ; leaves oblong, on rather long petioles, ser- 
rulate. — River banks, chiefly in the upper districts. May -June. — Shrub 
8°- 12° high. Leaves 2' -5' long. Flowers dark purple. 

5. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. 

Flowers somewhat dioecious. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spread- 
ing. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals on the edge of the cup-shaped 
fleshy disk which fills the tube of the calyx, abortive in the fertile flower. 
Ovary 2-4-celled, the cells 2 ovuled. Style thick. Capsule globose, com- 
monly 3-celled and 3-valved. Seeds 1 - 2 in each cell, enclosed in a fleshy 
scarlet aril. Embryo in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — Climbing 
shrubs, with alternate leaves, and small greenisli flowers in axillary or ter- 
minal racemes. 

1. C. SCandens, L. Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, acuminate, serrate, 
smooth ; racemes terminating the branches, nearly simple ; capsule orange- 
colored. — Woods and banks of streams along the mountains of North 
Carolina. June. 

6. MAYTENUS, Juss. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx flat, 5 cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 5, very short, 
inserted with the petals under tlie edge of the flat circular disk Avhich en- 
velopes the ovary. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with a solitary erect ovule at the base 
of each cell. Style very short and thick. Stigma 2-3-lobed. Capsule cori- 
aceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2 -3-valved, yellow within. Seeds 1-3, en- 
closed in a thin pulpy aril. Embryo in the axis of thin fleshy albumen. — 
Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers chiefly in axillary 
clusters. 



ILICINE^. (holly family.) 81 

1. M. phyllanthoides, Benth. Leaves fleshy, alternate, oblong-obovate, 
obscurely crenate and reticulate, glabrous ; flowers minute, clustered, appar- 
pareutly perfect; capsule obovate, 3-angled, 1-celled, 1-3-seeded. — South 
Florida. — Leaves 1' - 1^' long. 

7. PACHYSTIMA, Haf. 

Calyx 4-lobed. Petals and stamens 4, inserted on the edge of the disk 
that fills the throat of the calyx. Style very short ; stigma obscurely 2-lobed. 
Capsule 2-celled, loculicidally 2-valved, 2-4-seeded, the seed arillate. — Low 
shrubs, with opposite persistent leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 

1. p. Canbyi, Gray. Leaves oblong-linear, denticulate near the tip; 
flowers single, or clustered on the common peduncle ; petals oblong-ovate. — 
Rocky cliffs on the mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. — Shrub 1° or 
more high. 

8. HIPPOCRATEA, L. 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals spreading, valvate or imbricate. Filaments 
recurved ; antliers I - 2''Celled. Disk expanded. Ovary free. Style short, 
subulate, 3-cleft. Ovules 2 - 6 in each cell. Carpels 3, united at the base, 
2-valved, or indehiscent, few-seeded. Seeds mostly winged. — Climbing 
shrubs. Cymes or panicles dichotomous. 

1. H. OVata, Lam. Leaves elliptical-oblong, serrulate ; panicles rusty- 
pubescent, mostly longer than the leaves ; petals oblong ; carpels oval or 
roundish. — Borders of the Everglades (Cwr^/ss), 



Order 40. ILICI]S"E^E. (Holly Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and small white or 
greenish flowers. — Calyx 4 - 9-toothed. Corolla hypogynous, rotate, 
4-9-parted, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-9, alternate with the 
lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its base : anthers opening length- 
wise. Ovary free from the calyx, 4 - 9-ceUed. Stigma lobed, nearly 
sessile. Drupe berry-like, composed of 4-9 one-seeded nutlets. 
.Seeds anatropous, suspended. Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen. 

1. ILEX, L. Holly. 

Flowers perfect or dioeciously polygamous, of 4 - 9 parts. Drupe containing 
4-9 nutlets. — Leaves evergreen or deciduous. Fertile flowers commonly 
solitary on the young branches, the sterile ones mostly in sessile or peduncled 
clusters or cymes. 

§ 1. Aquifolium. — Parts of the flower 4 : drupe red : nutlets ribbed or veiny 
on the back : leaves evergreen. 

1. I. opaca, Ait. (Holly.) Smooth; leaves oval, concave, wavy and 
spiny on the margins ; sterile flowers cyraose, on .slender peduncles ; calyx 
lobes acute. — Sandy soil. April - May. — A small tree. 

6 



82 ILTCINE^. (holly FAMILY.) 

2. I. Dahoon, Walt. Young branches, lower surface of the leaves, and 
clusters more or less pubescent ; leaves varying from obovate to oblong-linear, 
acute or obtuse, mucronate, entire, or sharply serrate above the middle, on 
short petioles ; sterile peduncles many-flowered, the fertile shorter, and mostly 
1-flowered ; calyx teeth acute; nutlets 3-ribbed on the back. (I. laurifolia, 
Nuit. I. ligustrina, Ell.) — Var. myrtifolia. Leaves small {^' - V), linear- 
oblong, entire, or, on the young branches, sharply 2 - 4-toothed toward the 
apex. (I. myrtifolia, Walt.) — Margins of swamps and pine barren ponds, 
South Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April- May. — A hand- 
some shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

3. I. Cassine, L. (Yaupon.) — Leaves small {i'-V long), oval or 
oblong, obtuse, crenate ; clusters very numerous, nearly sessile : calyx lobes 
minute, obtuse. — Light sandy soil along the coast, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. April. — Shrub 8'^ -12° high, slender, the short spreading branches 
often spine-like. Fruit clustered, abundant. 

§ 2. Prinoides. — Parts of the flower 4 - 6 : drupe red or purple : nutlets 
4-6, ribbed on the back : shrubs : leaves deciduous. 

4. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtusely serrate, 
pubescent on the veins beneath, tapering into a short petiole ; flowers on 
short pedicels, in sessile clusters ; calyx teeth smooth, acute. — Varies with 
the leaves smooth on both sides, and the flowers on longer pedicels. — River 
swamps. April -May. — A large shrub. Leaves T - 2' long. Drupe red. 

5. I. ambigua, Chapm. Branches slender ; leaves OA-al or oblong, acute 
or somewhat acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, smooth on both sides, or 
rarely, like the branchlets, softly pubescent ; pedicels of the sterile flowers 
clustered, longer than the petioles ; those of the fertile ones very short, soli- 
tary ; calyx teeth obtuse, ciliate. — Sandy margins of swamps. April. — A 
shrub or small tree. Leaves l'-4' long. 

6. I. longipes, Chapm. Smooth; leaves l'-2' long, thin, ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, slender-petioled, appressed-serrate ; peduncles 
I'-l-^-' long, the sterile clustered, the fertile single; calyx lobes acute; 
style very short. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. May. — Shrub 
3° -6° high. 

7. I. mollis, Gray. Leaves thin, oval or oblong, acuminate, sharply 
serrulate, downy ; sterile flow^ers very numerous, in umbel-like clusters, the 
pedicels shorter than the petiole, soft-downy, like the calyx ; fertile peduncles 
very short. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. 

8. I. monticola, Gray. Leaves thin, ovate or lance-oblong, acuminate, 
smooth, sharply serrate ; fertile flowers very short-peduncled ; calyx ciliate. 
(I. ambigua, Torr.) — Mountains of North Carolina (Gray). — Leaves 3' -5' 
long. 

9. I. Amelanchier, M. A. Curtis. Leaves oblong, barely acute at each 
end, serrulate, pubescent and finely reticulate beneath ; fruiting pedicels soli- 
tary, as long as the petioles ; drupe large, red ; nutlets strongly 3-ribbed on 
the back ; calyx teeth acute. — Swamps, Mississippi to North Carolina. — 
Leaves about 2' long, V wide. Drupe 3''- 4'' in diameter. 



CYRILLACEiE. (CYRILLA FAMILY.) 83 

§ 3. Prinos. — Parts of the flower mostli/ 6-9 : nutlets smooth and even 
on the back. 
* Leaves deciduous : drupe red. 
10. I. verticillata, Gray. Leaves (thick) oval, obovate, or wedge- 
lanceolate, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate, paler and pubescent beneath ; 
flowers all clustered, 6-parted, on short pedicels ; fruit abundant. — Low- 
ground. April. — A large shrub. Leaves about 2' long. Pedicels shorter 
than the petioles. 

IL I. lanoeolata. Leaves lanceolate, finely and remotely serrate, 
acute at each end, smooth on both sides, membranaceous ; fertile flowers 
scattered generally in pairs, 6-parted ; sterile ones clustered, triandrous ; 
drupes small. (Prinos lanceolatus, Pursh.) — Lower districts of Georgia and 
South Carolina, Pursh. June, (*) 

* * Leaves smooth, evergreen : drupe black. 

12. I. glabra, Gray. Leaves wedge-oblong or obovate, crenately 2-4- 
toothed near the apex ; sterile peduncles many-flowered ; the fertile, 1- 
flowered ; flowers all 6 - 9-parted. — Low pine barrens. May. — Shrub 2° - 4° 
high. 

13. I. lucida, Torr. & Gray. Leaves oval or oblong-obovate, entire or 
with sharp scattered teeth, viscid when young ; peduncles 1 -flowered, the 
sterile ones mostly clustered, the fertile solitary ; flowers 6 - 9-parted. (Prinos 
coriaceus. Ell. } — Wet thickets, Florida, Georgia, and westward. May. — 
Shrub 4° - 8° high. 



Order 41. CYRILLACE^gE. (Cyrilla Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate evergreen leaves, without stipules, 
and perfect white flowers in lateral or terminal racemes. — Calyx of 
4-5 sepals. Petals 5-8, hypogynous, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 
5 - 10, inserted with the petals : anthers introrse, opening lengthwise. 
Ovary 2 - 4-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell. Stigma 
entire or 2 - 4-lobed. Fruit 2 - 4~seeded. Embryo straight in the axis 
of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior. 

1. CYRILLA, Garden. 

Calyx small, 5-sepalous, persistent. Corolla 5-petalous, spreading, decidu- 
ous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, subulate, spreading : anthers oval. Style 
persistent : stigma 2-lobed. Drupe ovate, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; the pericarp 
spongy. — A smooth shrub or small tree. Leaves entire. Racemes clustered 
at the base of the branches of the season, rigid, spreading. Flowers smallj 
on short 2-bracted pedicels. 

1. C. racemiflora, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong (2^-4' 
long), on short petioles ; racemes straight, many-flowered ; drupe dry, ovate, 
tipped with the conspicuous slender style, mostly 1-seeded. — Varies with 
smaller (1' - lY) oblanceolate and more rigid leaves, and the nearly globuse 



84 SAPINDACE^. (soap-berry FAMILY.) 

drupe tipped with the short aud tliick style. — Shady banks, and (the variety) 
in pine-l)arren ponds, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. July. — 
Racemes 3' - 6' long. 

2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. Titi. 

Calyx minute, composed of 5-8 scale-like persistent sepals. Petals 5-8, 
obovate, concave, short-clawed, spreading. Stamens mostly 10, in 2 rows ; 
the filaments erect, thick, contracted above the middle; those opposite the 
petals longer : anthers round. Stigma sessile, 3 -4-lol)ed. Drape dry, 3 - 4- 
winged, 3 -4-celled, with a single linear seed in each cell. — A shrub or small 
tree. Leaves oblong, smooth, and somewhat glaucous. Racemes terminal, 
many-fiowered, with leafy deciduous bracts. Drupes nodding. 

1. C. ligustrina, Banks. fMylocarium, Willd.) — Pine barren ponds 
and swamps, Florida and the lower districts of Georgia, westward. March - 
April. — Leaves 2' long. Racemes 2' - 4' long. Flowers white, fragrant. 



Order 42. STAPHYLEACE^^. (Bladder-nut Family). 

Erect shrubs, with opposite pinnate stipulate leaves, and perfect 
regular pentandrous flowers. — Calyx 5-parted, colored. Petals and 
stamens 5, perigynous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled. Ovules 1 - 8 in each cell, 
attached to the central angle of the cell. Fruit capsular or bac- 
cate. Seeds bony, truncated at the base. Embryo straight in scanty 
albumen. 

1. STAPH y LEA, L. Bladder-nut. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx erect, persistent. Petals obovate, erect, alternate 
with the sepals, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted w^ith the petals 
on the edge of the 5-lobed disk which fills the bnse of the calyx. Ovary 3- 
celled, the cells sometimes separate above, 6 - 8-ovuled. Capsule 3-lobed, 
membranaceous, inflated, few-seeded. — Leaflets stipellate. Flowers white, 
in drooping compound racemes. 

1. S. trifolia, L. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
pubescent beneath, the terminal one long-stalked ; racemes lateral and termi- 
nal ; styles 3, connivent ; cajjsule reticulated, 1 - 3 seeded. — Damp woods, in 
the upper districts. May. — Shrub 10° high. Capsules 2' long, 1' in diameter. 



Order 43. SAPIXDACE^^j]. (Soap-berry Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with exstipulate alternate or opposite 
leaves, and chiefly irregular 7 - 12-androus flowers, imbricated in the 
bud. — Calyx 4 - 5-lobed. Petals 4 - 12, inserted with the stamens on 
a hypogynous or somewhat perigynous disk, rarely none. Anthers 
opening lengthwise. Ovary 2 -4-celled, the cells 1-2-ovuled. Seeds 
without albumen. Embryo mostly curved or convolute. Cotyledons 
incumbent, fleshy. 



SAPINDACE^. (soap-berry FAMILY.) 85 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. DODONE^. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Embryo spirally coiled. Cotyle- 
dons distinct. — Leaves alternate. 

1. DODON^A. Ovules 2 in each cell. Petals none. Capsule 2- 4- winged. 

Tribe II. SAPINDE^. Ovules usually solitary. Embryo curved or straight. Coty- 
ledons distinct- — Leaves alternate. 

2. HYPELATE. Ovules 2 - 3 in each cell. Petals 4 - 5, regular. Fruit drupaceous. 

3. SAPINDUS. Ovules solitary. Petals 5, regular. Fruit baccate. 

4. CARDIOSPERMUM. Ovules solitary. Petals 4, irregular. Fruit a bladder-like capsule. 
Tribe III. HIPPOCASTANE.E. Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo roundish. Coty- 
ledons very thick and partly united. Leaves opposite. 

5. ^SCULUS. Calyx 5-lobed. Petals 4-5, unequal. — Leaves digitate. 

Tribe IV. ACERINE^E. Ovules 2 in each cell. Embryo coiled or folded. Cotyledons 
distinct. Styles 2, separate. Fruit a double samara. Leaves opposite. 

6. ACER. Flovrers polygamous. Leaves simple, palmately nerved. 

7. NEGrUNDO. Flowers dioecious. Leaves pinnate. 

L DODONJEA, L. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals none. Sta- 
mens 5 - 8 ; anthers thick, on short filaments. Ovary 3 - 4-celled, with 2 ovules 
in each cell ; the upper one ascending, the lower pendulous Styles united. 
Capsule membranaceous, 2-4-winged, septicidally 2-4-valved, the cells 1-2- 
seeded. Embryo spirally coiled. — Trees or shrubs, with chiefly simple 
leaves, and axillary or terminal whitish or greenish flowers. 

1. D. viscosa, L. Leaves viscid, obovate-oblong, entire, parallel-veined; 
racemes axillary and terminal, shorter than the leaves ; capsule 3-winged, 3- 
seeded. — South Florida. — Shrubs 6° - 10° high. Flowers greenish. 

2. 

Calyx 3-5-parted. Petals 4 -.5, regular. Stamens 6-10, inserted on the 
inner face of the cup-shaped disk which fills the base of the calyx. Ovary 
2-celled, with 2-3 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles united. Stigma 
2-lobed. Drupe globose, 1 -2-seeded. Embryo erect. Trees with alternate 
trifoliolate or abruptly pinnate leaves, and clustered or panicled polygamous 
flowers. 

1. H. trifoliata, P. Browne. Leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets obovate, coria- 
ceous, glabrous, entire; panicles corymbose, slender, axillary, longer than 
the leaves, few-flowered; calyx 3-4-parted, pubescent within; petals 4, 
ciliate; drupe black, 1-seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree, with brittle 
branches. Leaflets V long, with fine oblique parallel veins. Flowers small, 
white. Stamens 6-8. 

2. H. paniculata, Don. Leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 2 or 4, ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, smooth, opposite ; panicles axillary and terminal, with 
compressed branches ; flowers hoary-tomentose ; calyx lobes and petals 4, 
rounded ; cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — South Florida. — Branches purplish, 
dotted with white. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 



86 SAPINDACE^. (soap-berry FAMILY.) 

3. SAPINDUS, L. SoAP-iiERKY. 

Calyx 5-partecl, deciduous. Petals 5, regular, with a scale at the base of 
each withiu. Stameus 8-10, inserted ou the h3'pogynous disk. Styles 
united. Stigmas 3. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. Fruit baccate, glo- 
bose or 2-3-lobed, 1 -3-seeded. Seeds bony. Embryo incurved. ^ Trees, 
with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small polygamous flowers iu axillary or 
terminal racemes or panicles. 

1. S. marginatUS, Wild. Petioles wingless; leaflets 9- 18, opposite or 
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, unequal-sided, strongly veined above ; panicles 
large, dense-flowered ; fruit globose. — Georgia and Florida, near the coast, 
and westward. — A tre»e 20°- 40° high. Flowers white. 

2. S. Saponaria, L. Petioles broadly winged; leaflets 6 or 8, nearly 
opposite, rather rigid, oblong, obtuse, mostly equal-sided, pubescent beneath ; 
panicle tomentose, canescent ; fruit globose. — Coast of South Florida. — 
A small tree. 

4. CARDIOSPERMUM, L. 

Sepals 4, the 2 outer ones much shorter. Petals 4, irregular, each with a 
petal-like scale at the base within ; those of the 2 outer petals entire, the 
others with a crested appendage on the inner edge. Stamens 8. Disk 2- 
glandular. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-angled, 
3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, inflated. Seed furnished with a cordate aril. 
— Herbs, climbing by tendrils. Leaves biternate. 

1. C. Halieacabum, L. — South Florida, apparently native, and not 
uncommon in cultivation. — Annual. Stem slender. Leaflets ovate-lanceo- 
late, incisely lobed and toothed. Capsule pear-shaped, T in diameter 

5. ^SCULUS, L. HoRSECHESTNUT.. Buckeye 

Calyx 5-lobed, unequal. Petals 4-5, unequal, clawed. Stamens 5-8, 
usually 7, inserted on the annular hypogynous disk. Style slender. Ovary 
3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. Capsule coriaceous, 1 -3-celled, loculicidally 2-3- 
valved, 1 -3-seeded. Cotyledons very large and thick, partly united. — Trees 
or shrubs, with opposite long-petioled digitate leaves, and showy polygamous 
flowers, in terminal panicles. 

§1. ^scuLUS proper. — Fruit -prickly. 

1. JE. glabra, Willd. Stamens almost twice the length of the erect 
nearly equal pale yellow petals ; panicle oblong-ovate, loosely flowered ; leaf- 
lets 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, unequally serrulate, smooth or slightly pu- 
bescent beneath. {M. pallida, Willd.) — Banks of rivers, Tennessee. May 
-June.- — A small tree with rough strong-scented bark. Flowers small. 

§2. Pavia. — Fruit smooth. 

2. JS. Pavia, L. Stamens slightly exserted; claws of the two upper 
petals as long as the tubular calyx ; panicle oblong ; leaflets 5, varying from 
lanceolate to oval, short-acuminate, finely serrate, smooth, or nearly so, on 
both surfaces. — Rich soil. March - May. — A shrub, or in the upper districts 
a small tree. Flowers red. 



SAPINDACE.E. (SOAP-BERRY FAMILY.) 87 

3. JE. flava, Ait. Stamens included; claws of the lateral petals longer 
than the tnbular-campauulate calyx; panicle oblong, pubescent; leaflets 5-7, 
obovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate, pubescent beneath. — Rich soil, in 
the middle and upper districts of Georgia to North Carolina. April -May. 
— A shrub or small tree. Flowers pale yellow. M. discolor, Pursh, is a 
form of this species with more strongly serrate leaflets, and flesh-colored or 
dull purple flowers. 

4. ^. parviflora, Walt. Stamens 3 times as long as the corolla ; claws 
of the nearly similar petals longer than the obconical calyx ; panicle race- 
mose, very long; leaflets 5-7, oval-obovate, tomentose beneath. — Upper 
districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April -May. — Shrub 3° -9° high. 
Mowers white. Stamens 6 or 7. 

6. ACER, L. Maple. 

Flowers polygamous. Petals usually 5-8, or none. Stamens 4-12. — 
Leaves simple, palmately lobed. Flowers clustered or racemose. 
* Flowers in terminal racemes, appearing after the leaves. 

1. A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Striped Maple.) Racemes simple, 
drooping; flowers (15-25) large; petals obovate ; leaves slightly cordate, 
with 3 acuminate finely serrate lobes ; samara large. (A. striatum, Lam.) — 
Banks of mountain streams, Georgia and Carolina. May. — A shrub or 
small tree, with striped bark. Flowers greenish. 

2. A. spicatum, Lam. (Mountain Maple.) Racemes compound, 
erect ; flowers small, very numerous ; petals linear-spatulate ; leaves cordate, 
3-lobed, coarsely serrate ; samara small. — With the preceding. — Shrub 6°- 
10° high. Leaves pubescent beneath. 

* * Flowers on long and drooping umbellate or corymbose pedicels, developed 

from lateral and terminal buds. 

3. A. saccharum, Marsh., var. barbatum, Trelease. Leaves 2' -4' 
wide, paler beneath, truncate, or cordate with a shallow sinus, 3-lobed, the 
lobes entire, contracted and acuminate above the middle, slender-petioled ; 
wings 6" -9'' long, divergent, the pedicels long and mostly dichotomous; 
calyx and ovaries bearded. — Rocky banks, Georgia, Tennessee, and west- 
ward. March - April. 

4. A. Floridaimm, Chapm. Leaves smooth and shining above, downy 
and canescent beneath, 2' -4' wide, truncate and slightly cordate at the base, 
3 - 5-lobed, the lobes short, obtuse, and mostly 3-toothed ; wings nearly erect ; 
calyx bearded. (Var. acuminatum, Trelease, the leaves green on both sides, 
the lobes acuminate.) — Rocky woods, Florida and westward, the var. in the 
upper districts. 

* * * Flowers on short and erect clustered pedicels, developed from lateral buds, 

and appearing before the leaves: fruiting pedicels long and drooping. 

5. A. dasycarpum, Ehrh. (Silver Maple.) Leaves cordate, 3-5- 
lobed, sharply toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals none ; samara large, 
woolly when young. — Banks of rivers. Feb. - March. — A tree 30° - 50° high, 
with soft wood. Flowers yellowish. 



88 POLYGALACE^. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 

6. A. rubrum, L. (Red or Swamp Maple.) Leaves 3-5-lobed, or 
undivided, smooth or pubesceut, either cordate or rounded, or sometimes acute 
at the base, toothed and serrate, white beneath ; petals oblong or linear ; sa- 
mara small, smooth, — Swamps. Feb. - March. — A small tree. Flowers 
and fruit red. 

7. NEGUNDO, Moench. Ash-leaved Maple. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx minute. Petas none. Stamens 4-5, hypogynous, 
— A small tree, with smooth green bark. Leaves pinnately 3 - .5-foliolate, the 
leaflets ovate or oblong, lobed or toothed. Flowers small, greenish; the 
sterile ones on long and drooping clustered pedicels, the fertile ones racemose, 
both from lateral buds appearing with or before the leaves. 

1. "N". aceroides, Moench. — River banks. March -April. 



Order 44. MALPIGHIACE.^. (Malpighia Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple dotless and mostly stipulate 
leaves, and regular racemose or corymbose flowers on usually jointed 
pedicels. — Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx lobes, 
unguiculate, sometimes wanting. Stamens 10, alternate with the 
petals, and inserted with them on a hypogynous disk : anthers round- 
ish. Ovary solitary, mostly 3-lobed, consisting of three more or less 
united carpels. Styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit composed of one 
to three 1-seeded cells or carpels. Seeds pendulous, without albumen. 
Cotyledons thick or leafy. 

1. BYRSONIMA, Rich. 

Calyx with 10 glands at the base without. Petals 5. Stamens monadel- 
phous at the base. Styles 3. Fruit drupaceous, 3 celled, 3-seeded. — Racemes 
terminal, simple or branched. 

1. B. lucida, Rich. Smooth; stem much-branched ; leaves coriaceoiis, 
wedge-obovate, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, shining above, paler beneath, 
veinless ; racemes erect, bracted, simple, twice the length of the leaves ; pedi- 
cels slender, spreading- petals yellow, orbicular- cordate, wavy, long-clawed ; 
drupe smooth, globose. — South Florida. — A small shrub. Leaves 1' long. 
Drupe as large as a grain of pepper. 



Order 45. POLiYGALACE^]. (Milkwort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and irregular hy- 
pogynous monadelphous or diadelphous flowers. — Anthers 1-celled, 
opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous 
pendulous ovule in each cell. Seeds often carunculate. Embryo 
straight in scanty albumen. Radicle superior. 



POLYGALACEJE. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 89 

1. POLYGALA, L. Milkwort. 

Sepals 5, persistent, unequal ; the two lateral ones (wings) larger and petal- 
like. Petals 3, more or less united ; the middle one (keel) larger, and usually 
crested at the apex. Stamens 8, rarely 6, united into a tube, or into two equal 
sets, and also with the claws of the petals. Style curved, clavate. Stigma 
terminal or lateral. Capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded. Seeds suspended, caruucu- 
late. — Chiefly herbs. Leaves alternate or whorled. Flowers in terminal 
spikes or racemes, rarely axillary, or radical and incomplete. 

§ 1. Flowers in globose or oblong more or less compact spikes. 
Spikes corymbose : biennials. 

1. P. Cymosa, Walt. Stem tall, simple ; leaves scattered, linear, acute, 
the upper bract-like, the lowest long (6' -9') and crowded; corymbs simple 
or compound ; wings oblong, abruptly acute ; seeds minute, giobose-obovate, 
smooth ; caruncle none. — Pine barren ponds. July. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 
Elowers yellow. 

2. P. ramosa, Ell. Stem low, simple, or branching and leafy from the 
base to the summit ; leaves fleshy, lanceolate, acute, scattered, the lowest spatu- 
late-obovate, obtuse, crowded; corymbs compound, fastigiate; wings ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle small, roundish, embracing the 
base of the minute oval hairy seed. — Low open pine barrens. July - Sept. 

— Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers yellow. 

3. P. Baldwinii, Nutt. Stem angled, simple ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 
the lowest spatulate ; corymbs compound ; spikes dense ; wings ovate-lance- 
olate, tapering into a long and slender point ; seeds very small, globose, hairy ; 
caruncle minute. — Low pine barrens near the coast, Georgia, and westward. 
July -August. — Stem 1°-H° high. Leaves i'-T long. Flowers white, 
fragrant. 

* * Spikes solitary : leaves alternate. 

-i- Flowers yellow : biennials. 

4. P. lutea, L. (Yellow Bachelor's-Button.) Stem simple or with 
spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, acute, the lowest clustered, spatulate- 
obovate, obtuse ; spikes dense, globose or oblong ; wings elliptical, abruptly 
pointed ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as long as the obovate sparse-hairy seed. 

— Low pine barrens. June - August. — Stem 6' - 12'' high. Flowers orange- 
yellow. 

5. P. nana, DC. Low; stems divided at the base into several short 
peduncle-like branches ; leaves chiefly radical, clustered, spatulate or linear, 
obtuse ; spikes thick, at length cylindrical, the earliest ones sessile ; Avings 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobes of the caruncle half as long as the obovate 
hairy seed. — Low sandy pine barrens, flowering throughout the year. — 
Stems 2' -4' high. Spikes V -2' long. 

6. P. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Stem mostly branching; leaves alternate, 
lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones clustered and narrowed into a peti- 
ole ; spikes globose ; wings oblong-obovate, cuspidate ; seeds and caruncle 
as in No. 4. — Flat pine barrens, East Florida. May - August. — Stem 1° - 2^ 
high. 



90 POLYGALACE^. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 

7. P. Reynoldsise, Chapm. Stems stout, at length brancliiug above 
(1° or more high) ; leaves lanceolate (!' long), the lowest clustered, spatulate; 
flowers large, yellow, scattered iu a loug (C or more) stout terminal raceme ; 
wings ellii)tical, mucronate ; caruncle as long as the hairy oval seed. — St. 
Augustine, East Florida {Miss Reijnolds). — Anomalous among the yellow- 
flowered species, but may prove to be a form of the preceding. 

^- -^ Flowers purple or rose-color : annuals: sterns brancfiing. 

8. P. sanguinea, L. Leaves oblong-linear, acute; spikes ovate or 
roundish, obtuse ; flowers imbricated ; wings broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile ; 

lobes of the caruncle rather shorter than the pear-shaped sparse-hairy seed. 

Low grounds. North Carolina. July -Sept. — Stems 1° high. Flowers red- 
dish purple. Bracts persistent. 

9. P. f astigiata, Nutt. Stems slender, at first simple ; leaves narrow- 
linear, acute ; spikes globose, obtuse ; wings oblong-obovate tapering into a 
distinct claw at the base ; caruncle as long as the stalk of the sparse-hairy 
pear-shaped seed. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. July - Oct. — Stems 10'- 15' high. Leaves erect. Flowers small, 
bright rose-color. Bracts deciduous. 

10. P. Nuttallii, Carey. Leaves short, linear, obtuse; spikes oblong, 
acute, dense ; wings short, elliptical, slightly clawed ; lobes of the caruncle 
collateral, one third as long as the obovate very hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil, 
Georgia to North Carolina. August. — Stem 4' -8' high, the branches fas- 
tigiate. Spikes and greenish and purple flowers smaller than in No. 9. 
Bracts persistent. 

11. P. Curtissii, Gray. Stem slender; leaves alternate, narrow-linear ; 
racemes long, loosely flowered ; wings narrowly oblong, erect, twice as long 
as the capsule; seeds and caruncle as in No. 12. — Upper districts, July- 
August. — Stem 9' high. Flowers rose-color. Bracts persistent. 

12. P. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, at length sparingly 
branched ; leaves scattered, narrow-linear, acute ; spikes long, lanceolate, 
acute, loose-flowered ; wings obovate, short-clawed ; lobes of the caruncle 
spreading, as loug as the stalked base of the pear-shaped very hairy seed. — 
LoAv pine barrens near the coast, West Florida, and westward. June - 
August. — Stems l°-li°high. Spikes 1'- 2' long. Flowers bright purple. 
Bracts persistent. 

13. P. inearnata, L. Stem often simple, glaucous; leaves scattered, 
linear, fleshy, sometimes minute aud subulate ; spikes lanceolate, acute, dense 
flowered ; petals united into a tube which is twice as long as the elliptical 
wings, conspicuously crested ; caruncle spongy, as long as the stalk of the 
oval hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil. June - August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 
Bracts deciduous. Flowers, and often the rachis, purple. 

14. P. setacea, Michx. Stems simple or sparingly branched, slender; 
leaves minute, scale-like ; spikes oblong, dense-flowered, acute ; wings oblong, 
acute, as long as the petals ; caruncle and seeds as in the preceding, — Low 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -July. — Stem 
1° high. Spikes i'-T long. Flowers pale rose-color or whitish. Bracts 
deciduous. 



POLYGALACE^. (MILKWORT FAMILY.) 91 

* # * Spikes solitari/ : leaves wliorled : Jiowers purple. 

15. P. cruciata, L. Stem erect, 4-augled, simple or branched; leaves 
in fours, linear or oblong-linear, thick, obtuse, the upper ones alternate ; 
spikes large, ovate, becoming cylindrical, short-peduncled ; wings ovate, 
tapering into a long subulate point ; lobes of the caruncle linear, collat- 
eral, as long as the smoothish oval seed. — Pine barren swamps. July - Oct. 

— Stem 6^-12' high. Spikes V -2' long, f thick. Mowers pale rose-color. 
Bracts persistent. 

16. P. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem weak, 4-angled, with long and spreading, 
branches ; leaves thin, lanceolate or linear, acute, the lower ones in fours ; 
spikes small, ovate, long-peduncled ; wings lanceolate-ovate, barely pointed ; 
caruncle as long as the obovate hairy seed. — Bogs, in the lower districts. 
July -Oct. — Stem l°-li° long. Spikes scarcely half as large as in the 
preceding. Elowers reddish purple. Bracts persistent. 

17. P. Hookeri, Torr. & Gray. Stems short, weak, much branched, 4- 
angled ; leaves in fours, short, linear, acutish ; spikes long-peduncled, ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, loose-flowered ; wings erect, lanceolate-ovate, acute ; 
caruncle as long as the ovoid sparse-hairy and viscid seed, — Low grassy pine 
barrens. West Florida and westward. July -Sept. — Stems 6' -10' high. 
Leaves 4'' - 6'' long ; Flowers pale rose-color. Bracts persistent. 

§ 2. Flowers in slender racemes or spikes. 
# Leaves alternate. 

18. P. grandiflora, Walt. Pubescent; stems branching ; leaves lanceo- 
late ; flowers large, crestless, scattered in long racemes ; fruiting pedicels 
drooping ; wings large, orbicular, erect ; caruncle enclosing the stalk of the 
oblong hairy seed. — Varies with smoothish linear leaves, and smaller flowers. 

— Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. 2/ — 
Stem 1° high. Racemes 3'- 6' long, often lateral by the prolongation of the 
stem. Flowers bright purple, turning greenish. 

19. P. polygama, Walt. Smooth ; stems numerous, simple ; leaves 
oblong-linear, the lowest spatulate or obovate ; flowers of two kinds, one kind 
showy and perfect, borne in a loose terminal raceme, the other imperfect, 
but fruiting, in radical (rarely axillary) spikes; wings obovate; caruncle 
half as long as the obovate very hairy seed. — Wet or dry sandy barrens, 
May -June. (2) — Stems 6'- 12' high, very leafy. Racemes 2' -6' long. 
Flowers purple. 

20. P. Senega, L. (Seneca Snakeroot.) Stems several from a thick 
woody root, erect or ascending, simple, or branching above ; leaves numerous, 
lanceolate, the upper ones acute (1' long); spike cylindrical, peduncled; 
wings round obovate, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle linear, as 
long as the obovate hairy seed. — Var. lati folia, Torr. & Gray. Stem 
taller (l°-l-^°); leaves large (2' -4' long), ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate at each end. — Dry rocky woods in the upper districts ; the 
variety in Tennessee. May -June. % — Stems 8'- 12' high. Spikes 1'- 
1 g' long. Flowers greenish white. 



92 KRAMERIACE.^. (kHATANY FAMILY.) 

21. P. alba, Nutt. Stems several from a somewhat woodj root, erect or 
ascending, angular, at lengtli branched above ; leaves linear, narrowed toward 
tlie base ; spike loug-jjeduncled, linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flow^ers short- 
pedicelled ; wings oval, rather longer than the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle 
shorter tlian tlie obloug-obovate very hairy seed. — Alabama and westward. 

— Stems 2° - 1° high. Spikes V-3' long. Flowers white. Bracts deciduous. 

22. P. leptocaulis, Torr. & Gray. Annual; stem very slender, branch- 
ing, l°-2° high; leaves ^ long, scattered , linear, spikes very slender, 2' -3' 
long, loosely flowered; wings pale purple, elliptical-obovate, as long as 
the oblong capsule ; seeds very hairy ; caruncle minute. — Mississippi, and 
westward. 

# ^ Leaves whorled : flowers small, greenish or white, in slender spikes. 

23. P. Boykinii, Nutt. Perennial ; stems numerous, angled, simple or 
sparingly branched ; leaves 4 - 5 in a whorl, the lower ones oblong-obovate, 
the upper lanceolate and scattered ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings obo- 
vate, as long as the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the oblong-obovate 
curved and very hairy seed. — Rich calcareous soil, Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. May -July. 2/ — Stems 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 
2^-3' long. Flowers white. 

24. P. verticillata, L. Annual ; stems low, 4-angled, much branched ; 
jeaves 4 - 5 in a whorl, linear, acute, the upper ones scattered ; spikes lanceo- 
late ; wings roundish, as long as the capsule ; lobes of the caruncle half as 
long as the oblong hairy seed. — Dry sandy soil. June - August. — Stem 4' - 
8' high. Spikes i'- T long. Flowers greenish white. 

25. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very closely allied to the preceding, but taller 
(6' -1.5' high), the branches erect; leaves usually broader, only the lower 
ones verticillate ; spikes more slender, more loosely flowered ; wings white. 

— Gravelly hills in the upper districts. May. 

26. P. leptOStaehys, Shutthv. Annual; stems filiform or setaceous, 
simple, or branched above, straight ; leaves 4 - .5 in remote wliorls, narrow- 
linear or filiform, acute ; spike linear, long-peduncled ; wings oval, nearly 
sessile, smaller than the capsule ; caruncle half as long as the smooth curved 
clavate-obovate seed. — Dry sand hills, Florida. May - August. — Stems 
10'- 15' high. Flowers greenish. 

§ 3. Flowers axillary., and with imperfect radical ones, as in No. 19. 

27. P. paucifolia, L. Perennial ; flowering stems erect, simple, leafy 
at the summit ; leaves large, ovate, alternate, narrowed into a petiole, the 
lower ones bract-like; flowers (1-3) peduncled, crested, very large; wings 
obovate ; lobes of the caruncle subulate, varying in length ; seeds hairy ; 
radical spikes bracted. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May. — 
Stems 4' - 6' high, from a long prostrate base. Flowers f ' long, purple. 



Order 46. KRAMERTACE^]. (Rhatany Family.) 

Silky-pubescent herbs or shrubs, with diffuse stems, alternate 
leaves, and irregular hypogynous purplish flowers, on axillary 2-bracted 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 93 

and jointed peduncles. — Sepals 5, colored, deciduous. Petals 5, 
shorter than the sepals ; the 3 posterior ones long-clawed, often 
united ; the 2 anterior broad, sessile and fleshy. Stamens 4, the pos- 
terior ones distinct or united. Anthers 2-celled, opening by a termi- 
nal pore. Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-seeded, woody, indehis- 
cent, armed with hispid prickles. Albumen none. Radicle concealed 
in the cotyledons. 

1. KRAMERIA, Loefl. 

Characters of the order. 

1. K. lanceolata, Torr. Herbaceous; stems slender, prostrate, mostly 
branching; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute; peduncles longer than the 
leaves, leafy -bracted above the middle ; claws of the posterior petals, and 
stamens, united ; fruit globose, downy, armed with few strong spreading 
spines. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. — Root long and woody. 
Stems 1° long. 



Order 47. LiEGUMINOS^^. (Pulse Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with chiefly compound alternate stipulate 
leaves, and papilionaceous or regular perigynous or hypogynous 
flowers. — Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5, rarely fewer, or 
none. Stamens monadelphous, diadelphous, or distinct. Ovary 
simple, free, forming a legume in fruit. Seeds without albumen. 
Leaves almost always with entire margins. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. PAPILIONACE^. Corolla of 5 (rarely fewer) irregular 
petals, inserted on the base of the calyx, rarely perigynous, imbricated in the 
bud, mostly papilionaceous ; viz. one upper and exterior, termed the vexillum 
or standard ; two lateral, called wings ; and two lower and interior, oftener 
united by their contiguous margins, forming together the keel. Stamens 10 
(rarely 5), separate, monadelphous, or diadelphous (9 & 1, or 5 &5). Legume 
1-celled (sometimes partly 2-celled by the introversion of the sutures), or sev- 
eral-celled by transverse partitions. Style simple. Cotyledons thick. 

Teibe I. r,OTE^. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10 (except No. 8). Logume con- 
tinuous (not jointed). Cotyledons leafy in germination. — Stems (except No. 12) not 
twining nor climbing. 

* Stamens monadephous : anthers of 2 forms. Leaves simple, or palmately compoimd. 

1. CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Legume inflate!. Upper stipules decurrent. 

2. LUPINUS. Calyx 2-lipped. Legume flattened. Stipules not decurrent. 

* * Stamens diadelphous : anthers alike. Leaves trifoliolate, rarely palmate or pinnate, 
the earliest ones alternate. 

3. MEDIC AGO. Legume membranaceous, curved or coiled, 1 - many-seeded. Flowers 

racemed. 



94 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

4. MELILOTUS. Legume coriaceous, straight, rugose or veined, 1-4-seeded. Flowers 

racemed or spiked. 

5. TRIFOLIUM. Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1 -4-seeded. Flowers capitate. 

6. HOSACKIA. Legume straight, many-seeded. Peduncle 1-3-flowered. 

# * * Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume mostly 1-seeded and indehiscent. 

Plants dotted with small dark glands. Earliest leaves opposite. 

-I- Legume included in the calyx. 

7. PSORALEA. Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens 10, diadelphous : half of the anthers 

often imperfect. 

8. PETALOSTEMON. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube, and adnate to the claws of four 

of the nearly regular petals. 

9. DALEA. Stamens 9 or 10, the tube partly adnate to the claws of the petals. 

•)- ■(- Legume exserted. 

10. AMORPHA. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Wings and keel none. 

* * * * Stamens mostly diadelphous. Legume 1 - many-seeded, 1-celled, 2-valved. Leaves 

pinnate, 
•f- Trees or shrubs. 

11. ROBINIA. Legume flat and thin, margined on one edge. Trees or shrubs. 

12. WISTARIA. Legume nearly terete, coriaceous, contracted between the seeds. Twin- 

ing shrubs. 

•t- -1- Herbs. 

13. TEPHROSIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum large. Legume compressed, many-seeded. 

Leaves unequally pinnate. 

14. INDIGOFERA. Calyx minute, 5-cleft. Vexillum small. Legume terete or angled, 

2 - many-seeded. Leaves unequally pinnate. 

15. SESBANIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Legume very long and slender, many-seeded. Leaves 

abruptly pinnate. 
***** Stamens diadelphous. Legume 2-celled lengthwise, or 1-celled, vrlth one of the 
sutures turned inward. Leaves pinnate. 

16. ASTRAGALUS. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Legume tumid. 

Tribe II. VICIE^. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 2-valved, not jointed. 
Cotyledons thick and fleshy, remaining under ground in germination. — Climbing 
vines ; the petioles of the pinnate leaves ending in a tendril. 

17. VICIA. Style filiform, bearded at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. 

18. LATHYRUS. Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. 

Tribe III. HEDYSARE.<E. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume sepa- 
rating transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent reticulated joints, or 1-jointed. — Stems 
not twining. 

* Flowers yellow. 

19. ^SCHYNOMENE. Leaves pinnate. Stamens diadelphous (5 & 5). Flowers perfect. 

20. ZORNIA. Leaves palmately compound. Legume 2 -5- jointed. Flowers perfect. 

21. STYLOSANTHES. Leaves trifoliolate. Anthers of 2 forms. Flowers monoecious. 

22. CHAPMANIA. Leaves pinnate. Anthers alike. Flowers monoecious. 

* * Flowers white or purplish. 

23. LESPEDEZA. Legume 1-jointed. Peduncles axillary. 

24. DESMODIUM. Legume 2 - 6-jointed. Bristly. Racemes terminal. 

Tribe IV. PHASEOLiE^. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 
2-valved, not jointed. Cotyledons thick and fleshy ; usually raised above ground in 
germination. — Chiefly twining vines. 

* Ovary 1 - 2-ovuled. 

25. RHYNCHOSIA. Legume oblong. Flowers yellow. Leaves trifoliolate. 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 95 

* * Ovary few- or many-ovuled. , 

•1- Keel spirally twisted. 

26. APIOS. Leaves pinnate, not stipellate. 

27. PHASEOLUS. Leaves trifoliolate, stipellate. 

H- -I- Keel straight. Leaves trifoliolate (except one species of G-alactia). 
++ Legume terete, torvilose. 

28. VIGNA. Flowers yellow. Vexillum roundish. Stems tvdning. 

29. ERYTHRINA. Flowers scarlet. VexiUum narrow, elongated. Stems erect. 

■w- -w- Legume flattened. 
= Bracts opposite. Vexillum very large. 

30. CLITORIA. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum spurless at the base- 
Si. CENTROSEMA. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Vexillum spurred at the base. 

= = Bracts alternate. 

32. AMPHICARPiEA. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Flowers of two kinds. Bracts persistent. 

33. GALACTIA. Calyx 4-cleft. Bracts deciduous. Legume linear. 

34. CANAVALIA. Stamens monadelphous. Calyx bilabiate. Hilum linear. Legume 

three-ridged on the back. 

35. DIOCLEA. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Calyx 4-cleft. Hilum linear. 

Teibe V. DALBERGIE^. Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume 
indehiscent. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Trees or shrubs. 

36. PISCIDIA. Legume compressed, 4-winged. Leaves pinnate. 

37. ECASTAPHTLLUM. Legume flat, orbicular, 1-seeded. Leaves l-foliol'ate. 

Tkibe VI. SOPHORE.aE. Stamens 10, separate. Legume not jointed. — Erect 
herbs, shrubs, or trees. 

* Legume dehiscent. 

38. BAPTISIA. Stamens deciduous. Legume inflated, stipitate, few-seeded. Leaves 

simple or trifoliolate. 

39. THERMOPSIS. Stamens persistent. Legume nearly sessile, flattened, many-seeded 

Leaves trifoliolate. 

40. CLADRASTIS. Stamens persistent. Legume flat, few-seeded. Leaves pinnate. Tree. 

* * Legume indehiscent. 

41. SOPHORA. Legume moniliform. Leaves pinnate. Shrubs. 

Suborder II. C^SALPINIE^. Corolla irregular and somewhat 
papilionaceous, or almost regular, imbricated in the bud; the upper petal 
interior. Stamens separate. Embryo straight. 

42. CERCIS. Flowers perfect, somewhat papilionaceous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves 

simple. 

43. CASSIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Anthers dissimilar. 

Leaves pinnate. 

44. GLEDITSCHIA. Flowers polygamous, almost regular. Calyx 3 -5-parted. Leaves 

pinnate and bipinnate. 

45. GTMNOCLADUS. Flowers polygamous, regular. Calyx funnel-shaped. Stamens 10. 

Legume linear. Leaves pinnate. 

46. CffiSALPINIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx cup-shaped. Stamens 10. Legume 

broad. Leaves bipinnate. 

47. PARKINSONIA. Flowers perfect, irregular. Calyx cup-shaped. Stamens 10. Le- 

gume linear. Leaves pinnate. 



9G LEGUMINOS.'E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

SuiJOKDER III. MIMOSEiE. Corolla regular, hypogynous, valvate in 
the bud. Stamens distinct or united, often very numerous, inserted with 
the petals. Embryo straight. — Leaves pinnate, or 2 - 3-pinnate. Flowers 
polygamous. 

* Flowers perfect, and etamiuate. Petals mostly united. 
-1- Herbs. Leaves sensitive. 

48. MIMOSA. Legume broad, flat, jointed. Stamens 4 -5. 

49. SCHRANKIA. Legume linear, angular, jointless. Stamens 8 -10. 

M- -(- Trees or shrubs. 

50. PITHECOLOBIUM. Legume coiled or twisted. Leaflets 4, large. 

51. ACACIA. Legume straight or bent. Leaflets numerous, small. 

* * Flowers perfect and neutral. Petals distinct. 

52. DESMANTHUS. Sterile filaments filiform or petal-like. Stamens 5 or 10. 



Suborder I. PAPILIONACE.^. Pulse Family. 

1. CROTALARIA, L. Rattle box. 

Calyx 5-parted. Vexillum cordate ; keel falcate. Stamens monadelphous. 
Anthers alternately oblong and roundish. Legume inflated, oblong, many- 
seeded, — Chiefly herbs, with simple or compound leaves; the stipules often 
broad, decurrent, inversely sagittate. Racemes mostly opposite the leaves. 
Flowers yellow. Legumes dark purple. 

* Leaves simple. 

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual; stems low, branching, villous or hairy; 
leaves nearly sessile, oval or oblong, hairy; racemes short, 2-3-flowered. — 
Barren sandy soil, June -July, — Stem 3' -6' high. Racemes 2' -3' long. 

2. C. OValis, Pursh. Perennial ; stems several, branching, prostrate or 
ascending, rough with appressed hairs ; leaves short-petioled, oval or oblong, 
hairy; racemes long, 3-6-flowered. — Dry pine barrens. May -July. — 
Stem 6'- 12' high. Racemes 4' -6' long. Flowers distant, 

3. C. Purshii, DC. Perennial ; stems slender, erect, roughened with 
scattered appressed hairs ; leaves thick, smooth above, the lower ones oblong, 
the upper linear; racemes long, 5 - 10-flowered. — Flat grassy pine barrens in 
the lower districts. May -June. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Racemes 6' -12' 
long. Flowers distant. 

4. C. retusa, L, Annual ; stem erect ; leaves cuneate-oblong, retuse, 
glabrous above, silky-pubescent beneath, pellucid-dotted ; stipules minute or 
none ; racemes terminal, many-flowered ; legumes oblong, glabrous. — South 
Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Flowers large. 

5. C. maritima, Chapm. Perennial?, silky-pubescent; stem decumbent, 
excessively branched ; leaves exstipulate, varying from oblong to linear, nearly 
sessile, more or less succulent ; racemes very numerous, opposite the leaves, 
2 - 4-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the small petals ; legume oblong, 
glabrous. — Coast and Keys of South Florida. May. 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 97 

* * Leaves trifoliolate. 

6. C. pumila, Ortega. Shrubby or perennial ; stem slender, decumbent ; 
leaflets small, cuneate, emarginate, longer than the petiole ; peduncles longer 
than the leaves, few-flowered; corolla small; legume oval, pubescent, few- 
seeded. — Sandy beach at Casey's Pass, South Florida. Oct. — Stem 2°- 
3° long. 

7. C. incana, L. Annual, tall, much branched, pubescent; leaves long- 
petioled ; leaflets round-obovate ; racemes stout, many-flowered ; keel of the 
corolla tomentose on the margins ; legume oblong, hairy. — South Florida, 
near the coast. — Stems 2° - 4° high. 

2. LUPIWUS, Tourn. Lupine. 

Calyx 2lipped, 5-toothed. Yexillum with the sides reflexed. Keel falcate, 
acute. Stamens monadelphous, with alternate anthers oblong and roundish. 
Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; the seeds often separated by cel- 
lular partitions. — Herbs, with simple or palmately 5 - many-foliolate leaves, 
and shoAV}^ flowers in terminal racemes, 

1. L. perennis, L. Stem pubescent, erect ; leaves palmately 7 - 9-f olio- 
late ; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, more or less hairy ; stipules minute ; 
racemes long, loosely many-flowered ; flowers purplish or purplish blue, rarely 
white. — Var, gracilis (L. gracDis, Nutt.) is a more slender and hairy form, 
with smaller and narrower, often acute leaflets. — Dry sandy soil. April - 
May. % — Stem 1° - 1 i° high. 

2. L. villoSUS, Willd. — Biennial , villous and hoary; stems thick, pros- 
trate or ascending; leaves simple, lanceolate oblong, mostly acute, long-peti- 
oled ; stipules linear-subulate, elongated, adnate below to the petioles ; racemes 
erect, densely many-flowered ; flowers pale red, the vexillum dark purple in 
the centre ; legume very woolly. — Dry sandy barrens in the lower districts. 
April. — Stems l°-2° long. Leaves (with the petiole) 6' -8' long. 

3. L. diffusus, Nutt. Perennial; silky-tomentose and hoary; stems 
prostrate or erect, much branched ; leaves simple, oblong or obovate, obtuse, 
short-petioled ; stipules short, often wanting on the branches ; racemes many- 
flowered ;' flowers blue, the vexillum dark purple in the centre ; legume woolly. 

— With the preceding. April -May. — Stems l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' 
long. 

3. MEDICAGO, L. 

" Calyx 5-cleft ; the lobes subulate or setaceous. Corolla deciduous. Vexil- 
lum longer than the partly united wings and keel. Stamens 10, diadelphous 
(9 & 1), equal. Style smooth. Legume falcate or coiled, 1 -many-seeded. — 
Herbs or shrubs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules adnate to the petioles, mostly 
incised. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. 

1. M. lupulina, L. Pubescent; stem procumbent; leaflets obovate, 
toothed ; stipules nearly entire ; spikes globose, many-flowered ; flowers mi- 
nute ; legumes reniform, 1-seeded, black. — Waste places. Introduced. (T) 

— Stem l°-2° long. 

7 



98 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

2. M. denticulata, Willd. Stems prostrate ; leaflets obovate or obcor- 
date, denticulate; stipules ciliate-toothed ; spikes 2 - 5-flowered, the flowers 
purplish ; legume flat, coiled, the thin margin fringed with a double row of 
curved hooked bristles. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

3. M. maeulata, Willd. Like the preceding, but the leaflets mostly 
purplish in the centre, the stipules more strongly toothed, and the margins 
of the legume thicker. — New Orleans. Introduced. 

4. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot, Sweet Clover. 

Calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth long and equal. Corolla deciduous. Wings 
and keel cohering. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume ovoid, cori- 
aceous, veiny or rugose, longer than the calyx, 1 -4-seeded, scarcely dehiscent. 
— Smooth herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Leaflets often toothed. Stipules ad- 
nate to the petioles. Flowers yellow or white, in axillary racemes. 

1. M. officinalis, Willd. Stem erect, branching; leaflets obovate-ob- 
long, toothed ; flowers yellow ; vexillum striped with brown, as long as the 
keel and wings ; legume obovate, rugose. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. 
(T) and (2) — Stems l"-3° high. Legumes drooping, 2-seeded. 

2. M. alba, Lam. Stem erect, branching ; leaflets oblong, truncate, ser- 
rate ; racemes elongated ; flowers white ; vexillum longer than the wings 
and keel; legumes ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — Cultivated grounds. Intro- 
duced. (T) — Legumes drooping. 

3. M. parviflora, Desf. Annual; stems ascending; leaflets of the 
lower leaves roundish entire, of the upper oblong, denticulate ; flowers very 
small, densely spiked, yellow; legume ovate, rugose, 1-seeded. — Waste 
ground. Introduced. 

5. TRIFOLIUM, L. Clover. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the teeth subulate or setaceous. Corolla withering or per- 
sistent ; the keel shorter than the wings, and united with them by their claws. 
Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ). Legume smooth, membranaceous, 1 - 6-seeded, 
often shorter than the calyx, scarcely dehiscent. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. 
Leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets mostly toothed. Stipules adnate to the peti- 
oles. Flowers (in our species) capitate. 

* Fruiting calyx erect. 

1. T. pratense, L. (E,ed Clover.) Hairy ; stems erect ; leaflets ob- 
long-ovate or oval, often emarginate, slightly serrulate ; heads large, ovate ; 
calyx teeth setaceous, hairy ; flowers purple. — Around dwellings. Exten- 
sively cultivated, but scarcely naturalized, at least in the low country. — 
Stems l°-2° high. Leaves usually marked with a pale 3-angled spot above. 

2. T. arvense, L. (Rabbit-foot Clover.) Softly pubescent ; stems 
erect ; leaflets linear-oblong, minutely 3-toothed ; heads oblong ; calyx teeth 
setaceous, plumose ; corolla white, with a purple spot on the wings. — Old 
fields, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced, (l) — Stems 8^-12^ 
high. 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 99 

* * Fruiting calyx reflexed. 

3. T. reflexum, L. (Buffalo Clover.) Pubescent ; stems ascend- 
ing ; leaflets roundish or obcordate, toothed, the uppermost oblong ; heads 
globose ; calyx tube very short, the subulate teeth long and hairy ; vexillura 
broadly ovate, purple ; the wings and keel white ; legume 3 - 5-seeded. — 
Waste places and pastures. April -May. (T) and (2) — Stems 6'- 12' long. 
Heads large. 

4. T. stoloniferum, Muhl. Very near the preceding, but smooth 
throughout ; stems creeping ; leaflets broadly obcordate ; heads more loosely 
flowered; legumes 2-3-seeded. — Open woods and pastures, Tennessee. 
May - June. 

5. T. repens, L. (White Clover.) Smooth; stems creeping ; leaflets 
roundish or obcordate ; heads globose, long-peduncled ; calyx teeth short ; 
flowers white ; legume 4-seeded. — Pastures and around dwellings. Intro- 
duced. May. 2/ — Stems 6' - 1 2' long. 

6. T. procumbens, L. Pubescent ; stems slender, erect or procumbent ; 
leaflets small, thin, obovate or obcordate, toothed, the middle one stalked ; 
heads small, ovate ; flowers yellow ; legume 1-seeded. — Waste places ; more 
common in the upper districts. Introduced. (\) — Stems 6'- 12' long. 

7. T. Carolinianum, Michx. Pubescent; stems tufted, prostrate ; leaf- 
lets small, obcordate, slightly toothed ; heads roundish, long-peduncled ; 
flowers white, tinged with purple ; vexillum acute ; legume 4-seeded. — Fields 
and pastures. March -April. % — Stems 6' -10' long, in shady places 
erect. 

6. HOSACKIA, Dougl. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum as long as the keel and spreading wings. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume cylindrical or compressed, smooth, wingless, 
many-seeded, — Herbs. Leaves trifoliolate or pinnate. Stipules mostly mi- 
nute and gland-like. Peduncles 1 - several-flowered. 

1. H. Purshiana, Benth. Hairy; stem much branched ; leaves trifolio- 
late, with oblong leaflets ; peduncle 1-flowered, longer than the leaves ; keel 
acute ; bracts simple ; legume linear, nearly terete. — North Carolina. — Stem 
12' -15' high. Flowers rose-color. 

7. PSORALEA, L. 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Stamens diadelphous or 
partly monadelphous : half of the anthers often imperfect. Legume often 
wrinkled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Perennial usually 
glandular herbs. Stipules cohering with the petioles. Flowers axillary or 
terminal, purplish or white, racemose or spiked. 

* Leaves \-Z-foliolate. 

1. P. Virgata, Nutt. Smoothish; stem virgate, sparingly branched; 
leaves very remote, 1- (or the lowest 2-3-) foliolate; leaflets linear or oblong- 
linear, obtuse, the lower ones broader and long-petioled ; stipules setaceous ; 
peduncles much shorter than the leaves; spikes dense, cylindrical; bracts 



100 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

ovate, acuminate, and, like the calyx, glandular and hairy ; corolla violet. — 
Near St. Mary's, Georgia, and the adjacent parts of llorida. July. — Stem 
2° high. Leaflets 2' - 5' long. 

2. P, melilotoides, Miclix. Glandular and sparingly pubescent ; leaves 
trifoliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate or elliptical; stipules subulate; spikes 
oblong, on peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; bracts ovate, acumi- 
nate, veiny; corolla violet; legume rugose. — Var. (P. eglandulosa, Ell.) 
Glandless or nearly so ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, and, like the calyx, villous. — 
Dry soil, Florida to Tennessee, and westw^ard. May -June. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaflets r-2Mong. 

3. P. Onobrychis, Nutt. Pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, 
acuminate; racemes elongated, somewhat secund; calyx glandular, the teeth 
small, obtuse, equal ; legume ovate, muricate, wrinkled transversely. — Near 
Spartanburg, South Carolina. June - July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves very 
large. 

4. p. canescens, Michx. Hoary-pubescent; lower leaves trifoliolate, 
the upper simple, short petioled ; leaflets obovate, glandular ; racemes longer 
than the leaves, few-flowered; calyx inflated; flowers blue, turning greenish; 
legume even. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April - May. — 
Stem bushy, 2° high. Resembles a Baptisia. 

* * Leaves palmatelt/ 5 - 7-Joliolate. 

5. P. Lupinellus, Michx. Smooth ; stem slender, declining, sparingly 
branched ; leaflets filiform ; racemes longer than the leaves, loose-flowered ; 
flowers violet ; legumes rugose. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. May - June. — Stem 2° long. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 

6. P. subaeaulis, Torr. & Gray. Nearly stemless; white with spread- 
ing hairs ; leaflets obovate-obloug ; peduncles longer than the leaves, rigid ; 
spikes dense, ovate or oblong. — Rocky hills near Nashville, Tennessee. 
April - May. — Leaflets V long. Peduncles 4' - 6' long. Flowers purple. 

* * * Leaves pinnate. 

7. P. multijuga, Ell. Stem branching ; leaflets numerous (9 - 10 pairs), 
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, pubescent; spikes oblong ; bracts small, membrana- 
ceous, without glands. — Abbeville District, South Carolina. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaflets small. Bracts half as long as the calyx. Flowers violet. 

8. PETALOSTEMON, Michx. 

Calyx nearly equally .5-toothed or 5-cleft. Petals almost regular, on fili- 
form claws, four of them united with the tube of stamens, the fifth free, cor- 
date or oblong, folded. Stamens 5, united into a cleft tube. Ovary 2-ovuled. 
Legume indehiscent, 1-seeded, included in the calyx. — Perennial glandular 
herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, and white or purple flowers in terminal 
spikes or heads. 

§ I. Lower bracts involucrate, empty: calyx teeth setaceous, plumose: heads 
globular, corymbed. 

1. P. COrymbOSUS, Michx. Glandular; stems erect, clustered, very 
leafy; leaflets 5-15, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, 3''-4''long; bracts 9 or more, 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 101 

roundish, ciliate ; calyx villous ; petals white, obtuse ; style and ovary 
bearded. — Dry pine barrens in the middle and lower districts. — Sept. - Oct. 
— Stem 2° high. 

Var. trif oliatus. Glandless, or nearly so ; leaflets mostly 3, filiform ; 
bracts 3-4, broadly ovate, acute ; style bearded below the middle ; petals 
acute. — With the preceding. 

§ 2. Lower bracts not involucrate, nor empti/ : calyx teeth shorter than the tube : 

spikes single, terminal. 

*- Petals white or flesh-colored. 

2. P. gracilis, Nutt. Stems decumbent, virgate ; leaflets 5-7, oblong- 
linear, obtuse ; spikes oval, becoming cylindrical in fruit, peduncled ; vexillum 
obovate. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and westward. August. — Stems 2° 
long. Leaflets ^ loiig- 

3. P. carneus, Michx. Stems erect, much branched, very leafy; leaf- 
lets 5-7, linear, acute ; spikes oblong, long-ped uncled ; calyx as long as the 
subulate bracts ; vexillum oblong. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and Georgia, 
westward. — Stems 2° -3° high. Flowers white or reddish. 

4. P. candidus, Michx. Stem rigidly erect; leaflets 5 - 9, lanceolate, 
obtuse ; spikes cylindrical in fruit ; calyx sulcate, half as long as the setaceous- 
pointed bracts, the teeth acute ; vexillum " broadly cordate." — West Tennes- 
see, and westward. August - Sept. 

5. P. multiflorus, Nutt. ? Glabrous ; stem corymbose-branched ; leaf- 
lets 3-5, filiform; heads numerous, globose; calyx smooth, longer than the 
subulate bracts^ tlie short teeth obtuse ; legume partly exserted. — St. Peters- 
burg, Florida (C. L. Brownell). — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 3''-4'' long. 

Heads 3'' wide. 

* * Petals purple or rose-color. 

6. P. violaceus, Michx. Stem erect, corymbose above, very leafy; 
leaflets 3-5, narrow-linear ; spikes oblong or cylindrical ; calyx silky, the 
short teeth obtuse, as long as the lanceolate acuminate silky bracts. — West 
Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 2° high. Flowers violet-purple. 

7. P. roseus, Nutt. Leaflets narrower ; calyx smooth, the teeth as long 
as the tube, shorter than the setaceous bracts ; petals obovate, rose-color ; 
otherwise like the preceding. — Low pine barrens, East Florida. 

8. P. foliosus, Gray. Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets 16-29, linear-oblong, 
mucronate, the glands few and small ; spikes cylindrical, short-peduncled ; 
bracts slender-awned from a lanceolate base, exceeding the rose pui-ple flow- 
ers ; calyx glabrous, the teeth about half the length of the eylindraceous 
tube {Gray). — Near Nashville, Tennessee. 

9. P. decumbens, Nutt. Stems decumbent, branching from the base ; 
leaflets 6 or 8, linear-oblong, mucronate ; spikes ovate-oblong ; calyx shorter 
than the acuminate bracts, the teeth longer than the smooth tube; petals 
deep violet-purple, linear-oblong, obtuse at the base, vexillum cordate. — 
Northern Alabama, Tennessee, and westward. — Stems 1° long. Leaflets 

6" - 8'' long. 



102 LEGUMTNOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

10. P. Feayi, Chapm. Smooth; stems several, decumbent, much 
branched; leaves long-i)etioled, the 4-8 leaflets soon involute-filiform, obtuse 
or truncate ; heads globular, corymbose, loug-peduncled ; calyx tube smooth, 
twice the length of the ovate acute pubescent teeth, and suiooth bracts ; petals 
bright rose-color; stamens long-exserted. — Bartow, South Florida {Feay). 

— Stems 1° - H° long. Leaflets 5'' - 8'' long. Heads 3'' - 4" broad. 

9. DALEA, L. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous ; petals clawed ; four of 
them united with the tube of stamens below the middle, the fifth (vexilluin) 
free, cordate, and inserted into the bottom of the calyx. Stamens 10, united 
into a cleft tube. Legume 1 -seeded, membranaceous, indehiscent, included in 
the calyx. — Mostly glandular herbs, with spiked or capitate flowers. 

1. D. alopecuroides, Willd. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves pinnate, with 
numerous linear-oblong leaflets; spikes dense, cylindrical, silky-villous ; co- 
rolla small, pale violet, the vexillum white. — Rich soil, Alabama, and west- 
ward. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. D. Domingensis, DC. Erect, velvety-pubescent ; leaflets 12 or 14, 
obovate ; spikes capitate, short-peduncled ; calyx villous, the lobes subulate. 

— Key Biscayne, South Florida { Curtiss). 

10. AMORPHA, L. 

Calyx obconical, 5-toothed, persistent. Vexillum straight, concave. Wings 
and keel none. Stamens monadelphous at the base, exserted. Legume 1-2- 
seeded, oblong, curved, glandular, indehiscent or nearly so. — Shrubs, with 
unequally pinnate leaves, the numerous leaflets punctate with pellucid dots. 
Flowers blue or white, in slender terminal and axillary racemes or spikes. 

1. A. fruticosa, L. Stem 5°- 10° high, arborescent, pubescent or gla- 
brous; leaflets 5-10 pairs, f - 1|' long, elliptical or oblong, obtuse or emar- 
ginate, the lowest commonly distant from the stem; racemes mostly 1-3, 
4' - 6' long ; calyx teeth short, obtuse, or the 2 upper obtuse, the 3 lower or 
the middle one acute ; vexillum deep blue ; legume mostly 1-seeded. — Mostly 
in low ground and river banks. May - Jtily. Very variable. 

2. A. herbaeea, Walt. Stem loAver (2°- 4° high) ; leaflets 10-20 pairs, 
oval or oblong, G'^-Q" long, the lowest near the stem; racemes spicate, 
6'- 12' long, often panicled ; calyx teeth more or less villous; vexillum blue 
or white ; legume 1-seeded. — Low sandy pine barrens, in the lower districts. 
June - July. 

3. A. eaneseens, Nutt. Hoary-tomentose ; leaves sessile ; leaflets nu- 
merous, small, elliptical , crowded ; spikes short, panicled, dense-flowered; 
calyx teeth acute, nearly equal ; legume 1-seeded. — Near Augusta, Georgia, 
and westward. July -August. — Shrub 1° -2° high. Flowers bright blue. 

11. ROBINIA, L. Locust. 

Calyx short, 5-toothed or 5-cleft, the two upper teeth shorter and more or 
less united. Vexillum large, roundish; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 103 

(9 & 1). Style bearded on the side facing the vexillura. Legume com- 
pressed, many-seeded, the seed-bearing suture margined. Seeds flat. — Trees 
or shrubs, often with stipular spines, unequally pinnate leaves, and showy 
Avhite or rose-colored flowers in axillary racemes. 

1. E. Pseudacacia, L. (Locust, False Acacia.) Smoothish ; spines 
small on the older branches, straight; leaflets 9- 17, oblong-ovate or ellip- 
tical; racemes pendulous, oblong, many-flowered; flowers white; legume 
4 - 6-seeded. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. April - May. — A tree 30°- 
60° high, with hard and durable wood. Racemes 3' - b' long. Calyx spotted. 
Legume smooth. Llowers fragrant. 

2. R. viseosa, Vent. Branches, petioles, peduncles, and legumes gland- 
ular-viscid ; spines very small; leaflets 11-25, ovate and oblong, obtuse or 
slightly cordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, tipped with a short 
bristle ; flowers crowded in roundish erect racemes, rose-color ; legume 3-5- 
seeded. — Banks of streams, on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. 
May - June. — A tree 20° - 40° high. Elowers inodorous. 

3. R. hispida, L. Branches, etc. more or less bristly; stipules very 
slender and bristle-like, deciduous; leaflets 11-18, smooth, ovate or oblong- 
ovate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, tipped with a long bristle; 
flowers large, in a loose and mostly pendulous raceme, bright rose color. — 
Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, both the ordinary form, and the 
var. ROSEA {Pursh), with pubescent branches and few-flowered racemes. 
May. — Shrub 3° - 8° high. 

Var. Elliottii. Branches, etc. pubescent; stipular spines very stout, 
spreading or recurved. (R. hispida, var. rosea. Ell.) — Pine barrens in the 
central parts of Georgia, and southward. — Shrub 3°- 5° high, with thick and 
rigid branches. A still smaller form, scarcely a foot high (var. nana, EIL), is 
found at Columbia, South Carolina. 

12. WISTARIA, Nutt. 

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip broad, 2-cleft, the 
lower 3 -cleft. Vexillum large, with 2 parallel ridges at the base. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume coriaceous, nearly terete, contracted between 
the seeds, at length 2-valved. — Twining shrubs, with unequally pinnate 
leaves, and showy purple flowers, in a crowded raceme. 

1. W. frutescens, DC. Young leaves and branches silky-pubescent; 
leaflets 9- 13, ovate-lanceolate or oblong; stipels none; racemes on short 
branches, dense-flowered. — Margins of swamps in the loAver districts. April - 
May. — Leaflets 1' long. Racemes 4' -6' long, 2' -3' in diameter. Legume 
1 - several-seeded. Bracts large, caducous. 

13. TEPHROSIA, Pers. 

Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Vexillum large, roundish, spread- 
ing or reflexed, usually white within, and reddish or purple and silky with- 
out ; keel obtuse, cohering with the wings. Stamens monadelphous or dia- 
delphous. Style smooth or laterally bearded. Legume compressed, linear, 



104 LEGUMlXOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

many-seeded. — Perenuial herbs, with une(iually pinnate leaves, with the 
leaflets o])posite mucronate and straight-veined, and white flowers, turning- 
purplish. 

* Flowers single or bij pairs in the axils of the leaves ; the uppermost often 
crowded in a dense raceme. 

1. T. Virginiana, Pers. (Goat's Kue.) Soft-hairy and somewhat 
hoary or smoothish ; stems very leafy, clustered, erect, simple ; leaflets 11- 
25, oblong or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, smoothisli above ; flowers yellow- 
ish wliite tinged. Avitli pui'ple. — Dry soil, June -July. — Stems 1° - 2° high, 
from long and slender roots. Flowers showy. 

* * Flowers in long-peduncled racemes opposite the leaves: vexiUum pubescent 

externallij. 

2. T. spicata, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute or villous with rusty hairs ; stems 
simple or diffusely branched ; leaves scattered, short-petioled ; leaflets 9-15, 
oval or cuneate-oblong, rounded and strongly mucronate at tiie apex, smooth- 
ish above; racemes 2 - 3 times as long as the leaves, 6 - 10-flowered ; lobes 
of the calyx linear-subulate ; flowers large. Varies with linear, acute, and 
reflexed leaflets, the odd one elongated. — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. June - July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. 

3. T. hispidula, Pursh. Hirsute ; stems slender, terete, erect or pro- 
cumbent ; petiole shorter than the lowest leaflets; leaflets 11-15 (4" -8" 
long), oblong, acute or obtuse ; peduncles slender, terete, commonly longer 
tlian the leaves, 2 - 4-flowered. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. June -July. — Stems 6' - 18' long. Legume slightly hispid. 

4. T. chrysophylla, Pnrsh. Prostrate, rusty-pubescent; stems dif- 
fusely branched; leaves sessile or nearly so, short (I'-lf long); leaflets 
(yellowish) 5-7, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, smooth above; 
peduncles longer than the leaves, terete, 2 - 3-flowered ; calyx teeth short, 
acute. — Varies with smaller {\' -V long) leaves and flowers, the latter mostly 
solitary on the short peduncles. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. — Stems 6' - 1 8' long. 

5. T. ambigua, M. A. Curtis. Hoary -pubescent, or nearly smooth ; 
stems decumbent, angled ; leaves scattered, long-petioled (5' -6' long); leaf- 
lets 7-15, distant, wedge-oblong, truncate or emarginate at the apex, paler 
and often smooth above, purplish and strongly veined beneath ; peduncles 
flattened, equalling or exceeding the leaves, few-flowered ; calyx teeth short, 
acute. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. June - July. 

6. T. Onobrychoides, Nutt. Softly pubescent; stem erect, mostly 
simple ; leaves petioled ; leaflets numerous, narrowly oblong, truncate or 
emarginate at the apex, mucronate, soon smooth above ; racemes very long, 
erect, many-flowered ; legume nearly straight. — Pine barrens near Mobile 
(il/o/ir), and westward. — Stem 2° high. Leaflets 1' long. Eacemes l°-2° 
long. 

7. T. leptOStachya, DC, Stem erect, branching, slightly pubescent ; 
leaflets 12 - 14, wedge-oblong, when young silky beneath ; stipules subulate; 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 105 

racemes long and slender; flowers distant ; legume erect. — Sandhills at Cape 
Canaveral ( Curtiss). July. — Stem l°-2° high. 

8. T. angustissima, Shuttl. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; stems 
slender, prostrate, diffusely branched ; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets 10-15, 
linear, acute, mostl}^ opposite ; racemes very slender, longer tlian tlie leaves, 
bearing 2-4 small scattered flowers ; calyx slightly pubescent, with triangular- 
ovate acute teeth. — South Florida [Ragel). — Stem 1° long. Leaflets 8'' - 12" 
long, V wide, spreading. Corolla about 3'' long. 

14. INDIGOFERA, L. Indigo. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Vexillum roundish. Keel with a subulate spur on each 
side, often elastically reflexed. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Legume 1 - 
many-seeded. Seeds usually truncated at each end, often separated by 
membranaceous partitions. — Herbs with unequally pinnate leaves, and Avhite, 
brownish, or purplish axillary flowers. Legumes drooping. 

* Racemes longer than the leaves. — Indigenous species. 

1. I. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; stem erect, tall, branching; leaf- 
lets 10- 15, obovate or oblong; racemes many-flowered; calyx teeth short, 
acute ; flowers yellowish brown ; legume oblong, veiny, 2-seeded. — T>vy pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July - August. ^ — Stem 3°- 5° high. 
Flowers small. Legume 4" - 5"" long. 

2. I. leptosepala, Nutt. Kough hairy ; stem decumbent; leaflets 7-9, 
obovate-oblong or cuneate ; racemes 6 - 15-flowered; calyx teeth slender- 
subulate; flowers pale scarlet; legume linear, even, 6-9-seeded. — Georgia, 
and westward. — Stem 2° -3° long. Legume 1^' long, straight, 4-angled. 

3. I. subulata, Vahl. Somewhat shrubby, sparsely pubescent with ap- 
pressed hairs ; stem filiform, decumbent ; leaves distant ; leaflets 5, oblong, 
mucronate ; racemes loosely many-flowered, in fruit many times longer than 
the leaves ; calyx teeth subulate ; legume filiform, reflexed, nearly terete, 
6 - 8-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem 2' - 3' long. Legume 2' - 2>' long, 

* * Racemes shorter than the leaves. — Introduced species. 

4. I. tinetoria, L. Stem erect ; leaflets 9-11, oval, pubescent beneath ; 
legume terete, torulose, curved. — Waste places. August. 

5. I. Anil, L, Stem erect ; leaflets 7-15, oval ; legume compressed, even, 
thickened at each suture. — Waste places. 

These two species Avere formerly cultivated in some of the States, and em- 
ployed in the manufacture of Indigo. 

15. SESBANIA, Pers. 

Calyx bibracteolate, campanulate, truncate, 5-toothed. Petals clawed. Vex- 
illum round or reniform ; wings straight, as long as the curved obtuse keel. 
Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth ; stigma truncate. Legume con- 
tinuous, contracted between the seeds, 2 -many-seeded, the seeds separated by 
cross partitions. Cotyledons thick; radicle incumbent. — Leaves abruptly 
pinnate. Flowers in axillary racemes. 



106 LEGUMIXOS.E. (pulse FAMILY.) 

dinner iccdl of the legume separating from the outer one at maturity in the form 
of a membranous sack enclosing the seeds. 

1. S. vesicaria, Ell. Annual, 2° -10° high, glabrous; leaflets numerous, 
1' long, linear-oblong, mucronate ; racemes shorter than the leaves, simple or 
compound ; flowers small, yellow ; legume oblong, 14-' long, 2-seeded. (Glot- 
tidium, Desv.) — Damp ground near the coast. August. 

* * Inner and outer walls united : suture thick or winged. 

2. S. macrocarpa, Muhl. Annual, 3°- 10° high, glabrous ; leaflets very 
numerous, i'-l' long, oblong-linear, obtuse; racemes short, 1 - 4-flowered ; 
flowers yellow, dotted, the vexillum orbicular; legume 6' -10' long, linear, 
compressed - 4-angled, many-seeded. — Marshes along the coast. August - 
Sept. 

3. S. punicea, Beuth. Fruresceut. 2° -5° high; leaflets 10-20, linear- 
oblong ; racemes few-flowered ; flowers large, scarlet ; legume oblong, 4-wiuged, 
few-seeded. — Low ground. Sparingly introduced. 

16. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetch. 

Calyx 5-toothed : the 2 upper teeth separated. Vexillum as long as the 
wings and obtuse keel. Stamens 10, diadelplious. Legume commonly tui'gid, 
few -many-seeded, usually partly or completely 2-celled by the introversion 
of one or both of the sutures. ■ — Herbs Avith unequally pinnate leaves, and ax- 
illary spiked or racemose flowers. 

* Legume parthj or completely 2-celled by the introversion of the dorsal suture. 

1. A. Canadensis, L. Tall, pubescent , leaflets 21 -31, oblong, obtuse; 
stipules ovate, clasping ; peduncles as long as the leaves, closely many-flowered ; 
calyx teeth subulate ; legume inflated, oval, terete. — Mountains of Georgia 
and Xorth Carolina. June - August. 2/ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets 1' - 
IV long. FloAvers f long, pale yellow. 

2. A. glaber, Michx. Stem tall, nearly smooth : leaflets 15 -25, oblong- 
linear, pubescent beneath ; stipules minute, spreading ; spikes longer than the 
leaves, loosely many-flowered ; calyx teeth broad and short ; legume curved, 
oblong, flattened edgewise. — Dry pine barrens in the middle districts. 
April. 2/ — Stem 2^^ high. Leaflets 6" -8" long. Flowers white. 

3. A. obeordatus, Ell. Smoothish ; stems prostrate ; leaflets small, 17 - 
25, obcordate; peduncles as long as the leaves, loosely 8 - 1 5-flowered ; legumes 
crescent-shaped, compressed, veiny. — Dry sandy barrens in the lower dis- 
tricts. April -June. 2/ — Stems 6'- 12' long. Leaflets 3"--i" long. 
Flowers pale purple. 

4. A. earyoearpus, Ker. Stems prostrate or ascending, appressed- 
pubescent ; leaflets 16-24, oblong ; stipules ovate ; pedimcles as long as the 
leaves ; racemes rather loosely flowered ; the flowers violet-ptirple ; legume 
ovate, acute, smooth, thick and succulent, corky when dry. — Xear Xash- 
ville, Tennessee (Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 

5. A. Plattensis, Xutt., var. Tennesseensis, Gray. Villous, ca- 
nescent; stems prostrate or ascending; leaflets about 20, oblong or linear- 



LEGUMIXOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 107 

oblono;, obtuse or emarginate ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; peduncles as long as 
the leaves ; racemes short, 10- 1 5-lio\vered ; calyx teeth subulate ; legtime ob- 
long, curved, thick and flesby, many-seeded. — Xorth Alabama and Tennessee. 
March -April, l^ — Stems 4'- 6' long. Flowers 8" -9" long, apparently 
purple. 

* * Legume l-celled : the ventral sutirre t^iickened and sometimes slightly injlexed. 
6. A. villosus, Michx. Villous and hoary; stems prostrate; leaflets 
about 13, oval or oblong, commonly emarginate ; stipules lanceolate : peduncles 
as long as the leaves ; racemes ovate, dense-flowered ; calyx teeth longer than 
the tube; legume oblong, curved, 3-angled, l-celled. — Dry pine barrens, 
Florida to South Carolina, April - May, 2/ — Stems 4'- 6' long. Flowers 
small, dull yellow. 

17. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch, Tare. 

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, the two upper teeth usually shorter. Style filiform, 
hairy at the apex, or on the side facing the keel. Legume 2 - many-seeded, 
2-valved. Seeds orbicular. Cotyledons thick. — Slender climbing herbs. 
Leaves pinnate : the petiole terminating in a tendril. Stipules mostly semi- 
sagittate. Flowers axillary. 

* Peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 -2-jIowered. 

1. V. sativa, L. (Vetch or Ta2e.) Pubescent; stem simple ; leaflets 
10 - ] 2, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, emarginate ; flowers by pairs, 
nearly sessile, pale purple ; legume linear, several-seeded. — Cultivated 
grounds. Litroduced. (l) — Corolla i' long. Stem l'-2^1uug. 

2. V. micrantha, Xutt. Smooth; leaflets 4-6, linear, obtuse or barely 
acute ; peduncles 1 - 2-flowered ; flowers minute, pale blue ; legume sabre- 
shaped, 4- 10-seeded. — Banks of rivers and shaded places, Florida to Xorth 
Alabama, and westward. April, (l) — Stems 2° -3° long. Seeds black. 

* * Peduncles commonly longer than the leaves, 3 - many-floicered. 

3. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy; leaflets 12-14. oblong-linear, truncate; 
peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, about as long as the leaves : calyx teeth equal ; flow- 
ers small, bluish white ; legume short, oblong, 2-seeded. — Cultivated ground. 
Litroduced. April - 3Iay. 

4. V. acutifoUa, FU. Smooth ; leaflets about 4. linear or rarely oblong, 
acute or truncate ; peduncles 4 - 8-flowered, usually longer than the leaves ; 
flowers pale blue, the keel tipped with purple ; legume linear, 4 - 8-seeded. — 
Damp soil near the coast. March -May. 2/ — Stems angled, 2^ -4° long, 
branching. 

5. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Smoothish; leaflets 8-12, linear or lineax- 
oblong, obtuse or barely acute ; stipules small, subulate ; pedtmcles many- 
flowered ; calyx teeth shorter than the tube ; flowers neai-ly white, the keel 
tipped with blue ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Dry open woods, chiefly 
in the upper districts. April - May. 21 — Stems 3^ - 4^ long, branching. 
Flowers 4" - 6'' long. 

6. V. Ludoviciana, Xutt. Smoothish ; leaflets 10-15. elliptical, rounded 
or emarginate at the tip ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered, flowers small, pale blue ; 



108 LEGUMIXOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

calyx hairy ; legume broadly sabre-shaped, 5 - 6-seeded. — New Orleans. — 
Stem stout, 2°-3°loug. Leaflets 6" -8" long. Peduucles iu fruit longer 
than the leaves. 

7. V. Floridana, Watson. Leaflets oblong or obovate, mucronate, thin 
(^' long) ; flowers smaller; legume short (i' long), nearly oval, pointed, 
2-4-seeded ; otherwise like Xo. 4. — Low hummocks, East Florida. 

18. LATHYRUS, L. 

Style flattened, bearded on the side facing the vexillum. Otherwise as in 
Vicia. 

1. L. pusillus, Ell. Annual; leaflets 2, linear-lanceolate, acute; stipules 
sagittate ; peduncles elongated, 1 - 2-flowered ; teeth of the calyx suljulate- 
setaceous, nearly equal; legume long, 10-15-seeded. — Near Charleston, 
South Carolina, and westward. May. — A small and slender vine. Elowers 
purple. 

2. L. venosus, Muhl. Perennial; stem stout ; leaflets 10 - 14, oblong- 
ovate, obtuse; stipules lanceolate; peduncles 10-20-flow^ered; flowers large, 
purple ; calyx teeth very unequal. — Shady banks in the upper districts. 
June - July. — Stem angled, 2° -3° long. Leaflets 2' -3' long. Flowers 
I' long. 

3. L. myrtifolius, Muhl. Perennial; stem slender, 4-angled ; leaflets 
4-6, oblong, obtuse ; stipules large, ovate, entire ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered ; 
fl.owers pale purple; calyx teeth unequal. — Banks of rivers, North Caro- 
lina, and northward. July -August. — Stem 2°- 4° long, often wing-angled. 
Leaflets 1^' long. 

19. JESCHYNOMENE, L. 

Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Petals equal : vexillum roundish. Sta- 
mens diadelphous (5 & 5), Legume compressed, stipitate, separating trans- 
versely into 3 or more 1-seeded indehiscent joints. — Herbs or shrubs, with 
pinnate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 

1. ^. hispida, AYilld. Annual; stem erect, muricate-hispid ; leaflets 
numerous, oblong-linear; peduucles 3-5-flowered; legume straight, linear, 
even along the upper suture, w'avy on the lower, 6- 10-jointed, the joints 
nearly square, hispid. — Swamps and ditches. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. 

2. ^. viscidula, Michx. Perennial; stem slender, prostrate, viscid- 
pubescent ; leaves small ; leaflets 7-9, obovate, reticulate-veined ; peduncles 
3 - 4-flowered, the pedicels long and spreading ; stipules and bracts ovate ; 
legume 2-3-jointed, the joints half -orbicular, hispid. — Sandy places along 
the coast, Florida and Georgia. August- Sept. — Stem 1° -2"^ long. Leaves 
1' long. Flowers small, 

20. ZORNIA, Gmel. 

Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted 
on the base of the calyx. Stamens monadelphous, alternately shorter ; an- 



LEGUMINOS.E. (pULSE FAMILY.) 109 

thers alternately oblong and globose. Legume compressed, with 2-5 round- 
ish hispid joints. — Herbs. Leaves palmately 2-4-foliolate. Stipules sagit- 
tate. Flowers yellow, in axillary large-bracted racemes. 

1. Z. tetraphylla, Michx. Perennial, smooth or downy; leaflets 4, 
lanceolate or oblong-obovate : racemes 3 - 9-flowered, much longer than the 
leaves; the flowers distant and almost concealed by the large ovate bracts; 
legume hispid, 3-4-jointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and 
westward. June - August. — Stem 2° long, prostrate. 

21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz 

Flowers of tM'o kinds : one perfect, but sterile ; the other destitute of calyx, 
corolla, and stamens, and fertile. Calyx 2-bracted, 2-lipped, 5-cleft ; the tube 
long and slender. Corolla inserted on the throat of the calyx. Keel entire 
at the apex. Stamens monadelphous, with the alternate anthers linear and 
ovate. Style of the fertile flower hooked. Legume veiny, 1 - 2-jointed, the 
lower joint empty. — Low herbs. Leaves trifoliolate. Stipules united with 
the petioles. Flowers in a short and dense terminal spike. 

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Perennial: stem mostly erect, 6'- 12' high, pu- 
bescent in lines, or sometimes hispid ; leaflets rigid, lanceolate, strougiy 
veined; stipules sheathing; spike few-flowered; bracts bristly; flowers yel- 
low; legume compressed. — Sandy pine barrens. June- August. 

Yar. procumbens, Pursh ? Stems procumbent, 1°- 2^ long; leaflets 
ovate-lanceolate, 3" -4'' long; legumes nearly globose, obscurely ribbed. — 
Sandy woods, West Florida. 

22. CHAPMANIA, Torr. & Gray. 

Flowers perfect, but sterile, and imperfect and fertile. Sterile Floioer. 
Calyx turbinate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, the vexillum and wings nearly equal, 
broadly obovate, the keel straight, convolute, enclosing the stamens and 
pistil. Stamens 10, monadelphous below the middle, shorter than the abor- 
tive pistil. Fertile Flower. Petals and stamens none. Style short and 
curved. Legume 1-4-jointed, the joints 1-seeded. Seed suspended. — An 
erect perennial herb, from tuber-bearing roots. Stem mostly simple, 2° -3° 
high, hirsute. Leaves unequally pinnate, with setaceous stipules; leaflets 
5-7, oblong or obovate, ^'- 1' long. Flowers in short 2-3-flowered spikes, 
at the leafless summit of the stem. Calyx glandular- viscid. Petals fuga- 
cious, f long, yellow. 

1. C. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. —Dry sandy pine barrens. South Flor- 
ida. May-<Tuly. — Flowers expanding briefly in early morning. 

23. LESPEDEZA, Michx. Bush Clover. 

Calyx 2-bracted, 5-cleft; the teeth subulate. Corolla inserted on the base 
of the calyx.. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Anthers alike. Legtime small, 
lenticular, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Perennial herbs (except Xo. 5), with tri- 
foliolate leaves, and small flowers in axillary racemes or spikes. 



110 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

* Flowers of two kinds, viz. jyerfect, but mostly sterile, borne in spikes or racemes, 

and fertile, but destitute of corolla and stamens ; the latter commonly in sessile 
clusters : corolla purple, longer than the calyx. 

1. L. repens, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, prostrate; leaflets small, 
oval, mostly emarginate, the petiole very short, or as long as the lateral leaf- 
lets ; racemes few-flowered, on filiform peduncles much longer than the leaves ; 
legume roundish. (L. procumbens, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to 
Mississippi, and northward. August. — Plant l°-2° long, smooth or 
tomentose. 

2. L. violacea, Pers. Stem widely branched above, sparsely appressed- 
pubescent ; the branchlets and peduncles setaceous ; leaflets oval or oblong, 
glabrous above ; peduncles diverging, few- flowered ; flowers violet ; legumes 
ovate, acute. — Dry sandy or rocky w^oods. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. 
Leaves 1' long. 

3. L. reticulata, Pers. Stem mostly simple, very leafy ; leaflets linear 
or oblong-linear, pubescent beneath ; racemes very numerous, the loAver shorter 
than the leaves, the upper glomerate ; flowers purple ; legume ovate, acute. 
With the preceding. 

4. L. Stuvei, Nutt. Stem erect, branching, softly pubescent; leaflets 
oval or oblong, tomentose or silky on both surfaces, or only beneath, longer 
than the petiole ; racemes axillary, mostly longer than the leaves ; flowers 
nearly all perfect and fertile ; legume longer than the calyx, ovate, villous. — 
Dry sterile soil. August. 

* * -Floicers in axillary cluster-like racemes, the fertile icith a partially developed 

corolla: calyx lobes ovate : stipules persistent : root annual. 

5. L. striata, Hook. & Arnott. Annual, erect or prostrate, appressed 
pubescent ; leaflets oblong-obovate ; stipules thin, strongly veined, twice as 
long as the petioles, persistent ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 1 - 5-fl.ow- 
ered ; calyx veiny, the ovate teeth shorter than the round ovate reticulate 
legume ; flowers purple. — Fields and -waste ground. Introduced. — Stems 
6' -12' long. 

* * * Flowers all perfect and fertile : corolla as long as the calyx, yellowish 

white, the vexilluni spotted with purple : legume included in the calyx. 

6. L. hirta, Fll. Stem erect, pubescent or villous; leaflets oval or 
roundish, longer than the petiole, pubescent beneath or on both sides; spikes 
dense, on peduncles longer than the leaves ; calyx teeth linear lanceolate, as 
long as the ovate pubescent legume. — Dry barren soil. August. — Stem 2° - 
4° high. 

7. L. capitata, Michx. Stem mostly simple, villous ; leaves nearly ses- 
sile ; leaflets rather rigid, lanceolate or oblong, smooth above ; racemes capi- 
tate ; calyx lobes hairy, as long as the corolla, longer than the oblong-ovate 
legume. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts. August. — Stem 2° - 4° 
high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 

Var. sericea, Hook. & Arn. Stem branching; leaflets oblong, silky- 
canescent ou both sides ; racemes crowded. — Low ground along the coast. 
August. 



LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) Ill 

8. L. angUStif Olia, Ell. Stem slender, 2° - 3° high, closely pubeseeiit ; 
leaves short-petioled ; leaflets linear or oblong-linear, obtuse or emarginate, 
pubescent beneath, 1' or less long; racemes capitate, longer than the leaves; 
calyx nearly sessile ; legume broadly ovate, downy, as long as the calyx. — 
Dry sandy soil in the lower districts. August. 

24. DESMODIUM, DC. (Hedysakum, L., Ell.) 

Flowers all similar and perfect. Calyx bilabiate; the upper lip emarginats 
or entire, the lower 3-cleft. Corolla inserted on the base of the calyx. Sta- 
mens diadelphous (9 & 1), or more or less monadelphous. Legume flattened, 
2-6-jointed. — Chiefly perennial branching herbs. Leaves trifoliolate, peti- 
oled, stipulate ; the leaflets petiolulate and stipellate. Flowers small, purple 
or whitish, in terminal racemes or panicles (except the last). Legumes hispid 
with hooked hairs. 

§ 1. Stamens monadelphous below: legumes conspicuously stipitate, 2~4-jointed, 
the joints half-ohovate, concave on the hack. 

1. D. pauciflorum, Nutt. Stem low, ascending, mostly simple, leafy ; 
leaves scattered, long-petioled ; leaflets thin, acute, ciliate, pale beneath, the 
lateral ones ovate, the terminal one rhombic-ovate ; stipules minute ; racemes 
terminal, 4 - 8-flo\vered, mostly shorter than the leaves. — Shady woods, 
Florida to Tennessee. August. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets V-2' long. Co- 
rolla pale purple or white. 

2. D. acuminatum, DC. Stem pubescent, leafy at the summit ; leaves 
large, long-petioled ; leaflets smoothish, ovate or roundish, acuminate ; raceme 
or panicle terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered — Rich shady soil. July - 
August. — Plant 2° - 3° high. Leaflets thin, 2' - 4' long. 

3. D. nudiflorum, DC. Stem smooth, short, leafy at the summit; 
panicle ascending from the base of the stem, naked, or with one or two leaves 
near the base, much longer than the stem ; leaves long-petioled, smooth ; leaf- 
lets ovate, acute or obtuse, white beneath; legume long-stipitate, — Rich 
woods. July -August. — Stem 6^-12' high. Racemes simple or compound, 
on peduncles 2° -3° high. 

§ 2. Stamens diadelphous : legume sessile or short-stipitate. 

* Stipules large, ovate (except No. 9), acuminate, persistent : legume 3-6-jointed, 

the joints convex on the upper suture, rounded on the lower one. 

4. D. canescens, DC. Stem tall, rough-hairy, striate; leaflets ovate, 
mostly acute, very rough, especially beneath ; panicle large, very hairy ; bracts 
large, ovate, acuminate ; joints of the legume 3-5, connected by a broad neck. 
— Dry open woods. July -August. — Plant 3° -5° high, much branched, 
pale green. Leaflets 1-^'- 3' long. Flowers large. 

5. D. tortUOSUm, DC. Stem tall, much branched, softly pubescent; 
leaflets rhombic or elliptical, obtuse and often emarginate, tomentose beneath, 
rough above; racemes panicled, slender; flowers 2-3 together, on slender 
pedicels; legume nearly sessile, black; the small joints oval or rhombic, 
equally convex on both sutures. — Waste places. Introduced. Sept. — Stem 
3° -5° high. Leaflets 3'- 4^ long. Legume T long, pendulous. Flowers small. 



112 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

6. D. CUSpidaturQ, Torr. &Gray. Stem smooth, erect ; leaves smooth, 
ovate or laiiceohxte-ovate, acuminate; panicle mostly simj^le, elongated; flow- 
ers and bracts large ; legume 4 - 6-jointed, the joints rhombic-oblong, con- 
nected by a broad neck. — Dry open woods. July -August. — Stem 3° -5° 
high. Leaflets 3' - 5' long. Legume H' - 2' long. 

7. J), viridiflorum, Beck. Stem stout, tomentose, rough above ; leaves 
large ; leaflets ovate or roundish, obtuse, very rough above, pale and velvety 
beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate, rather small ; panicle large, leafless ; 
legume 3-4-jointed, on a stipe twice as long as the calyx, the joints half 
orbicular, connected by a narrow neck. — Rich open woods. August. — Stem 
3°-4° high. Leaflets 2' -4' long. Corolla turning greenish. 

8. D. ochroleiicum, M. A. Curtis, Stems decumbent, hairy; leaflets 
smoothish, ovate, reticulate ; stipules large, ovate ; racemes elongated ; corolla 
whitish ; legumes twisted, 2 - 4-jointed, the large joints rhomboid, smooth. — 
North Carolina, and northward. 

9. D. humifusum, Beck. Nearly glabrous; stem prostrate; leaflets 
ovate, mostly obtuse, thin, faintly veined, I'-li' long; stipules small, lance- 
olate; flowers small, purple; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular, minutely 
scabrous. — Open woods, Tennessee, and northward. 

10. D. rotundifolium, DC. Stem long, trailing, hairy; leaflets or- 
bicular, pubescent ; stipules ovate, large, reflexed ; racemes simple, the termi- 
nal ones panicled ; lobes of the calyx longer than the tube ; legume 2 - 4-jointed, 
very adhesive, the large joints half-rhombic. — Dry open woods. August. — 
Stem 3° -5° long. Flowers showy, occasionally yellowish white. 

* * Stipules subulate, deciduous: legume 3-5-jointed, nearly straight on the 
upper suture, the joints triangular, rarely rounded on the lower suture. 

11. D. Canadense, DC. Stem erect, hairy; leaves short-petioled ; 
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, more or less hairy; panicle leafy; flowers and 
bracts large; legume with 3-4 rather large obtusely 3-angled joints. — Dry 
woods in the upper districts. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high, furrowed. Upper 
leaves subsessile. 

12. D. Dillenii, Dark Stem erect, furrowed, hairy; leaflets oblong or 
ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoothish above, paler and pubescent beneath ; panicle 
large, leafless, rough ; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. — Open woods, 
common. August. — Stem 2^-3° high. Leaflets V -2' long. Bracts and 
flowers small. 

13. D. glabellum, DC. Stem erect, nearly glabrous; leaflets small, 
ovate, obtuse, scabrous-pubescent on both sides ; joints of the legume about 4, 
triangular, minutely hispid. — In shady places. North and South Carolina. — 
Eesembles D. Marilandicum in foliage and D, paniculatum in fruit. 

14. D. Isevigatum, DC. Stem smooth, terete; leaflets thick, ovate, 
obtuse, smooth, or slightly pubescent and paler beneath ; panicle leafless, 
rough; joints of the legume 3-4, triangular. (H. rhombifolium, Ell.) — 
Dry rich soil. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets V -2' long, the lateral 
ones occasionally wanting. 



LEGUMINOS.li:. (pulse FAMILY.) 113 

15. D. paniculatum, DC. Stem slender, mostly smooth, with long 
and vii-gate branches ; leaflets varying from oblong to linear-lanceolate, ob- 
tuse, smooth or slightly pubescent ; legume 3 - 5-jointed, tlie joints triangular. 

— Shady woods. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets rather rigid. 

* * * Stipules siihulate, deciduous : legume '2-Z-jointed ; the joints small, oval, 
or obliqueli/ obovate : /lowers small. 

16. D. tenuifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem slender, erect, rough-pubes- 
cent above ; leaflets linear, reticulated, obtuse, smooth above, keeled, much 
longer than the short petiole ; panicle leafless, very rough ; flowers small ; 
legume sessile, mo.stly 2-jointed. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. July - August. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Leaflets 2' - 3' long. 

17. D. Strictum, DC. Stem erect, mostly simple, straight and slender, 
smooth or roughish ; leaves on short petioles ; leaflets narrowly linear, rather 
obtuse, coriaceous, reticulated, nearly smooth ; panicle virgate, few-flowered ; 
the pedicels very slender; legume stipitate, 1-3-joiuted. — Pine barrens. 
July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaflets 1 ' - 2long. 

18. D. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gray. Stem 2° -3° high, branching, 
softly pubescent ; leaves nearly sessile ; leaflets T - 2' long, rather rigid, linear- 
oblong, obtuse, scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; flowers crowded on the 
long branches of the panicle, short-pedicelled ; joints of the nearly sessile 
legume 2-3, hispid. — Dry open woods, Tennessee, and northward. 

19. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Stem erect, smooth, mostly simple; 
leaflets small, ovate or roundish, obtuse, smooth, pale beneath, commonly 
shorter than the petiole; panicle rough; legume mostly 2-jointed. (H. ob- 
tusum, Ell.) — Dry open woods. August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaflets 
rarely more than 1' long, sometimes oblong. 

20. D. ciliare, DC. Very much like the last, but the stem and leaves 
rough-hairy, and the (sometimes acute) leaflets longer than the short petiole. 

— With the preceding. 

21. D. rigidum, DC. Stem erect, branched, rough-pubescent; leaflets 
(pale) oval or oblong, obtuse, rough above, hairy beneath, strongly reticulated 
on both sides ; panicle ample, leafy below ; legume mostly 3-joiuted. — Dry 
woods. August. — Stems 2° -3° high. Leaflets l'-3' long. 

22. D. lineatum, DC. Stem prostrate, slender, smooth ; leaflets oval 
or roundish, smooth ; racemes elongated, axillary and terminal, simple or 
paniculate, rough; legume 2- 3-jointed. — Open grassy pine barrens in the 
lower districts. August. — Stem l°-2°long. Leaflets seldom more than 1' 
long. Racemes 1°- 2° long. 

23. D. Floridanum, Chapm, Stem short, rigid, very rough ; lower 
leaves 1 - 3-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-ovate, acute or obtuse, very rough 
above, pubescent and strongly reticulate beneath ; stipules subulate ; panicle 
elongated, sparingly branched, leafless; legume 2-4-jointed, the stipe shorter 
than the calyx; joints obliquely obovate. — Dry sandy soil near the coast. 
Florida. July - Augu.st. — Proper stem 1° high, the panicle 2° -3°. Leaflets 
2^-3' long, the stipules and stipels rigid. Bracts and flowers small. 



114 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

§ 3. Legume sessile, nearly even on both sutures, the joints quadrangular. 
24. D. triflorum, DC. Creeping, pubescent; leaflets obcordate ; pe- 
duncles axillary, single, or 2-3 together, 1 -flowered; legume curved, 3-4- 
jointed. — Manatee, South Florida. Introduced. — Stem 6'- 12' long. 

25. RHYNCHOSIA, DC. 

Calyx 2-lipped, with the upper lip 2-cleft and the lower 3-parted, or nearly 
equally 4-parted. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1). Style smooth, subulate. 
Legume oblong or scimitar-shaped, mostly 1-2-seeded. Seeds carunculate. 
— Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with 1 or 3-foliolate, mostly softly-pubes- 
cent and resinous-dotted leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 

* Stems twining, or low and erect: flowers in axillary racemes. 

-i- Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, 4:-cl eft ; the teeth subulate, shorter tJian the corolla, 

the lowest one longest: stems twining. 

1. R. mininia, DC. Tomentose ; leaflets small, roundish or broadly 
rhombic, barely acute, dotted beneath; stipules subulate; racemes filiform, 
much longer than the leaves, loosely 6 - 12-flowered ; flowers minute, reflexed ; 
legumes scimitar-shaped. — Damp soil along the coast, South Carolina, and 
westward. July, — Leaflets i' - 1' long. 

2. R. parvifoliaj DC. Velvety throughout ; leaflets ovate, oblong, or 
obovate-oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acute, hoary, and strongly reticu- 
late beneath, longer than the petiole ; stipules small, lanceolate ; racemes 
equalling or longer than the leaves, slender, loosely 3-5-flowered; lowest 
tooth of the calyx nearly twice the length of the others ; legume oblong, ob- 
tuse, clothed with soft down and longer hairs intermixed, 2 - 3-seeded. — 
South Florida. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaflets 1' long. 

3. R. Caribsea, DC. Velvety throughout; stem prostrate or twining; 
leaflets thin, ovate, acute or slightly acuminate ; stipules ovate ; racemes 
slender*, shorter than the leaves, loosely 3 - .5-flowered ; teeth of the calyx 
short, nearly equal ; legume scimitar-shaped, acute. — South Florida. — 
Stem 2° -3° long. Leaflets l^' -2' long. Racemes l'-2' long. Flowers 
small. Legume l'-l|' long, tapering at the base. 

■i- -I- Calyx 4-parted, nearly as long as the corolla, the lobes linear or lanceolate, 
nearly equal : ste7ns twining or erect. 

4. R. raenispermoidea, DC. Stems several from one root, prostrate 
or twining, downy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate ; leaflets solitary, reniform, to- 
mentose ; peduncles rarely as long as the petiole, with few crowded flowers at 
the summit ; calyx deeply parted, the lanceolate acute or acuminate lobes 
nearly equal ; legume oblong, acute, tomentose, 2-seeded. — Charlotte Harbor, 
South Florida [Blodgett). — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaflets T - 2' in diameter. 

5. R. tomentosa, Hook. & Am. Softly pubescent; stem trailing or 
climbing ; leaflets oval or orbicular, often acute, f- H' long ; stipules lanceo- 
late ; racemes nearly sessile, cluster-like, few-flowered ; calyx as long as the 
corolla, and half as long as the oval 2 seeded legume. — Dry sandy soil in the 
lower districts. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. — Legume ^' long. 



LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 115 

6. E. reticulata, DC? Stems several, prostrate, villous; leaves trifoli- 
olate ; leaflets tliin, silky, oval or orbicular, slightly cordate, reticulate, 2' -3' 
louo-, tlie lateral ones oblique ; racemes single, or in unequal pairs, loosely 4- 
10-tlowered, 2' -3' long; calyx lobes lanceolate, as long as the corolla. — Dry 
sandy soil, Orange County, Florida. July. {Fred. L. Lewton.) — Stems 2° 
long. Legume not seen. 

7. R. erecta, DC. Velvety-tomentose ; stem erect, simple or branched; 
leaves trifoliolate ; ' leaflets oblong-ovate, reticulate, acute ; stipules subulate, 
persistent ; racemes sessile, densely many-flowered ; legume oblong. — Light 
dry soil. June - August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaflets V -2' long. Legume 
8'' - 9'' long. 

8. R. reniformis, DC. Villous; stem 2^-8' high; leaves 1-foliolate, or- 
bicular or reniform, hirsute beneath ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, racemes nearly 
sessile, cluster-like ; legume oblong. — Dry sandy soil in the lower districts. 
May - July. 

9. R. moUissima, Shuttlw. Velvety tomentose ; stem simple, 1° high ; 
leaves trifoliolate ; leaflets ovate, acute, 1' long ; stipules deciduous ; racemes 
terminal, solitary, 4' - Si long, loosely many -flowered ; corolla longer than the 
calyx, — Dry sandy soil near the coast, Georgia and East Florida. Eare. 

* * Stem tall, erect, loith long virgate branches : flowers solitary or hij pairs, in the 
axils of the upper leaves: calyx deeply 4-cleJi, shorter than the corolla. 

10. R. galaetioides, Endl. Sterti bushy, purplish, closely pubescent ; 
leaves very small, almost sessile ; leaflets 3, oval or obovate, rigid, reticulate, 
pubescent ; flowers mostly longer than the leaves, yellow, the vexillum reddish 
externally; legume oblong, 2-seeded. (Fitcheria, Natt.) — Dry sand}^ soil, 
Florida and Alabama. June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaflets 3'^ -9" long. 
Legume f loug. 

26. APIOS, Boerh. Gbound-Nut. 

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped ; the lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lowest one 
longest. Vexillum very broad, reflexed ; the keel at length twisted. Stamens 
diadelphous (9 & 1 ). Legume nearly terete, many-seeded. — A smooth peren- 
nial twining herb, with unequally pinnate leaves, and brownish purple flowers 
in dense axillary racemes. 

1. A. tuberosa, Moench. — Swamps, Florida to Mississippi, and north- 
ward. July and August. — Eoot bearing small edible tubers. Stem twining 
high. Leaflets 5-7, ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Eacemes often by pairs, 
shorter than the leaves. Seeds black, separated by loose cellular tissue. 

27. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidnet-Bean. 

Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper teeth more or less united. Keel of the corolla 
spirally coiled or twisted. Stamens diadelphous. Legume linear or falcate, 
few -many-seeded. — Twining or prostrate herbs, with trifoliolate stipellate 
leaves. Flowers commonly large, racemed, or clustered at the summit of the 
axillary peduncles. 



116 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

* Flowers scattered in long racemes: legumes scimitar-shaped. 

1. P. perennis, Walt. Stem climbing, pubesceut ; leaflets ovate, acute, 
entire, memhraiiiiccous ; racemes often branching, twice as long as the leaves. 
— Low woods and margins of fields. July -August. 2/ — Leaflets 2' -4' 
long. Flowers purple. 

2. P. sinuatus, Nutt. Stem prostrate, smootliish ; leaflets small {V long), 
roundish or 3-lobed, strojigly reticulate, rather rigid; racemes 6-8 times as 
long as the leaves, solitary, simple. — Lry .sandy pine barrens. Florida. 
July - August. IJ. — Stem 8° - 12° long. Flowers pale purple. 

* * Flowers clustered at the summit of the peduncles : legume linear, nearhj terete : 
seed scurf ij. (STiiOPiiosTYLES, Ell.) 

3. P. diversifolius, Pers. Annual ; stems prostrate or trailing, rougli- 
hairy ; leaflets ovate, entire or 2 - 3-lobed ; peduncles twice as long as the 
leaves. — Sandy soil. June - Sept. — Stems 2° - 4° long. Corolla purple, 
withering greenish. 

4. P. helvolus, L. Perennial, smooth or hairy ; stems prostrate, leaflets 
varying from ovate to oblong-linear, rarely 3-lobed ; peduncles 3-6 times as 
long as the leaves. — Woods and margins of fields. June - Sept. — Corolla 
pale purple. 

5. P. pauciflorUS, Benth. Annual, softly pubescent ; stem twining; 
leaflets P-l^'long, oblong-ovate, obtuse; peduncles often shorter than the 
leaves, few-flowered ; flowers small, legume broadly linear, compressed, hir- 
sute, few-seeded ; seeds oval, smooth. — Waste ground, Mississippi, Tennes- 
see, and westward. 

28. VIGNA, Savi. 

Calyx 4-tootlied, the upper tooth broader, entire or 2-cleft. Yexillum de- 
pressed-orbicular, with thickened knobs near the base. Keel not twisted. 
Stamens included in the keel, diadelphous, and with the style bent upward. 
Style hairy above, appendaged below the stigma. Legume nearly terete, 
somewhat torulose, the seeds separated by cellular tissue. — Twining herbs, 
with trifoliolate leaves, and racemose axillary flowers. 

1. V. luteola, Benth. Annual, smooth or hirsute; leaflets ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate ; racemes on stout peduncles longer than the leaves ; flowers 
yellow, crowded ; legume terete, hirsute. — Brackish marshes along the coast. 
July - Sept. 

29. ERYTHRINA, L. 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, truncate, toothless. Vexillum narrow, straight, 
elongated. Keel and wings very small. Stamens and style partly exserted. 
Legume stipitate, torulose, partly dehiscent. — Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, 
often armed with prickles. Leaves trifoliolate, the terminal leaflet long- 
petiolulate. Flowers showy, scarlet, in long racemes. 

1. E. herbacea, L. Stems herbaceous, several from a very thick root, 
prickly, the flowering ones mostly leafless ; leaves long petioled ; leaflets ovate 
or somewhat hastate; vexillum lanceolate, folded; seeds scarlet. — Light 



LEGUMJNOS^ (pulse FAMILY.) 117 

sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west to Mississippi. April - May. 
— Stems 2° -4° high. Kacemes l°-2° long. Flowers 2' long. Legume 
opening by one suture opposite the seeds. 

Var. arbor ea. Stems woody, 10° -20° high, widely branching at the 
summit ; racemes axillary, few-flowered ; flowers smaller ; legume erect. — 
South Florida. 

30. CLITORIA, L. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Vexillum very large, spurless on the back, 
obovate, emarginate. Keel shorter than the wings. Stamens monadelphous 
below. Style curved, hairy. Legume stipitate, linear-oblong, torulose, vein- 
less. — Perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large purple flowers 
on axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 

1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem erector twining; leaflets ovate-ob- 
long, pale beneath; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 -3-flowered; legume 
3-4-seeded. — Dry soil. July -August. — Stem l°-3° long. Flowers 2' 
long, pale purple. Bracts shorter than the calyx. Legume H^-2' long. 

31. CENTROSEMA, DC. 

Calyx short, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes more or less united. A^'exillum very 
large, spurred on the back, orbicular, emarginate. Keel nearly as long as 
the wings. Stamens monadelphous below. Style smooth. Legume nearly 
sessile, linear, compressed, the sutures thickened, the valves lined with an 
intra-marginal vein. — Twining herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and very large 
purple flowers on short axillary peduncles. Bracts opposite. 

1. C. Virginiana, Benth. Eough with a short hooked pubescence; 
stem very slender, much branched ; leaflets ovate to linear-oblong, strongly 
reticulate ; peduncles single or by pairs, 1 -4-flowered ; calyx teeth subulate, 
barely exceeding the ovate bracts ; vexillum adhesive ; legume slender, elon- 
gated, curved, many-seeded. — Dry soil. June- Sept. — Flowers 1^' long. 
Legume 4' - 6' long. 

32. AMPHIGAIIP.^A, Ell. 

Flowers of two kinds ; those on the upper racemes perfect, but mostly abor- 
tive, those near the base of the stem or on the prostrate branches apetalous, 
but fruitful. Calyx tubular, 4 - .5-toothed. Vexillum obovate and partly 
enclosing the wings and keel. Stamens diadelphous, or in the fertile flowers 
distinct or wanting. Fertile legume obovate, fleshy, 1-2-seeded. — Twining 
annual or perennial herbs, with trifoliolate leaves. Flowers white orpurplisli, 
in simple or compound axillary racemes. 

1. A. monoica, Nutt. Hairy; stems much branched; leaflets rhombic- 
ovate ; sterile racemes single or by pairs, often compound, nodding ; bracts 
striate ; calyx teeth short, triangular ; fertile legumes hairy. Rich soil. 
August- Sept. 

33. GALACTIA, P. Browne. 

Calyx 4-toothed, the upper one broadest. Vexillum oblong or obovate, re- 
flexed in flower. Stamens diadelphous. Legume more or less compressed, 
2-valved, few - many-seeded. — Prostrate or twining, rarely erect, perennial 



118 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

herbs, witli cliiefly trifoliolate leaves, and mostly small purplish or white 
flowers ill axillary racemes. Bracts alternate and deciduous. Leaflets 
stipellate. 

* Leaves trifoliolate, with the leaflets stalked: stems twining or prostrate. 

1 . G. spiciformis, Torr. & Gray. Stem twining, minutely pubescent ; 
leaflets (T long) thick and rigid, oblong-oval, obtuse or emarginate at both 
ends, smooth above, pubescent beneath ; racemes spike-like, mostly longer 
than the leaves ; legume coriaceous, compressed, falcate, tliickened at the 
sutures, sprinkled with sliort appressed hairs, 6- 10-seeded. — South Ilorida. 
Aug. - Sept. 

2. G. pilosa, Ell. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem branching, twining , 
leaflets varying from oval to linear-oblong, obtuse ; racemes (including the 
slender peduncle) 2' -10' long, rarely reduced to a single sessile flower; 
flowers mostly single, distant ; calyx smoothish ; legume straight, slightly 
compressed, 10-seeded. (G. mollis, Nutt.) — Dry soil, common. July- 
August. 

3. G. mollis, Michx. Villous and somewhat hoary ; stems mostly pros- 
trate and simple ; leaflets oval or oblong, obtuse or emarginate at both ends, 
or the upper ones acute; racemes 6' -10' long, the flowers, 2-3 together, 
approximate near the summit of the stout peduncle ; calyx, like the straight 
10-seeded compressed legume, very villous and hoary. (G. pilosa, Nutt.) — 
Dry sandy pine barrens. July - August. — Stem 2° - 3° long. 

4. G. flliforrais, Beuth. Stem long, twining, villous ; leaflets oval or 
oblong, silky beneath, shorter than the many-flowered curved racemes; flowers 
rather large, purple, the vexillum finely and obliquely striate with deeper 
lines; legume silky, falcate, compressed, 10-seeded. — Keys of South Flor- 
ida. Nov. 

5. G. Floridana, Torr. & Gray. Hoary-pubescent; stems prostrate; 
leaflets oval or oblong, rarely acute, reticulate ; racemes simple or branched, 
often by pairs, many-flowered, rarely longer than the leaves ; flowers large, 
approximate; legume flat, 10-seeded. — Var. microphtlla. Every way 
smaller, the leaflets (i'-f long) acute or emarginate, the few flowers almost 
sessile in axillary clusters. — Dry sandy pine barrens, near the coast of 
Florida. June - August. — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaflets 1 ' - 2' long. 

6. G. glabella, Michx. Stem prostrate, minutely pubescent ; leaflets 
rather rigid, oblong, rareh^ acute, smooth and shining above, slightly hairy 
beneath ; racemes seldom as long as the leaves, 3 - 6-flowered ; style elon- 
gated ; legume slightly falcate, at length smoothish, 4 - 6-seeded. — Dry pine 
barrens. July -August. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaflets 1' long. Flowers 
large, reddish purple. 

^ '^Leaves trifoliolate, with nearJij sessile leaflets: stems erect. 

7. G. brachypoda, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, branching, and, as 
well as the leaves and peduncles, smoothish; leaves long-petioled ; leaflets 
oblong, obtuse ; flowers few, somewhat clustered at the summit of the slender 
peduncle ; calyx woolly. — Dry sandy pine barrens of Middle Florida. July- 



LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 119 

August. — Stems l°-li° high. Leaflets shorter than the petiole. Flowers 
small, purple. 

8. G. sessiliflora, Torr. & Gray. Stem short, smooth, simple ; leaflets 
obloug or linear-obloug, obtuse, smooth on both sides ; flowers crowded in 
nearly sessile axillary clusters ; calyx hairy. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina. June -August. — Stem 6' -12' high. Flowers white. Le- 
gume oblong-linear, tomentose, 6 - 8-seeded. 

* * # Leaves pinnate : stems twining. 

9. G. Elliottii, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, elliptical-oblong, emarginate, nearly 
smooth and shining above, pubescent beneath ; racemes longer than the 
leaves, few-flowered near the summit of the peduncle ; corolla white tinged 
with red ; legume oblong compressed, villous, falcate, 3 - 5-seeded. — Dry 
soil, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. May -June. — Plant some- 
times silky throughout. 

34. CANAVALIA, DC. 

Calyx tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip larger, with two rounded lobes, the 
lower entire or 3-cleft. Vexillura large, orbicular, with two ridges within; 
keel incurved. Stamens monadelphous. Legume oblong-linear, compressed ; 
the valves with a longitudinal ridge near the thickened upper suture. Seeds 
separated by interposed cellular tissue: hilum linear. — Prostrate or twining 
herbs, with trifoliolate leaves, and showy flowers in axillary racemes. 

1. C. obtusifolia, DC. Smoothish; stem long, prostrate ; leaflets thick, 
oval or orbicular, pointless ; racemes stout, longer than the leaves, 6-8- 
flowered ; flowers rose-color ; legume 6-seeded. (C. rosea and C. miniata, 
DC.) — Sandy shores of St. Vincent's Island, Florida, and southward. July - 
Sept. — Stem 10°- 1.5° long Leaflets 3' long. Legume 4' -5' long, V wide. 
Seeds brown. 

2. C. altissima, Macfadyen. Frutescent; stem climbing; leaflets ob- 
long, mucronate-awned ; racemes many-flowered, the petals large, purple ; 
legume slightly curved, 11-seeded, the seeds "ovoid, dark brown." — South 
Florida (Feat/), climbing over the tallest trees. — Legume 8' - 10' long, 1' - 1^ 
wide. 

3. C. gladiata, DC. Annual; stem climbing ; leaflets thin, ovate; ra- 
cemes many-flowered; petals white; legume falcate, 10- 12-seeded ; seeds 
oblong, brownish red. — South Florida. August. — Leaflets 3' -4' long. 
Legumes 1° loug, 1^' wide. Seeds 1' long. 

35. DIOCLEA, HBK. 

Calyx hibracteolate, 4-cleft. Vexillum obovate-oblong, with two callosities 
near the base, and a membranous expansion at the sides. Wings and keel 
nearly equal, oblong. Stamens diadelphous. Style hooked, glabrous. Leg- 
ume oblong, compressed, coriaceous, narrowly 2-winged, few-seeded. Seeds 
oval, separated by a thin membrane. Hilum linear. — Trailing vines, with 
trifoliolate leaves and red or purple flowers in axillary racemes. 

1. D. Boykinii, Gray. Perennial, pubescent ; leaflets thin, large, or- 
bicular, abruptly acute ; racemes shorter than the leaves, many and densely 



120 LEGUMTXOS^. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

flowered at tlie summit of tlie stout peduncle; upper lij) of tlic calyx entire ; 
keel nearly straight ; legume 4- 5-seeded. — Banks of rivers, near Milledge- 
ville, Georgia, and westward. .June -July. — Stem 5°- 10'^ long. Leaflets 
3' -6' in diameter. Flowers jjurple. Legume 2' long, j' wide. 

36. PISCIDIA, L. Jamaica D(k^wo(>i>. 

Calyx (•am]);uml;it(', 5-ti)otlic,(l. Ivccl old use. ^'e.\i]llllll rounded. Sta- 
mens diadelphous at the base, monadelplious above. Style liliform, smooth. 
Legume stipitate, linear, contracted between the seeds, furnished with four 
membi-anaceous longitudinal wings. Seeds con)pressed. — Trcjpical trees. 
Leaves unei[ually pinnate. Flowers in terminal panicles. 

1. P. Erythrina, L. Young In-uuhcs, leaves, and panicle silky and 
hoary, at length smoothish; leaflets 7 -'J, oblong or obovate, abruptly acute, 
straight-veined, distinctly petiolulate ; panicles axillary and terminal, many- 
flowered, shorter than the leaves ; upper teeth of the calyx partly united ; 
legume 6-seeded. — South Forida. March -April. — A small tree. Leaves 
deciduous. Corolla white, lined with red veins. Legume 2' long, the broad 
wings wavy. 

37. ECASTAPHYLLUM, P.Browne. 

Calyx campauulate, unequally S-toothed. Vexillura orbicular. Stamens 
8 or 10, diadelphous. Ovary stipitate, 2-ovuled. Style short and slender. 
Legume orbicular, compressed, mostly 1 -seeded. — Tropical shrubs, with pin- 
nate leaves, and small flowers in short axillary panicles. 

I. E. Brownei, Pers. Stem branching ; leaf reduced to a single ovate 
acute leaflet, pubescent above, pale and velvety beneath ; panicles cluster-like, 
shorter than the petiole ; corolla white ; legume 1-seeded. — Banks of rivers, 
South Florida. Nov. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaflet 3' - 5' long. 

38. BAPTISIA, Vent. 

Calyx campanulate, 4-cleft; the upper lobe broader and mostly emargiuate. 
Vexillum roundish, with the sides reflexed ; wings and keel straight. Sta- 
mens 10, distinct, shorter than the wings, deciduous. Legume stipitate, oval 
or oblong, intiated, few-seeded, pointed with the persistent style. — Erect 
widely branching perennial herbs. Leaves simple or palmately trifoliolate, 
withering-persistent. Stipules deciduous or persistent, rarely wanting. Flow- 
ers showy in terminal racemes, rarely axillary and solitary. 

* Leaves simple, sessile, or perfoliate. 

1. B. simplieifolia, Croom. Smooth; leaves large, sessile, broadly 
ovate, obtuse; stipules none; racemes numerous, terminal, many-flowered, 
sessile or short-peduncled ; ovary villous and hoary; legume small, ovate, 
coriaceous, smooth. — Dry pine barrens near Quincy, Middle Florida. July. 
— Stem much branched, 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Flowers rather 
small, yellow. Plant dries black. 

2. B. perfoliata, Brown. Smooth ; leaves perfoliate, oval or orbicular, 
glaucous ; stipules none ; flower axillary, solitary ; legume small, ovate, cori- 
aceous. — Dry sandy soil in the middle districts of Georgia and South Caro- 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 121 

lina. May. — Stem 2° higli. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers small, yellow; 
vexillum orbicular, emarginate, shorter than the wiugs and keel. Ovary and 

style smooth. 

* * Leaves trifoliolate, petioled. 

-t- Flowers yellow. 

3. B. laneeolata, Ell. Pubescent when young, at length smoothish ; 
leaves on very short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets varying 
from lanceolate to obovate, thick, obtuse, tapering at the base ; stipules and 
bracts small and caducous ; flowers large, solitary in the axils, and in short 
terminal racemes, short-pedicelled ; ovary villous ; legume ovate or globose, 
coriaceous, slender-pointed. — Dry pine barrens. April- May, — Stem 2° 
high. Leaflets l'-2' long. Plant turns black in drying. 

4. B. villosa, Ell. Pubescent; leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong 
and obovate, tapering at the base, becoming smooth above; lower stipules 
and lanceolate bracts persistent; racemes many -flowered, declining; ovary 
villous ; legume smoothish, coriaceous, oblong, strongly beaked. — Dry sandy 
soil, North Carolina. May. — Stem stout, 2° high. Leaves and flowers larger 
than in No. 3, the latter on slender pedicels. Plant turns black in drying. 

5. B. megaearpa, Chapm. Stem smooth, with slender widely spread- 
ing branches ; leaves on slender petioles ; leaflets thin, elliptical or obovate, 
minutely pubescent and glaucous beneath ; stipules and bracts caducous ; 
racemes numerous, terminal and opposite the leaves, few-flowered; flowers 
large, pale yellow, on slender drooping pedicels ; ovary smooth ; legume large, 
thin, ovoid, slender-pointed. — Light rich soil, Gadsden County, Middle Plor- 
ida. May. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets l^ - 2' long. Legume V -lY long. 
Plant unchanged in drying. 

6. B. tinctoria, R. Brown. Smooth; branches slender, elongated; 
leaves small, on short petioles, the upper ones nearly sessile; leaflets wedge- 
obovate ; stipules and bracts minute, caducous ; racemes numerous, short, 
few-flowered ; flowers small, on short and bractless pedicels ; ovary smooth ; 
legume small, roundish, slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil. May -June. — 
Stem 2° high. Leaflets ^' -V long. Plant usually becomes blackish in drying. 

7. B. stipulaeea, Ravenel. Smooth; branches spreading; leaves 
small, short-petioled, 2 - 3-foliolate, the upper ones mostly simple and partly 
clasping ; leaflets round-obovate, cuneate at the base ; stipules and bracts 
large, round-cordate, persistent ; flowers numerous, small, axillary, the upper 
ones racemose : pedicels short and bractless ; ovary smooth, or slightly pubes- 
cent on the edges; legume small, ovoid, slender-pointed. (B. microphylla, 
Nutt.) — Sand-hills, near Aiken, South Carolina [Ravenel). June -July. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaflets Y - f long. Plant nearly unchanged in drying. 

8. B. Lecontei, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branched ; 
leaves small, short-petioled ; leaflets cuneate-obovate ; stipules subulate and 
caducous, or the lower ones larger and persistent ; racemes numerous, short, 
few-flowered, somewhat leafy at the base ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, persistent ; 
flowers small, on long 2-bracted pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume small, ovoid, 
slender-pointed. — Dry sandy soil, Florida and the southern parts of Georgia. 
May -June. — Stem 2° high.. Leaflets 1' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 



I 



122 LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

9. B. calyCOSa, Canby. Smoothish, much branched; leaflets wedge- 
obovate ; stipules aud bracts lanceolate, persistent ; racemes numerous, ter- 
minal, the long (T- 2') pedicels bibracteolate; lobes of tlie calyx lanceolate, 
leafy, 4 times as long as the tube, and barely shorter than the yellow petals; 
legume ovate, acuminate, as long as the calyx. — Near St, Augustine, East 
Florida {Miss Rei/nolds). 

10. B. Serense, M.A.Curtis. Very smooth, branching; leaves peti- 
oled ; leaflets oblong-obovate, cuneate ; flowers in a long loose central raceme, 
and in short racemes terminating the branches ; pedicels longer tlian the calyx 
in fruit ; segments of the calyx villous on the inside ; legume oblong, inflated, 
the stipe longer than the calyx. — Society Hill, South Carolina (Curtis). 
May -June. — Stem diffusely branched, l°-2° high. Leaflets V long. Leg- 
ume 8'' long. Plant unchanged iu drying. 

-I- -1- Flowers white. 
IL B. alba, R.Brown. Smooth and glaucous ; branches slender, flexu- 
ous, horizontal ; leaves all distinctly petioled ; leaflets thin, cuueate-lauceolate 
or oblong, obtuse; stipules aud bracts minute, caducous; raceme usually soli- 
tary, central, very long, those on the branches few-flowered ; legume cylindri- 
cal. — Dry woods. North Carolina, and westward. April. — Stem 2° -3° 
high, often purple. Leaflets I'loug. Racemes l°-3° long. Corolla ^ long. 
Plant unchanged in drying. 

12. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gray. Smooth and glaucous; branches 
spreading, leaves short-petioled ; leaflets oblong and obovate, obtuse ; stipules 
lanceolate, as long as the petioles, deciduous ; racemes central, and terminating 
the branches, long, many-flowered ; ovary smooth ; legume large, oblong, 
much inflated, long-stipitate. — River banks, South Carolina, and westward. 
March- April. — A stouter plant than the preceding, with larger leaves and 
flowers, changing blackish in drying. Legumes 1^' long. 

13. B. leueophsea, Nutt. Hairy or smoothish; stem stout, angled; 
leaves short-petioled ; leaflets varying from oblanceolate to obovate, rigid, 
reticulate, soon smooth above ; stipules and bracts leafy, ovate-lanceolate, 
persistent ; racemes stout, declined, 1-sided ; flowers large, yellowish white, 
on long and slender erect pedicels ; ovary villous ; legume ovoid, long-pointed. 
— Dry rich oak woods, Georgia, and westward. April. — Stem low, with 
widely spreading branches. Racemes 4'- 12' long. Flowers V long, the vex- 
illum spotted Avith brown. Plant turns black in drying. 

-1- -i- -I- Flowers blue. 

14. B. australis, R.Brown. Smooth; leaves all short-petioled ; leaflets 
cuneate-obovate ; stipules leafy, lanceolate, twice as long as the petioles ; ra- 
cemes large, erect, many-flowered ; flowers (indigo blue) very large ; bracts 
deciduous; legume oblong. — Banks of rivers, Georgia (Pursh), and west- 
ward. June - July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers 1' or more long. Legume 
2' long. Plant unchanged in drying. 

39. THERMOPSIS, R.Brown. 
Stamens mostly persistent. Legume linear or oblong-linear, nearly sessile, 
flattened, many-seeded. Stipules leafy, persistent. Otherwise chiefly as in 
Baptisia. Flowers yellow. 



LEGUMINOS.^. (pulse FAMILY.) 123 

1. T. Caroliniana, M. A. Curtis. Stem stout, simple, smooth; leaves 
long-petioled ; leaflets membranaceous, obovate-oblong, silky beneath ; stipules 
very large, ovate or oblong, clasping ; racemes elongated, villous, erect, rigid, 
many-flowered; flowers on short pedicels; bracts ovate, deciduous; legumes 
oblong-linear, erect, straight, villous and hoary, 10- 12-seeded. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. May - July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Kaceme 6' - 1 2' long. 
Legume 2' long. 

2. T. fraxinifolia, M. A. Curtis. Stem branching, slender, smoothish ; 
leaves long-petioled ; leaflets oblong, narrowed at the base, often acute, smooth 
above, glaucous and slightly pubescent beneath ; stipules lanceolate, much 
shorter than the petioles ; racemes erect, glabrous ; flowers on slender spread- 
ing pedicels ; bracts small, lanceolate, persistent ; legume linear, falcate, pu- 
bescent, spreading, short-stipitate, 10-seeded. — Mountains of North Carolina. 

— Stem 2° high. Legume 3' long. 

3. T. mollis, M. A. Curtis. Pubescent ; stem diffusely branched ; leaf- 
lets obovate-oblong ; stipules leafy, oblong-ovate, as long as the petioles ; ra- 
cemes declined ; pedicels shorter than the calyx and lanceolate bracts ; legume 
linear, flat, short-stipitate. (Baptisia mollis, il//cA:r.) — Eocky woods in the 
middle districts of North Carolina. April - May. — Stem 2° high. Legume 
2' -3' long, many-seeded. 

40. CLADRASTIS, Kaf. Yellow- Wood. 

Calyx 5-toothed ; the nearly equal teeth short and obtuse. Vexillum large, 
roundish, reflexed, scarcely longer than the oblong wings and separate keel 
petals. Stamens 10, distinct; filaments slender, incurved above. Legume 
short-stipitate, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-seeded, at length 2-valved. — 
A small tree, wdth yellow wood, pinnate leaves, and large white flowers in 
terminal drooping panicled racemes. 

1. C. tinetoria, Raf. (Virgilia lutea, Michx.) — Hillsides, in rich soil, 
Tennessee and Kentucky. May. — Leaflets 7-11, oval or ovate, acute, 
smooth, parallel-veined, 3^ - 4' long ; the common petiole tumid at the base. 
Stipules none. Racemes 1° long. Flowers V long. 

41. SOPHORA, L. 

Calyx campanulate, obliquely truncated or 5-toothed. Stamens 10, free or 
cohering at the base. Legume moniliform, wingless, many-seeded, inde- 
hi.scent. Seeds subglobose. — Trees or shrubs, with unequally pinnate leaves. 
Flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. 

1. S. tomentosa, L. Hoary-tomentose ; leaflets 11-17, oblong, coria- 
ceous, becoming smooth above ; raceme elongated ; calyx minutely 5-toothed. 

— South Florida, near the coast. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Flowers showy, yel- 
low. Legume stipitate, 5' long. 

Suborder II. CAESALPIIS'IE^E. (Brasiletto Family.) 

42. CERCIS, L. Red-bud. 

Calyx cup-shaped, 5-toothed. Petals all distinct, the vexillum shorter than 
the wings. Stamens 10, distinct. Legume oblong, compressed, many-seeded ; 



124 LEGUMINOS/E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

the upper suture winged. — Trees, with l)roadly cordate sim])]e stipulate 
leaves, and leddi.sli jjui-jile clustered flowers appearing before the leaves. 

1. C. Canadensis, L. — Kich soil. Feb. -March. — Tree 15°- 20° high. 
Flowers veiy numei'ous, i'roni lateral buds. 

43. CASSIA, L. Senna. 
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals. Petals 5, unec^ual. Stamens 5-10. 
Anthers mostly of different forms, opening by two terminal pores. Leg- 
ume many-seeded. Seeds often separated by cross partitions. — Herbs or 
shrubs. Leaves abruptly pinnate. Flowers yellow. 

* Stamens \0, unequal : part of' the anthers abotiice: sepals obtuse: stipules 

deciduous. 

1. C. OOCidentalis, L. Annual, smoothish ; stem stout, branching ; leaf- 
lets about 10, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; petiole with a globular gland 
at the base; racemes 2-4-flowered, the upper ones crowded. — Waste places, 
common. — Stem 1° - 5° high. Legume linear, compressed, slightly incurved, 
3' -4' long. 

2. C. obtusifolia, L. Annual, roughish ; stem slender, leaflets 6, cune 
ate-obovate, witli a tooth-like gland between the lowest pair ; flowers by pairs ; 
legume narrow-linear, 4-angled, recurved. — With the jDreceding. — Stem 
l°-4° high. Legume 6'- 10' long. 

3. C. Marilandiea, L. Perennial, smoothish; leaflets 12-18, oblong, 
acute ; petiole with a club-shaped gland near the base ; racemes several- 
flowered, the upper ones crowded, forming a compact panicle ; legume linear, 
curved. — Rich soil. August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Legume 3' - 4' long. 

Var.'? Floridana. Leaflets smaller (1^' long), often alternate ; pedicels 
longer (1^'long); legumes straight, flat, 3" wide ; seeds orbicular; flowers 
not seen. — St. John's County, East Florida {Mr. Seddiny). 

4. C. ligUStrina, L. Smooth or nearly so ; stem branched ; leaflets 6- 
10, oblong, mucronate, very oblique at the base, with a conical gland on the 
petiole or betAveeu the lowest pair of leaflets ; flowers in a terminal panicle, on 
slender pedicels ; sepals oblong-obovate ; petals veiny ; legume (3' -4' long) 
broadly linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, many-seeded. — South 
Florida. Feb. — Leaflets 9''- 12'' long. Legumes 4" wide. 

5. C. biflora, L. Shrubby ; leaflets 4-10, oblong, narrowed at the base, 
mucronate, with an obovoid gland between the lowest pair; racemes 2-4- 
flowered, often by pairs, slender, shorter than the leaves ; fertile anthers 5 ; 
legume linear, flat, straight or somewhat falcate, smooth, many -seeded. — Key 
West. — Leaflets 1' long. Legume 3' long, 2" wide. 

* * Stamens 5-10; anthers all perfect: sepals acute: stipules jjersistent : 

legumes erect. 

6. C. Chamsecrista, L. Annual; stem smooth or rust} -hairy ; leaflets 
small, numerous, linear-oblong, mucronate ; stipules acuminate, nerved ; 
flowers borne above the axils, large, clustered, on long pedicels ; anthers 10; 
style slender ; legume linear, nearly straight. ■ — Dry barren soil. July - Au- 
gust. — Stem 1°- li° high. Part of the petals often purple at the base. 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 125 

7. C. nietitans, L. Annual; pubescent; leaflets numerous, oblong lin- 
ear ; stipules and bracts subulate ; flowers small, 2 - 3 in a cluster above the 
axils, on short pedicels; petals unequal ; stamens 5, nearly equal. 

Var. aspera. (C. aspera, Ell.) Hirsute; stameng 7-9, very unequal ; 
ovary very hairy ; flowers larger. — Dry old fields, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. August. — Stem 1° high, often prostrate. Leaflets about 40, 
sensitive, like those of the preceding species. 

44. GLEDITSCHIA, L. Honey-Locust. 

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3 - 5, united at the base, spreading. Petals 
as many, or less by the union of the two lower ones. Stamens 3-5, distinct, 
inserted with the petals on the base of the calyx. Legume stipitate, flat, 1 - 
many-seeded. Seeds compressed. — Thorny trees. Leaves abruptly 1-2- 
pinnate, with oblong serrate leaflets. Flowers small, greenish, in short 
spikes. 

1. G. triacanthos, L. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong; thorns mostly com- 
pound ; legume very long, many-seeded, pulpy within. — Rich woods. June 
-July. — A large tree. Legume 12' - 18' long, 1' wide, twisted. 

2. G. monosperma, Walt. Leaflets ovate or oblong ; thorns mostly 
simple; legume short, obliquely oval, 1-seeded, not pulpy. — Deep river 
swamps, Florida to Tennessee, and westward. July. — A small tree. Legume 
1' long. 

45. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Coffee-Tree. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, tomentose. Calyx narrowly funnel-shaped, 
5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens 10, separate. Style long, exserted. Legume 
woody, pulpy within, few-seeded, the seeds large, compressed. — A slender 
tree, with thick thornless branches, very large bipiunate leaves, and small 
whitish flowers in axillary racemes. 

1. G. Canadensis, Lam. — Eich woods, Tennessee, and northward. 
May. — Leaves 2° -3° long. Leaflets ovate, the lowest pair borne on the 
common petiole, and larger. Legume 6'- 10' long, 2' wide, 6-8-seeded. 

46. C^SALPINIA, L. 

Sepals unequal, united into a cup-shaped base. Petals 5, unequal, clawed. 
Stamens 10, all fertile, the long filaments ascending, and. hairy at the base. 
Style filiform. Legume echinate or unarmed, compressed, Avingless, 1 - many- 
seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and racemose 
mostly yellow flowers. 

1. C. pauciflora, Benth. & Hook. Glabrous, armed Avith rather stout 
stipular and stipellate recurved spines ; pinnas 2-4 pairs; leaflets 3-5 pairs, 
obovate, rounded at each end (4" -5" long); racemes simple, loosely few- 
flowered ; sepals obovate-oblong, little shorter than the yellow corolla and 
the slightly exserted stamens ; legumes short, short-stipitate, obliquely 
acuminate, 1 - few-seeded. — Big Pine Key, South Florida ( Cwritss ) . — A 
low shrub. 



126 LEGUMINOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.) 

2. C. Bonduc, Benth. & Hook. Leaflets 5-8 pairs, obliquely oval, mu- 
cronate, the stipular tlioriis 2-3 ; racemes loug, densely many-flowered ; calyx 
lobes downy witliin, sliorter than the loug recurved deciduous bracts ; legume 
ovate, 1-seeded. — South Florida. — A tall shrub. Leaflets ^'-T loug. 
Racemes 1° long. Flowers yellow. 

47. PARKINSONIA, rium. 

Sepals 5, equal, recurved. Petals 5, ovate, tlie U])per one roundish, long- 
clawed. Stamens 10. Style filiform. Legnme linear-oblong, compressed- 
moniliform, several-seeded. — A spiny siirub. Leaves pinnate, with the 
petiole broadly winged, the numerous leaflets small, often deciduous or abor- 
tive. Flowers showy, yellow, in terminal racemes. 

1. P. aeuleata, L, — Key West, escaped from cultivation. 

SuBORDEii IIL MIMOSEiE. Mimosa Family. 

48. MIMOSA, L. Sensitive Plant. 

FloAvers polygamous. Calyx minute, 4 - 5-toothed. Petals united into a 
4-5-cleft tubular-campanulate corolla. Stamens 4 -15, distinct, much ex- 
sertcd. Legume compressed, mostly jointed, 1 - many-seeded ; the broad 
valves separating at maturity from the persistent margins. — Herbs, shrubs, 
or trees. Leaves bipinnate, sensitive. Flowers white or rose-color, capitate 
or spiked, on axillary peduncles. 

1. M. strigillosa, Torr. & Gray. Herbaceous and rough with scat- 
tered appressed rigid hairs; stem prostrate; leaves long-petioled ; pinnae 5-6 
pairs ; leaflets 10-14 pairs, oblong-linear; peduncles longer than the leaves; 
heads of flowers elliptical; legume oval or oblong, 1 -3-jointed, hispid. — 
Banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. July -August. — Flowers rose- 
color. 

M. PUDiCA, L., the common Sensitive Plant, is partially naturalized in 
some localities. 

49. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Brier. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 8- 10, distinct, exserted. Legume not jointed, prickly, 1-celled, many- 
seeded ; the narrow valves separating at maturity from the broad margins. — 
Perennial prostrate herbs, Avith bipinnate sensitive leaves, and purple flowers 
in globose axillary peduncled heads. Stem, petioles, peduncles, and legumes 
beset with short recurved prickles. 

* Lower surface of the leaflets reticulate with elevated veins. 
1. S. uncinata, Willd.? Stem stout, grooved; leaves approximate; 
pinnae 4-7 pairs; leaflets 25-30, oblong, acute, 3'' -4" long; peduncles 
mostly single, shorter than the leaves; legumes 2' -3' long, linear, short- 
pointed, thickly armed with rigid prickles, about the length of the peduncle. 
— West Tennessee, and westward. July. 



LEGUMINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 127 

2. S. Floridana, n. sp. Stem long, slender, 4-augled ; leaves few and 
distant, long-petioled ; pinnae 2-3 pairs; leaflets 30-40, oblong-linear, nm- 
cronate, 2'Mong ; peduncles single, shorter than the petioles ; legumes 3' -4' 
long, filiform, armed with few weak and scattered prickles, long-pointed. — 
Sandy barrens. South Florida. 

* * Veins of the leaflets obscure on both surfaces. 

3. S. angustata, Torr. & Gray. Stem, etc. armed with scattered weak 
recurved prickles; pinnee 4-6 pairs; leaflets about 30, linear-elliptical; pe- 
duncles single or by pairs, much shorter than the leaves; legume narrow-lin- 
ear, 3-4 times as long as the peduncle, ending in a long subulate smoothish 
point. 

4. S. horridula, (Michx.l). Stem prostrate, very prickly ; pinna 5-8 
pairs; leaflets 30-40, linear, V long; peduncles single, or 2-4 in a cluster, 
the uppermost often racemed ; legume terete, V-2' long, thickly armed with 
strong prickles, broadly linear, abruptly short-pointed, mostly shorter than 
the peduncle. (Mimosa, Michx.) — J)vy pine barrens in the lower districts. 
July - August. 

Var.? angularis. Stouter and less prickly; leaflets longer [2" long); 
legume 4-angled, armed with scattered prickles, longer than the peduncle. — 
Dry open woods in the upper districts. July. 

50. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martius. 

Flowers perfect, rarely polygamous. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-5- 
toothed. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Stamens 10 or more, 
long-exserted, monadelphous near the base. Style filiform. Legume broadly 
linear, compressed, contorted or falcate, transversely partitioned, mealy or 
pulpy within. Seeds lenticular. — Trees or shrubs, often armed with stipular 
spines. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. Flowers chiefly capitate, axillary and 
terminal. 

L P. Unguis-Cati, Benth. Unarmed or spiny; leaves bipinnate; 
leaflets 4, thin, broadly and obliquely obovate, the partial petioles much 
shorter than the common one ; heads globose, in a loose raceme ; calyx teeth 
short, ciliate ; corolla yellowish, smooth ; stamens crispid, twice as long as the 
corolla; ovary smooth. (Inga, Willd.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1^-li' 
long, light green. 

2. P. Guadalupense, Chapm. Unarmed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 
4, coriaceous, obliquely oblong or obovate, the common and partial petioles 
nearly equal ; peduncles solitary, axillary, longer than the leaves, or the upper 
ones racemose; calyx and corolla pubescent; stamens 30 or more, 3-4 times 
as long as the corolla ; ovary pubescent ; legume smooth, falcate or hooked. 
(Inga, Desv.) — South Florida. — Leaflets 1^ long, deep green. Legume 2' - 
4' long. Flowers yellowish. 

51. ACACIA, Necker. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-toothed. Petals 4-5, separate or united 
in a tube. Stamens numerous, inserted on the base of the corolla. Legume 
2-valved, many-seeded. — Mostly trees or shrubs, with pinnately compound 



128 LEGUMIXOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) 

leaves, and small flowers in .spikes or heads. — Ours iutrodaced, and sparingly 
spontaneous arountl liomesteails. 

1. A. filicina, Willd. Ilerljaceous, unarmed, hirsute; stem erect; 
leaves bipinnate ; leaflets 50-60, very small, oblong-linear; stipules decidu- 
ous; heads peduncletl, axillary and terminal; flowers white; "legume fiat, 
iew-seoded." — Gaiiics\ille, Florida (Garber). — F]-om Mexico. 

2. A. Farnesiana, Willd. (Opoponax.) Shrubby, spiny, glabrous; 
pinnai about G pairs ; leaflets 12-18 pairs, oblong-linear ; stijjular spines long, 
straiglit; heads globose, on axillary single or clustered peduncles; flowers 
yellow, fragrant ; legume terete, torulose. — From West indies. 

3. A. Julibrissin, Willd. Arborescent, unarmed, glabrous ; pinn£e8- 
12 pairs ; leaflets about ,'30 pairs, oblong, oblique ; heads in a terminal panicle ; 
flowers flesh-color ; stamens long exserted ; legume flat, oblong, few-seeded. — 
From Asia. 

4. A. glauca, Willd. Unarmed, glabrous; pinnte 4 -.5 pairs; leaflets 
12-15 pairs, linear, distant, acute, glaucous beneath ; heads single or by pairs 
on axillary peduncles. — From West Indies. 

5. A. latisiliqua, Willd. Unarmed, glabrous ; pinnas 5 pairs ; leaflets 
10 pairs, elliptical; heads panicled; flowers white; legume flat, stipitate, 
man^^-seeded. — A shrub or small tree. — From West Indies. 

52. DESMANTHUS, Willd. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 oblong- spatulate pet- 
als, or tubular and 5-cleft. Stamens 5-10. Filaments of the lower flowers 
sterile. Legume linear or oblong, continuous, 2-valved. — Herbs or shrubs, 
with abruptly bipinnate leaves, and heads or. spikes of white flowers borne on 
axillary peduncles. Leaves sensitive. 

1. D. depressus, Humb. & Bonpl. Stems slender, prostrate, shrubby 
at the base ; pinnse 2 pairs ; leaflets oblong-linear, very obtuse, oblique and 
almost truncate at the base ; peduncles 2 - 4-flowered, the two upper flowers 
(sometimes all) perfect; stamens 10; legume linear, many-seeded; seeds 
angular, compressed. — South Florida. — Stems \°-2° long. Legume I'- 
lY long. 

2. D. virgatus, Willd. Stem erect, rather rigid, smoothish, angled; 
pinnae 1-7 pairs ; leaflets numerous, oblong-linear ; a rather large ovate gland 
below the lowest pinnee ; heads few-flowered; stamens 10; legume straight, 
linear, 10-30-seeded. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. 

3. D. brachylobus, Benth. Smooth; stem erect; pin use 6- 14 pairs, 
each with a minute gland at the base ; leaflets numerous, linear ; heads glo- 
bose ; stamens 5; legumes oblong, curved, 4-6-seeded. (Darliugtonia, DC.) 
— Mississippi ( Carpenter') . 

4. D. luteus, Benth. Stems ascending, rough with short rigid hairs; 
pinna 4 -.5 pairs; leaflets numerous, -linear-oblong, mucronate, fringed on the 
margins, veiny beneath ; stipules ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the 
leaves, rough, minutely bracted ; heads oval or oblong, many-flowered, nod- 



ROSACEA, (rose family.) 129 

ding; petals distinct ; sterile filaments 8- 10, yellow, spatulate-linear ; fertile 
ones 10, white; legume oblong, 5-8-seeded. — Damp soil near the coast, 
Florida, and westward. June. % — Stems l°-2° long. 



Order 48. ROSACE^E. (Rose Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate stipulate leaves, and regular 
flowers. — Calyx of 3 - 8 (mostly 5) more or less united sepals, and 
often with as many bracts. Petals as many (rarely none), inserted 
with the few or numerous distinct stamens on the edge of the disk 
which lines the tube of the calyx, mostly imbricated in the bud. 
Ovaries 1 - several, free, or more or less united with the calyx and 
with each other, 1-few-ovuled. Seeds anatropous, and, with few 
exceptions, without albumen. Embryo straight, with large and 
thick cotyledons. Fruit various. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder 1. CHEYSOBALANE^. Calyx bractless, free from the sol- 
itary ovary. Style single, arising from the base of the ovary. Ovules erect. 
Fruit a drupe. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. 

1. CHRYSOBALANUS. Calyx limb persistent. Stone grooved. Shrubs. 

Suborder II. AMYGDALE^. Calyx bractless, free from the solitary 
ovary. Style single, terminal. Ovules suspended. Fruit a drupe. Leaves 
simple. 
1. PRUNUS. Calyx limb deciduous. Stone even, or grooved on the margins. 

Suborder III. ROSACEA. Calyx 3- 5-cleft, the lobes often alternat- 
ing with as many bracts, free from the 1 -several ovaries. Style lateral or 
terminal. Fruit a 1 -10-seeded follicle, or a 1 -seeded achenium. — Herbs or 
shrubs. Leaves mostly lobed or compound. 

* Fruit a 1 - 10-seeded follicle. 

3. PHYSOCARPUS. Petals imbricated. Carpels inflated, 2-valved. Seed albuminous. 

4. SPIRAEA. Petals obovate or roundish, imbricated in the bud. Carpels 1-valved. 

6. GILLENIA. Petals linear-lanceolate, convolute in the bud. 

* * Fruit a 1-seeded achenium. 

H- Fruiting calyx dry, the lobes mostly valvate in the bud. Achenia few, or numerous and 

collected into a head. 

++ Calyx-tube contracted at the throat (except No. 5). Achenia 1 4. 

5. NEVIUSIA. Petals none. Stamens indefinite. Calyx lobes serrate. 

7. AGRIMONIA. Petals 5. Stamens 5-15. Calyx bristly. 

8. POTERIUM. Petals none. Stamens 4. Style terminal. 

9. ALCHEMILLA. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. 

++ ++ Calyx open, bracted. Stamens and dry achenia numerous, the latter rarely 2-4. 
= Seeds erect. 

10. GEUM. Style persistent. Achenia numerous. 

11. WALDSTEINIA. Style deciduous. Achenia 2 -6. 

9 



130 ROSACEA, (rose family.) 

= = Seeds suspended or ascending. 

12. POTENTILLA. Receptacle flat or convex, dry. 

13. FRAGARIA. Receptacle conical, enlarged and fleshy in fruit. 

++ -H- -H- Calyx open, bractless. Stamens and juicy achenia numerous. 

14. RUBUS. Achenia crowded on the conical receptacle. 

H- -I- Calyx tube fleshy, urn-shaped ; the lobes imbricated in the bud. Achenia numerous, 
in.serted on the receptacle which lines the inside of the calyx tube. 

15. ROSA. Achenia dry and hairy. Prickly shrubs. 

Suborder IV. P0ME7E. Calyx iucluding and cohering with tlie 1 - 5 
ovaries, very thick and Heshy in fruit. 

16. CRAT.EGUS. Fruit of 1 - 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets. 

17. PYRUS. Fruit of 2 - 5 cartilaginous or membranaceous 2-seeded cells. 

18. AMELANCHIER. Fruit of 3 - 5 2-seeded cells ; seeds separated by a false partition. 

1. CHRYSOBALANUS, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals .5. Stamens about 20 ; the 
inner ones often shorter and sterile Ovary with 2 collateral erect ovules ; 
the style arising from its base. Drupe 1-seeded; the stone grooved. — Un- 
armed shrubs. Leaves nearly sessile, entire, with minute stipules. Flowers 
small, in axillary or terminal paniculate cymes. 

1. C. oblongifolius, Michx. Leaves somewhat coriaceous, oblong, 
smooth on both sides, or hoary-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; cymes many- 
flowered ; stamens and ovary smooth ; drupe ovoid. — Dry sandy pine bar- 
rens in the lower districts. May. — Stems creeping, the flowering branches 
6^-12' high. Leaves 3^ - 4' long. Flowers greenish white. 

2. C. Icaeo, L. (Cocoa Plum.) Leaves round-obovate, smooth, coria- 
ceous ; cymes few-flowered ; stamens and ovary hairy ; drupe large, roundish. 
— South Florida. — Shrub 4° -12° high. Leaves 2' long, 1|' wide. Drupe 
yellow, purple, or black. 

2. PRUNUS, L. Plum, Cherry. 

Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 15-30. Ovary 
with 2 collateral suspended ovules. Style terminal. Drupe fleshy ; the 
stone even. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple. Flowers white. 

§ 1. Prunus. (Plum.) — Drupe glaucoi's : stone more or less compressed: 
leaves convolute in the bud : ^flowers in lateral clusters, appearing before the 
leaves : branches often spiny. 

1. P. Americana, Marsh. Leaves thick, ovate or somew^hat obovate, 
acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, pubescent beneath, sharply 
serrate, on glandular petioles ; drupe large, globose. — Woods. March - 
April. — A small tree. Leaves 2'- 3' long^ smooth when old. Flowers very 
numerous. Plum reddish, ^-V in diameter, pleasantly acid, ripening in 
September. 

2. P. umbellata, Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, acute 
at both ends, or the upper ones rounded at the base, finely and sharply serrate, 
smooth, or soft-downy beneath; calyx teeth emarginate, pubescent; drupe 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 131 

globose ; stoue slightly compressed. — Dry light soil, Florida and Alabama 
to South Carolina. Feb, - March, — A shrub or small tree. Branches purple, 
shining. Leaves V-l^ long. Plum rarely^' in diameter, dark purplish 
or black, sour and bitter, ripening in August. 

3. P. Chicasa, Michx. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate- 
acute, smooth, minutely and sharply serrate, with the teeth glandular and 
incurved; flowers short-peduncled ; calyx smooth; drupe yellowish red, glo- 
bose. — Old fields, forming thickets. March. — A shrub or small tree. 
Leaves l^'-2' long. Plum about |' in diameter, thin-skinned and of an 
agreeable flavor. 

4. P. gracilis, Gray & Engelm. Low and bushy, the pubescent branches 
often spiny ; leaves short-petioled, ovate, acute, unequally serrate, glabrate 
above, pale and villous beneath, l'-2' long; clusters 2-3-flowered; calyx 
pubescent ; drupe globose, 6" - 9'' in diameter. — Lookout Mountain, Tennes- 
see ( Gattinger), and westward. 

5. P. maritima, Wang. Low and straggling, spineless ; leaves ovate or 
obovate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrate; clusters few-flowered; 
drupe red or purplish, Y in diameter. — Alabama {Buckietj). 

§ 2. Cerasus. (Cherry.) — Drupe not glaucous: stone globular or slightly 

compressed : leaves folded in the bud, deciduous. — Spineless shrubs or trees. 

* Flowers clustered. 

6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
finely and sharply serrate, green and smooth on both sides ; flowers several 
in a cluster, on long peduncles ; drupe globose, light red. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. May. — A small tree. Fruit small and sour. 

* * Fhnvers in racemes terminating leafy branches. 

7. P. serotina, Ehrhart. Leaves smooth, varying from oval to ovate, 
lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate, serrate, with the teeth callous and 
appressed ; racemes long, spreading ; drupe globose, purplish black, — Woods. 
April - May. — A tree 20° - 60° high. 

8. P. Virginiana, L. Smooth throughout, or the lower surface of the 
leaves, branches, and racemes more or less pubescent; leaves thin, oval, 
oblong or obovate, finely and sharply serrate, abruptly acute or acumi- 
nate ; racemes rather short and erect ; drupe red. — Light sandy soil in the 
upper districts. April. — Shrub 3° -9° high. Leaves r-3' long. Drupe 
astringent. 

§3. Laurocerasus. (Cherry Laurel.) — Drupe not glaucous : stone 
globular : flowers in racemes from the axils of evergreen leaves. 

9. P. Caroliniana, Ait. (Mock Orange.) Leaves coriaceous, smooth 
and glossy, ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly entire ; racemes shorter than the 
leaves, white ; drupe ovoid, soon dry, black. — Banks of rivers, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. Feb. - March. — A small tree. 

10. P. sphserocarpa, Swartz. Eacemes small, erect, shorter than the 
leaf; leaves elliptical, entire, shining; flowers scattered; drupe sub-globose. 
— Key Biscayne (Curtiss), South Florida. — A small tree, 10° - 15° high. 



132 ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILY.) 

3. PHYSOCARPUS, Maxim. Nine-bark. 

Carpels inflated, 2-valved, 2 - 4-seeded. Seeds roundish, crustaceous. Al- 
bumen copious. Otherwise like Spircea. — Shrubs. Leaves palmately lobed 
or veined. 

1. P. opulifolius, Maxim. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate, 3-lobed, 
doubly cronate-senate, smooth ; corymbs umbellate, terminating the short 
branches, mostly pubescent; follicle smooth, inflated, 2 -4-seeded. — Var. 
FERRUGiNEA, NuH. Leavcs smaller (T long), slightly lobed, covered, like 
the branches, corymbs, and follicles, with a dense brownish pubescence. — 
Banks of streams, Florida and Alabama (the variety) to the mountains of 
Georgia and Tennessee. April - May. — Shrub 3° - 5° high, tlie old bark 
separating in thin layers. Flowers white. 

4. SPIRJEA, L. Meadow-Sweet. 

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish, imbricated in the bud. Sta- 
mens 10-50. Follicles 3 - 12, 1 - 10-seeded, Styles terminal. Seeds without 
albumen. — Shrubs or perennial herbs, with simple or compound leaves. 
Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious. 

# Shrubs : flowers perfect. 
H— Flowers corymbose. 

1. S. COrymbosa, Eaf. Leaves undivided, ovate, unequally serrate near 
the tip, whitish beneath ; corymb large, smooth, compound ; flowers white ; 
follicle smooth. — Mountains of North Carolina and Georgia. June. — Shrub 
1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

-i— -!— Flowers panicled. 

2. S. tomentosa, L. Leaves simple, ovate or oblong, serrate, the lower 
surface, like the branches and close panicle, covered with a dense, rust-colored 
pubescence; follicles .5, not inflated, tomentose, several-seeded. — Low grounds 
in the upper districts. June -July. — Stem 2^-3° high. Flowers small, 
pale purple. 

3. S. salieif olia, L. Smooth ; panicle dense-flowered ; leaves varying 
from lanceolate to oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly serrate ; follicles not 
inflated, smooth, several-seeded. — With the preceding. June - July. — Stem 
2° - 5° high. Flowers white. 

* * Perennial herbs : leaves lobed or compound. 

4. S. lobata, Murr. Flowers perfect, in long-peduncled paniculate cymes ; 
leaves coarse, pinnately lobed, the terminal lobe very large, reniform, 7-9- 
parted, with the divisions incisely toothed and serrate ; stipules reniform, 
persistent; follicles 6-8, 1-2-seeded. — Swamps along the mountains of 
Georgia and North Carolina. June -July. — Stem smooth, .5° -8° high 
Upper leaves 3-lobed and sessile ; the lowest ones on long petioles. Flowers 
rose-color. Petals and sepals often in fours. 

5. S. Arunous, L. Flowers dioecious, in elongated filiform panicled 
racemes ; leaves thrice-pinnate ; leaflets thin, lanceolate-oblong, sharply and 



ROSACEA, (rose family.) 133 

doubly serrate ; stipules minute or wanting ; follicles 3-5, several-seeded, 
reflexed. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June. 
— Stem tall and slender. Flowers minute, white. 

5. NEVIUSIA, Gray. 

Calyx bractless, spreading, 5-parted, with the lobes leaf-like, incisely serrate 
and persistent. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite, inserted in several rows 
on the thin disk which lines the bottom of the calyx ; filaments filiform. 
Ovaries 2-4, sessile; style nearly terminal, filiform. Ovule single, pendu- 
lous, anatropous. Achenia drupaceous. Cotyledons oval, flat. Embryo in- 
cluded in thin fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, inflexed-accumbent. — A 
shrub, with alternate leaves, free bristle-awl-shaped stipules, and single or 
clustered terminal flowers on slender peduncles. 

1. N. Alabamensis, Gray. — Shady cliffs near Tuscaloosa, Alabama 
{Rev. R. D. Nevius). — Shrub 2° -5° high, with spreading branches. Leaves 
short-petioled, membranaceous, ovate or oblong, doubly serrate, V -2^' long. 
Flowers very numerous and showy. 

6. GILLENIA, Moench. Indian Physic. 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, .5-toothed. Petals 5, linear-lanceolate, unequal, 
inserted on the throat of the calyx, convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20. 
Follicles 5, included in the calyx, 2 - 4-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 
thin, trifoliolate ; the leaflets sharply and doubly serrate. Flowers white or 
rose-color, in loose few-flowered corymbs. 

1. G. trifoliata, McBnch. Stipules small, subulate, entire; leaflets ob- 
long, acuminate, rather coarsely serrate ; lower peduncles elongated, flowers 
white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

2. G. Stipulacea, Nutt. Stipules leafy, ovate, serrate ; leaflets lanceo- 
late, coarsely serrate, or the lowest incisely lobed ; flowers rose-color. — With 
the preceding. June. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

7. AGRIMONIA, Tourn. Agrimony. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, and armed with 
hooked bristles. Petals .5. Stamens 5-15, inserted on the throat of the 
calyx. Achenia 2, included in the grooved and indurated calyx-tube. — Per- 
ennial herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves, leafy toothed stipules, and small 
yellow flowers in long spiked racemes. Fruit nodding. 

1 . A. Eupatoria, L. Stem hirsute, 2° - 3° high ; leaflets 3-5, 2' - 3' 
long, oblong or obovate, coarsely and broadly mucronate-serrate, pubescent 
beneath ; racemes mostly 3, 1° or more long, rarely numerous and smaller. — 
Dry open woods. August. 

Var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Softly pubescent ; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate, 
paler beneath, 1^' long. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. August. 

2. A. parviflora, Ait. Stem 3° -5° high, densely hirsute, branching 
above; leaflets 9-15, lanceolate, sharply serrate, l^'-2' long, the smaller 
ones numerous ; fruiting calyx larger than the preceding. — Swamps, chiefly 
in the upper districts. August. 



134 KOSACE.^. (rose family.) 

3. A. incisa, Torr. & Gray. Stem, petioles, and lower surface of the 
leaves clothed with soft down and long liairs intermixed; leaflets 7-9, small 
(1' long), oblong or obovate, coarsely serrate, with smaller ones between; sta- 
mens .'). — Dry open woods, in the lower districts, Georgia, and westward. 
August. — Stem 2° high. Flowers small. 

8. POTERIUM, L. 

Calyx 4-parted, the tube 4-angled. I'etals none. Stamens 4, the filaments 
usually thickened upward. Style terminal, slender. Stigma pencil form. 
Achenia 1-2, included in the 4-wiuged indurated calyx tube. — Herbs, with 
unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers in close heads or spikes. 

1. P. Canadense, Beuth. & Hook. Smooth ; leaflets numerous, stalked, 
cordate-ovate or oblong, serrate ; spikes long-peduucled, cylindrical, elongated 
in fruit; stamens flattened. — Wet meadows, along the mountains. Sept. 
% — Stem 2° - 4° high. Lowest leaves on long petioles. Flowers white. 

9. ALCHEMILLA, Tourn. 

Calyx 4-5-parted, and with as many alternate bracts ; the tube obconical, 
contracted at the throat. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Style lateral. Stigma 
capitate. Achenia 1-4, included in the persistent calyx-tube. — Small herbs, 
with palmately divided leaves, and minute greenish flowers in corymbs or 
clusters. 

1. A. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy; stem (1^-8' high) leafy; leaves 
3-parted, the divisions wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed ; flowers in axillary sessile 
clusters; fertile stamens 1 - 2. — Waste places, North Carolina. Introduced. 
— Stem branching from the base. Leaves 4'^- 6'^ long. 

10. GEUM, L. AvENS. 

Calyx campanulate, deeply .5-cleft, and usually with as many bracts at the 
sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens and achenia numerous, the latter crowded on 
the conical or cylindrical dry receptacle. Styles terminal, long, persistent, 
jointed and hairy, or straight and smoothish. Seeds erect. — Perennial herbs, 
with pinnately divided leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or purple. 

1. G. vernum, Torr. & Gray. Stems ascending, hairy, 6^-12' high; 
lowest leaves pinnate or round-cordate, the upper 3 - 5-foliate ; flowers few and 
small ; petals yellow, as long as the calyx ; head of achenia globose, raised on 
a slender stipe ; receptacle glabrous. — Woods and copses, Tennessee. March - 
April. 

2. G. Virginianum, L. Stem stouter, hirsute ; stem leaves 3-parted, 
petals shorter than the calyx ; heads of fruit larger, on stouter peduncles ; 
receptacle smooth ; otherwise like the next. — Wet woods, North Carolina 
{Hyamd). 

3. G. album, Gmelin. Smoothish or downy ; stem slender, with spread- 
ing branches ; radical leaves pinnate, or the earliest ones nearly simple and 
rounded ; stem-leaves 3-parted, lobed or toothed ; petals white, as long as the 



ROSACEA, (rose family.) 135 

calyx ; style jointed and bent near the middle, the smooth lower portion per- 
sistent and hooked; receptacle and ovaries bristly -hairy. — Rich woods in 
the upper districts. April -May. — Stem 2° high. 

4. G. geniculatum, Michx. Hairy ; leaves pinnate, 3-parted or 3-lobed, 
the upper ones nearly sessile ; leaflets or lobes thin, ovate and obovate, toothed 
and serrate ; style jointed and bent in the middle, the upper portion plumose 
and nearly persistent, the lower pubescent, or smooth above ; heads of the hairy 
achenia sessile. — High mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Flowers white, veiny. 

5. G. radiatum, Michx. Hirsute; stem short (6'- 12'), often branch- 
ing; lowest leaves pinnate, the terminal leaflet large, reniform, obscurely 
lobed, doubly toothed, the lateral ones few and small ; stem-leaves scattered, 
small, sharply toothed, sessile ; flowers large ; petals obcordate, yellow ; style 
straight and wholly persistent, hairy at the base ; heads of achenia sessile. — 
Highest mountains of North Carolina. July. — Flowers 1' wide. 

11. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. 

Calyx obconical, 5-cleft, with as many alternate bracts. Petals 5. Stamens 
numerous, inserted into the throat of the calyx. Achenia 2-6, dry or some- 
what fleshy. Style terminal, filiform, separating from the achenium by a 
joint. Seeds erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical and roundish 
lobed leaves, and yellow flowers on scape-like stems. 

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. Smooth or hairy ; leaves long-petioled, tri- 
foliolate or 3-parted, with broadly cuneate and crenately toothed leaflets; 
scape as long as the leaves, bracted, many-flowered ; achenia 4-6, minutely 
hairy. — Mountain woods. May - June. — Stem and leaves 4' - 6' high. Petals 
larger than the calyx. 

2. W. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Hairy ; leaves cordate, crenately 3 - 5-lobed ; 
scape filiform, bracted, 4 - 8-flowered ; achenia mostly 2, hoary ; petals rather 
shorter than the calyx. — Banks of the Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers, in the 
middle districts of Georgia, very rare. May- June. — Scape and leaves 4' - 8' 
high. 

12. POTENTILLA, L. Cinquefoil. 

Calyx flat, 5-cleft, with as many bracts. Petals 5, obcordate or roundish. 
Stamens numerous. Style lateral or terminal, deciduous. Achenia collected 
in a head on the dry and pubescent receptacle. — Herbs or shrubby plants, 
with variously divided leaves. Flowers solitary or cymose. 

* Style terminal, or nearly so. 

1. P. Norvegica, L. Annual, hairy; stem erect, branched; leaves pal- 
mately 3-foliolate, the leaflets obovate-oblong or lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; 
flowers pale yellow, in leafy cymes ; petals shorter than the calyx. — Waste 
places. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. P. Canadensis, L. Perennial, hairy ; stem prostrate or ascending, 
simple ; leaves palmately 5-foliolate ; leaflets obovate-oblong, coarsely serrate ; 
flowers axillary, solitary, on long filiform peduncles ; petals yellow, obcordate, 



136 ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILY.) 

as long as the calyx. (P. simplex, Michx.) — Meadows iu the upper districts, 
July - August. — Stem 1° - 3"^ loug. 

Var. pumila, Torr. & Gray. Caespitose, villous ; stems peduucle-like, 2' - 
3' higli, 1 -3-fiowered, mostly shorter than the leaves; leaflets small, obovate. 
— Dry woods iu the upper districts. 

3. P. supina, L. Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate ; leaves pinnate ; 
leaflets 7 - 9, oblong-obovate, coarsely serrate ; jicduncles axillary, solitary ; 
petals obovate, yellow, as long as the calyx; achenia with a starchy append- 
age at the base. — Banks of the Mississippi, Tennessee. August. 

* * St///e lateral. 

4. P. tridentata, Ait. Stem somewhat shru])by at the hase, erect or as- 
cending, jjubescent ; leaves rigid, trifoliolate, cuneate-oblong, 3-toothed at the 
apex; flowers white, in a terminal cyme. — High mountains of North Caro- 
lina. July. — Stem 5'- 10' high. Achenia and receptacle very hairy. 

13. FBAGARIA, Tourn. Strawberry. 

Flowers like Poteutilla, but the dry achenia borne on the enlarged, at 
length pulpy and scarlet receptacle. Style lateral. — Perennial herbs with 
creeping runners. Leaves radical, trifoliolate. Flowers white, in terminal 
cymes. 

1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Appressed-hairy; leaflets thick, oblong, 
coarsely serrate ; scape few-flowered ; fruit roundish, the achenia embedded in 
the deeply pitted receptacle. — Rich woods. March - April. — Scapes 4' - 6' 
high. 

2. F. vesca, L. Softly villous, 3^-6' high; leaflets thin, oblong-oval, 
pale beneath, I'long; pedicels recurved in fruit; calyx spreading; achenia 
fixed to the surface of the receptacle. — Tennessee {(kittinger) . April. 

3. F. Indica, Andr. (Stravtberry Geranium.) Creeping; leaves 
trifoliolate or 3 lobed, the lobes round-obovate, crenate ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; 
calyx leafy-bracted ; petals yellow ; fruit inedible. — Waste places, escaped 
from cultivation. 

14. RUBUS, L. Brier, Bramble. 

Calyx concave or flatfish, 5-parted, without bracts. Petals 5, deciduous. 
Stamens numerous. Achenia juicy, crowded on the conical or cylindrical 
receptacle. Style nearly terminal, deciduous. — Perennial or shrubby and 
mostly prickly plants, with lobed or compound petioled leaves, and white or 
reddish flowers. 

* Heads of achenia hemispherical, deciduous: receptacle dry. 
1. R. Odoratus, L. Shrubby, not prickly; the branches, petioles, and 
corymbs hispid with glandular hairs ; leaves large, broadly ovate, 3-lobed, or 
the lowest ones 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate, toothed and serrate ; 
calyx-lobes caudate ; flowers large, rose-color ; fruit reddish. — Rocky woods 
on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. June -August. — Stem 3° -4° 
high. Flowers 2' in diameter. 



ROSACEA, (rose family.) 137 

2. R. oecidentalis, L. Glaucous; stem prickly, but otherwise very 
smooth, bending; leaves 3 - 5-f oliolate ; leaflets thin, ovate, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate or sparingly toothed, white-downy beneath; petals white, 
shorter than the rettexed short-caudate hoary calyx lobes; fruit black — 
Borders of woods along the mountains. May. — Stem biennial, 5° - 8° long. 

* * Heads of achenia oval or oblong, persistenl : receptacle juicy. 

3. R. villOSUS, Ait. Tall, shrubby ; stem erect or bending, armed, like 
the petioles and peduncles, with stout recurved prickles, the branches and 3 - 7- 
foliolate leaves soft-hairy or nearly smooth ; leaflets ovate or oblong, doubly 
serrate ; racemes leafy below, bracted above ; sepals acuminate, much shorter 
than the obovate white petals ; fruit large, oblong, black. — Swampy thickets, 
common. April. — Stem 4° - 10° high. 

4. R. cuneifolius, Pursh. Shrubl)y, armed with stout prickles; stem 
erect; branches and leaves tomentose; leaves trif oliolate, with the leaflets 
cuneate-obovate, unequally serrate towards the summit, tomentose and white 
beneath ; racemes few-flowered ; petals white ; fruit ovoid, black. — Old fields. 
April. — Stem 2° -4*^ high. Leaves and fruit smaller than in the preceding. 

5. R. trivialis, Michx. Shrubby, and armed with stout straight or 
recurved prickles and bristly hairs ; stem prostrate, slender ; leaves 3-5- 
foliolate, partly persistent; leaflets smooth, oblong-ovate or obovate, acute, 
sharply serrate; raceujes few-flowered, leafy below, mostly longer than the 
leaves ; flowers large, white ; fruit black. — Dry sandy soil. April. 

6. R. Canadensis, L. Stem shrubby at the base, slender, trailing, the 
prickles few and scattered ; leaves mostly 3-f oliolate ; leaflets smooth, thin, 
oval or oblong, coarsely and unequally serrate ; racemes few-flowered, leafy ; 
fruit large, roundish, black. — Dry sterile soil. North Carolina and Tennessee. 
May. 

7. R. hispidus, L. Somewhat shrubby, and armed with weak bristle- 
like prickles ; stem slender, prostrate ; leaves trifoliolate, persistent : leaflets 
obovate, obtuse, coarsely serrate, smooth ; racemes many-flowered, slender, 
longer than the leaves ; flowers small, white ; fruit of few large and black 
achenia. (R. obovalis, Michx.) — Cold shady swamps among the mountains. 
May - June. — Fruit sour. 

15. ROSA, Tourn. Rose. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the urn-shaped tube becoming fleshy in fruit. Petals 5. Sta- 
mens numerous, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Ovaries 
numerous, hairy, inserted on the thin receptacle that lines the inner surface 
of the calyx-tube. Styles nearly included. Achenia bony. — Prickly shrubs. 
Leaves unequally pinnate. Stipules united with the petioles. Flowers showy. 

* Styles cohering, exserted. 
1. R. setigera, Michx. Stem long, reclining, smooth; leaflets 3-5, 
ovate, acuminate or acute, serrate, shining above ; petioles, peduncles, and 
calyx glandular ; corymb few-flowered ; petals obcordate ; fruit globose, 
smooth. — Borders of swamps, chiefly in the upper districts. June. — Stem 
10°- 15° long. Flowers 2' -3' wide, red. 



138 ROSACEA, (rose family.) 

* * Sti/les distinct, included: Jiowers red or white. 

2. R. Carolina, L. Stem erect, smooth, armed with stout recurved 
stipular j)rickles; leatiets 5-9, oblong or elliptical, acute, finely serrate, dull 
and smootliish above, the lower surface paler, or, like the i^rickly petioles and 
caudate calyx lobes, tomeutose ; flowers single or corymbose ; calyx tube and 
peduncles glandular-hispid. — Swamps. June. — Stem 4° -6° high, com- 
monly purplisli. Fruit depressed-globose, glandular. 

3. R. humilis, Marsh. Stem low, erect, armed with bristles and stout 
stipular prickles ; leaflets mostly 5, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, sharply ser- 
rate, smooth and sliining above, paler and often somewliat pubescent beneath; 
flowers solitary, or 2-3 together ; peduncles and calyx glandular, the latter 
with foliaceous, often incised lobes. (K. parvifiora, Ell.) — Mostly in dry 
soil, common. May- June. — Stem 1°- 3° high. A variable species. Stem 
sometimes spinele.ss. 

4. R. rubiginosa, L. - (Eglantine.) Stem erect or curving, armed 
with very stout prickles; leaflets 5-7, oval or obovate, serrate, glandular be- 
neath; flowers mostly solitary, on hispid peduncles; fruit obovate. (R. 
suaveolens, Pursh.) — Waste places. Introduced. Branches yellowish green. 
Leaves fragrant. 

6. R. laevigata, Michx. (Cherokee Rose.) Stem long, trailing, 
smooth, tlie branches armed with very stout and curved prickles, leaves ever- 
green, mostly trifoliolate ; leaflets smooth and shining, lanceolate, the midrib 
hispid ; stipules deciduous ; flowers large, solitary, white ; calyx very bristly. 
— Common in cultivation. 

16. CRATAEGUS, L. Hawthorn. 

Calyx urn-shaped; the limb 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, orbicular, con- 
cave. Stamens few or many. Styles 1-5, distinct. Fruit fleshy, containing 
1-5 bony nutlets. — Thorny shrubs or trees. Leaves simple, serrate or vari- 
ously lobed. Flowers white, axillary and solitary, or in corymbs terminating 
short lateral branches. Stipules on the young branches linear, or lunate and 

serrate. 

* Corymbs compound, many-Jiowered. 

-1- Fruit small, not larger than a. pea. 

1. C. spathulata, Michx. Young branches tomentose, otherwise nearly 
smooth and glandless throughout ; leaves small, spatulate, crenate at the sum- 
mit ; those on the young shoots larger and incisely lobed ; calyx lobes very 
short ; styles 5 ; fruit very small, red. — River banks, April. — A small tree. 
Corymbs sometimes slightly pubescent. Stipules lunate on the young 
branches. 

2. C. apiifolia, Michx. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs whitened 
with soft hairs ; leaves small, deltoid, pinnately 5 - 7-lobed, sharply toothed, 
nearly smooth when old, truncate or cordate at the base ; styles 1-3, filiform ; 
fruit globular, red. — River swamps. March - April. — A small tree. Leaves 
I'-riong. 

3. C. cordata. Ait. Young branches, leaves, and corymbs softly pubes- 
cent, soon smoothish ; leaves deltoid-ovate, truncate or cordate at the base, 



ROSACEA, (rose family.) 139 

louo'-petioled, 3-5-lobed aud serrate; spines slender; fruit globose, red. — 
River banks in the upper districts. May - June. — A small tree. Leaves 1' - 
3' long. Styles 5. 

4. C. arborescens, Ell. Smooth ; leaves thin, oval or elliptical, acute 
at both ends finely serrate, sometimes toothed or lobed near the apex, on 
slender nearly glandless petioles; corymbs very numerous; styles 5; fruit 

ovoid, red. Low ground, Georgia, and westward. March - April. — A small 

tree, with ash-colored branches. Spines stout or wanting. Leaves V-2' long, 
entire at the base, sometimes hairy in the axils of the veins beneath. 

^_ ^_ jTy^uit large, 4'-f' long (except No. 7, vai-.) ; leaves, etc. mcstly glandular. 

5. C. Crus-galli, L. Leaves thick, oblong-obovate, smooth, shining 
above, finely serrate from near the glandless base; those on the youug 
branches sometimes slightly lobed ; spines long and stout, or sometimes 
wanting; corymbs smooth or nearly so; styles 1-3; fruit pear-shaped or 
globose, red. — Woods. April- May. — A shrub or small tree. 

6. C. COCCinea, L. Smooth ; leaves thin, roundish-ovate, with 3 - .5 
short and sharply serrate lobes on each side, abruptly narrowed into the 
slender petiole, strongly straight-veined; those on the young branches often 
truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and more strongly lobed ; spines stout ; 
styles 3 - 5 ; fruit large, globose or pear-shaped, bright red. (C. viridis, L. 
C. populifolia. Ell.) — Open dry woods. April - May. — A shrub or small 
tree. Leaves 1'- 2' long, bright green, 

7. C. tomentosa, L. Leaves large (3'- 5' long), broadly ovate or oval, 
finely serrate, and slightly lobed above the middle, abruptly narrowed into a 
short margined petiole, pubescent, especially beneath, the veins straight and 
impressed ; corymbs large, tomentose ; styles 1 - 3 ; fruit pear-shaped, orange- 
red. — Chiefly northern. 

Var. microcarpa. Leaves broadly ovate, membranaceous, slightly 
toothed or entire, pubeScent beneath, slender-petioled, 3' - 6' long ; flowers 
Y wide ; fruit globose, red, 3'^ wide ; styles mostly 2. — River banks near 
Rome, Georgia. April. — A small tree. 

8. C. SUbvillosa, Schrader. Leaves thick, ovate or roundish, sharply 
serrate, from the base, toothed above the middle, softly pubescent beneath, 
like the branchlets and corymbs ; flowers f ' wide ; fruit globose, " bright 
scarlet, V in diameter." — Rich soil, Tennessee. April. — A shrub or small 
tree. 

9. C. triflora, Chapm. Leaves thin, l^'-S'long, ovate, rounded at the 
base, or abruptly contracted into a short petiole, glandular-serrate, soon 
smooth above, softly pubescent, like the branchlets and corymbs, beneath ; 
corymbs 1 - 3- (mostly 3-) flowered, the lateral pedicels longer ; flowers f ' wide ; 
calyx lobes lanceolate, thickly glandular-ciliate, twice as long as the tube ; 
styles mostly 4. — Cliffs of the Coosa River, Georgia. April. — A large 
shrub. 

10. C. punctata, Jacq. Leaves rather rigid, 2' -3' long, wedge-obovate, 
tapering and entire below the middle, finely toothed and serrate above, pu- 
bescent, at length glabrate, strongly impressed-veined ; corymbs villous ; 



140 ROSACEiE. (rose FAMILY.) 

styles mostly 3 ; fruit dull red, globose, ^' wide, dotted. — Near Avatercourses 
iu the upper districts. April- May. 

11. C. collina, Cliapm. lirauchlets, leaves, aud corymbs appressed- 
pubesceut, soon glabrous; leaves |-'-2' loug, obovate, acute, fiuely but ob- 
tusely serrate, taperiug iuto a short petiole ; flowers f wide ; calyx lobes 
lauceolate, glaudular, louger thau tlie tube; styles 5; fruit globular, ^' iu 
diameter. — Kocky hillsides. North Georgia aud Teuuessee. April. — A 

small tree. 

* * Curijiiibs siinp/e, 1 - (j-Jlowered. 

12. C. Sestivalis, Torr. & Gray. Glaudless ; leaves rigid, pubescent, be- 
coming smooth above, aud rusty-pubescent on the veins beneath, cuneate- 
obovate, crenate above the middle, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs 
smooth, 3-5-flowered ; styles 4-5; fruit large, globose, red. — Varies (C. lu- 
cida. Ell.) with smaller (T), thinner, and smooth leaves, which are glossy 
above. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. March -April. — A small tree. Leaves 2' -3' long. Fruit juicy, 
edible. 

13. C. flava, Ait. Glandular ; Jeaves cuneate-obovate, serrate and slightly 
lobed near the apex, smooth, tapering into a short petiole ; corymbs smooth, 
1 - 4-flowered ; styles 4 - 5 ; flowers and pear-shaped fruit large. — Shady 
sandy places, Florida to North Cor olina, and westward. May. — Tree 15°- 
20° high. Leaves 2^-3' long. Fruit greenish yellow. 

14. C. glandulosa, Michx. Branchlets, leaves and corymbs whitened 
with soft hairs ; leaves opaque, cuueate, entire or glandular-serrate, tapering 
into a slender petiole, becoming smoothish ; those on the young branches 
often sparingly lobed ; corymbs 3 - 6-flowered, unilateral ; styles 5 ; fruit 
small, globose, red. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. April. — A small tree, with coarse bark, and long recurved branches. 
Leaves 1' long. Fruit 3'' -4'' long. 

15. C. parvifolia, Ait. Leaves obovate, scarcely petioled, serrate, the 
lower surface, like the branchlets and calyx, pubescent ; spines numerous, 
long and slender ; flowers mostly solitary ; calyx lobes large, serrate ; styles 
5 ; fruit large, globose or pear-shaped, somewhat hairy. — Sandy soil. April 
-May. — A much branched shrub, 3° -5° high. Leaves V loug. 

17. PYRUS, L. Pear, Apple. 

Calyx urn-shaped, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Styles 2 - 5. 
Fruit fleshy or baccate, containing 2-5 cartilaginous 2-seeded carpels. — 
Trees or shrubs. Flowers cymose or corymbose. 

* Leaves simple, glandular : fruit depressed at the base, 

1. P. coronaria, L. Leaves on long aud slender petioles, ovate, round- 
ed, or slightly cordate at the base, angled or lobed, serrate, smooth ; corymbs 
simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very fragrant ; styles woolly and 
united at the base. — Rich soil in the upper districts. April. — A small tree. 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. 



ROSACEA. (rose family.) 141 

2. P. angustifolia, Ait. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, acute at the base, 
serrate, short-petioled ; corymbs simple, few-flowered ; flowers rose-color, very 
fragrant ; styles smooth, distinct, — Open woods, chiefly in the upper districts. 
April. — A small tree. Eruit very sour. 



* * Lea 



ves simple, the midrib glandular above : fruit baccate, globose. 



3. P. arbutifolia, L. Leaves oval-oblong or somewhat obovate, abruptly 
acute or mucronate, smooth above, except the midrib, finely serrate ; styles 
villous at the base. 

Yar. erythrocarpa. Stem tall (5°- 10°) ; branchlets, cymes, and lower 
surface of the large (2'-4') leaves tomentose and hoary; petals and anthers 
reddish ; berries red. 

Var. melanocarpa. Stem low (2° -4°) ; branchlets, cymes, and leaves 
smooth or nearly so ; leaves small ; petals white ; berries black. (Aronia me- 
lanocarpa, Ell.) — Swamps. March - April. 

* * * Leaves unequally pinnate : ci/mes compound : fruit baccate. 

4. P. Americana, L)C. Leaflets 13 -15, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate 
above the middle, soon smooth ; cymes large, dense ; berry small, globose or 
pear-shaped, scarlet. — Highest mountains of North Carolina. May -June. 
— A shrub or small tree. Fruit acid, 

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. 

Calyx .5-cleft. Petals 5, oblong. Stamens numerous, short. Styles 5, more 
or less united. Fruit baccate, containing 3-5 cartilaginous 2-seeded carpels ; 
seeds separated by a false partition. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple 
leaves, and white flowers in terminal racemes. 

1. A. Canadensis, L., var. Botryapium, Torr. & Gray. Branches, 
leaves, and racemes tomentose when young, soon smooth ; leaves elliptical, 
abruptly acute, finely and sharply serrate, often slightly cordate ; racemes 
slender, appearing before the leaves ; petals four times as long as the calyx ; 
fruit globose, purplish. — Woods. Feb. - March. — A small tree, with smooth 
whitish bark. 

Var. rotundif Olia, Torr. & Gray. Shrubby ; leaves roundish oval, 
somewhat acuminate, sharply serrate ; racemes 6- 10-flowered ; petals small, 
narrowly oblong. (Aronia, £"//.) — Low grounds, chiefly in the upper dis- 
tricts. March. — Shrub 2° - 3° high . 



The cultivated representatives of this order are the Plum (Prunus do- 
MESTicus, L.), Apricot (P. Armeniaca, Z.), Cherries (P. Avium and P. 
Cerasus, Ij.), Peach (Persica vulgaris, Mill.), Apple (Pyrus malus, L.), 
Pear (P. communis, L.), Quince (Cydonia vulgaris, Pers.), and the 
Almond (Amygdalus). 



142 SAXIFRAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 



Order 19. CALYCANTHACE^. (Carolina-Allspice 
Family.) 

Shrubs, with opposite and entire leaves, without stipules or pel- 
lucid dots. — Sepals and petals numerous and alike, united below 
into an obconical fleshy cup, imbricated in the bud. Stamens numer- 
ous, short, inserted within the petals, the inner ones often sterile. 
Anthers adnate, extrorse. Ovaries several, enclosed in the calyx tube, 
and inserted on its inner face, becoming 1-seeded achenia in fruit. 
Seeds anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons convolute. 

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scented Shrub. 

Calyx tube closed, leafy-bracted ; the lobes and petals in several rows, 
lanceolate, somewhat fleshy. Stamens deciduous. Mature fruit dry, pear- 
shaped, enclosing the large achenia. — Aromatic shrubs, Avith opposite or 
forking branches, short-petioled deciduous leaves, and large brownish pur- 
ple termiual flowers. 

1. C. floridus, L. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles hoary-pubescent; 
leaves oval or oblong, mostly acute or acuminate, very rough on the upper 
surface, tomentose and hoary beneath ; sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, 
acute. — Banks of streams in the upper districts. April. — Shrub 4° - 8° 
high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Flowers 1' in diameter, very fragrant. 

2. C. ISBVigatus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles pubescent 
or smoothish ; leaves oblong or elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, rough 
on the upper surface, paler and nearly smooth beneath ; sepals and petals 
linear-lanceolate, acute. (C. inodorus, Ell., leaves very rough above, but 
shining ; flowers inodorous.) — Banks of streams, Florida, Georgia, and west- 
ward. April - May. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers \Y 
in diameter. 

3. C. glaucus, Willd. Branchlets, petioles, and peduncles smooth ; 
leaves large, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, green and roughish on the 
upper surface, smooth and glaucous beneath ; flowers large, the sepals and 
petals lanceolate, and abruptly sharp-pointed. — Low shady woods along the 
mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. May- June. — Shrub 6°- 8° high. 
Leaves rather rigid, 4'- 7' long. Flowers l^'-2' in diameter. 



The Pomegranate (Funic a Granatum, L.) belongs to the allied order 
Granate^. 

Order 50. SAXIFIIAGACE^3H. (Saxifrage Family.) 

Calyx of 4 - 5 more or less united sepals, free, or more or less ad- 
herent to the ovary, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, rarely 
wanting. Stamens as many, or 2 - 4 times as many, inserted with 



SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 143 

the petals on the calyx. Ovaries 2 or sometimes 3-4, commonly 
united below, and separate at the summit. Seeds few - many. Em- 
bryo straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. SAXIFRAGES. Herbs, Petals imbricated in the bud. 
Stipules aduate to the petiole, or none. 

* Stamens as many as the sepals. 

1. LEPUROPETALON. Styles 3. Capsule 1-celled, beakless. 

2. HEUCHERA. Styles 2. Capsule 1-ceUed, 2-beaked. 

3. BOYKINIA. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked. 

* * Stamens twice as many as the sepals. 
-(- Capsule 2-celled. 

4. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 10. Leaves entire or lobed. 

5. ASTILBE. Flowers polygamous. Stamens 10. Leaves ternately compound. 

-1- -t- Capsule 1 -celled. 

6. TIARELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, entire. 

7. MITELLA. Stamens 10. Petals 5, pinnatilid. 

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Stamens 8 -10. Petals none. 

Suborder II. ESCALLONIES. Shrubs. Petals valvate in the bud. 
Stipules none. Leaves alternate. 

9. ITEA. Stamens and petals 5. Flowers in a dense raceme. 

Suborder III. HYDRANGIEuE. Shrubs. Petals valvate or convolute 
in the bud. Leaves opposite. Stipules none. 

10. HYDRANGEA. Petals valvate. Stamens 8 - 10. Styles distinct. 

11. DECUMARIA. Petals valvate. Stamens 20 or more. Styles united. 

12. PHILADELPHUS. Petals convolute. Stamens 20 or more. Styles 4. Capsule 4- 

valved. 

Suborder IV. RIBESIEJ5. Shrubs. Leaves alternate, palmately 
veined or lobed. Stipules none. Fruit baccate. 

13. RIBES. Flowers in axillary racemes. Stems mostly spiny. 

1. LEPUROPETALON, Ell. 

Calyx tube turbinate, cohering with the lovi^er portion of the ovary, 5- 
parted. Petals 5, minute, spatulate. Stamens 5, very short. Styles 3. 
Capsule globular, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentse, many-seeded, loculici- 
dally 3-valved at the apex. — A very small (^' high) tufted annual herb, with 
alternate spatulate leaves, and solitary terminal white flowers. 

1. L. spathulatum, EIL — Close damp soil, Georgia (near Savannah) 
and South Carolina. March - April. 

2. HEUCHERA, L. Alum-root. 

Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, 
spatulate. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placenta, 
many-seeded, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds rough or hispid. 
— Perennial herbs, with erect scape-like stems. Leaves chiefly radical, long- 
petioled, roundish cordate, lobed or toothed. Stipules adnate to the petioles. 
Flowers small, panicled. 



144 SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) 

# Cahjx e(iual-sided. 

1. H. Americana, L. Scape leaHess, glandular; leaves creiiately or 
acutely 7 - 9-lobed aud toothed, the teeth inucrouate ; panicles loug, narroAv, 
loosely flowered ; calyx as long as the white petals, much shorter than the 
stamens and very slender styles. — Shady rocky places in the middle and 
upper districts. April - May. — Scape 2° -3° high, sometimes with one or 
two leaves. Leaves 2' -4' wide, on petioles 4' - 12' long. 

2. H. villosa, Michx. Scape bracted or somewhat leafy, and, like the 
petioles and lower surface of the leaves, sliaggy with long spreading rusty 
hairs ; leaves sharply 5 - 7-lobed and toothed, panicle loose ; flowers minute ; 
petals white, very narrow, about as long as the stamens , styles elongated. 
— Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. June -July. — Scape l°-3° 
high. Leaves 3' - 8' wide. Flowers about a line in length. 

3. H. Curtisii, Gray. Scape and petioles smooth; leaves lightly lohed; 
branches of the panicle long," racemose, spreading; petals purple ? spatulate 
lanceolate, scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens slightly pubescent. — 
Buncombe County, North Carolina (Curtis). — Flowers larger than the last. 

4. H. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Glandular-hirsute, and somewhat viscid ; scape 
slender (8'- 15' high), often leafy; panicle small (2'- 5' long), the slender 
pedicels nodding ; petals linear-spatulate, twice as long as the calyx lobes ; 
filaments exserted ; leaves thin, orbicular-cordate (3' - 6' broad), shortly and 
broadly 7 - 9-lobed, Avith rounded mucronate teeth, pubescent on the nerves 
beneath ; petioles filiform. — Shaded rocks on the mountains of Alabama and 
North Carolina [Mohr, Rugel). 

* * CahjX oblique. 

5. H, pubescens, Pursh. Glandular-puberulent ; stem (2°) leafy; 
leaves round- cordate, acutely 5 -7-lobed and toothed, with the sinus closed; 
stipules obtuse, fringed; flowers nodding; calyx ovoid, yellowish green, the 
ovate lobes obtuse ; petals spatulate, white, and, like the smooth stamens and 
styles, included. — Mountains of North Carolina. June - July. 

6. H. hispida, Pursh. Hirsute or minutely glandular-pubescent ; leaves 
5 - 9-lobed, the lobes short, rounded, and mucronately toothed ; panicle con- 
tracted ; the short branches few-flowered ; petals broadly spatulate, purple, 
rather shorter than the more or less exserted stamens ; styles at length much 
exserted. — High mountains of North Carolina. May - June. — Scape 2° - 3° 
high, sometimes smoothish, as well as the petioles. Flowers larger than any 
of the preceding. 

3. BOYKINIA, Nutt. 

Calyx turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals deciduous. Sta- 
mens 5, short. Styles 2-3. Capsule 2-3-celled, with a central many-seeded 
placenta, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks. Seeds smooth. — Erect leafy 
perennial herbs, with alternate round-cordate palmately lobed and toothed 
leaves, and small flowers in corymbose cymes, 

1. B. aconitifolia, Nutt. Glandular-hairy, or the upper surface of the 
long-petioled 5 - 7-lobed leaves smoothish ; cymes fastigiate, clammy ; flowers 
secund, white ; teeth of the calyx triangular-ovate. — Mountains, Alabama 
to North Carolina. June - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 



SAXIFRAGACE^. (SAXIFKAGE FAMILY.) 145 

4. SAXIPRAGA, L. Saxifrage. 

Calyx free, or cohering with the base of the ovary, deeply 5-cleft. Petals 

5, commouly deciduous. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, 2-beake(1, 

opening between the beaks. Seeds numerous, smooth." — Lowest leaves 

clustered. 

^ Stems leafy. 

1. S. leucanthemifolia, Michx. Hairy and clammy'; leaves spatulate, 
coarsely toothed, tapering into a long winged petiole ; the upper ones linear ; 
panicle diffuse ; petals clawed, unequal, white, the 3 larger ones sjjotted with 
yellow. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 10^ - 20' high. 

* * Stems naked, scape-like. 

2. S. erosa, Pursh. Leaves oblong, tapering to the base, sharply toothed ; 
scape clammy-pubescent ; panicle long, slender, loosely flowered ; sepals re- 
flexed, nearly as long as tlie oval white petals ; stigmas sessile. — Shady 
banks of streams on the mountains of North Carolina. July. — Scape l°-3° 
high. Leaves 8' - 12' long. 

3. S. Virginiensis, Michx. Pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, obo- 
vate, crenately toothed ; scape clammy ; panicle cymose, dense-flowered ; 
sepals erect, not half as long as the oblong obtuse white petals ; styles short. 

— Rocks on the mountains of Georgia and Carolina. April -May. — Scape 
4' -12' high. 

4. S. Careyana, Gray. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves broadly ovate, 
crenately or sharply toothed, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; 
scape slender; panicle loosely flowered ; sepals spreading, half as long as the 
lanceolate-oblong, Avhite, faintly spotted petals; filaments filiform. — Moist 
shady rocks, on the high mountains of North Carolina. June. — Plant 6' 
high. 

5. S. Caroliniana, Gray. Glandular-pubescent ; leaves all radical, del- 
toid or ovate, coarsely toothed, abruptly contracted into a margined petiole ; 
bracts of the scape few ; panicle diffuse ; petals ovate, white, with 2 pale 
spots below the middle, twice the length of the reflexed sepals ; filaments 
club-shaped ; carpels turgid, free from the calyx, at length widely spreading. 

— Damp shady places on the mountains of North Carolina. May - June. — 
Scape 6'- 12' high. 

5. ASTILBE, Hamilton. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx campanulate, .5-parted, nearly free from 
the ovary. Petals 5, spatulate, withering-persistent. Stamens 10, exserted. 
Styles 2. Capsule 2-celled, few-seeded. Seed-coat loose and thin. — Perennial 
herbs, with ternately compound leaves, and small yellowish white flowers, in 
panicled racemes. 

1. A. decandra, Don. Stem 3° -.5° high; leaves twice or thrice ter- 
nately compound ; the leaflets mostly cordate-ovate, sharply lobed and toothed 
Stigmas of the sterile flowers and the .stamens and petals of the fertile ones 
smaller or rudimentary. — Banks of streams among the mountains of Georgia 
and North Carolina. June -August. 

10 



146 SAXIFRAGACEiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 

6. TIARELLA, L. False Mitre-wort. 

Calyx campamilate, nearly free from the ovary, 5-parted. Petals 5, entire. 
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved, the valves very 
unequal, 1 -celled, few-seeded. Seeds globular, smooth. — Perennial herbs, 
with scape-like stems, chiefly radical and peLioled leaves, and small racemose 
flowers. 

1. T. COrdifolia, L. Leaves round-cordate, crenately or acutely lobed 
and toothed, hairy above, pubescent beneath, on long hairy petioles ; scape 
(6'- 12' high), naked, or bearing 1-2 alternate leaves above the middle; ra- 
cemes simple or branched, many-flowered ; petals oblong, white or purpHsh. 
— Pocky woods and banks along the mountains. April - May. 

7. MITELLA, Tourn. Mitre-wokt. 

Calyx coherent with tlie base of the ovary, 5-cleft. Petals 5, pinnatifid. 
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 1 -celled, 2-valved at the apex, 
many-seeded. Seeds smooth, borne on two parietal placentas. — J-*erennial 
herbs, with broadly cordate and lobed leaves, and small fiowei's in a terminal 
raceme. 

1. M. diphylla, L, Hairy; radical leaves cordate, acute, coarsely ser- 
rate and slightly 3-lobed, on long petioles ; stem leaves 2, opposite, sessile ; 
raceme slender, loosely many-flowered. — Shady woods, on the mountains of 
North Carolina. May. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers white. 

8. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Tourn. Golden Saxifrage. 

Calyx tube coherent with the ovary, 4 - .5-lobed ; the lobes obtuse and yel- 
low within. Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspic- 
uous disk. Styles 2. Capsule very short, 2-lobed, 1-celled, with 2 parietal 
placentae, 2-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth succulent herbs, with 
roundish leaves, and solitary greenish flowers, 

1. C. Americanuni, Schweinitz. Stems prostrate, forking; leaves 
mostly opposite, roundish, slightly lobed ; flowers in the forks of the stem. — 
Cold and shady banks of streams, on the mountains. April -May. 11 — 
Stems 4' -6' long. 

9. ITEA, L. 

Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, free from the ovary. Petals 5, lanceolate. 
Stamens 5, shorter than the petals. Styles 2, united. Capsule 2celled, 2-fur- 
rowed, septieidally 2-valved, several-seeded. — A slender branching shrub, 
with simple oblong or oval serrate pubescent leaves, and long mostly drooping 
racemes of white fragrant flowers terminating the branches. 

1. I. Virginica, L. — Swamps and wet banks. May -June. -—Shrub 
4° - 10° high. Leaves H' - 3' long. 

10. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. 

Calyx tube hemispherical, 8-10-ribbed, coherent with the ovary; the limb 
4 - .5-toothed, persistent. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8-10, 
filiform. Capsule crowned with the two diverging styles, 2-celled, many-seeded. 



SAXTFKAGACE.E. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.) 147 

opeuiiig at the apex between the styles. — Erect shrubs, with opposite peti- 
oled leaves, Avithout stipules, aud whitish or ])urplish flowers, in ample com- 
pouud cymes ; the marginal flowers mostly sterile, with the calyx lobes enlarged 
and showy. 

1. H. arborescens, L. Smoothish; leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, 
serrate, mostly rounded or cordate at the base ; cymes crowded, flat-topped ; 
sterile flowers few or none. — Banks of streams. June -July. — Shrub 4°- 
8° high. Leaves 3^-6' long. 

2. H. radiata, Walt. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, mostly cordate 
at the base, white-tomentose beneath ; cymes flat-topped ; sterile flowers few. 
— Rich soil on the mountains. May - June. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. 

3. H. quercifolia, Bartram. Young branches and leaves densely to- 
mentose ; leaves oval, sharply 5-lobed, serrate; cymes clustered, forming a 
close oblong panicle ; sterile flowers large, numerous. — Shady banks, Florida, 
Georgia, and westward. May -June. — Shrub 3° -6° high. Leaves 4' -8' 
long. Sterile flowers whitish, turning purple. 

11. DECUMARIA, L. 

Flowers all fertile. Calyx tube turbinate, coherent with the ovary, 7-10- 
toothed. Petals valvate in the bud, oblong. Stamens 21 -30. Styles united, 
persistent. Stigma thick, 7- 10-rayed. Capsule 10- 15-ribbed, 7-10-celled, 
bursting at the sides ; the thin partitions at length separating obliquely into 
numerous chaffy scales. Seeds numerous, suspended. — A smooth climbing 
shrub, with opposite ovate or oblong entire or serrate leaves, and numerous 
odorous white flowers in a compound terminal cyme. 

1. D. barbara, L. — Banks of streams. May -June. — Leaves shining, 
sometimes pubescent. Capsule, with the persistent style and stigma, urn- 
shaped, pendulous. 

12. PHILADELPHUS, L. Strikga. 

Calyx tube turbinate, cohering with the ovary, the limb 4 - 5-parted, per- 
sistent. Petals 4-5, convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40, shorter than the 
petals. Styles mostly 4, more or less united. Capsule mostly 4-celled, locu- 
licidally 4-valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs with simple opposite 3 - 5-ribbed 
leaves, without stipules, and large white solitary or cymose flowers. 

1. P. grandiflorus, Wilkl. Branches and leaves pubescent; leaves 
ovate or ovate-ol)long, acuminate, sharply serrate ; flowers solitary, or 2 or 
more in a terminal cyme ; calyx lobes ovate, acuminate, much longer than the 
tube. — Banks of streams, chiefly in the upper districts. April - May. — Shrub 
6°- 10° high, Avith long and slender branches. 

2. P. inodorus, L. Smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, ovate or ovate- 
oblong, acute ; calyx lobes ovate, acute, as long as the tube. — Upper districts 
of Alabama to South Carolina. May. — Flowers smaller than in the last. 

3. P, hirsutus, Nutt. Hairy ; leaves small, ovate, acute, sharply ser- 
rate; flowers 1-3 together, terminal, and on sliort lateral branches; calyx 
lobes ovate, as long as the tube. — Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. — 
A small shrub. Leaves V long. Flowers i' wide. 



148 PARNASSIACE.^. (PARNASSIA FAMILY.) 

13. RIBES, L. Currant, Gooseberry. 

Calyx tube adliereiit to tlie ovary, the limb 5-lobed, Petals .5, small. Sta- 
mens 5, Ovary 1-celled, vvith 2 parietal placeutai. Styles more or less united. 
Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded berry. Seeds anatropous, witli the minute em- 
bryo at the base of liard albumen. — Spiny or unarmed shrubs, with alter- 
nate palniately veined and lobed leaves, without stipules, and with axillary 
racemose or clustered flowers. 

# Stents spini/ and common] ij brist/ij : peduncles 1 -S-Jfowered. 

1. R. Cynosbati, L, Leaves on slender petioles, slightly cordate, 
roundisli, 3-r)-lol)ed, pubescent; peduncles 2 - 3-flowered ; stamens and single 
style not longer than the broad and short calyx tube; petals obovate; berry 
mostly prickly. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Stem smooth or 
bristly. Leaves V-2^ in diameter, 

2. R. rotundifolium, Michx. Leaves small, smoothish, roundish, 3 - 
5-lobed, often acute at the base, on slender petioles; Peduncles 1 -2-flowered; 
stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow-cylindrical calyx tube ; 
petals spatulate ; berry small, smooth. — Mountains of Kortli Carolina. — 
Shrub 3° -4° high, often unarmed. Leaves ^' - V in diameter. 

3. R. gracile, Michx. Axillary spine very short; leaves on slender 
petioles, pubescent on both sides, the lobes acute, incised, and acutely toothed; 
peduncles long, capillary, erect, 1 - 2-flowered ; calyx smooth, tubular-campan- 
ulate. — Mountains of Tennessee. 

* * Stems without spines or bristles : racemes many-flowered . 

4. R. prostratum, L'Herit. Leaves long-petioled, deeply cordate, with 
about 5 spreading incised and serrate lobes, smooth ; racemes erect ; style 2- 
cleft ; berry glandular-bristly. — Mountains of North Carolina. May -June. 
— Stems reclining. Eacemes 3' -5' long. Leaves 2' -3' in diameter. 

5. R. resinOSUm, Pursh. Plant clothed in every part with resinous 
glandular hairs ; leaves roundish, 3 - 5-lobed ; racemes erect ; bracts linear, 
longer than the pedicels ; calyx flattish ; petals obtusely rhomboidal ; fruit 
hirsute. — Mountains of North Carolina. April - May. (*) 



Order 51. PARXASSIACE^. (Parnassia Family.) 

Perennial smooth herbs, with ovate or reniform chiefly radical and 
entn-e leaves, on long petioles, and large solitary flowers terminating 
the scape-like, 1-leaved stem. — Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, ovate 
or obovate, veiny, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Fertile stamens 
5, alternating with the petals : anthers introrse. Sterile ones in sets 
of 3-15 more or less united filaments, placed opposite each petal. 
Ovary 1-celled, with 3-4 parietal placentae. Stigmas 3-4, sessile, 
placed over the placentae. Capsule loculicidally 3-4-valved at the 
apex, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, winged, without albumen. 
Embryo straight, cylindrical. 



I 



CRASSULACE^. (ORPINE FAMILY.) 149 

1. PARNASSIA, Tourn. Grass op Parnassus. 
Characters same as the order. 

1 . P. Caroliniana, Michx. Leaves broadly ovate or cordate-ovate ; 
cauline one near the base of the stem, clasping ; petals oval, sessile, with im- 
pressed greenish veins ; sterile stamens by threes, distinct almost to the base, 
2-3 times as long as the recurved fertile ones. — Damp soil, Florida, and 
northward. Oct. -Nov. — Stem 12'- 18' high. Flowers V wide. 

2. P. asarifolia, Vent. Leaves reniform ; cauline one near the middle 
of the stem, clasping ; petals broadly ovate, short-clawed ; sterile stamens by 
threes. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. August - Sept. — Flow- 
ers larger than in No. 1 . 



Order 52. CKASSULACE^. (Orpine Family.) 

Succulent herbs, with exstipulate leaves, and regular perfect and 
mostly cymose flowers. Sepals 3-20, more or less united at the 
base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, inserted on the base 
of the calyx, imbricated in the bud, rarely united, or wanting. Sta- 
mens as many, or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovaries 
as many as the sepals, separate, or united below. Carpels several- 
seeded, opening along the inner suture. Seeds anatropoy.s. Embryo 
straight, in thin albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Carpels separate, opening within. 

1. SEDUM. Sepals and petals 4 - 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Carpels many-seeded. 

2. TILL^A. Sepals and petals 3-4. Stamens 3 or 4. Carpels 2 - several-seeded. 

3. BRYOPHYLLUM. Calyx inflated. Corolla monopetalous. Stamens 8. 

* * Carpels partly united. 

4. DIAMORPHA. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4. Carpels opening without. 

5. PENTHORUM. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Carpels opening across. 

1. SEDUM, L. Orpine, Stonecrop. 

Sepals 4 -5. Stamens 8 or 10. Carpels distinct, many-seeded, with an 
entire scale at the base of each. — Herbs smooth and fleshy. 

1. S. telephioides, Michx. Stem stoat, erect or ascending, very leafy 
throughout ; leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, toothed or entire ; the lower 
ones mostly tapering into a petiole, the upper sessile ; cymes compact, erect 
many-flowered ; petals flesh-color, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; stamens 1 ; 
carpels acuminate, pointed with the slender style. — Dry rocks, along the 
mountains. June. — Stem 7'- 12' high. Leaves I'-l^'long. 

2. S. ternatum, Michx. Stems low (3'- 8"), branching at the base, as- 
cending ; lowest leaves crowded, spatulate or obovate, 3 in a whorl ; the upper 
ones scattered, oval or lanceolate ; cyme composed of 3 recurved branches ; 
stamens 8, those of the central flowers 10. — Mountain rocks. May -June. 
11 — Flowers white. 



150 CKASSULACE^. (ORPIXE FAMILY.) 

3. S. pulchellum, Mielix. Stems ascending (4'- 12' long) ; leaves very 
numerous, alternate, linear, obtuse ; cyme composed of several recurved or 
spreading branches ; flowers pale purple ; sepals much shorter than the petals ; 
stamens 8, those of the central flowers mostly 10; carpels tapering into the 
long and slender style. — With the preceding. May -June. 

4. S. Nevii, Gray. Stems low (3' -5'), ascending; leaves alternate, scat- 
tered, linear-clavate, obtuse ; flowers sessile, scattered along the Avidely 
spreading or recurved branches of the simple cyme ; bracts linear, longer 
than the flowers ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acutish, as long as the lanceolate 
white petals ; stamens 8, shorter than the petals ; anthers purplish brown ; 
carpels tapering into the short subulate style. — Rocky cliffs at Tuscaloosa, 
Alabama {Rev. R. D. Nevius). April -May. 

5. S. pusillura, Michx. " Pale glaucous ; leaves alternate, nearly terete, 
oblong ; flowers tetramerous, -in a loose terminal cyme, white ; stamens 8 ; 
carpels oblong, abruptly pointed by the short style." — Flat Rock, South 
Carolina {Michaux). Stone Mountain, Georgia {Gray). — Stem 1'- 3' high. 
Leaves 2" - 2>" long. 

6. S. Rhodiola, DC. Stem simple, erect, very leafy (G'high); leaves 
alternate, lanceolate, serrate ; flowers dioecious, greenish yellow, crowded in 
a small nearly sessile corymbose cyme ; stamens 8. — Mountains of North 
Carolina {Canhij). 

2. TILLiEA, L. 

Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels 3 or 4 ; the carpels mostly with a 
minute scale at the base, 2 - many-seeded. — Small annuals, with opposite 
leaves, and minute axillary flowers. 

1. T. simplex, Nutt, Stems mostly simple (2' -3' high), ascending, 
rooting near the base ; leaves connate, broadly linear, spreading ; flowers 
nearly sessile ; petals and 8 - 10-seeded capsule twice as long as the sepals. — 
Wet places, Mobile (Mohr). 

2. T. Drumraondi, Torr. & Gray. Stems tufted, dichotomous (Thigh) ; 
leaves oblong-linear, somewhat connate ; flowers pedicelled ; petals reddish ; 
carpels obtuse, 12-20-seeded. — East Feliciana, Louisiana {Carpenter). 

3. BRYOPHYLLUM, Salisb. 

Calyx oblong, inflated, 4-cleft. Corolla monopetalous, 4-lobed. Stamens 
8. Glands 4, oblong. Carpels many-seeded. — A frutescent fleshy plant, with 
usually pinnately divided opposite leaves, which freely strike root from buds 
in their serratures. Flowers reddish, paniculate. 

1. B. ealycinum, Salisb. Leaflets large, ovate, crenate ; panicle cymose. 
— Waste ground, escaped from cultivation. 

4. DIAMORPHA, Nutt 

Sepals 4, very short. Petals 4, oval, concave. Stamens 8. Carpels 4, 
united below the middle, at length spreading, 4 - 8-seeded, opening externally. 



HAMAMELACE^. (wiTCH-HAZEL FAMILY.) 151 

— A small { r - 4') succulent biennial herb, branching from the base. Leaves 
terete, fleshy. Flowers white. 

1. D. pusilla, Nutt. — Ou flat rocks in the upper districts. March - 
April. 

5. PENTHORUM, Gronov. 

Sepals .5. Petals 5, often wanting. Stamens 10. Carpels 5, united into a 
5-celled capsule, spreadiug at the summit, which falls away at maturity. 
Seeds numerous. — Perennial (not fleshy) herbs, with alternate serrate 
leaves, and yellowish flowers on one side of the revolute branches of the 
simple cyme. 

1. P. sedoides, L. Stem erect, l°-2° high; leaves lanceolate ; petals 
commonly none. — Ditches and muddy places, common. July - Sept. 



Order 53. HAMAMELACE^]. (Witch-Hazel Family). 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and 
clustered or spiked, often polygamous or monoecious flowers. — Calyx 
tube coherent with the base of the ovary. Petals 4-5, long and 
linear, or none. Stamens twice as many as the petals, with the alter- 
nate ones sterile, or numerous and perfect. Styles 2. Capsule woody, 
2-celled, opening at the summit. Seeds anatropous, bony, 1 - 2 in 
each cell. Embryo large and straight, in scarce albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. HAMAMELIS. Calyx lobes and petals 4. Fertile stamens 4. Ovules solitary in each 

cell, suspended. 

2. FOTHERGILLA. Calyx 5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, all fertile. 

Oviiles solitary, suspended. 

3. LIQUID AMBAR. Calyx and corolla none. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, capi- 

tate. Stamens numerous. Ovules several. 

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-Hazel. 

Calyx 2-3 bracted, 4parted. Petals 4, long and hnear. Stamens 8, the 
alternate ones short and sterile. Styles 2. Capsule loculicidally 2-valved at 
the apex, the outer coat separating from the inner one, which encloses the 
seed, but soon splits elastically into 2 valves. Seeds large, bony. — Shrubs. 
Leaves short-petioled. Flowers yellow, clustered. 

1. H. Virginica, L. — Low woods. Nov. — A large shrub. Leaves 
obovate or oval, oblique, crenate-toothed, pubescent ; flowers appearing when 
the leaves are falling, late in autumn. 

2. FOTHERGILLA, L. 

Calyx truncate, obscurely ,5-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens numerous, 
slender, perfect. Styles 2. Capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, 
with a single bony seed in each cell. — A shrub, with oval or obovate leaves, 



152 combretacetE. (combretum family.) 

and white odorous flowers iu tenninal hi-acted sijikes, appearing before the 
leaves. 

1. F. alnifolia, L. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. March and 
April. — Shrub 2"-4<^ high. Leaves snioolii, or tonientose beneath, t(julhed 
at the summit. Capsule hairy, 

3. lilQUIDAMBAR, L. Swekt-Glm. 

Flowers moiujecious, in globular 4-bra(ted spiked heads. Calyx and corolla 
none. Stamous very numerous. Styles 2. Ovary 2-celled, with immerous 
ovules in each cell. Capsules united in a close head, woody, 2-beaked, open- 
ing between the beaks, 1 - 2-seeded. — Seeds wing-angled. Trees. Heads of 
sterile flowers sessile, crowded ; those of the fertile flowers on long u<nlding 
peduncles. 

1- L. Styraciflua, L. Branches with corky wings ; leaves rcmndish 
with 5-7 acuminate serrate'spreading lobes. — Swamps. March. — A large 
tree. The exposed juice hardens into a fragrant gum. 



Okder 54. RHIZOFHORACE^E. (Mangrove Family.) 

Maritime trees oi' shrubs, with opposite, entire, coriaceous leaves, 
and deciduous stipules between the petioles. — Calyx united with the 
ovary, 4 - 12-lobed, valvate or lid-like in the bud. Petals as many as 
the calyx lobes and alternate with them. Stamens twice or several 
times as many as the petals, and inserted with them on the calyx. 
Ovary 2-celled with the cells 2-ovuled, or 1-celled and several-ovuled. 
Ovules pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, indehiscent. Albumen none. 
Radicle elongated. 

1. RHIZOPHORA, L. Mangeove. 

Calyx tube obovate, the limb 4-lobed, persistent. Petals 4, oblong, emargi- 
nate, enfolding the alternate stamens in the bud, woolly on the margins. 
Stamens 8. Anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds germinating 
within the persistent pericarp, the lengthening radicles, ultimately reaching 
and rooting in the ground, form new trees and impenetrable thickets along 
the shore. 

1. R. Mangle, L. Leaves petioled, obovate-oblong, 3' - 6' long; stipules 
lanceolate, enclosing the buds; peduncles 2-3-flowered; calyx lobes keeled 
within, as long as the pale yellow rigid petals. — Coast and Keys of South 
Florida. 



Order 55. COMBRETACE^E. (Combretum Family.) 

Tropical trees or shrubs, with entire exstipulate leaves, and axillary 
spiked or capitate flowers. — Calyx tube coherent with the 1-celled, 
2 - 5-ovuled ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-cleft, mostly deciduous. Petals 



COMBRETACE^. (COMBRETUM FAMILY.) 153 

4-5, often wanting. Stamens 4-15, inserted with the petals on the 
calyx. Style slender : stigma sim^^le. Frn.it drupaceous or baccate, 
or dry and indehiscent, often winged. Seed solitary, suspended, 
anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons conyolute or variously 
folded. 

1. LAGUNCULARIA, Gsert. 

Flowers in a spike. Calyx tube obconical, the limb 5-parted, obtuse, per- 
sistent. Petals 5, minute. Stamens 10. Style subulate ; stigma capitate. 
Ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled.. Drupe coriaceous, cuneate-obovate, compressed, 
angled, 1-seeded. Seeds germinating in the drupe. Cotyledons convolute. 
Radicle elongated. — Maritime shrubs, with opposite elhptical smooth and 
fleshy leaves, on bigiandular petioles, and small flowers, in simple or com- 
pound axillary and terminal spikes. 

1. L. racemosa, Gart. Spikes erect, rigid, hoary-tomentose, the lateral 
ones solitary, the terminal in threes, simple or branched ; flowers scattered ; 
calyx tube obconical, furrowed, wing-angled in fruit. — Squth Florida. June 
- August. — A shrub or small tree, with tlie habit of the Mangrove. 

2. L. glabriflora, Presl. Spikes spreading, slender, smooth, the lateral 
ones in pairs, the terminal in threes or fours ; flowers minute, crowded, de- 
ciduous ; calyx-tube cup-shaped, terete, even, with two opposite bractlets 
appressed to the sides. —Banks of the Manatee Eiver, South Florida (Eugel). 
June. — Perhaps a sterile form of the preceding. 

2. COWOCARPUS, G^rt. 

Flowers densely crowded in a globular head. Calyx tube about as long as 
the compressed 2-ovuled ovary; the limb 5-cleft. deciduous. Petals none. 
Stamens 5-10, exserted. Anthers cordate. Fruit coriaceous, scale-like, 
closely imbricated and indehiscent. Cotyledons convolute. — Trees or shrubs, 
with alternate entire and somewhat fleshy leaves. Heads of flowers spiked 
or panicled. 

I. C. ereeta, Jacq. Branchlets angular, smooth; leaves smooth, oblong 
or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed into a bigiandular petiole ; heads 
of flowers sessile, or on short spreading pedicels; cone of fruit ovoid. — Var. 
SERiCEA, DC. Branches, leaves, and panicles silky and hoary; lowest leaves 
mostly obovate and obtuse or emarginate ; ovary abortive. — Sandy sea- 
shore, Tampa Bay, Florida, and southward. Jan. - Feb. — A shrub or 
small tree. Leaves 2^-4' long. Heads of fruit 3''-6" long. Flowers 
greenish, minute. 

3. TERMINALIA, L. 

Flowers in spikes, often polygamous. Limb of the calyx deciduous, bell- 
shaped, 5-cleft, with the lobes acute. Petals none. Stamens 10, in 2 rows, 
longer than the calyx. Ovary 2 - 3-ovuled. Style filiform. Drupe dry and 
indehiscent, 1-seeded. Seed almond-like. Cotyledons spirally convolute. — 
Trees or shrubs, with mostly alternate leaves, which are crowded at the sum- 
mit of the branches. 



154 MYRTACE^. (myrtle FAMILY.) 

1. T. Catappa, L. Leaves short-petioled, softly pubescent when young, 
at length sniouthish, obovate, wedge-sliaped but truncated or sliglitly cordate 
at the base, with a depressed gland on each side of tlie midrib near the 
base; spikes very slender, shorter than the leaves, the upper fiowers sterile; 
drupe ovate, acute, compressed, with the margins somewhat winged. — South 
Florida. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 8' long, riowers minute, pale green. 



Order 50. MYRTACE^^E. (Myrtle Family.) 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, entire, dotted and com- 
monly with an intra-inarginal vein. Stipules none. — Calyx 4-6- 
cleft, valvate in the bud, the tube adherent to the compound ovary. 
Petals 4 - G, inserted with the numerous stamens on the throat of the 
calyx, sometimes wanting. Filaments long, free, or variously com- 
bined. Anthers introrse, roundish, longitudinally deliiscent. Style 
solitary. Seeds without albumen, fixed to a central placenta. 

1. EUGENIA, Micheli. Allspice. 
Calyx-tube roundish, the limb 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens distinct. Ovary 
2 -3-celled, with several ovule^ in each cell. Fruit baccate, roundish, 1-2- 
celled, 1 - 2-seeded. Cotyledons thick and united. Radicle very short. — 
Flowers white, axillary, solitary, cymose, or clustered, 2-bracted. 

* Flowers in axillarij cymes. 

1. E. diehotoma, DC. Leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 
rigid, and, like the branches, roughened with appressed hairs, at length 
smoothish, the margins revolute ; peduncles twice as long as the leaves, 3-7- 
flovvered, the central flowers sessile ; calyx-tube obconical, 2-bracted, downy 
and hoary, the lobes roundish, spreading ; petals orbicular, ciliate ; stamens 
numerous. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1^ long. Branches 
compressed. 

* # Flowers solitarij or umbellate. 

2. E. proeera, Poir. Smooth ; leaves ovate, tapering but obtuse at the 
apex, abruptly contracted at the base into a short petiole ; peduncles solitary 
or 2 -4 together, filiform, not half the length of the leaves, 1-flowered ; calyx 
tube hemispherical ; petals orbicular, ciliate ; berry globose, 1-seeded. — South 
Florida. May. — A small tree. Leaves 1^'- 2' long. FloAvers conspicuous, 
white and fragrant. Berry as large as a grain of pepper. 

3. E. Garberi, Sargent. Branchlets slender, terete; leaves coriaceous 
shining, long attenuate, obtuse, finely punctate-glandular beneath, the thick 
margins revolute; umbels peduncled, the slender pedicels 1-flowered; berry 
globose, 1-seeded, scarlet. — Keys of South Florida. — A tree 50°- 60° high, 
with red bark and very hard wood, fruiting in March and April. 

4. E. longipes, Berg. Smooth; branchlets very slender; leaA^es (1' or 
less long) oblong-oval or obovate, short-petioled. obtuse ; flow-ers large, single, 
or by pairs, lateral, or at the base of the branchlets, on long (1^- \Y) bibrac- 



MELASTOMACE^. (mELASTOMA FAMILY.) 155 

teolate peduncles; petals oblong, spreading, as long as the stamens and slen- 
der style ; berry large. — No Name Key, South Morida ( Curtiss). — A shrub 
or small tree. 

* * * Flowers minute, in very short cluster-like racemes. 

5. E. monticola, DC. Smooth ; leaves coriaceous, ovate-oblong, some- 
what tapering towards the apex, but obtuse or emargiuate, contracted at the 
base into a distinct petiole ; racemes clustered, several-flowered, shorter than 
the petiole ; stamens numerous ; berry globose. — South Florida. — Shrub 
4° - 6° high. Branches compressed. Leaves 2' long. Flowers white. Ber- 
ries abundant, as large as a grain of pepper, black. 

6. E. buxifolia, Willd. l Leaves smooth, coriaceous, obovate-oblong, 
rounded at the apex, short- petioled; racemes single or clustered, few-flowered 
about as long as the petiole ; flowers minute ; stamens few (9-12) or numer- 
ous ; berry 1 - 3-seeded. — South Florida. — Varies much in the size of the 
leaves and berries, length of the petiole, and number of stamens. 

2. CALYPTRANTHES, Swartz. 

Calyx tube obovate ; the limb entire, opening across like a lid, deciduous. 
Petals none. Stamens numerous. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each 
cell. Berry 1-celled, 1-4-seeded. Seeds roundish; testa smooth. Embryo 
curved ; the long and slender radicle coiled around the distinct unequal 
folded and contorted cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees. Peduncles axillary, 
many-flowered. 

1. C. Chytraculia, Swartz. Leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate but obtuse, pubescent, becoming smooth above ; peduncles longer than 
the leaves, cymose-pauicled, tomentose ; flowers minute , berry dry, globose, 
1 - 2-seeded. — South Florida. — A small tree. 



Order .57. MELASTOMACE^. (Melastoma Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite 3 - 9-ribbed leaves without 
dots or stipules, and showy flowers. — Calyx urn-shaped, 4-6-lobed, 
persistent, cohering with the ovary below, or with its angles. Petals 
4-6, twisted in the bud, inserted with the 4-12 stamens on the 
throat of the calyx. Anthers adnate, often appendaged, usually 
opening by terminal pores. Ovary 3-6-celled. Ovules numerous, 
attached to the central placentae. Style solitary. Fruit baccate and 
indehiscent, or capsular and loculicidally dehiscent. Seeds anatro- 
pous, without albumen. 

1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. 

Calyx tube prolonged and narrowed above the ovary, 4-cleft. Petals 4, 
roundish, deciduous. Stamens 8. Anthers 1-celled, openino; by a terminal 
pore. Capsule 4-celled. many-seeded. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 3 - 5-ribbed. 
Flowers cvmose, terminal. 



156 MELASTOMACE^. (MELASTOMA FAMILY.) 

* Anthers long, linear, curving upward (except No. 6), saccate at the base, and 
commonl// furnished with a hrlstle-like appendage at the insertion of the fila- 
ments : flowers purple or whitish. 

1. H. Mariana, L. Bristly; stem branched, terete or 6-angled; leaves 
lauce.jhiLe, ucile, short-jjetioled, bristly serrate; calyx mostly smooth, cylin- 
drical in flower, the neck in fruit as long as the globose capsular portion ; 
flowers purple. — Varies with narrower, often linear leaves, and smaller 
whitish flowers. (R. lanceolata, ^^Wi.) — Swamps. July -Sept. — Stem lO- 
2° high. Leaves 3-ribbed. Flowers 1 i' - 2' wide, hairy externally. 

2. R. Virginica, L. Bristly ; stem 4-angled, nearly simple ; leaves ovate 
and ovate-lanceolate, barely acute, sessile, bristly serrate, the lowest rounded ; 
neck of the bristly fruiting calyx shorter than the capsular portion ; the lobes 
ovate, acuminate. — Swamps, in the upper districts. July -August. — Stem 
6' - 12' high. Leaves 3 - 5.-ribbed. Flowers purple. 

3. R. stricta, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth, 4-winged, bearded at the joints ; 
leaves lanceolate and ovate lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 5-ribbed, bristly 
serrate, sessile ; cyme compound ; calyx smooth, urn-shaped, the lobes' lanceo- 
late. — Margins of ponds in the pine barrens of the lower districts. July - 
August. — Stem 20-4° high. Leaves rugose, the lateral ribs obscure. 
Flowers purple. 

4. R. glabella, Michx. Stem terete, smooth, mostly simple ; leaves 
lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly serrulate, thick, smooth and glaucous ; 
calyx smooth or bristly ; flowers large, bright purple. — Low pine barrens! 
June - August. — Root spongy. Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves sweetish. 

5. R. aristosa, Britton. Smooth; stem sharply angled, branching, l|o 
high ; leaves sessile, linear- oblong, bristly serrulate, V or less long ; cvme 
few-flowered ; calyx bristly, the lanceolate lobes as long as the neck ; petals 
deep purple. —Low ground near Sumpterville, South Carolina (J". Z). Smith). 

6. R. parviflora, n, sp. Sparsely bristly; stem low (6'- 12' high), much 
branched, 4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, bristly serrulate, short-petioled, 1' 
long ; cymes few-flowered ; flow-ers ^' wide, white ; anthers linear, straight, 
erect, appendaged, as long as the erect filaments ; style declining. — Shallow 
ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. June- July. 

* -» Anthers short, oblong, erect, not appendaged : neck of the calyx short. 
•^ Flowers purple : leaves small, ovate or roundish, bristly serrulate. 

7. R. ciliosa, Michx. Stem simple, smooth, 4-angled above; leaves 
bristly on the upper surface, 3-ribbed ; cyme few-flow^ered, leafy ; calyx 
smooth. — Bogs in the pine barrens of the lower districts. July- August. — 
Stem 1° - U° high. Leaves rarely 1' long. Flowers. 1'- IJ' in diameter. 

8. R. serrulata, ISTutt. Low ; stem simple. 4-angled, smooth ; leaves 
smooth above ; calyx glandular bristly ; cyme leafy, 1 - 6-flowered. — Open 
flat pine barrens, near the coast, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July- 
August. — Stem 2' -6' high. Leaves and flowers smaller than in the 
preceding. 



LYTHRACEJ5. (lOOSESTKTFE FAMILY.) . 157 

-1- -)- Flowers yellow. 
9. R. lutea, Walt. Stem at length much branched, 4-angled, bristly; 
leaves smoothish, bristly seri-ulate, the lower ones obovate and obtuse, the 
upper lanceolate and acute ; cymes numerous ; calyx short and smooth ; 
flowers small. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. July -August. — Stem 1° high. Petals more persistent than those of 
the other species. 



Order 58. LiYTHKACE^gE. (Loosestrife Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite or whoiied and entire leaves, without 
stipules. Flowers mostly axillary. — Calyx tubular, persistent, 4 - 7- 
toothed, free from the 2 -4-celled ovary. Petals as many as the teeth of 
the calyx and inserted into its throat, deciduous, sometimes wanting. 
Stamens as maijy as the petals, or 2-4 times as many, inserted below 
the petals. Anthers short, introrse. Style solitary. Capsule en- 
closed in the calyx, 1- 4-celled, few- or many-seeded. Placentae cen- 
tral. Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Sinuses of the calyx 
often appendaged. Stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. 

Synopsis. 

* Calyx regular. 

1. DIDIPLIS. Calyx hemispherical. Petals none. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-ceIled. 

2. AMMANNIA. Calyx campaniilate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 4-celled. 

3. LTTHRUM. Calyx cylindrical, striate. Capsule oblong, 2-celled. 

4. NES^A. Calyx short, even. Capsule globose, 3- 5-celled. Stamens 10. 

* * Calyx gibbous at the base. 

5. CUPHEA. Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed. Stamens mostly 12. Capsule early ruptured. 

1. DIDIPLIS, Raf. 

Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 2-4. 
Style very short : stigma 2-lobed. Capsule globose, 2-celled. — A submerged 
aquatic herb, with long filiform stems, opposite crowded pellucid linear leaves, 
and minute sessile axillary flowers. 

1. D. linearis, Raf. — Ponds and still water, West Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stems l°-2° long. Leaves 1' 
long, acute. Flowers not larger than a pin's head. 

2. AMMANKTA, Houston. 

Calyx globular or campanulate, 4-angled, 4-toothed, the sinuses commonly 
furnished with a small horn-shaped appendage. Petals 4, small, deciduous, 
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, short. Stigma capitate. Capsule globular, 
4-celled, many-seeded. — Low smooth annual herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
solitary or clustered axillary flowers. 



158 LYTHRACE^. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 

* Cctjisnle hnrstinrj irregularly : flowers inost/ij clasfered. 

1. A. COCCinea, liuettb. Stem mostly braucliiiig, 2° hi,i2,li ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, dilated and auriculate at the base; flowers nearly sessile; style 
and stamens exserted; petals round-obovate, purjjle. — Wet banks, South 
Carolina, and westward. July -Sept. 

2. A. latifolia, L. Stem simple, \°-l^° high ; lower leaves ol)long, short- 
petioled, the upper auriculate-elaspiiig, or sessile; flowers sessile; petals 
none; stamens and short style included. — iJitches and wet banks in the 
lower districts. July - Sept. 

* * Capsule valvate : flowers solitarij. — Rota LA. 

3. A. humilis, Michx. Stem simple, or branching from the base, G'- 12' 
high ; leaves lanceolate, or the upper linear, obtuse, tapering into a short 
petiole; flowers nearly sessile; style short; petals 4, wliiLe. — Ditches and 
muddy banks. July - Sept. 

3. LYTHBUM, L. Loosestrife. 

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 4 - 7-toothed, usually with minute appendages in 
the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Stamens as many as the petals, or tAvice as many, 
inserted on the lower part of the calyx, nearly equal. Capsule oblong, 2- 
celled, many-seeded. — Herbs, v^^ith opposite or alternate leaves, and axillary 
purple or whitish flowers. 

1. L. alatum, Pursh. Smooth; stem and virgate branches 4-angled ; 
leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, opposite, the uppermost alternate, and 
shorter than the flowers ; petals and stamens 6. — Varies with branches 
shorter, leaves larger (2' long), broadly lanceolate, sometimes whorled, the 
uppermost twice as long as the calyx. (L. lanceolatum, Efl.) — Swamps 
and river banks. July- Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. FloAvers violet-purple. 

2. L. flagellare, Shuttlw. Perennial, creeping, smooth; the branches 
erect, terete ; leaves opposite, nearly sessile, rigid, oblong ; flowers single, 
shorter than the leaves, the short pedicel bibracteolate ; calyx club-shaped, 6- 
toothed, the teeth broad and shorter than the subulate appendages; petals 6, 
spatnlate, bright purple ; stamens and style exserted. — Margins of ponds, 
Sarasota, South Florida (Garber). — Branches 6' -12' high. Leaves 4" -6" 
long. 

3. L. lineare, L. Smooth ; stem 4-angled, much branched ; leaves all 
opposite, linear ; floAvers small, Avhitish ; petals and stamens 6. — Brackish 
marshes along the coast. August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Calyx teeth short. 

4. NES^A, Commerson. 

Calyx hemispherical or campanulate, with 4-7 erect teeth, and as many 
longer and spreading horn-like appendages in the sinuses. Petals 4-7. Sta- 
mens twice as many as the petals. Capsule globose, 3 -4-celled. — Perennial 
herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and clustered pedi- 
celled flowers in their axils. 



HALORAGE^. (WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY.) 159 

1. li. verticillata, HBK. Shrubby; stems pubescent, recurved ; leaves 
opposite aud whorled, lanceolate, tomeutose beneath ; peduncles short, 3- or 
several-flowered; petals 5, showy ; stamens 10, the alternate ones shorter. — 
Marshes and margins of ponds. August. — Stems 3° -4° long. Flowers 
purple, 

5. CUPHEA, Jacq. 

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbed, gibbous or spurred at the base on the upper side, 
6-tootlied, and usually with as many little appendages in the sinuses. Petals 6, 
unequal. Stamens 11-12, unequal. Ovary with a gland at the base next the 
spur of the calyx. Style filiform. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1 - 2-celled, few- 
seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with branching stems and purplish flowers. 

1. C. viscosissima, Jacq. Annual, clammy-pubescent; leaves thin, 
opposite, ovate-lanceolate, long-petioled, rough ; flowers nearly sessile, borne 
between the petioles, solitary; petals violet-purple; stamens 12. — Upper dis- 
tricts. August. — Stem 1° high. 

2. C. aspera, Chapm. Perennial; muricate-hispid and clammy ; leaves 
3-4 in a Avhorl, lanceolate, nearly sessile; peduncles longer than the leaves, 
borne between the petioles (whorled); petals white or pale purple; stamens 
11. — Low pine barrens, West Florida. — Stem 1°- 1^° higli. Leaves T long, 
rigid. Root bearing small tubers. 



The Crape Myrtle (Lagerstrcemia Indica, L.), originally from East- 
ern Asia, is common in cultivation. 



Oeder 59. HALORAGE^^. (Water-Milfoil Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and small sessile flowers, 
axillary or in bracted spikes. — Calyx tube adherent to the 1 -4-celled 
ovary. Petals (when present) and stamens inserted on the throat of 
the calyx. Cells of the ovary with a single suspended ovule. Stig- 
mas 1-4, sessile. Fruit indehiscent. Embryo in the axis of fleshy 
albumen. 

1. PROSERPINACA, L. 

Calj^x tube 3-sided, 3-lobed. Petals none. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Fruit 
bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — Herbs with pinnately dissected leaves, and 
minute axillary greenish flowers. 

1. P. palustris, L. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate, the submerged 
ones pectinate. — Ponds and ditches. June -August. — Stem l°-li° long, 
ascending or floating. 

2. P. pectinacea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions fihform; 
fruit rugose. — With the preceding. — Stem 3'- 12' long. 

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM, Vail. Water-Milfoil. 

Flowers monoecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-parted in the sterile flowers, 
4-toothed in the fertile ones. Petals 4 or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, 



160 OXAGRACEyE. (eVEXING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

rocTirvcd. I'^ruit ^>(>uy, 4-celletl, 4-lobed, indehiscent. — Aquatic perennial 
heilj.s, uiLli tin; siiliiuei'ged leaves piniiately divided into filifcjrni or capillary 
segments, and ((^inmonly Avhorled. Flowers minute in the axils of the upper 
leaves; tlic; uppermost steri](!. 

* Sttimeiis 8 : fruit even or wurtij. 

1. M. laxum, Sliuttlw. Stem long, slender; leaves 4 in a whorl; the 
floral ones reduced to ininute nearly entire spatulate Ijracts, shorter than the 
flowers, Avliich tlius form an interrupted almost naked spike ; fruit roughened 
with minute warts, witli the lobes obtuse. — Ponds and lakes. Middle and 
West Florida. July. 

2. M. vertieillatum, L. Leaves in whorls of 3-4, the floral ones lin- 
ear, pcH'tijiatcdy toothed, much longer than the flowers; fruit smooth. — Still 
Avater in the lower districts. July. — Stem 2^-4° long, stouter than the last. 

* * Stamens 4 : fruit ridged and roughened. 

3. M. heterophyllum, Michx. Stem thick ; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, 
the floral ones crowded, ovate or lanceolate, finely and sharply serrate ; the 
lower ones pinnatifid; fruit slightly roughened. — Ponds and ditches. July. 

4. M. scabratum, Michx. Stem short (6'- 12'); leaves 4-5 in a 
whorl, the divisions few and capillary, the floral ones linear, pectinately 
toothed ; fruit strongly ridged and roughened. — Shallow ponds, South Caro- 
lina. June -July. 



Order GO. OIVAGRACE^^. (Evening-Primrose Family.) 

Calyx adherent to the ovary, and often produced into a tube beyond 
it, 2-6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Petals as many as the lobes of the 
calyx, inserted on its throat, convolute in the bud, sometimes wanting. 
Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted with the petals. Ovary 
2-4-celled. Placenta central. Style solitary : stigma capitate or 2- 
4-lobed. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds anat- 
ropous, with little or no albumen. — Chiefly herbs. 

Synopsis. 

* Calyx tube produced beyond the ovary. 

1. GAURA. Capsule nut-like, indehiscent, 1 -4-seeded. 

2. (ENOTHERA. Capsule 4-valved, many-seeded. 

* * Calyx tube not produced beyond the ovary. 

3. EPILOBIUM. Stamens 8. Petals 4. Seeds comose. 

4. JUSSI^A. Stamens 8 -12. Petals 4- G. Capsule long. Seeds naked. 

5. LUDWIGIA. Stamens 4. Petals 4, or none. Capsule short, many-seeded. 

6. CIRC^A. Stamens 2. Capsule obovate, 1 -2-seeded. 

1. GAURA, L. 

Calyx tube much produced beyond the ovary, the limb 3 -4-lobed, reflexed, 
deciduous. Petals 3-4, clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Sta- 
mens 6-8. Style declined : stigma 4-lobed. Ovary 3 - 4-celled. Fruit 3-4- 



ONAGRACE^. (eVENIKG-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 161 

angled, mostly 1-celled, 1 -4-seeded. — Herbs with alternate leaves, and white 
or purple flowers in a long-peduncled raceme or spike. 

1. G. biennis, L. Soft-hairy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, be- 
coming smoothish, wavy-denticulate on the margins ; petals spatulate, white ; 
fruit obtusely 4-angled, acuminate at both ends, sessile. — Dry soil, Georgia 
to Tennessee, and northward. July -August. (2) — Stem 3'^ -8° high. 
Spikes compound. 

2. G. longiflora, Spach. Canescent-puberuleht ; stem paniculately 
branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute, wavy-denticulate, sessile ; spikes pauicled ; 
calyx lobes longer than the tube, and the long-clawed white petals ; fruit ses- 

"sile, ovate, obtuse, sharply 4-angled. — Dry soil, North Georgia and Ala- 
bama. July. — Stem 4° - 6° high. Eruit 2" long. 

3 G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stem simple, or sparingly branched, 
closely pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, coarsely toothed, often blotched 
with purple ; the uppermost linear and nearly entire ; fruit nearly sessile, 
acute at both ends, sharply 3 -4-angled. — Dry old fields and sandy places 
near the coast. June -August. (2) — Stem 2^-3° high. Flowers white. 

4. G. filipes, Spach. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, becoming smooth- 
ish ; stem slender, paniculately branched ; leaves linear, toothed, Avavy ; fruit 
ovoid, obtuse, sharply 4-angled, on slender pedicels. — Dry pine barrens, Flor- 
ida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. (2) ? — Stem 2° - 3° high, 
very leafy. 

2. CENOTHERA, L. Evening-Pkimrose. 

Calyx tube produced beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-lobed, reflexed and de- 
ciduous. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Stigma 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, many- 
seeded. — Herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary or racemose chiefly yel- 
low flowers. Pollen grains triangular, connected by cobwebby hairs. 
* Capsule ci/lindrical, sessile : flowers expanding at night : annuals or biennials. 

1- CE. biennis, L. Hairy, hirsute, or smoothish; stem tall, often sim- 
ple ; leaves lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, wavy and toothed or serrate 
on the margins ; the earliest ones sometimes pinnatifid ; spikes leafy, at length 
elongated ; calyx tube longer than the lobes ; flowers large. — Fields and 
waste places, everywhere. June- Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Varies greatly 
in pubescence and size of the flower. 

2. CE. heterophylla, Spach. Hirsute; stem 2° -4° high, branching; 
earliest leaves tufted, oblanceolate, pinnately 12-20-lobed, the upper smaller 
and entire ; flowers few, terminal, often tripetalous ; petals rhombic-ovate ; 
capsule curved. — Valley of Flint River, Bainbridge, Georgia. July. 

3. CE. humifusa, Nutt. Densely canescent-pubescent ; stem mostly de- 
cumbent and branching, l°-lJ°long; leaves lanceolate or wedge-obvate, 
mostly entire, ^'- 1 4' long, nearly sessile; calyx villous; style slightly ex- 
serted ; capsule mostly curved, f long. (CE. sinuata, var. Torr. ^ Gray.) — 
Sandy coast. July - Nov. — Root mostly perennial. 

4. (E. sinuata, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem rigid, erect or diffuse, 
simple or branched, 2'-l° high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed or pm- 

11 



162 ONAGRACEyE. (eVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 

natifid, the lowest petioled ; flowers small, axillary. (CE. iniiiinia, Pursh, 
the dwarf form, with a simple 1 -flowered stem, and entire leaves.) — Eields 
and waste grounds. June - Sept. 

* * Capsule ohovate or clavate, furrowed, and more or less pedunded : flowers 

expanding in sunshine. 

5. CE. glauca, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous ; leaves sessile, 
oblong-ovate, wavy-denticulate, acute ; racemes few-flowered, leafy ; flowers 
large ; capsule ovoid-oblong, 4-winged, tapering into a short pedicel. — Moun- 
tains. May -July. 2/ — Stem branching, 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 
Flowers 2' in diameter. 

6. CE. fruticosa, L. Hairy or smoothish ; stem mostly simple ; leaves 
lanceolate, commonly wavy and remotely denticulate on the margins; raceme 
at first corymb-like, at length elongated ; flowers large ; capsule 4-winged, 
with intermediate ribs, oblong-clavate, longer than the pedicel. — Fields and 
open woods. June -Sept. 2/ — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers V -2' in 
diameter. 

7. CE. linearis, Michx. Stem slender, smooth below, pubescent above ; 
the young branches hoary ; lowest leaves obovate, the otliers linear-lanceo- 
late, entire or sparingly denticulate; raceme short, many- flowered, leafy; 
capsule obovate, 4-winged, with conspicuous intermediate ribs, mostly shorter 
than the pedicel. — Dry light soil in the lower districts. April -June. — 
Stem 1° - 1^° high. Flowers V in diameter. 

8. CE. pumila, L. Low, smoothish; leaves lanceolate, obtuse ; raceme 
leafy ; flowers small ; capsule oblong-obovate, 4-wing-angled, nearly sessile. — 
Tennessee, and northward, and occasionally also around dwellings in the low 
country, from seeds introduced in Northern hay. June. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Flowers |' in diameter. 

9. CE. linifolia, Nutt. Low, smoothish ; stem at length much branched ; 
leaves very numerous, linear-flliform, the lowest spatulate ; raceme pubescent, 
few-flowered ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers small ; lobes of the 
stigma coherent into a globular head ; capsule obovate, 4-angled, nearly 
sessile, — Gravelly hills, near Scott's Mill, Warren County, Georgia, and 
westward. June. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Flowers 4" - b" in diameter. 

* * * Stemless : flowers sessile at the base of the tufted leaves, pale yellow or 

white : capsule oval or oblong, broadly winged. 

10. CE. triloba, Nutt. Perennial, nearly stemless, casspitose ; leaves pin- 
natifid, smoothish; calyx tube very long (3' -5'), filiform, the lobes longer 
than the somewhat 3-lobed pale yellow petals ; capsule sessile, 3-Avinged. — 
Nashville, Tennessee [Dr. Gattinger). 

3. EPILOBIUM, L. Willoav-Herb. 

Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb 4-cleft, deciduous. 
Petals 4. Stamens 8. Capsule elongated, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft 
of long hairs at the apex, — Perennials, with alternate and opposite denticu- 
late leaves, and chiefly white or purple flowers. 



ONAGRACE^. (evening-primrose FAMILY.) 163 

1. E. angustifolium, L. Stem tall, simple, smoothish; leaves alter- 
nate, lanceolate, entire or wavy on the margins, paler beneath ; racemes 
elongated, bracted ; flowers showy ; petals obovate, purple ; stigma 4-lobed ; 
capsule and calyx hoary-tomentose. (E. spicatum, Lam.) — Mountains of 
North Carolina. July. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 

2. E. COloratum, Muhl. Stem smoothish, much branched; leaves 
mostly opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, denticulate ; raceme leafy ; 
flowers small, reddish ; petals 2-cleft ; stigma clavate ; capsule downy. — 
Swamps in the upper districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 

3. E. palustre, L., var. lineare, Gray. Stem pubescent, branching 
above ; leaves linear, slightly denticulate, the lower ones opposite ; raceme 
leafy ; flowers small, white, or rose-color ; stigma clavate ; capsule hoary. — 
Mountains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 

4. JUSSIiEA, L. 

Calyx tube long, 4-angled or cylindrical, not prolonged beyond the ovary ; 
the limb 4-6-lobed, persistent. Petals 4-6. Stamens 8-12. Capsule 
mostly elongated, 4 - 6-celled, many-seeded, opening irregularly at the sides. 
— Marsh herbs, with alternate leaves, and axillary yellow flowers. 

* Capsule cylindrical. 

1. J. pilosa, HBK. Hairy ; stem erect, at length much branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, acute ; flowers small ; calyx lobes mostly 6, as long as the 
petals ; capsule linear, cylindrical, much longer than the pedicel. — Marshes, 
Florida, and westward. June - Sept. (l) — Stem 2°- 5° high. Capsule \\' 
long, slightly curved. 

2. J. grandiflora, Michx. Hairy ; stem creeping at the base ; leaves 
lanceolate, acute ; flowers large ; calyx lobes 5, half as long as the petals ; 
ovary (rarely maturing) rather shorter than the pedicel. — Marshes, South 
Carolina, and westward. May- August. 2/ — Stem 2° - 3° long. Flowers 
2' in diameter. Capsule cylindrical. 

3. J. repens, L. Smooth, creeping or floating ; leaves oblong, obtuse 
tapering into a slender petiole ; flowers large ; calyx lobes 5, shorter than the 
petals ; capsule cylindrical, much shorter than the long (2') peduncle. — 
Ponds and ditches, New Orleans. August. 

* * Capsule quadrangular. 

4. J*, deourrens, DC. Smooth; stem erect, branched, wing-angled; 
leaves lanceolate, acute, sessile ; flowers nearly sessile ; calyx lobes 4, nearly 
as long as the petals ; stamens 8 ; capsule 4-angled, oblong-clavate. — Ditches, 
etc. July - Sept. (l) — Stem 6' - 3° high. 

5. J. acuminata, Swartz. Smoothish ; stem angular, much branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, or the upper narrower, acute at both ends, short-petioled, 
2' -3' long ; flowers nearly sessile, 2'' -3" wide ; sepals 4, ovate, shorter than 
the oblong-obovate petals; capsule quadrangular, 6'' -8'' long, 8-ribbed.— 
Wet ground. South Florida. 



164 OXAGRACE^. (eVENING-PKIMROSE FAMILY.) 

6. J. hirta, Vahl. Shrubby, hirsute; branches terete; leaves broadly 
lanceolate, acute at each end ; ovary clavate, as long as the 2-bracted pedicel ; 
calyx lobes 4, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, shorter than 
the roundish petals ; capsule clavate-oblong, ol)scurely 4-sided, longer than 
the bracts. — Muddy banks of rivers. South Florida. — Shrub 5°-10° 
high. 

5. LUDWIGIA, L. Seed-box. 

Calyx tube 4-angled or cylindrical, mostly short, not prolonged beyond the 
ovary. Petals 4, roundisli or obcordate, often wanting. Stamens 4. Style 
short. Stigma capitate. Capsule variously dehiscent, 4-celled, many-seeded. 
— Perennial and mostly stoloniferous marsh herbs, with entire leaves, and 
yellow floAvers. 

* Capsule cubical, indehiscent, discharging the seeds through a central pore of 

the convex disk: calyx lobes deciduous: petals large: stamens and style 
slend(^r : leaves alternate: flowers pedicelled. 

1. L. alternif olia, L. Smoothish; stem much branched; leaves lanceo- 
late, short-petioled, acute ; calyx lobes spreading, about as long as the petals ; 
capsule large, wing-angled. — Shady swamps. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Flowers axillary, or the upper ones somewhat racemed. 

2. L. virgata, Michx. Tomentose ; stem slender, simple, or branching 
from the base ; leaves obtuse, sessile, the lowest oblong, the uppermost linear ; 
flowers in elongated leafy racemes; petals twice as long as tlie reflexed calyx 
lobes; capsule strongly 4-angled. — Low pine barrens, sometimes in rather 
dry places. July- August. ^- Stem 2° -3° high. Varies considerably in 
pubescence, and in size of the flowers and capsule. 

3. L. hirtella, Raf. Hairy ; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched ; 
leaves short, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile and rounded at the base ; 
flowers axillary; petak twice as long as the erect or spreading calyx lobes ; 
capsule strongly angled. — Flat pine barrens. August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

* # Valves of the capsule <ieparating from the concave disk, and irregularly 

from the persistent partitions and placenta : calyx lobes persistent : petals 
small or none : stamens and style short: sterns erect or ascending: leaves 
alternate : flowers sessile. 

■h- Petals conspicuous. 

4. L. linearis, Walt. Smooth; stem (l°-3° high) virgately much 
branched; leaves linear, acute ; flowers small; capsule clavate-oblong, with 
4 rounded angles. 2-3 times as long as the triangular-ovate calyx lobes. — 
Ditches and ponds in the lower districts. July - Sept. — Bark at the base 
of the stem spongy. 

5. L. linifolia, Poir. Smooth; stem low (6' -120, creeping at the base, 
branching ; leaves linear or linear-spatulate, often obtuse ; capsule linear- 
cylindrical, rather longer than the lanceolate calyx lobes. — Ditches and swamps 
in the lower districts. July - Sept. 

•h- -h- Petals minute or wanting. 

6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Smooth ; stem angled above, often much 
branched ; leaves long, lanceolate, obscurely denticulate, acute, tapering into 



OXAGRACE^. (eVENING-PRIMEOSE FAMILY.) 165 

a petiole ; petals none ; capsules axillary, often clustered, cylindrical or ob- 
scurely 4-sided, many times longer than the small calyx lobes. — Swamps, 
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem mostly bushy, 
2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

7. L. pilosa, Walt. Tomentose ; stem stout, terete, much branched ; 
leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute ; flowers in dense terminal spikes ; 
petals mostly wanting ; capsule globose - 4-sided, about as long as the spread- 
ing calyx lobes. — Ditches and ponds near the coast. July - Sept. — Stem 
2° - 3° high, the branches spreading. Capsule whitish. 

8. L. sph83rocarpa, Ell. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem slender, 
angled above, short-branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers 
very small, axillary ; petals none ; capsule globose, pubescent, as long as the 
calyx lobes. — Margins of ponds in the lower districts, not common. July - 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Capsule 1'" - 2'' long. 

9. L. polycarpa, Short & Peters. Glabrous; stem angular, much 
branched ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base ; flowers 
approximate or crowded on the branches, apetalous ; capsule top-shaped, 
twice as long as the ovate calyx lobes. — Ponds and ditches, Tennessee. July^ 

10. L. eapitata, Michx. Smooth ; stem mostly simple, slender, angled 
above ; leaves long, lanceolate, acute, sessile, the lowest ones broader and 
obtuse ; flowers in a compact oblong or ovate head, the lower ones sometimes 
scattered ; petals minute, mostly wanting ; capsule obtusely 4 angled, some- 
what narrower at the base, longer than the calyx lobes. — Wet pine barrens 
Florida to North Carolina. July - August, — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

11. L. lanceolata, Ell. Smooth; stem stout, terete, at length much 
branched ; leaves lanceolate, sessile ; flowers very numerous, in all the axils, 
green ; petals none ; capsule cubical, with the sides flat and the angles mar- 
gined, twice as long as the calyx lobes ; seeds cylindrical. — Ponds and 
swamps in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Flowers small. 

12. L. alata, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple or sparingly branched 
near the summit, strongly angled ; leaves cuneate-lauceolate, obscurely den- 
ticulate ; flowers few, near the summit of the branches, white ; petals none ; 
capsule cubic-obconical, with concave sides and winged angles, as long as 
the calyx lobes ; seeds ovoid. — Brackish marshes, along the coast. July - 
August.— Stem 2° -3° high. 

13. L. microcarpa, Michx. Smooth; stem low, creeping at the base, 
3-angled, mostly simple ; leaves spatulate-obovate ; petals none ; capsule mi- 
nute, cubic-obconical, shorter than the calyx lobes. — Muddy places, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. July - August. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Cap- 
sule scarcely larger than a pin's head. 

14. L. Curtissii, Chapm. Smooth ; stem rigidly erect, simple, terete ; 
upper leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at the base ; flowers single, sessile, 
apetalous, bibracteolate ; calyx turbinate, terete, the triangular lobes as long 
as the tube. — Shallow ponds, East Florida { Curtiss). July - August. — Stem 
l°-li°high. 



166 LOASACE.^. (lOASA FAMILY.) 

15. L. Simpsoni, Chapm. Glabrous; stem 2' - 9' high, terete, simple ; 
leaves Y l^^gj spatulate-obovate, alternate, or the lowest opposite; flowers 
apetalous ; capsule top-shaped, obscurely angular, hjnger than the triangular 
calyx lobes. — Low ground, Manatee, South Florida. 

^ * * Stems creeping : leaves opposite. 
-J— Petals none. 

16. L. palustris, Ell. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, tapering 
into a long petiole ; capsule oblong or obconical, obscurely 4-sided, longer 
tlian the calyx lobes. — Ditches and muddy places, common. June - Sept. — 
Stems 6' -12' long. 

17. L. spathulata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and somewliat lioary; 
leaves spatulate-obovate ; capsule ovoid ; otherwise like the preceding. — 
Margins of pine barren ponds, Middle Florida. July -August. Very rare. 

-I— -i— Petals 4. 

18. L. natans, Ell. Smooth; stems diffuse; leaves obovate, acutish, 
tapering into a long petiole ; flowers short-pedicelled ; petals roundish, as 
long as the lobes of the calyx ; capsule obtusely 4-angled, narrowed at the 
base. — Marshes and margins of streams, in the lower districts. July - Sept. 
— Resembles No. 16 but is every way larger. 

19. L. arcuata, Walt Smooth; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the 
base, acute ; flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, 2-bracted 
at the base ; calyx lobes linear-lanceolate, shorter than the obovate petals ; 
capsule clavate, curved. — Muddy margins of ponds, etc., Florida to North 
Carolina. July. — Stems 4' - 8' long. 

6. CIRCJEA, Tourn. 

Calyx tube slightly produced beyond the ovary, the limb 2 cleft, deciduous. 
Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2. Style filiform. Capsule obovate, 1-2- 
celled, 1 - 2-seeded, bristly with hooked hairs. — Perennial herbs, with oppo- 
site petioled leaves, and small white or rose-colored flowers in loose terminal 
racemes. 

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Minutely pubescent; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
slightly toothed, usually longer than the petioles ; bracts none ; capsule his- 
pid. — Damp shades along the mountains. July. — Stem l°-2° high, tumid 
at the joints. Fruit reflexed. Flowers reddish white. 

2. C. alpina, L. Smooth; stem low (3' -8'); leaves membranaceous, 
cordate, coarsely toothed, as long as the petioles ; pedicels minutely bracted ; 
capsule hairy. — With the preceding. 



Order 61. LOASACE.i^. (Loasa Family.) 

Herbs, commonly armed with bristly barbed, often stinging, hairs. 
Leaves alternate, exstipulate. Flowers solitary or clustered. — Calyx 
tube adherent to the 1 -celled ovary, the limb 5-parted and persistent. 
Petals 5 or 10, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Stamens mostly 



TURNEKACE^. (tURNERA FAMILY.) 167 

indefinite, in several parcels, inserted with the petals. Styles united. 
Capsule irregularly dehiscent. Seeds few or many, borne on 3-5 
parietal placentae, commonly with scanty albumen. 

1. MENTZELIA, Plum. 

Calyx tube cylindrical or club-shaped. Petals convolute in the bud. 
Stamens commonly 30 or more, the exterior ones often dilated and sterile. 
Styles 3, united to the middle. Capsule 3-valved at the summit, with 3 
parietal place utse. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Stems branching. Leaves 
toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow. 

1. M. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves deltoid-ovate, toothed, truncate and 2- 
lobed at the base ; stamens about 30 ; capsule 6-seeded. — South Florida. — 
Stem trailing, 2° - 6° long. Flowers small, golden-yellow. 



Order 62. TURNERACE.^. (Turnera Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves, and soli- 
tary axillary flowers. — Calyx free from the 1-celled ovary, colored, 
5-lobed, deciduous. Petals 5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, con 
volute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the calyx be- 
low the petals. Styles 3, distinct, simple, 2-cleft or 2-parted. Stigmas 
3 or 6, many-parted. Placentae 3, parietal. Capsule loculicidally 3- 
valved, many-seeded. Seeds anatropous, arilled. Embryo in fleshy 
albumen. — Flowers sessile, or on bracted or jointed pedicels. 

1. PIRIQUETA, Aublet. 

Calyx campanulate. Styles 3, 2-cleft or deeply 2-parted. Stigmas 6, 
many-parted. Capsule opening to the base into 3 valves. — Herbs with stel- 
late pubescence. Flowers on jointed pedicels, yellow. 

1. P. Caroliniana. Hirsute with fulvous hairs, and stellate-tomentose ; 
stem simple or sparingly branched ; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, mostly serrate 
or toothed, nearly sessile ; pedicels (at least the upper ones) longer than the 
leaves, often bibracteolate ; petals obovate ; styles 2-parted. (Turnera cis- 
toides, EU.) — Dry light soil, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. 2/ 
— Stem 1° high. Leaves 2' -3' long, the loAvest ones broader. 

2. P. tomentosa, HBK. Stellate-tomentose throughout ; stem simple ; 
leaves nearly sessile, oblong, acute or obtuse, obscurely crenate, hoary beneath ; 
pedicels shorter than the leaves. — South Florida. — Stem 1*^ high. Leaves 
rather rigid, 1' long. 

3. P. glabra, Chapm. Stem slender, branching, smooth ; leaves smooth, 
linear, entire, the floral ones small and bract-like ; pedicels several times longer 
than the leaves, and, like the calyx, stellate-tomentose ; petals spatulate ; styles 
2-cleft. (Turnera glabra, DC.?) — South Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 
2' lon<r. Flowers 1' in diameter. 



168 PASSIFLORACE^. (PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY.) 

Order 63. FASSIFLORACJi:^. (Passion-Flower Family.) 

Vines or trees, with alternate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers. 
— Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals. Corolla 5-petalled, mono- 
I^etaloLis, or none. Stamens 5 or 10, separate or united, the anthers 
introrse. Frait 1 or 5-celled, mostly pulpy and indehiscent. Pla- 
centa) parietal. Seed enclosed in a pulpy aril. Embryo in the axis 
of thin fleshy albumen. Cotyledons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. PASSIFLOREiE. Climbing vines, with stipulate leaves, 
and axillary perfect flowers. — Calyx 5-parted, witli a crown of filaments 
at the throat. Stamens 5, monadelphous around the stalk of the ovary. 
Styles 3. Fruit pulpy. 

1. PASSIFLORA. Filaments of the crown separate. Petals 5, or none. 

Suborder II. PAPAYA. Trees, with milky juice, palmately lobed ex- 
stipulate leaves, and dioecious flowers. — Staminate flowers monopetalous, 
panicled. Stamens 10. Pistillate flowers 5-petalled. Stigmas 5, sessile. 
Fruit baccate. 

2. CARICA. Corolla of the staminate flowers salver-shaped, 5-lobed. 

1 PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-Flower. May-Pop. 

Calyx tube very short. Filaments of the crown in 2 or more rows. Fruit 
baccate. — Tendrils axillary. Peduncles jointed, 1 -flowered. 

1. P. incarnata, L. Leaves palmately 3-lobed, acute, serrate ; petioles 
biglandular ; peduncles 3-bracted ; sepals with a horn-like point below the 
apex, whitish within ; filaments of the crown in about 5 rows, the 2 outer 
ones as long as the sepals ; berry large, oval. — In open or cultivated ground, 
common. June -July. Jl — Fruit yellowish, as large as a hen's egg. Flow- 
ers purple and white. 

2. P. lutea, L. Leaves cordate, broadly 3-lobed at the summit, with the 
lobes rounded and entire ; petioles glandless ; flowers small, greenish yellow ; 
peduncles by pairs, bractless ; filaments of the crown in 3 rows, shorter than 
the sepals. — Woods and thickets, June - July. % — Fruit oval, purple, ^' 
in diameter. 

3. P. suberosa, L. Leaves smooth, slightly fringed on the margins, 5- 
nerved at the base, divided above the middle into 3 ovate entire acute lobes, the 
middle lobe largest ; petioles short, biglandular above the middle; peduncles 
commonly by pairs ; flowers greenish ; petals none ; filaments of the crown 
shorter than the sepals, purple at the base ; fruit purple. — South Florida. 

4. P. angUStifolia, Swartz. Lower leaves mostly 3-lobed, with the 
lobes lanceolate, obtuse, and entire ; upper leaves simple, lanceolate, and 
acute ; petioles short, biglandular ; flowers small, solitary or by pairs, the pe- 
duncles short and bractless; petals none. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° 



CUCURBITACE^. (gOUKD FAMILY.) 169 

long. Leaves sometimes entire. Flowers 4''-6'' wide, yellowish. Berry 
purple, as large as a pea. Filaments of the crown in 2 rows. Stamens occa- 
sionally 4. Stipules subulate. 

5. P. pallida, L. Leaves on short biglandular petioles ; the lower ones 
3-lobed, acute ; the upper ovate or oblong, undivided ; stipules subulate ; pe- 
duncles commonly by pairs, about the length of the petioles ; flowers very 
small ; segments of the crown few, filiform, shorter than the calyx. — South 
Florida. 

6. P. multiflora, L. Stem climbing high; leaves velvety-pubescent, 
ovate-oblong, entire, short-petioled ; flowers small, in axillary clusters ; invo- 
lucre none. — Miami {Garber), Umbrella Key (Curtiss), South Florida. — 
Stem woody, climbing over the tallest trees. Leaves 2" - 3' long. 

2. CARICA, L. Custard Apple. 

Flowers dioecious. Corolla of the staminate flower salver-shaped, 5-lobed. 
Stamens 10, inserted on the throat of the corolla. Corolla of the pistillate 
flower 5-petalled. Lobes of the stigma lacerate. Fruit pulpy, many-seeded. 
— Trees, with simple stems, large long-petioled lobed leaves, and axillary 
flowers. 

1. C Papaya, L. Trunk simple, leafy at the top (10°- 20° high) ; 
leaves mostly 7-lobed, broadly sinuate ; staminate flowers panicled ; pistillate 
flowers single or 2 - 3 together, and larger. — South Florida. — Flowers yellow. 



Order 64. CUCURBITACE^aE. (Gourd Family.) 

Herbs, with succulent stems, climbing by means of lateral tendrils. 
Leaves alternate, palmately veined or lobed. Flowers axillary, monoe- 
cious or dioecious. — Calyx 5-tootlied, adnate to the ovary. Corolla of 
5 distinct or more or less united petals, coherent with the calyx. Sta- 
mens 3-5, free or variously united. Anthers long, straight or tortu- 
ous, commonly connate. Ovary 1-3-celled. Stigmas 3. Fruit (pepo) 
fleshy or pulpy, 1 - 3-celled. Seeds compressed, anatropous, without 
albumen. Cotyledons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

1. TRIANOSPERMA. Petals 5, distinct, or united at the base. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 3- 

seeded, smooth. 

2. MELOTHRIA. Petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit 

many-seeded, smooth. 

3. SICYOS. Petals 5, united at the base into a rotate corolla. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit 1- 

seeded, hispid. 

4. ECHINOCYSTIS. Petals 6. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit 4-seeded. 

1. TRIANOSPERMA, Torr. & Gray. 
Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx 5-toothed. Petals 5, distinct, or 
united at the base. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous. Style mostly 
3-cleft. Fruit ovate or globose, smooth, few-seeded. 



170 CACTACE.^. (cactus FAMILY.) 

1. T. Boykinii, Roem. Rough-pubescent; leaves broadly cordate, 3 -5- 
lobed ; the lateral lobes entire or toothed, the middle one cuspidate ; sterile 
and fertile flowers intermixed, 3-5 in a cluster, short-pedicelled ; styles 
united ; fruit 3-seeded ; the seeds 3-tootlied at tlie base. — Kiver banks, Georgia, 
and westward. June -July. — Steins elongated. Flowers greenish white. 
Berry crimson. 

2. MELOTHRIA, L. 

Flowers polygamous or monoecious. Calyx of the fertile flower narrowed 
above the ovary ; the sterile ones campanulate. Petals 5, united into a cam- 
panulate corolla. Stamens 5, triadelphous : anthers tortuous, connate, at length 
separate. Style single, with a cup-shaped disk surrounding its base. Stigmas 
3. Fruit oval, smooth, many- seeded. 

1. M. pendula, L. Stem filiform, smooth ; leaves rougli, cordate, with 
3-5 angular-tootheil lobes ; sterile flowers in small racemes ; the fertile soli- 
tary, on long peduncles ; fruit oval, blackish, drooping. — Light soil, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. May - August. — Flowers small, yellow. 

3. SICYOS, L. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx flattish, with 5 subulate or minute teeth. Pet- 
als 5, united below into a rotate corolla. Stamens 5, monadelphous or tria- 
delphous. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style slender. Stigmas 3. Fruit 
membranaceous, bristly, 1 -seeded. — Annual herbs. Sterile and fertile flowers 
mostly from the same axil. 

1. S. angulatus, L. Plant hairy and clammy; leaves thin, cordate, 
with 3-5 acuminate denticulate lobes; sterile flowers racemose; the fertile 
ones in peduncled clusters, whitish. — River banks, Florida, and northward. 
June -August. 

4. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. 

Flowers monoecious. Calyx 6-toothed. Petals 6, united at the base, spread- 
ing. Stamens of the sterile flower 3, 2 of the anthers united. Fertile flower 
with a 2-celled ovary, and 2 erect ovules in each cell. Stigma broad. Fruit 
prickly, at length dry and bursting at the summit, fibrous within. Seeds 
large, flat. — Climbing herbs, with small greenish white flowers, the sterile 
numerous in long compound axillary racemes, with single or clustered fertile 
ones at its base. 

1. E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. Annual, smoothish; leaves thin, acutely 
5-lobed ; fruit oval, 2' long. — River banks, Tennessee. July. 



The common Gourd or Calabash (Lagenaria vulgaris, Seringe), 
originally from the tropics, is generally diffused over the Southern States, in 
waste places and around dwellings. 



Order 65. CACTACE^^E. (Cactus Family.) 

Succulent, shrubby, and commonly leafless and prickly plants, with 
globular, or columnar and angular, or flattened and jointed stems, and 



CACTACE^. (cactus FAMILY.) 171 

solitary sessile flowers. — Sepals and petals similar, imbricated in sev- 
eral rows, and adherent to the 1-celled ovary. Stamens indefinite, 
with long filaments, inserted on the base of the petals. Style single : 
stigmas numerous. Fruit baccate. Seeds numerous, campylotropous, 
borne on several parietal placentae. Albumen scanty or none. 

1. CEREUS, Haw. 

Sepals and petals united into an elongated tube above the ovary. Stamens 
inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Stigma many-lobed. Seeds without 
albumen. — Stems elongated, ribbed or angled; the angles bearing tufts of 
spines and showy flowers. 

1. C. monoclonOS, DC. Stem tall, columnar, 6-8-angled, green; 
angles obtuse; spines short, brownish. — Key West. — Stem 4° -10° high. 
Flowers 6' long, the inner petals lanceolate, acuminate, white ; the outer ones' 
linear, greenish, and gradually diminishing into the scales of the tube. Stig- 
mas 10 or more, filiform, exserted. Stamens included. * 

2. C. triangularis, Haw. Stem elongated, jointed, 3-sided, rooting at 
the joints ; flowers greenish externally, white within, very large ; fruit large, 
naked. — Key West. — Stem climbing over bushes. Joints 1° long. 

2. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pear. 

Sepals and petals not united into a tube. Stamens inserted into the base of 
the petals. Style cylindrical. Stigma 3- 8-lobed. Seeds with thin albumen. 
— Stems with flat or rarely cylindrical joints. Leaves fleshy, with tufts of 
bristly hairs and commonly strong spines in their axils, deciduous. Flowers 
large, yellow. 

1. O. FiCUS-IndicuS, Haw. Stem erect, spreading- joints oval and 
obovate ; leaves subulate, bristly in the axils, without spines ; fruit bristly, ob- 
ovate, red within, edible. — South Florida. May. — Joifits 1° long. 

2. O. vulgaris, Mill. Stem prostrate ; joints obovate, pale ; spines few 
and short ; fruit nearly smooth. — Dry sandy soil, near the coast. June - 
July. 

3. O. Rafinesquii, Engelm. Stems spreading ; joints obovate or round- 
ish, deep green; leaves large, spreading; spines stout, mostly marginal; 
flower buds acute ; petals 10- 12 ; stigmas 7 - 8. — Eocky or sandy soil, Ten- 
nessee, and westward. 

4. O. polyantha, Haw. Stem erect; joints oblong; spines yelloAv, 
strong, unequal ; flowers numerous around the summit of the joints ; stigmas 
6. — Key West, and waste places around Apalachicola, Florida. June. 

5. O. Pes-Corvi, Leconte. Stems prostrate, diffuse; joints small (T- 3'), 
cylindrical or somewhat flattened, easily separable, spiny ; spines by pairs, 
unequal, elongated ; sepals and petals 8-12, cuneate ; stigmas 4; fruit small, 
fleshy, bristly, 1-2-seeded. — Barren sandy places along the coast, Florida 
and Georgia. May. — Stems 1° - 2° long. 



172 



FICOIDE.E. 



Order 66. FICOIDE^E. 



Herbs or shrubs, with simple exstipulate succulent leaves, poh^Deta- 
lous or apetaloLis flowers, capsular 2 - sevei-al-celled fruit, with central 
placentae, and curved or annular embryo enclosing mealy albumen. — 
A small order, represented here by two tribes or suborders. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. SESUVIE/E. Calyx 5-parted, free, or nearly so, from the 1-5-celled ovary. 
Corolla none. Stamens inserted on the calyx. Capsule oircumscissile. — Seaside 
plants, with nearly opposite leaves, and small axillary fiowers. 

1. CYPSELEA. Sepals obtuse. Stamens 2 -.3. Style 2-parted. Capsule 1 -celled. 

2. TRIANTHEMA. Sepals mucronate. Stamens 5. Style entire. Capsule 1 -2-celled. 

3. SESUVIUM. Sepals mucronate. Stamens 5 or more. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3- 5-celled. 

Tribe II. MOLiIiUGINEi^E. Calyx 5-sepalled. Corolla none. Stamens hypogy- 
nous. Capsule valvate. — Prostrate annual herbs, with whorled leaves, and axillary 
flowers. 

4. MOLLUGO. Capsule 3-valved, 3-celled. Sepals white. 

1. CYPSELEA, Turp. 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals none. Stamens 1-3, alternate with the calyx 
lobes. Styles 2. Capsule circumscissile. 

1. C. humifusa, Turp. Small, annual, decumbent, glabrous, branching; 
leaves nearly opposite, obovate or oval, dotted (l|"-2" long), the petiole 
dilated and with membranous margins at the base ; stipules laciniate ; flowers 
axillary, small, greenish. — South Florida (Blodgett). 

2. TRIANTHEMA, Sauvages. 

Sepals 3. Stigmas 1 or 2. Capsule 1- or 2-celled, b or few-seeded. Oth- 
erwise, with the characters and habit of Sesuvium. 

1. T. monogyna, L. Perennial; stem dichotomous, diffuse (2° -3° 
long) ; leaves opposite, obovate, subconnate by their dilated petioles; flowers 
axillary, sessile, purple within ; stamens 5 ; stigma single ; capsule 1 -celled, 
4-8-seeded. — Keys of South Florida {Garber, Curtiss). 

3. SESUVIUM, L. Sea Purslane. 

Sepals 5, free, united at the base, persistent, colored within. Petals none. 
Stamens 5, or numerous, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5- 
celled, many-seeded, circumscissile. — Prostrate and fleshy maritime plants, 
with nearly opposite and entire leaves, and axillary purplish flowers. 

1. So portulacastrum, L. Leaves lanceolate and oblong, acute, on 
winged and clasping petioles ; flowers pedicelled ; sepals fleshy, lanceolate, 
mucronate, purple within ; stamens numerous. — Sandy or muddy places 
along the coast. May - Dec. Jl — Stems diffuse, creeping. 

2. S. pentandrum, Ell, Leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, on slightly 
winged and clasping petioles ; flowers sessile ; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; sta- 
mens 5. — Muddy saline coves, Florida to North Carolina. May -Nov. 
(T)'? — Stems (often erect) and flowers smaller than in the preceding. 



UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 173 

4. MOLLUGO, L. 

Sepals 5. Petals none. Stamens 5 and alternate with the sepals, or 3 and 
alternate with tlie cells of the ovary. Styles 3, short. Capsule 3-valved, 3- 
celled, many-seeded. — Prostrate diffusely-branched annuals. Leaves whorled. 
Flowers white, on slender axillary peduncles. 

1. M. verticillata, L. Smooth; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, unequal, in 
whorls of 4- 8; fruiting peduncles reflexed; stamens 3. — Cultivated ground, 
common. Introduced. May -August. 



Order 67. UMBEL. LIFER-<^. (Parsley Family.) 

Herbs, with chiefly hollow and fuiTowed stems, alternate mostly 
compound leaves, with dilated or clasping petioles, and umbelled 
flowers. Calyx tube coherent with the ovary ; the limb 5-lobed or ob- 
solete. Petals 5, mostly incurved, inserted with the 5 stamens on the 
edge of the disk that crowns the ovary. Styles 2. Fruit composed 
of 2 indehiscent carpels (mericarps), suspended from a filiform axis 
(carpophore), and cohering by their inner face (commissure) ; each fur- 
nished with 5 primary ribs, and often with as many secondary ones ; 
the intervening spaces (intervals) usually containing channels (vittce), 
which are filled with aromatic oil. Seed solitary, suspended. Em- 
bryo minute, at the base of horny albumen. — Umbels and partial 
umbels (umhellets) commonly subtended by an involucre or involucel. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. ORTHOSPERME^. Albumen of the seed flat and 
straight on the inner face, not convolute nor involute. 

* Umbels simple or proliferous. 
Teibe I. HYDROCOTYLE^. Fruit naked, laterally compressed, or globose. 
Umbels axillary. Petals entire. Stems creeping. 

1. HYDROCOTYLE. Vittse none. Fruit compressed. Leaves orbicular or ovate. 

2. CRANTZIA. Vittse 5. Fruit globose, corky. Leaves linear. 

Tribe IT. SANICULE^. Fruit bristly or scaly, globose or turbinate. Umbels capi- 
tate, cymose. 

3. SANICULA. Fruit bristly, globose. Vittse numerous. Flowers polygamous. 

4. ERYNGIUM. Fruit scaly or granulate, turbinate. Vittse 5. Flowers perfect. 

* * Umbels compound or perfect. 
Teibe III. AMMINE^. Fruit laterally compressed, or nearly globose. Carpels 
with 5 equal linear ribs, terete, or rounded on the back, wingless. 

•I- Flowers yellow. 

5. PIMPERNELLA. Leaves ternately divided. Vittae numerous. 

6. BUPLEURUM. Leaves entire, perfoliate. Vittse mostly none. 

f- -I- Flowers white. 

7. CICUTA. Fruit subglobose. Carpels with ringle vittse in the Intervals. Perennial. 

8. APIUM. Fruit ovate or globose. Carpels with single vittse. Annuals. 



174 UMBELLIFER^. (PAKSLEY FAMILY.) 

9. LEPTOCAULIS. Fruit ovate, tuberculate or bristly. Carpels with single vittae. 

10. DISCOPLEUKA. Fruit ovate or globose. Carpels w^ith corky margins and single 

vittij'. 

11. CRYPTOT^NIA. Fruit oblong. Carpels with single vittijt in the intervals, and under 

the ribs. Rays unequal. Perennial. 

12. SIUM. Fruit ovate. Ribs corky. Vittae severalin each interval. 

Tribe IV. SESEIiINK.(E. Fruit terete, the cross section circular. Carpels 5-ribbed 
or 5-winged, tlie lateral ribs on the margin. 

13. THASPIUM. VittiL' single. Carpels winged. Flowers yellow. 

14. ZIZIA. Vittae single. Carpels wingless, fruit coniiiressed. 

15. LIGUSTICUM. Vittae numerous in the intervals, and on the inner face. Carpels 

sharply ribbed. Perennial. Flowers white. 

16. CYNOSCIADIUM. Vittae single. Carpels with corky ribs. Flowers white. 

Tribe V. ANGELICEiE & VI. PEUCEDANE^. Fruit dorsally compressed, 
wing-margined. Carpels 5-ribbed or 5-winged, the marginal ribs broader than the 
dorsal ones. 

-K Margins of the fruit doubly winged. Flowers white. 

17. ANGELICA. Leaves ternately compound, the leaflets coarse. 

18. CONIOSELINUM. Leaves pinnately compound, the leaflets fine. 

-t- -I- Margins of the fruit single-winged. Intervals with single vittae (except the last), and 
2 - G on the inner face of the carpels. 

19. TIEDEMANNIA. Leaves pinnate, ternate, or rush-like. Flowers white. 

20. HERACLEUM. Leaves large, ternately compound. Flowers white, large. 

21. POLYT^NIA. Leaves bipinnate. Flowers yellow. Fruit margins corky. 

Tribe VII. CUMMINE^ & VIII. DAUCINE^. Fruit wingless. Carpels 5- 
ribbed, and with as many secondary ones. Vittae single under the ribs. 

22. TREPOCARPUS. Carpels naked, the 4 secondary ones prominent, corky. 

23. CAUCUS. Carpels armed with 4 rows of barbed prickles. 

Suborder II. CAMPYLOSPEKME^. Inner face of the seed longi- 
tudinally grooved. 
Tribe IX. SCANDTCINE^ & X. SMYRNIE^. Fruit laterally compressed. 

24. CH^ROPHYLLUM. Fruit oblong, smooth. Vittae single. Umbel few-rayed. 

25. OSMORRHIZA. Fruit clavate, bristly. Vittae none. 

26. EULOPHUS. Fruit ovate. Vittae numerous Perennial. 

Suborder III. CCELOSPERME^. Inner face of the seed incurved at 
both ends. 

Tribe XI. CORIANDRE^. Fruit globular or twin, wingless. 

27. ERIGENIA. Fruit twin. Vittae several in the intervals. 

28. CORIANDRUM. Fruit globular. Vittae none. 

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Marsh Pennywort. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals not incurved. Eruit laterally compressed, 
orbicular. Carpels 5-ribbed, the dorsal and lateral ones often obsolete, the 
intermediate ones enlarged. Vittse none. — Low marsh herbs, with slender 
creeping stems, and peltate or reniform leaves. Umbels small, axillary. 
Flowers white. 



UMBELLIFER^. (PAKSLEY FAMILY.) 175 

1. H. Americana, L. Smooth; leaves orbicular-reniform, crenately 
7-lobecl; umbels sessile, 3 -5-flo\vered; fruit 2-ribbed. — Mountains of North 
Carolina. July. — Stems stoloniferous. Leaves very thin, glossy. 

2. H. umbellata, L. Smooth; leaves orbicular, peltate, obscurely 
lobed, crenate ; umbels globose, on peduncles commonly longer than the peti- 
oles ; fruit 2-ribbed on each side. — Wet places. May, — Leaves T wide. 

3. H. ranuneuloides, L. Smooth; leaves orbicular-reniform, cre- 
nately 3 - .5-lobed ; umbels few-flowered, on peduncles much shorter than the 
petioles, mostly nodding in fruit ; fruit obscurely ribbed. — Springs and 
muddy places. May- June. — Petioles 6'- 12' long. Peduncles 1' loug. 

4. H. interrupta, Muhl. Smooth ; leaves orbicular, peltate, crenate ; 
umbels proliferous, the nearly sessile clusters forming an interrupted spike ; 
fruit strongly ribbed. — Wet places. June. — Petioles longer than the 
peduncles. 

5. H. repanda, Pers. Pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or 
slightly cordate at the base, glandular-serrate ; umbels capitate, few-flowered, 
shorter than the petioles ; fruit strongly ribbed. — Low grounds. July. 

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals roundish. Fruit globular. Carpels 5-ribbed, 
the lateral ribs thickened and corky. Vittae single in the intervals, with 2 on 
the commissure. — Small creeping marsh herbs, with fleshy linear leaves, and 
small whitish flowers in axillary umbels. 

L C. lineata, Nutt. (Hydrocotyle lineata, 3Iichx.) —Mnddy banks, 
near the coast. July. — Leaves 1' long, with cross partitions, narrowed to- 
wards the base, obtuse. Involucre 5 - 6-leaved. 

3. SANICULA, Tourn. 

Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Fruit globose, Avithout ribs, armed with 
hooked prickles ; the carpels not separating spontaneously, each with 5 vittae. 
— Perennial erect branching herbs, with palmately divided long-petioled 
leaves, and polygamous flowers in small heads, disposed in a loose expanding 
cyme. 

1. S. Marilandica, L. Leaves 5-7-parted, the divisions lobed and 
toothed ; heads many-flowered ; sterile flowers numerous on slender pedicels ; 
styles long, recurved. — Dry woods. May. — Stem 2*^-3° high. 

2. S. Canadensis, L. Leaves 3-5-parted, the divisions lobed and 
toothed; heads few-flowered; the sterile flowers (1-3) nearly sessile; styles 
short and straight. — Dry woods, common. May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 
Branches of the c\Tne long and spreading. 

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Button Snakeroot. 

Calyx 5-lobed. Styles long and slender. Fruit short, turbinate, granulate 
or scaly, tne ribs obsolete. Vittae 5, 2 dorsal and 3 on the commissure. — 
Smooth herbs. Leaves often with cartilaginous margins, and spiny serra- 



176 UMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

tures, the floral ones opposite or whorled. Flowers blue or white, closely ses- 
sile iu cymose bracted heads, the lower bracts empty aud iuvolucrate. 
* Stems erect : heads in a terminal leafy cyme. 
■f- Leaves parallel-veined : spinulose-ciliate. 

1. E. yuccaefolium, Michx. (Button Snakeroot.) Stem stout, 2°- 
4° liigh ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 1° - 2° long, the cilite single ; involucre 7-8- 
leaved, shorter than the ovate head ; bracts cuspidate, entire. — Woods and 
margins of fields, in the middle and upper districts. Julj. — Flowers Avhitish. 

Var. synchsetum, Gray. Stem slender, l°-2° high; leaves narrower, 
the ciliae 2-3 together. — Sandy pine barrens in tlie lower districts. July. 

2. E. longifolium, Cav. Stem slender, 2° -3° high; leaves linear, as 
long as the stem, the ciliae few and remote ; heads long-pedimcled, globose, 
Y -¥ long, twice as long as the involucre ; bracts ovate, cuspidate, entire. — 
Manatee, South Florida (Simpson). 

1- •*- Veins of the leaves diverging or reticulate : petioles crossharred {except 

No. 9). 

3. E. Floridanum, Coulter & Rose. Stem mostly simple, 2° -3° high; 
lower leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, rarely cordate, the floral ones 3- 
parted, toothed; leaves of the involucre 10-13, 1-2-toothed, or entire, about 
as long as the ovoid head ; bracts linear-subulate, entire ; flowers blue. — 
South Florida. 

4. E. virgatum, Lam. Leaves short, oblong or oblong-ovate, serrate, 
the upper ones toothed or divided ; leaves of the involucre entire, or with 2-4 
bristly teeth, longer than the head ; bracts 3-toothed. (E. ovalifolium, Michx.) 

— Pine barren swamps. August. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves 2' -3' long, 
sometimes cordate. Flowers blue. 

Var, Ludovisianum, Morong. Stem slender, 2^ high, branching ; lower 
leaves lanceolate, denticulate, 2' long, the upper linear; involucre twice as 
long as the small (3" -4" wide) globose head. — Louisville, Georgia [Hopkins, 
Elliott), and westward. 

5. E. Ravenelii, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated, nearly terete, grooved 
on the upper surface, obscurely denticulate ; leaves of the involucre 3-cleft, as 
long as the head; bracts equally 3-cleft, spine-pointed, longer than the mu- 
cronulate calyic lobes. — Marshes, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. - Oct. — 
Stem H° - 3° high. Flowers blue, 

6. E. Mettaueri, Wood, Mostly taller (3° -6° high); radical leaves 
broadly linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, the petiole prominently crossharred; 
stem leaves more strongly denticulate ; leaves of the involucre mostly longer 
than the head, pale or bluish above ; flowers blue. — Fresh marshes along the 
west coast of Florida. July- August. 

7. E. Virginianum, Lam. Stem slender, l°-2°high; lowest leaves 
linear-lanceolate, long-petioled, flat, incurved-serrate or entire, the upper spinu- 
lose ; involucre as long as the head ; bracts unequally toothed, the middle 
tooth as long as the slender-pointed calyx lobes ; flowers pale blue or whitish, 

— Margins of ponds and streams. July - August. 



UMBELLIFERiE. (PAKSLEY FAMILY.) 177 

8. E. prsealtum, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, flat, veiny, serrate ; the up- 
per ones linear, spiny-tooth.ed ; leaves of the involucre 2-3 times as long as 
tlie head; bracts tricuspidate, barely as long as the mature calyx. (E. Vir- 
ginianum, Ell.) — Fresh marshes near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. 
August. — Stem 4° -6° high. Lowest leaves l°-2° long and 2^'-Z' wide. 
Flowers white. 

9. E. aromatiCTim, Baldw. Stems clustered, prostrate, very leafy; 
leaves spatulate, pinnately lobed, cartilaginous on the margins ; the 3 upper 
lobes broad and spine-pointed, the lower ones scattered and bristle-like ; leaves 
of the involucre 3-clef t, longer than the globose head ; bracts 3-toothed. — Dry 
pine barrens, East and South Florida. Sept. — Stems 1° long. 

* * Stems prostrate or spreading, filiform: heads small, on solitary axillary 
peduncles : flowers blue. 

10. E. prostratum, Nutt. Stems several, prostrate, branching ; leaves 
thin ; the earliest ones ovate or oblong, sharply serrate or toothed, long-peti- 
oled, the others 3-parted, with the middle segment lanceolate and commonly 
3-toothed ; involucre longer or shorter than the oblong head ; bracts spatulate, 
obtuse, barely exceeding the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, 
Florida, and westward. Sept. — Stems i° - l-i-° long. 

IL E. Baldwin ii, Spreng. Stems single, diffusely branched above; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, or sparingly toothed, long-petioled, the 
floral ones sessile, 3-parted, with the segments linear or filiform and entire ; 
involucre as long as the hemispherical head ; bracts subulate, acute, twice as 
long as the calyx. — Damp sandy soil along the coast, Georgia, and westward. 
July - August. (2) — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Flowers 
very small. 

5. PIMPERNELLA, L. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, twin. Carpels 5-ribbed, the cross 
section nearly orbicular. Vittse 3 in each interval, and 4 on the commissure. 
— Smooth perennial herbs, with 2-3-ternately compound leaves, and yellow 
flowers. 

1. P. integerrima, Benth. «& Hook. Stem slender; leaflets oblong- 
ovate, entire ; rays of the umbel long and slender ; involucre none. 
(Smyrnium integerrimum, L.) — Rocky woods, Mississippi, and northward. 
May - June. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

6. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened at the sides, or twin, ovate-oblong. 
Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with or without vittse. — Smooth herbs, with 
entire simple leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1. B. rotundifolium, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; umbel 5-rayed; in- 
volucre none ; leaves of the involucel 5, ovate, mucronate. — Waste ground. 
Sparingly introduced. 

7. CICUTA, L. Water Hemlock. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit roundish. Carpels with 5 flattish equal ribs ; the 
intervals with single vittse, and 2 on the inner face. — Smooth perennial 

12 



178 UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

marsh herbs, with hollow stems, and twice pinuately or ternately divided 
leaves. Involucels inany-leaved. Flowers white. 

1. C. maculata, L. Stem large (3°- 6° higli), ])nrj)lisli ; leaflets ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, coarsely serrate ; umbels large, many-rayed. — Marshes and 
river banks. July. — Plant very poisonous. 

8. APIUM, L. 

Calyx teeth .'3, or obsolete. Fruit ovate or ol)long, flattened on the sides, 
the carpels eciually 5-ribbed. Intervals with single vitta;. Flowers white. 

1. H. nodiflorum, Koch. Stems prostrate or creeping; leaves pinnate; 
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; umbels short-peduncled, opposite the leaves ; 
involucre 1-2-leaved or none; involucel 5-6-leaved. — Ditches, etc. aroimd 
Charlestcm. Introduced. April - June. — Stems 2° long. 

2. H. leptophyllum, DC. Stem erect or diffu.se ; leaves ternately or 
biternately divided, the divisions linear or setaceous; umbels nearly sessile, 
1-3-rayed; involucre and involucel none; fruit ovate. — East Florida, and 
westward. Introduced. — Stem -^° - 2° high. Fruit very small. 

9. LEPTOCAULIS, Nutt. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, compressed on the sides, often rough or 
bristly. Carpels 5-ribbed, the intervals with single vittae, and 2 on the face. 
— Slender smooth herbs, with finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. 
Umbels few-rayed. Involucre none. Involucel few-leaved. 

1. L. divarieatus, DC Annual; stem (6'- 18' high) widely branched; 
leaves 2 - 3-pinnatifid, with the divisions filiform ; umbel 3 - 4-rayed. (Sison 
pusillum, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April. — 
Fruit very small, roughened with minute scales. 

2. L. echinatus, Nutt. Leaves, etc. as in the preceding, but the fruit 
beset with rigid spreading hooked bristles. — Mobile (Mohr), and westward. 

10. DISCOPLEURA, DC. 

Calyx teeth subulate, persistent. Fruit ovate ; the carpels strongly 3-ribbed 
on the back, and with two lateral ribs united with a thick corky margin. 
Intervals Avith single vittse. — Smooth annuals, growing in marshes. Leaves 
pinnately dissected, with the filiform divisions often whorled. Involucre and 
involucel conspicuous. Flowers white. 

1. D. capillacea, DC. Umbels 3-lO-rayed; leaves of the involucre 
mostly 3 -.5 cleft; fruit ovate. (Ammi capillaceum, Michx.) — Brackish 
marshes, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. June -July. — Stem l°-2° 
high, much branched. Earliest leaves simple, or simply pinnate. 

2. D. Nuttallii, DC. Umbels many-rayed ; leaves of the involucre 5 - 6, 
entire ; fruit globose. — Low ground, Florida, Georgia, and westward. — Stem 
2° -6° high. 



UMBELLIFER^. (PAKSLEY FAMILY.) 179 

11. CRYPTOTiENIA, DC. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong, contracted at the sides. Carpels 
equally 5-ribbed, with very slender single vittae in each interval, and one 
under each rib. — A smootli perennial herb, with trifoliolate leaves on long 
petioles. Leaflets large, ovate, doubly serrate and mostly lobed. Rays of 
the umbel few and very unequal. Involucre none. Involucels filiform. 
Flowers white. 

1. C. Canadensis, DC. — Rich shady soil, chiefly in the upper districts 
July. — Stem 2° high. 

12. SIUM, L. 

Calyx teeth small or obsolete. Fruit ovate or globular, flattened at the 
sides ; the carpels with 5 equal corky ribs. Intervals usually with several 
vittge. — Marsh or aquatic perennial herbs. Leaves pinnate ; the immersed 
ones dissected into numerous capillary divisions. Involucre several-leaved. 
Flowers Avhite. 

1. S. linear e, Michx. Leaflets varying from linear to oblong, finely and 
sharply serrate ; calyx teeth minute ; fruit globular, strongly ribbed. — Along 
streams, commonly in water, West Florida and North Carolina. Rare. 
July. — Stem 2° high. 

13. THASPIUM, Nutt. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit ovoid or oblong, nearly terete, the carpels 5-winged. 
Vittae single in the intervals and two on the commissure. — Perennial herbs, 
with 1 - 3-ternately divided leaves, or the lower ones entire, and yellow 
(rarely purple) flowers. Involucre none. Fruit all pedicellate. 

1. T. aureuHl, Nutt. Glabrous; stem sparingly branched, 1°- 3° high ; 
radical leaves simple, cordate ; stem leaves ternate, the leaflets oblong-lanceo- 
late, sharply serrate ; flowers yellow or (in var. atropurpureum, C jf- R.) dark 
purple ; fruit ovoid, 2'' long, the ribs winged. — Dry open woods. May - 
July. 

2. T. barbinode, Nutt. Stem 2° -3° high, widely branching, pubescent 
at the joints; leaves mostly 2 - 3-ternate, the leaflets thin, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, coarsely serrate and often lobed ; flowers yellow ; fruit elliptical, 
3'^ long, with three of the ribs more narrowly winged. — Woods and rocky 
banks, chiefly in the upper districts. May to July, 

Var. pinnatifldum, C. & R. More or less pubescent ; leaflets small 
(Y long), coarsely toothed; fruit smaller, puberulent. — Rocky banks of the 
Chipola River, West Florida. June. 

3. T. pinnatifldum, Gray. Branches and umbels roughish-puberulent ; 
leaves 1 - 3-ternate ; leaflets 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit 
oblong, narrowly 10-winged, 2^^ long, the intervals minutely scabrous. — 
Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

14. ZIZIA, Koch. 
Habit and most of the characters of Thaspium, but the fruit laterally com- 
pressed, wingless, and the central one of each umbellet sessile. Flowers 
yellow. 



180 UMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

1. Z. aurea, Kocli. Glabrous, 2° - 3° high; leaves 1-3-ternate, the 
lowest loiig-petiolcd ; leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate ; rays 
stout, 15-25; fruit ol)loug, 2" long. — Woods and low ground. Mav- 
July. 

Var. Bebbii, C. & R, More slender ; leaflets coarsely serrate ; rays 
fewer; fruit smaller, oval. — Mountains of Nortii Carolina and Georgia. 

2. Z. COrdata, DC. Stem 2° -3° high; lowest leaves simple, cordate, 
crenate, the up])er ternate, sharply serrate, lauceolate ; fruit ovate, 1^'' long. — 
Copses and open woods. May - June. 

15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Nondo. 

Calyx teeth minute or obsolete. Fruit elliptical, nearly terete. Carpels 
with 5 acute equal and somewhat winged ribs. Vitta3 numerous. Involucre 
short, 2 -6-leaved. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 1 - 3-ternately divided. Flow- 
ers wiiite. 

I. L. aetseifolmm, Michx. Stem tall (3° -6°), smooth, branched; 
leaves 3-ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, toothed ; umbels very numerous, 
panicled ; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs wing-like ; vitta; 3 in each interval, and 
6 on the commissure. — Rich soil, in the upper districts. July -August. — 
Root large, aromatic. 

16. CYNOSCIADIUM, DC. 

Calyx teeth subulate. Fruit ovate, terete. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, 
the two lateral ribs united with the thick corky margin. Intervals with single 
vittge. — Smooth annuals, with finely divided leaves, and very small white 
flowers. Leaves of the involucre few or none. 

1. C. pinnatum, DC. Leaves pinnately divided into few long linear 
segments; petals roundish, obtuse; fruit ovate-oblong, the ribs not promi- 
nent. — Alabama {Prof. E. A. Smith), and westward. August. — Stem 
6' -12' high. Lowest leaves often entire. 

2. C digitatum, DC. Leaves palmately 3 - 5-parted, segments linear; 
calyx teeth prominent ; fruit contracted at the top, strongly ribbed. — Ala- 
bama, and westward. — Stem l°-2° high. 

17. ANGELICA, L. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened. Carpels 5-ribbed, the 2 lateral ribs 
dilated into wings. Vittge 1 -6 in each interval, and 2-10 on the commis- 
sure. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with compound leaves, no involucre, and 
white flowers. 

* Yitt(B single in each interval. 

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Stem smooth; leaves twdce ternate, or the 
divisions quinate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, often slightly cor- 
date, sharply toothed ; fruit broadly winged ; commissure with 2 vittee. — 
High mountains of North Carolina. August. — Stem 3° high. Petioles 
large and sheathing. 



UMBELLIFER^. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 181 

* * Vittoe 3 -6 in each interval. 

2. A. hirsuta, Torr. & Gray. Upper part of the stem and umbels softly 
pubescent ; leaflets oblong-ovate, sharply serrate ; fruit pubescent. — Dry 
hills, Florida to Tennessee, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

3. A. dentata, Chapm. Stem slender, smooth ; umbels slightly pubes- 
cent ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly veined, coarsely toothed ; fruit smooth. — 
Dry pine barrens, Florida. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high, branching above ; 
teeth of the small (y) leaflets spreading. 

18. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oval. Carpels somewhat flattened on the 
back, 5-winged, with the lateral wings twice as broad as the dorsal ones. Vittae 
2-3 in each interval, and 4 - 8 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs. Leaves 
thin, finely 2 - 3 piunately compound. Involucre none. Involucels subulate. 
Flowers white. 

1. C. Canadense, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets piunatifid, with linear-ob- 
long lobes, the petioles inflated ; rays of the umbel slender ; fruit broadly 
oval. — High mountains of North Carolina. August. ^- Stem 3° - 5° high. 

19. TIEDEMAWNIA, DC. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval or obovate, flattened on the back. Carpels 
with 5 slender obtuse ribs, winged on the margins. Intervals with single 
vittae, and 2 - 6 on the commissure. — Smooth herbs, from tuber-bearing roots, 
and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. Involucel few- or many- 
leaved. 

1. T. rigida, C. & R. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets (3-9) varying from 
linear to oblong, variously toothed or entire. — Swamps. August - Sept. 
— Stem 2° - 5° high. 

2. T. ternata, C. & R. Leaves ternate, with the leaflets linear, entire 
and strongly nerved ; the lowest ones on very long petioles. — Low or swampy 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. Nov. — Stem slender, 2° high. 
Petioles of the lower leaves 1 ° or more long. 

3. T. teretifolia, DC. Leaves reduced to rush-like petioles, the lowest 
equitant ; involucre and involucel each 5 - 6-leaved. — Wet pine barrens, in 
the lower districts. August - Sept. Stem 2° - 4° high. 

20. HERACLEUM, L. 

Calyx teeth minute. Fruit oval, flat. Carpels with the 2 lateral ribs dis- 
tant from the 3 dorsal ones, and near the dilated margins, Vittas shorter 
than the carpels, single in the intervals, and usually 2 on the commissure. — 
Stout perennial herbs, with pinnately or ternately divided or lobed leaves on 
inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved. Involucel many- 
leaved. Marginal flowers commonly larger and radiant. 

1. H. lanatum, Michx. Villous; leaves very large, ternate; leaflets 
broadly cordate, deeply lobed, hoary beneath. — Mountains of North Carolina. 
June. — Stem 4°- 8° high, strongly furrowed. 



182 UMBELLIFEllJ?. (PARSLEY FAMILY.) 

21. POLYTiENIA, DC. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit oval, compressed, tlje niai-gins thickened; carpels 
obscurely ribbed, with two vittaj in the iutervaLs, ajid six on the commissure. 
— A smooth bieuuial 1 herb, with piuuately divided leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1. P. Nuttallii, DC. Stem erect from a thick tap-root, l°-3° higii ; 
leaves 2- 3-))iiiiiate, with coarse toothed lobes, the u))per ojjposite, 3-parted ; 
involucre none; involucels bristly. — Alabama, Tennessee, and westward- 
April. 

22. TREPOCARPUS, Nutt. 

Calyx teeth subulate, deciduous. Fruit linear-oblong, acute, nearly terete, 
8-angled; carpels 4-ribbed, each rib covering a single vitta. Commissure 
spongy, grooved in the middle, Avith two minute vittaj next the seed. — A 
smooth annual, with 3-pinnately finely dissected leaves, and 3 - .5-rayed long- 
peduucled umbels. 

1. T. ^thusa, Nutt. — Low banks near Mobile (Mohr). — Stem 2° high. 
Peduncles longer than the leaves. Flowers white. 

23. DAUCUS, Tourn. Carrot. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irregular. Fruit ovate or oblong. Carpels with 
3 primary inconspicuous ribs, ciliate on tlie back, and one at each margin 
within, and 4 secondary wings divided into barbed prickles, with a single 
vitta under each, and 2 on the inner face. — Annual or biennial herbs, with 
2-3pinnately finely divided leaves, many -leaved involucres and involucels, 
and white or yellowish flowers. Fruiting umbels concave at the top. 

1. D. Carota, L. Stem 2° -4° high, hirsute; fruit oblong; wings of 
the carpels divided to the base into 12 or more bristly prickles. — Waste 
places. Introduced. 

2. D. pusilla, Michx. Stem •J°-2^ high, bristly; fruit oblong-ovate; 
wings of the carpels deeply parted into 6-8 flattened prickles; umbel l''-2' 
wide. — Sandy old fields. May - June. 

24. CH^ROPHYLLUM, L. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong or linear, tapering at the apex, con- 
tracted at the sides. Carpels deeply furrowed on the commissure, with 5 
obtuse equal ribs. Intervals with single vittse. — Herbs, with compound 
finely dissected leaves, and white flowers. Involucre few-leaved or none. In- 
volucel many-leaved. 

1. C. proeumbens, Lam. Stem weak, slightly pubescent ; leaves ter- 
nately divided ; the divisions bipinnatifid, with oblong obtuse .lobes ; umbel 
sessile, of 2-3 long rays; involucel 4-.5-leaved, few-flowered; fruit oblong, 
abruptly pointed, finely ribbed. — Shady river banks. April -May. (T) or 
© — Stems 6' - 1 8' long. 

2. C. Teinturieri, Hook. & Arn. More pubescent ; lobes of the leaves 
narrower and acute ; fruit oblong-linear, more strongly ribbed and tapering 
at the apex; otherwise like the last. — Banks of the Apalachicola River, 
Florida, and westward. March - April. — Stem erect, 1° high. 



ARALTACEJE. (GINSENG FAMILY.) 183 

25. OSMORRHIZA, Raf. 
Calyx teeth obsolete. Fruit clavate, angled. Carpels with bristly ribs, 
furrowed on the commissure. Vittae none. — Perennial herbs with aromatic 
roots. Leaves 2-ternate, with the leaflets ovate, toothed or serrate. Umbels 
opposite the leaves. Involucre and involucel 2 - 5-leaved. Flowers white. 

1. O. brevistylis, DC. Styles very short, conical; fruit somewhat 
tapering at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina and northward. June. 
— Plant hairy, 1°- 1^° high. Leaflets thin, acuminate, i^innatifld. 

2. O. longistylis, DC, Stem l° high, from a sweet anise-scented root; 
leaves mostly 3, the leaflets thin, ovate, lobed and toothed, the lowest long- 
petioled ; umbel and its 3 rays long and slender ; styles nearly as long as the 
ovary ; fruit mostly curved. — Shaded river banks, North Georgia, and north- 
ward, April. 

26. EULOPHUS, Nutt. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit ovate, laterally contracted, indistinctly ribbed. 
Vitt£e large, numerous, with 4 on the concave face. — A tall (3° -4°) glabrous 
perennial, with biternately divided leaves, and long-stalked many-rayed um- 
bels of white flowers. Involucre 1 -2-leaved. Involucel many-leaved. 

1. E. Americanus, Nutt. — Tennessee, and westward. 

27. ERIGENIA, Nutt. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Petals obovate. Fruit didymous, the carpels kidney- 
shaped, incurved at each end, with .5 slender ribs ; intervals with several 
vitt£e. — A low (6'- 10' high) smooth herb from a deep round tuber; the 
simple stem bearing 2 - 3-ternately finely dissected leaves, and a small leafy- 
bracted compound umbel of white flowers. 

1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. — • Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. April. 

28. CORIANDRUM, Hoff. Coriander. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit globose, 10-ribbed, the primary ribs inconspicuous, 
flexuous, without vittae. — Chiefly annual herbs, with bipinnately divided 
leaves and white flowers. 

1. C. sativum, L. Glabrous, 2° high ; divisions of the leaves linear; 
umbel spreading. — Waste ground. Introduced. 



Order 68. ARALIACE,^. (Ginseng Family.) 

Umbelliferous herbs, shrubs, or trees, nearly as in the last order ; 
but the flowers (chiefly polygamous) with flat and spreading petals, 
the styles and carpels of the baccate fruit usually more than two, 
and the embryo at the apex of copious fleshy albumen. 

1. ARALIA, L. Sarsaparilla. 
Calyx teeth 5, or none. Petals, stamens, and spreading styles 5. Berry 
drupaceous, 5-lobed, .5-celled. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves compound. Umbels 
corymbed or panicled. Flowers whitish. Berry black. 



184 CORNACE^. (dogwood FAMILY.) 

* Steins herbaceous. 

1. A. racemosa, L. (Spikenard.) Stem smooth, leafy, widely branched ; 
leaves teinaii'ly decoiiipouud ; leaflets large, broadly cordate, doubly serrate; 
umbels very uumerous, panicled. — Kicli woods along tlie mouutaius. July. 
— Hoot thick, aromatic. Stem 3°- 5*^ high. 

2. A. hispida, Michx. Stem leafy, somewhat shrubby at the base, 
bristly ; leaves bipiunately compouud ; leaflets lanceolate ovate, sharply ser- 
rate ; umbels in naked peduncled corymbs. — Mountains of Nortli Carolina. 
June- July. — Stem 1° - 2° liigh. 

3. A. nudicaulis, L. Stem naked, sliort, bearing 3 long-peduucled um- 
bels at tlie apex ; leaf solitary, radical, long-petioled, teruately divided, tiie 
divisions quinate ; leaflets oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate. — M(juntains of 
North Carolina, and northward. May. — Root long and slender, aromatic. 
Stem 1° high, much shorter than the leaves. 

* * Stems woody. 

4. A. spinosa, L. (Hercules's Club.) Stem simple, prickly ; leaves 
very large, crowded at the summit of the stem, bipinnately compound ; 
leaflets thick, ovate, crenate, glaucous beneath ; umbels in very large hoary 
panicles. — Swamps. July - August. — Stem 10° - 15° high. 

2. PANAX, L. Ginseng. 

Calyx minutely 5-toothed. Petals and stamens 5. Styles 2-3. Berry 
fleshy, drupaceous, 2-3-lobed, 2-3-celled. — Low herbs, with naked stems, 
bearing at the summit a single long-peduncled umbel of greenish flowers, 
surrounded by a whorl of three 3 - 7-foliolate leaves. Berry red or greenish. 

1. P. quinquefolium, L. Root fusiform ; leaflets .5-7, oblong-obovate, 
serrate, stalked ; styles 2, berr}^ crimson. — Rich woods along the mountains, 
Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 1° high. Leaflets 2' -3' long. 

2. P. trifolium, L. Root globose ; leaflets 3-5, lanceolate, serrate, 
sessile ; styles 3 ; berry greenish. — With the last. — Plant 4' - 6' high. 



Order 69. C0R:N'ACE^:. (Dogwood Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple, entire or rarely toothed -exstipiilate 
leaves, and perfect or polygamous flowers. — Calyx coherent with the 
1-2-ceUed ovary, 4 -5-toothed. Petals 4-5, valvate in the bud, 
sometiines wanting. Stamens 4 - 10, inserted into the margin of the 
disk that crowns the ovary. Ovules solitary, anatropous, pendulous. 
Fruit a berry-like 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded drupe. Embryo nearly 
as long as tlie fleshy albumen. Cotyledons large and foliaceous. 

1. CORNUS, Tourn. Dogwood, Cornel. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-toothed. Petals and stamens 4. Stigma capi- 
tate. Drupe 2-celled, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or low trees. Leaves and branches 



CORNACE^. (dogwood FAMILY.) 185 

opposite (except No. 1). Flowers in naked spreading cymes, or capitate, and 
subtended by a colored involucre. 

* Flowers white, in a loose open cyme : involucre none. 

1. C. alternifolia, L'Herit. Leaves oval, abruptly acute at each end, 
pale and pubescent beneath, long-petioled, and, like the greenish striped 
branches, alternate ; drupes deep blue. — Banks of streams, Florida, and 
northward. May. — A widely branching shrub, or small tree. 

2. C. Stricta, Lam. Leaves ovate or oblong, abruptly acute or acu- 
minate, smooth, whitish beneath ; cymes flat or depressed at the suinmit ; 
drupes and anthers pale blue. — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. April. — A shrub or small tree. Branches brown. 

3. C. paniculata, L'Herit. Leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
paler beneath ; cymes convex at the summit, somewhat panicled, loose-flow- 
ered; drupes white, depressed-globose. — North Carolina, and northward. 
May- June. — Shrub 4°- 8° high. Branches gray. 

4. C. sericea, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical, smooth above, the lower 
surface, like the purplish branches and close depressed cyme, silky-pubescent ; 
drupes pale blue. — Low woods. May. — Shrub 6° - 1 0° high. 

5. C. asperifolia, Michx. Leaves short-petioled, lanceolate-ovate or ob- 
long, acute, very rough on both sides, as well as the branchlets and flat cymes ; 
drupes pale blue. — Dry woods, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. 
June. — A shrub or small tree. Branches slender and sometimes warty. 

6. C. Stolonifera, Michx. Stem erect or declining, with reddish purple 
shoots ; leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate, closely pubescent, whitish beneath ; 
cymes small, dense, smooth ; drupes white. — Swamps and wet hanks, Ten- 
nessee, and northward. May. 

* * Flowers capitate, subtended hy a white 4-leaved involucre. 

7. C. florida, L. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, at length smooth on 
both sides ; floAvers greenish ; drupes ovoid, red. — Oak woods, common. 
May. — A small tree. Wood hard and close-grained. Leaves of the involucre 
emarginate and thickened at the summit, showy. 

2. NYSSA, L. Sour Gum. 

Flowers dioecio-polygamous. Sterile flowers in many-flowered heads or 
cymes. Calyx .5-parted. Stamens 5-10. Petals and pistil none. Fertile 
flowers single or few in a head. Calyx limb 5-toothed or obsolete. Petals 5, 
minute, or wanting. Stamens 5-10, mostly sterile. Style long, revolute. 
Stigma decurrent. Ovary 1-celled. Drupe 1-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. 
Leaves alternate, entire or rarely toothed, finely reticulated. Flowers small, 
greenish, on axillary or lateral peduncles. 

* Sterile flowers in hose clusters. 
1. N". sylvatica, Marsh. Leaves oval or obovate, mostly acute, toraen- 
tose when young, at length shining above ; fertile peduncles long and slen- 
der, 3- 8-flowered ; drupes ovoid, dark blue. — Kich upland woods, Florida to 



186 CAPRIF0LIACE.5i. (hOXEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 

Mississippi, and. northward. May. — A tree 30° - 50° high, with widely 
spreading branches. Leaves ratlier thick, dark green, 2' - 5' long. Fertile 
peduncles li'-3' long. Drupe Y long. 

2. N. Caroliniana, Poir. Branches, leaves, etc. tomentose when youug, 
at leiigtli nearly smooth ; leaves short-pelioled, varying from lanceolate to 
orbicular, obtuse, sometimes slightly cordate ; peduncles short, the fertile ones 
1 -2-flowered ; drupes oval, blue. — Ponds and swamps, in tlie lower districts. 
April - May. — A large tree, or in pine-barren swamps sometimes a mere 
shrub. Leaves V-2' long. Peduncles ^'-Tlong. Drupe smaller than in 
the last. 

3. N. uniflora, Walt. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, 
entire or sharply toothed, tomentose beneath, the lower ones often cordate ; 
fertile peduncles elongated, 1 -flowered; drupes ovate-oblong, dark blue. — 
Deep swamps and ponds, middle and lower districts. April. — A large tree. 
Leaves 4' - 6' long. Drupe 8'^ - 12'^ long. 

* * Sterile flowers capitate. 

4. N. capitata, Walt. (Ogeechee Lime.) Leaves large, short-petioled, 
oblong, oval, or obovate, mucronate or acute, tomentose beneath ; flowers 
below the leaves, the fertile ones perfect, solitary, on very short peduncles ; 
drupe oblong, red. — Swamps, Florida and Georgia, near the coast, and 
westward. — A small tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. Drupe V long, agreeably 
acid. 



Division II. MONOPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes double, consisting of both calyx and 
corolla ; the latter of more or less united petals. 

Order 70. CAPRIFOLIACE^. (Honeysuckle Family.) 

Chiefly trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves, and no stipules. Calyx 
tube adherent to tlie ovary, the limb 4-5-toothed or lobed. Corolla 
tubular or rotate, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as many as the lobes of the 
corolla, and alternate with them, inserted on its tube. Ovary 2-5- 
celled, with 1-many pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit mostly 
baccate or drupaceous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo small, in the 
axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Corolla tubular. Style slender. Stigma capitate. 

1. SYMPHORICARPUS. Corolla campaniilate. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. Erect shrubs. 

2. DIERVILLA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Erect 

shrubs. 

3. LONICERA. Corolla tubular. Berry 1 - 3-celled. Chiefly woody vines. 

4. TRIOSTEUM. Corolla tubular. Drupe bony, 3 - 5-seeded. Herbs. 



CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 187 

* * Corolla rotate. Stigmas 3-5, sessile. Flowers in cymes. 

5. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pimiate. Berry 3-5-seedecl. 

6. "VIBURNUM. Leaves simple. Drupe 1-seeded. 

1. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. Snowberrt. 

Calyx tube globose, the limb 4 - 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla campanu- 
late, nearly regular, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4 - .5, inserted on the throat of the 
corolla. Ovary 4-celled, 2 of the cells with several abortive ovules, the other 
two with a single suspended fertile ovule in each. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded. 
Seeds bony. — Erect shrubs with entire leaves, and white or reddish flowers 
in axillary spikes or clusters. 

1. S. vulgaris, Michx. Leaves oval, downy beneath; flowers in small 
axillary clusters ; corolla smoothish within ; berries red. — Dry soil among 
the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 

2. DIERVILLA, Tourn. 

Calyx oblong or cylindrical, narrowed above, with 5 subulate teeth. Corolla 
funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, Capsule 2-celled, septicidally 2-valved, 
many-seeded. — Low shrubs, with ovate or oblong acuminate serrate decidu- 
ous leaves, and axillary and terminal cymose flowers. 

1. D. trifida, Moench. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, distinctly petioled, 
pubescent, especially on the veins above ; peduncles mostly 3-flowered ; cap- 
sule ovoid-oblong, narrowed into a neck above. — Mountains of North Caro- 
lina. June. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Flowers greenish yellow. 

2. "D. sessilifolia, Buckley. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, closely sessile and 
somewhat clasping; peduncles many-flowered; capsule cylindrical-oblong, 
narrowed into a short neck above. — Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. 
— Leaves and capsule larger than in the last species. 

3. LONICERA, L. Woodbine, Honeysuckle. 

Calyx ovoid, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, often bilabiate, and gib- 
bous near the base. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several ovules in 
each cell. Berry 1 -3-celled, several-seeded. Seeds bony. — Erect or twin- 
ing shrubs, with entire, often connate leaves. Flowers by pairs or in spiked 
whorls. 

1. L. sempervirens, Ait. Stem twining; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
pale and tomentose beneath, the upper pair shorter and connate ; spikes ter- 
minal; whorls distinct ; corolla nearly equally 5-lobed, scarlet or orange with- 
out, yellow within. — Margins of swamps. April -Sept. — Leaves perennial. 
Corolla 2' long. 

2. L. grata, Ait. Stem twining ; leaves obovate, glaucous beneath, the 
2 or 3 upper pairs connate ; whorls of flowers axillary and terminal ; corolla 
bilabiate, the tube long and slender. — Mountains of Carolina and northwai;d. 
May. — Young branches often hairy. Corolla 1 ^' long, with a red or purplish 
tube and a white limb, changing to yellow. Berry orange-red. 



188 CAPRIF0L1ACE.12. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 

3. L. flava, Sims. Smootli and somewhat glaucous ; stem scarcely twin- 
ing; leaves oval or obovate, the upjjer pairs connate; whorls of flowers 
crowded, terminal ; corolla slender, bilabiate. — Banks of rivers in the upper 
districts. June- July. — Corolla T lojig, bright yellow; the 4-cleft limb 
nearly as long as the tube. 

4. L. glauca, Hill. Smooth ; stem twining ; leaves elliptical, glaucous 
beneatli, 2'-3Mong, the up})er pairs connate; whorls of flowers crowded, 
pednncled; corolla short, l)ilabiate, gibbous at the base ; stamens hairy below. 
— Mountains of Korth Carolina. June. — Corolla 8"- 10" long, yellow and 
purplisli. 

5. L. Sullivantii, Gray. Smooth and glaucous; leaves oval or obovate- 
oblong, 2' -4' long, nearly all more or less connate; corolla yellow; stamens 
smoothisli. (L. parviflora, in part, Flora.) — Mountains of East Tennessee. 
May -June. — Stem 3^-6 high. Corolla V long. 

4. TRIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wort. 

Calyx ovoid, with 5 leafy linear-lanceolate persistent lobes. Corolla tubu- 
lar, equally 5-lobed, rather longer than the calyx. Stamens 5, Ovary 3- 
celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a dry drupe containing 3 bony 
nutlets. — Perennial hairy herbs, with large leaves, narrowed but connate at 
the base, and sessile axillary flowers. 

1. T. perfoliatum, L. Stem soft-hairy ; leaves oval, acuminate, entire, 
hairy above, tomentose beneath; flowers commonly clustered, brownish 
purple. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June - July. — Stem 2° - 4° 
high. Leaves 4' - 1' long. 

2. T. angustifolium, L. Stem hirsute; leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
acuminate, hirsute above, pubescent beneath ; flowers mostly solitary, yel- 
lowish. — Shady rich soil among the mountains. June. — Plant smaller than 
the last. 



Calyx lobes minute or none. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Fruit 
a globular baccate drupe, containing three 1-seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with 
pinnate leaves, and white flowers, in ample terminal cymes. 

1. S. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 7 - ll, oblong, serrate, smoothish, acute, 
the lower ones often 3-parted ; cymes flat, 5-parted; fruit black. — Low 
grounds, common. June - July. — Stem 4° - 1 6° high, the straight young 
shoots with large pith. 

2. S. pubens, Michx. Leaflets 5-7, oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath ; 
cymes paniculate, pyramidal; fruit red. — Mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. June. — Shrub 6°- 10° high. Cymes smaller than in the last. 

6. VIBURNUM, L. Haw, Sloe. 

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5- 
lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 1-3-celled, one of the cells containing a single 
ovule, the others empty. Drupe baccate, containing a single compressed 



CAPRIFOLIACE^. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 189 

bony nut. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves lobed or undivided, the petioles 
sometimes winged. Flowers in terminal cymes, small, white; the marginal 
ones occasionally radiant and sterile. 

* Sterile and radiant flowers none. 

■<- Cymes sessile. 

1. V. prunifolium, L. Leaves thin, obovate or roundish, mostly ob- 
tuse, finely and sharply serrate, smooth and glossy, or the veins beneath and 
more or less dilated petioles rusty-pubescent ; cymes large, 4 - 5-rayed ; drupe 
oblong-ovoid, black. — Dry rich woods. April - May. — A small tree. Fruit 
edible. 

2. V. LentagO, L. Leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, finely and sharply 
serrate, smooth above, the lower surface and dilated wavy petioles roughened 
with minute scales when young; cymes 4-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Moun- 
tains of Georgia, and northward. May. — A small tree. 

Var. pyrifolium. Glabrous throughout; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, 
or abruptly acute ; cymes often short-peduncled ; fruit ovate, acute, bluish 
black. (V. pyrifolium, PoiV.)— Banks of streams, mountains of Georgia, 
April. 

3. V. Obovatum, Walt. Leaves small, thick, obovate or obovate-oblong, 
obtuse, slightly creuate or entire, smooth ; cymes 8-rayed ; drupe ovoid, black. 
— Kiver banks, Florida to North Carolina, and westward, April -May, — A 
shrub or small tree. Leaves i' - T long. Cymes small. 

-H- Cymes peduncled, 
•H. Leaves palmafely lohed. 

4. V, acerifolium, L. Pubescent; leaves roundish or broadly ovate, 
rounded or cordate at the base, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed above the middle ; 
cymes 7-rayed ; fruit oval, black. — Dry open woods. May - June. — A slen- 
der shrub, 2° -4° high. Leaves 2^-3' wide, becoming smooth above, some- 
times almost entire. 

5. V. densiflorum, Chapm Stem slender, branching ; leaves small, 
downy beneath, varying from oblong to broadly ovate, entire, irregularly 
serrate, or slightly 2 -3-lobed, acute at each end, or rounded at the base; 
cymes downy, small, compact, the base and ramifications involucrate with a 
whorl of linear bracts. — Wooded hillsides. West Florida. April, — Stems 
20-4° high. Leaves V -2' long, 

•»-+ -H. Leaves undivided, 

6. V. nudum, L. Eusty-pubescent ; leaves varying from oval to lan- 
ceolate, entire or nearly so, thick, becoming smooth above, prominently veined 
beneath ; cymes rather short-peduncled, 5-rayed ; fruit ovoid, blue. — Swamps, 
common. April - May. — Shrub 8° - 1 2° high, 

Var. angustif Olium, Torr. & Gray. Smoother ; leaves thinner and 
narrower, obscurely serrulate or entire. — Margins of swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina. 

Var. serotinum, Ravenel. Smooth, or nearly so, punctate; leaves 
oblong-ovate, attenuate above the middle, crenate serrate, abruptly short- 



190 RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 

petioled ; cyme loug-peduncled, mostly leafy and corymbose, the divisions 
very slender, flow^ers very small, the filaments slightly exserted. — Low pine 
barrens near Darien, Georgia. Oct. - Nov. 

7. V. cassinoides, L. Leaves thickish, ovate, obovate, or oblong, ab- 
ruptly short-pointed, entire or crenulate-serrate, 2' -3' long, smooth above, 
the lower surface, like the petioles and branchlets, scurfy ; cymes 4-raye(l ; 
fruit 3'' long, ovoid, black. — Low ground. North Alabama to North 
Carolina. 

8. V. dentatum, L. Veins of the leaves beneath with tufted hairs in 
their axils, otherwise smooth ; leaves round-ovate, slightly cordate, coarsely 
serrate, acute, plicate by the strong impressed veins ; cymes long-peduncled, 
7-rayed; calyx smooth, with the lobes obtuse; fruit small, roundish, deep 
blue. — Rich damp soil. March -May. — A large shrub. 

9. V. molle, Michx. Stellate-pubescent ; leaves 3' - 4' long, thin, or- 
bicular-cordate, dentate-serrate, acute, hairy on the impressed veins, the short 
petiole, with the setaceous stipule-like appendages, and bracted cyme glandu- 
lar; calyx ciliate ; corolla large, the lobes round; fruit "o})long-ovate." — 
Cliffs of the Coosa River, near Rome, Georgia. May. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. 

Var. 1 tomentosum. Leaves smaller (H'-2i' long) and thicker, ovate 
or oblong-ovate, seldom cordate, softly pubescent beneath ; petioles and cymes 
glandless ; stipule-like appendages none ; corolla smaller ; fruit roundish, blue. 
(V. scabrellum, jp/om.) — Mostly in low ground in the lower districts. — 
Shrub 8° -12° high. 

10. V, pubescens, Pursh. Leaves small, ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely 
serrate, hairy above, tomentose beneath, on very short petioles or the upper- 
most subsessile ; cymes small, smoothish, 7-rayed ; fruit oblong, black. — 
Mountains of North Carolina. June. — A shrub 2° - 3° high. Leaves l' - 2' 
long. 

* * Marginal flowers radiant and sterile. 

11. V. lantanoides, Michx. Stem smooth and straggling; branches, 
cymes, and lower surface of the round-ovate, cordate, serrate leaves covered 
with tufted down ; cymes sessile ; fruit ovoid, black. — Deep shades on the 
mountains of North Carolina. June. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves 4' — 6' 
long. Sterile flowers V in diameter. 



Order 71. RUBIACE^. (Madder Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves entire, opposite and united by in- 
terposed stipules, or whorled. — Calyx tube adherent to the ovary ; the 
limb 4 - 6-toothed or lobed, or obsolete. Corolla 4 - 6-lobed, inserted 
on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 4-6, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 2- 10-celled, with 1 -sev- 
eral anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell. Style mostly 
solitary. Albumen hard or fleshy. 



RUBTACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 191 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. COFFEES. Ovules and seed solitary in the cells (except 
No. 6). Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, 

§ 1. Leaves whorled. Stipules none. 

1. GALIUM. Corolla rotate, valvate in the bud. Fruit 2-celled. Herbs. 

§ 2. Leaves opposite, rarely three in a whorl, with stipules interposed. 
* Herbs. Mature fruit di-y. Flowers single or clustered. 

2. SPERMACOCE. Carpels 2, one or both open on the inner face. Flowers clustered. 

Calyx lobes persistent. 

3. RICHARDIA. Carpels 2-4, closed. Calyx lobes deciduous. Flower clusters terminal. 

4. DIODIA. Carpels 2-3, bony and closed. Style 2-cleft. Albumen fleshy, 

* * Shrubs. Fruit dry. Flowers in globular peduncled heads. 

5. CEPHALANTHUS. Carpels 2-4, separating at the base, closed. 

* * * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. Flowers mostly axillary. 

•1- Ovaries united, forming a compound berry in fruit. 

6. MITCHELLA. Flowers by pairs. Stamens 4. Berry 4-seeded. 

7. MORINDA. Flowers numerous. Stamens 5. Berry 1-seeded. 

■I- -1- Ovaries and fruit separate. 
•w- Albumen horny. 

8. CHIOCOCCA. Fruit flattened, even. Stigma entire. Seeds suspended. 

9. PSTCHOTRIA. Fruit ribbed. Stigma 2-lobed. Seeds erect. 

•t-i- ++ Albumen fleshy. 

10. STRUMPFIA. Corolla bell-shaped. Anthers subsessile, united. Leaves whorled. 

11. GUETTARDA. Corolla salver-form. Anthers subsessile, separate. 

12. ERITHALIS. Corolla subrotate. Filaments slender. Flowers panicled. 

13. ERNODEA. Corolla salver-form. Flowers axillary, solitary. 

Suborder II. CINCHONEJE. Ovules and seeds numerous in the cells. 
Calyx tube adherent to the ovary. Leaves opposite. 

* Fruit baccate, indehiscent. Shrubs, 
-t- Fruit 5-celled. 

14. HAMELIA. Flowers cymose. Corolla cylindrical, crimson. 

H- -)- Fruit 2-celled; 

15. GENIPA. Flowers cymose. Corolla salver-form, white. Berry large. 

16. RANDIA. Flowers solitary. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. 

17. CATESB^A. Flowers solitary. Corolla 4-lobed, valvate. 

* * Fruit capsular, loculicidally dehiscent. 
•H Shrubs or trees. 

18. PINCKNETA. Shrubs or trees. Flowers cymose, terminal. Seeds winged. 

19. EXOSTEMMA. Shrubs. Flowers solitary, axillary. Seeds winged. 

-(- -f- Herbs. Corolla valvate. Seed wingless. 

20. HOUSTONIA. Corolla funnel- or salver-form, 4-lobed, longer than the calyx. 

21. OLDENLANDIA. Corolla rotate, 4-lobed, shorter than the calyx. 

22. PENTODON. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed. Capsule included in the calyx. 

1. GALIUM, L. 

Calyx teeth obsolete. Corolla rotate, 3 - 4-lobed. Stamens 3-4. Styles 2, 
united at the base. Stigma capitate. Fruit double, separating into two 1- 
seeded closed carpels. Albumen horny. — Slender herbs, with square stems 
and whorled leaves. Flowers minute. 



192 RUBIACEiE. (madder FAMILY.) 

* Annual: fruit drij. 

1. G. Aparine, L. (Cleavers.) Auuual; stems weak, retrorsely his- 
pid, 2° -3° long ; leaves 6 - 8 in a whorl, lanceolate, hispid ou the margins and 
midrib; peduncles lung, l-2floworcd; fruit bristly. — Waste places, spar- 
ingly introduced. 

2. G. virgatum, Nutt. Low (6'- lO' higli), simple or In-anching at the 
base, smooth or liispid; leaves 4 in a whorl, short (4" or .5"), oblong-lanceo- 
late, hispid-ciliate ; peduncles axillary, short, bracteolate, 1 -flowered; fruit 
hispid. — Barrens of Tennessee [Gattinger), and westward. 

* * Perennial. 
•*- Fruit baccate: peduncles 1 -3-Jlowered: leaves 4 in a ichorl. 

3. G. hispidulum, Michx. Stems much branched, slightly roughened, 
hair}^ at the joints; leaves small (2" -6"), rigid, lanceolate -ovate, rougli on 
the margins and veins beneath, acute ; berry roughened, bluish black. (Kubia 
Brownei, Michx.) — Dry sandy soil near the coast. May- Sept. — Stems l°- 
2'^ long. Root yellow. Flowers greenish white. 

4. G. uniflorum, Michx. Smooth; stems mostly simple, slender, 
erect ; leaves linear, acute, rough on the margins, punctate beneath ; berry 
smooth, black. — Dry rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. 
June- July. — Stems numerous, 1° high. Flowers white. 

•t- -1- Fruit dry : peduncles commonly 3-many-Jiowered. 
•^ Fruit hispid. 

5. G. triflorum, Michx. Stems weak, diffuse, very rough ; leaves 4-6 
in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, cuspidate, the upper surface and veins be- 
neath hispid; peduncles mostly 3-fiowered ; fruit densely uncinate-hispid. — 
Low shaded places. July. — Stems 2° -3° long. Flowers greenish white. A 
smoother form is G. cuspidatum, Muhl. 

6. G. pilosum, Ait. Stems rigid, hairy or roughened on the angles, 
branching; leaves small (4'' -8^'), 4 in a whorl, oval, slightly pointed, more 
or less hairy and roughened, dotted ; peduncles 2-3 times forking ; fruit 
pedicelled, bristly with hooked hairs. — Dry soil. June- Sept. — Stem l°-3° 
long. Flowers purple. 

Var, puncticulosum, Gray. Stem, leaves, etc. smooth or nearly so ; 
fruit often much larger. — Dry rich soil, Florida, and northward. 

7. G. ciresezans, Michx. Stems erect, smooth or nearly so ; leaves 
large (I'-l-^'), 4 in a whorl, oval, mostly obtuse, 3-nerved, pubescent; pedun- 
cles forking, then spreading and spike-like ; fruit bristly with hooked hairs, 
nearly sessile, nodding. — Dry open woods. July. — Stems several, sparingly 
branched, 1° high. Flowers purple. 

•H- -M. Fruit smooth, 

8. G. trifldum, L. Stems slender, weak, smooth or rough-angled, at 
length diffuse; leaves 4-6 in a whorl, unequal, varying from linear to spatu- 
late-lanceolate, obtuse, smooth, or rough on the margins and midrib, the upper 
ones often opposite ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered ; corolla lobes and stamens often 
3. -- Wet places. June - July. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Flowers white. Plant 
dries black. 



KUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 193 

9. G. asprellum, Michx. Stem weak, 2° -4° long, diffusely branched, 
retrorsely liispid ; leaves 6 in a whorl, lanceolate or elliptical, hispid on the 
midrib and margins ; flowers very numerous, minute, white. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. July. 

10. G. latifoliura, Michx. Stems erect, smooth ; leaves thin, 4 in a 
whorl, ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth, 3-nerved, dotted, minutely fringed on 
the margins ; peduncles filiform, 2-3 times forking. — Mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems 1° - 1^° high. Leaves r-2' long. 
Flowers purple. 

11. G. Arkansanum, Gray. Stems low, smooth ; leaves 4 in a whorl, 
lanceolate or linear, V or less long, ciliate on the margins ; peduncles forking. 
— "West Tennessee (Gattinger), and westward. 

2. SPERMACOCE, L. 

Calyx 2-4-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4- 
lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the corolla. 
Stigma simple or 2-cleft. Fruit composed of two 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds 
grooA'ed on the inner face. — Low herbs. Leaves obliquely straight-veined, 
their bases connected by the bristly-fringed sheathing stipules. Flowers 
small, in axillary sessile clusters. 

* Carpels separating at the apex, one of them closed by the partition, the other 
open. — Spermacoce. 

1. S. glabra, Michx. Stem 4-angled, smooth, erect ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong, acute, roughened on the margins and veins beneath ; clusters globose, 
dense, many-flowered ; corolla barely longer than the lanceolate calyx teeth, 
white, woolly within ; stamens and style included ; fruit obovate. — Banks of 
rivers, Florida, and westward. June. 2/ — Stem l°-2° high. 

2. S. tenuior, L. Stem erect, smooth, slightly angled ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute, rough above and on the margins ; clusters few-flowered ; 
corolla white, hairy within, 2-3 times as long as the calyx ; stamens and 
slender style exserted ; fruit turbinate. — Dry soil, Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. July. 2/ — Stem 6' - 12' high. 

.3. S. Portoricensis, Balbis. Stem slender, erect or prostrate, branch- 
ing from the base, terete, smooth ; leaves lanceolate, rough above, remote ; 
clusters small, mostly few-flowered ; flowers minute, the smooth white corolla 
barely longer than the subulate teeth of the calyx ; stamens and style in- 
cluded ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — South Florida, in dry soil. (T) — Stem 3' - 12' 
long. 

* * Carpels both opening on the inner face. — Borreria. 

4. S. parvifiora, Gray. Annual ; stem erect, slender, simple or branched 
above, 4-angied, smooth; leaves remote, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, narrowed 
at the base, the upper surface and margins rough, the lateral veins obscure ; 
clusters dense, globose, axillary and terminal ; calyx teeth 4, subulate, longer 
than the minute (white) corolla ; fruit ovoid, hairy. — Waste places, Florida. 
June - August. — Plant 6' - 18' high, pale green. Leaves V long. 

13 



194 RUBIACEJE. (madder FAMILY.) 

5. S. podoeephala, Gray. Stems low (3'- 6'), smooth, erect or ascend- 
ing, l)rancliing- at tlie l)ase; leaves smooth, linear, with the margins revolute, 
those in tlie axils clustered, tlie floral ones mostly 4, longer tlian the solitary 
terminal long-peduncled gloI>ose head; stipnlar l)ristles 2-4; fruit pubescent, 
ovoid, crowned with two subulate spreading calyx lobes ; corolla somewhat 
funnel-shaped, mostly 3-lobed, smooth within; stigma capitate. — Pine Key, 
South Florida {Bludyett). 

3. RICHARDIA, L. False Ipecac. 

Calyx 4 - 7-parted, the lobes deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, 3 - G-lobed. 
Stamens 3 - 6, exserted. Style 3- or 4-cleft. Capsule separating into 2-4 
one-seeded indehiscent nutlets. — Hairy branching herbs. Leaves united by 
bristly stipules. Flowers white, in terminal sessile clusters. 

1 . R. scabra, St. Hilaire. Annual, hirsute, forking ; leaves ovate, acute, 
the two upper pairs involucre-like ; calyx lobes subulate ; nutlets 2-3, oblong. 
— Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Introduced. 

4. DIODIA, L. 

Characters chiefly of Spermacoce, but the two bony indehiscent carpels 
closed on the inner face. — Herbs. Corolla tube often long and slender. 
Flowers few or solitary in the axils of the narrow leaves. 

1. D. Virginica, L. Perennial; stem and leaves smooth, pubescent, or 
hirsute ; stem prostrate, 4-angled ; leaves somewhat fleshy, lanceolate, acute, 
sessile ; flowers single, or 2 - 6 in a cluster ; corolla hairy within, the tube 
long and slender ; fruit ovoid, strongly ribbed, crowned with the 2 (rarely 4) 
linear or lanceolate calyx teeth. — AVet places. June -Sept. — Stem l°-4° 
long. Flowers white or purplish. 

2. D. teres, AValt. Annual ; stem erect, widely branched from the base, 
terete, bristly or hairy ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute, rough ; flowers 
solitary or 2- 3 together ; corolla funnel-shaped ; fruit obovate, even, crowned 
with the 4 short calyx teeth. — Dry sandy soil. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 1 2' 
high, sometimes prostrate. Flowers purplish. 

5. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button-Bush. 

Calyx obconical, 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft, imbricated in the bud. 
Stamens 4. Style slender, exserted. Stigma capitate. Fruit dry, obconical, 
separating from the base into 2-4 one-seeded carpels. Seeds pendulous. Al- 
bumen horny. — Aquatic shrubs, with oval or lanceolate leaves, short entire 
stipules, and white flowers collected into a globose long-peduncled head. 
Eeceptacle hairy. 

1. C. oecidentalis, L. Smooth, or the young branches and lower sur- 
face of the ovate-oblong acute leaves pubescent ; peduncles terminal, and 
in the upper axils. — Ponds and marshes. July -August. — Stem 4° -12° 
high. Leaves petioled, 3' -5' long, sometimes three in a whorl. Heads 1'' in 
diameter. 



KUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 195 

6. MITCHELL A, L. Partridge-berry. 

Flowers by pairs, Avith their ovaries united. Calyx 4-tootlied. Corolla 
fuunel-shaped, 4-lobed, hairy witliin, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 
slender. Stigmas 4. Fruit composed of two 4-seeded fleshy drupes united, 
crowned with the 4-toothed calyx. — A smooth creeping evergreen shrub, with 
small broadly ovate leaves, minute stipules, and fragrant white terminal 
flowers. 

1. M. repens, L. — Shady woods. March - April. — Stem l°-20 long. 
Leaves 6''- 10'' long, mostly somewhat cordate, shining above, on slender 
petioles. Corolla ^' long. Fruit red. 

7. MORINDA, L. 

Flowers numerous, their ovaries united into a head. Calyx obscurely 
toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, 
short. Style slender. Stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit composed of 2-4 one- 
seeded carpels, all united into a fleshy head. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves 
opposite or whorled. Stipules within the leaves. Flowers terminal, or op- 
posite the leaves. 

1. M. Roioc, L. Stem smooth, procumbent or climbing ; leaves smooth, 
lanceolate and acuminate, or obovate-oblong and abruptly acute, short- 
petioled; stipules broad and short ; flowers small, crimson. — South Florida. 
March - April. 

8. CHIOCOCCA, Browne. Snowberry. 

Calyx ovate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla ; anthers linear, included. 
Style slender. Stigma obtuse. Fruit fleshy, roundish, compressed, composed 
of two oblong 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds suspended. — Shrubs. Leaves smooth, 
petioled. Stipules connate. Flowers in axillary racemes, white or yellow. 

1. C. racemosa, Jacq. Erect; leaves oblong (2' -3' long), acute at 
both ends ; racemes mostly longer than the leaves, often compound, many- 
flowered ; corolla many times longer than the calyx teeth, white, turning 
yellow. — Varies with the stems prostrate and vine-like, leaves smaller ( g-' - f 
long), more rigid, and longer than the few-flowered simple racemes. — South 
Florida. — Fruit white. 

9. PSYCHOTRIA, L. 

Calyx ovate, 5-tootlied, or nearly entire. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 4 - 
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4-5. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit drupa- 
ceous, composed of two 1-seeded carpels, mostly ribbed or angled when dry. 
Seeds erect. Albumen horny. — Shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, nar- 
rowed to a petiole. Stipules sometimes membranaceous and deciduous. 
Flowers mostly in terminal corymbs or panicles. 

1. P. undata, Jacq. Leaves lanceolate, or lanceolate-elliptical, acumi- 
nate at each end, the lower surface as well as the branches ferruginous- 
pubescent, sometimes glabrous; stipules clasping, ovate, obtuse, deciduous ; 



196 KL'BIACE.E. (madder FAMILY.) 

corymbs termiual, trichotomous at tlie ba.se. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' 
loii^. Fruit ovate, red. 

2. P. tenuifolia, Swartz. Leaves oldong, acuuiinate at each end, uudu- 
late. rug(jsL-, ami, like tlie brauchcs, smooth ; stipules, membranaceous, acute, 
deciduous; cyme sessile, twice tricliotomous, sliorter tiian tlie leaves; corolla 
uaked at the throat, hairy at the insertion of the filaments ; fruit ovoid, 10- 
riljljed. — South Florida. — Leaves about :V long. Flowers small. 

10. STRUMPFIA, Jacq. 

Calyx limb 5-parted; the lobes acute, erect. Corolla somewhat bell- 
shn])ed, deeply .'j-parted, the tube very short, the lobes erect, lanceolate, 
spreading at the apex. Stameus o, iaserted on the base of the corolla ; fila- 
ments very sbort ; anthers thick, cohering in an ovoid-oldong 5-angled tube. 
Style single, as long as the anthers, villous ; stigma obtuse, 2-lobed. (Jvary 
2-4-celled with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit a 2-4-celled, 1 -4-seeded 
drupe. — A low maritime shrub. Branches roughened by the persistent stip- 
ules, trichotomous. Leaves ternate, very rigid, linear, obtuse, entire, the mar- 
gins re volute. Flowers small, in axillary racemes, shorter than the leaves. 
Corolla pubescent. Drupe small, red. 

I. S. ina]:itiina, Jacq. — South Florida, B/odfjett. 

IL GUETTARDA, L. 

Calyx tube ovoid, the limb tubular, scarcely toothed. Corolla salver- 
shaped, 4- 9-lobed, naked in the throat. Anthers 4-9, sessile in the throat 
of the corolla. Style simple. Stigma mostly capitate. Fruit composed of 
4-9 one-seeded bou}^ carpels, united. — Trees or shrubs, with ovate or lance- 
olate leaves, and lanceolate deciduous stipules. Peduncles axillary, forking. 
Flo"\vers sessile. 

1. G. elliptiea, Swartz. Leaves membranaceous, elliptical, slightly 
raucronate, feather-veined, rough above, the lower surface, especially the 
veins, like the branches and cymes, covered with appressed silky hairs ; cymes 
shorter than the leaves, 5 - 10-flowered ; flowers silky, tetramerous (rarely tri- 
merous) ; stigma entire ; fruit globose, composed of 4 nutlets surrounded by 
8 empty cells , calyx limb truncate, cleft on one side. — South Florida. — 
Leaves V-lV long. Fruit as large as a pea. 

2. G. scabra, Lam. Leaves coriaceous, elliptical or somewhat obovate, 
cordate at the base, rugose, muricate above, the lower surface, like the 
branches and cymes, rusty -tomentose ; cymes longer than the leaves, several- 
flowered ; fruit globose, 4-seeded, without empty cells. — South Florida. — 
Leaves larger than in No. 1. 

12. ERITHALIS, Browne. 

Calyx ovoid, obscurely 4- 10-toothed. Corolla somewhat rotate, 4-10- 
parted, with linear spreading lobes. Stamens 4-10, inserted on the base of 
the corolla: anthers linear. Style simple. Stigma 2-lipped. Fruit globose, 
ribbed, composed of 4-10 one-seeded bony carpels. Seeds suspended. —7 



RUBlACEiE. (madder FAMILY.) 197 

Smooth shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, broad and short mucronate 
sheathing stipules, and axillary panicled flowers. 

1. E. fruticosa, L. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, obtuse, shining, nar- 
rowed into a petiole; panicles about as long as the leaves, many-flowered* 
flowers mostly tetramerous, small ; fruit 5-ribbed, 6- 10-ceUed. — South Flor- 
ida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers white. 

13. ERNODEA, Swartz. 

Calyx ovate ; the limb 4 - 6-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-shaped, slen- 
der; the lobes 4-6, revolute. Stamens exserted; anthers linear, erect. 
Style slender, longer than the stamens. Fruit obovate, somewhat fleshy, the 
two separable horny carpels closed. Seeds furrowed on the inner face. — A 
somewhat shrubby prostrate and smooth plant, with rigid 3-nerved lanceolate 
leaves, and solitary sessile axillary flowers. 

1. E. littoralis, Swartz. — South Florida, along the coast. March - 
April. — Stems straight, rigid, 4-angled, smooth. Branches short, alternate. 
Leaves sessile, smooth, acute, the upper ones crowded. Flowers sessile in 
the upper axils, yeUow. Fruit roundish. 

14. HAMELIA, Jacq. 

Calyx oval, 5-toothed, Corolla tubular, somewhat 5-angled, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted near the base of the tube of the corolla : anthers linear. Style 
simple. Stigma obtuse. Berry ovoid, 5-furro wed, 5-celled, many-seeded. Seeds 
minute, compressed. — Shrubs, with opposite or Avhorled oblong petioled leaves, 
lanceolate stipules, and orange-colored flowers, in axillary and terminal cymes. 

1. H. patens, Jacq. Pubescent; branches angled ; leaves 3 in a whorl, 
oblong, acute ; cymes terminal, pednncled, umbellate ; corolla cylindrical, the 
lobes concave at the apex, and mucronate on the back. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 3' - 5' long. Berry black. 

15. GENIPA, L. 

Calyx tube produced above the ovary, truncate or 5-toothed. Corolla sal- 
ver-form, 5-parted, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted near the throat 
of the corolla : anthers nearly sessile. Stigma clavate or 2-cleft. Ovary 1- 
celled, the two placentae nearly meeting at the axis. Berry large, pulpy 
within, many-seeded. — Tropical shrubs or trees. 

1. G. clusisefolia, Griseb. (Seven- Year Apple.) Leaves clustered 
at the end of the branches, obovate, glabrous ; stipules large, persistent ; 
racemes corymbose ; corolla fleshy. — Soiith Florida. — Shrub 6° - 8° high. 
Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 1' long, Avhite, very fragrant. 

16. RAWDIA, Houst. 

Calvx obovate, .5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 5, ses- 
sile in the throat of the corolla, linear. Style simple, short. Stigma clavate, 
2-lobed. Fruit somewhat dry, 2-celled, many-seeded. Seeds wingless. — 
Branching mostly spiny shrubs, with opposite leaves, and solitary stipules be- 
tween the petioles. Flowers solitary or in short racemes. 



198 RUBixiC'E.^. (madder family.) 

1. R. aculeata, L. Spiny or unarmed; leaves small, obovate, smooth, 
coriaceous; llcnvcrs solitary, axillary; corolla (white) liaiiy in the throat, the 
tube 2-3 times as long as the calyx, the limb convolute in the bud. — South 
Florida. — Branches rigid. Leaves 5'^- 10'' long, rather hmger than the sub- 
ulate spi-eading spines. Corolla 3'' -4'' long. Fruit ovoid, as large as a pea, 
about G-seeded. Sinuses of the calyx hairy. 

17. CATESB^A, L. 

Calyx 4-toothed or 4-]jarted. Corolla funuel-sliaped, 4-lobcd. Stamens 4, 
inserted on the base of the corolla. Stigma 2-lobed. Berry 2-celled, many- 
seeded, the placentju at the top of the partition. Seeds flat, imbricated. — 
Spiny shrubs, with small thick opposite leaves, and axillary whitish flowers. 

1. C. parviflora, Swartz. Glabrous; leaves oval or obovate, mostly 
shorter than the spines, the margins revolute ; flowers sessile ; corolla small 
(4'' long), the tube 4-angled ; berry globose. — Bahia Houda, South Florida 
{Curliss). — Shrub 4° -8° high. 

18. PINCKNEYA, Michx. Geokgia Bark. 

Calyx obloug-obovate, 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, deciduous, or one of 
them, in the outer flowers, often transformed into a large colored leaf. Co- 
rolla tubular, hairy, witli five linear-oblong revolute lobes, slightly imbricated 
in the bud. Stamens 5, exserted : anthers oblong. Stigma obtuse. Capsule 
globose, papery, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the apex, and at length sep- 
ticidally to the base. Seeds numerous, in two rows, horizontal, membrana- 
ceous, winged. — A shrub or small tree, with pubescent branches. Leaves 
large, oval or oblong, acute, smoothish above, the lower surface, like the 
terminal compound cyme, hoary -pubescent. Stipules linear, deciduous. 

1. P. pubens, Michx. — Marshy banks of streams in the pine barrens, 
Florida to South Carolina. May - June. — More conspicuous for its ovate 
pink-colored floral leaves, than for its purplish spotted corolla. 

19. EXOSTEMMA, DC. 

Calyx obovate or tubular; the limb 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tube 
very long, terete ; the limb with five long linear recurved lobes, valvate in the 
bud. Stamens 5, exserted. Style filiform, thickened above. Stigma obtuse 
or 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovoid, 2-celled, opening loculicidally at the 
apex, and septicidally nearly to the base, many-seeded. Seeds circular, im- 
bricated, winged. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite. Stipules solitar3^ 
FloAvers white or reddish. 

1. E. Caribseum, R. & S. Smooth; branches slender; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate ; peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flow^ered ; corolla as 
long as the leaves. — South Florida. — Shrub 6°- 12° high. Corolla 2' long, 
fragrant. 

20. HOUSTONIA, Gronov. Bluette. 

Flowers tetramerous, dimorphous. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla salver- or 
funnel-form, 4-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens and styles long or short. 



KUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.) 199 

Stigmas 2. Capsule 2-celled, free from the calyx above, opening across the 
top. Seeds few or numerous. Albumen horny. — Low herbs, with solitary 
or cymose white or blue flowers. 

* Corolla salver-shaped : peduncles axillary, solitary. 

1. H. COerulea, L. (Innocence.) Perennial; stems erect, 4' -6' high; 
radical leaves tufted, spatulate-obovate, obtuse, the upper small and distant ; 
pedicels erect or declining; flowers noddiug in the bud; corolla 5" -6" wide, 
blue or white with a yellow eye, its tube thrice the length of the subulate 
calyx lobes ; capsule obcordate. — Low ground chiefly in the upper districts. 
April - May. 

2. H. patens, Ell. Annual; stems erect ; radical leaves acvite ; branches 
and pedicels spreading ; flowers erect in the bud ; corolla 3'' wide, deep blue, 
and no yellow eye, its tube twice the length of the calyx lobes ; otherwise like 
the preceding. — Roadsides and dry banks. Feb. -April. 

3. H. serpyllif olia, Michx. Perennial, smooth ; stems filiform, pros- 
trate, branching; leaves ovate or roundish, abruptly contracted into a long 
slender petiole; peduncles elongated, terminal, and in the forks of the stem. 
— High mountains of North Carolina. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Peduncles T- 
2' long. FloAvers deep blue. 

4. H. rotundif olia, Michx. Perennial ; stems diffuse, creeping ; leaves 
round or oval, fleshy, abruptly contracted into a short petiole; peduncles 
mostly shorter than the leaves, recurved in fruit ; flowers white. — Sandy soil 
near the coast, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. Feb. - March, and 
bearing inconspicuous fruiting flowers through the year. 

* * Corolla funnel-shaped: flowers diceciously dimorphous : capsule free at the 
apex : stem 4-angled : flowers in terminal cymes. 

5. H. purpurea, L. Pubescent ; stem branching, erect ; leaves ovate 
or lanceolate-ovate, sessile, 3 - .5 ribbed ; calyx lobes longer than the capsule ; 
corolla purple or nearl}^ white, slightly hairy within ; capsule roundish. — 
Woods, chiefly in the upper districts. June -July. — Stems 8'- 12' high. 
Calyx lobes occasionally 3-4 times the length of the capsule. 

Var. longifolia, Gray. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate or linear, 1-ribbed, the 
lowest spatulate-oblong ; calyx lobes as long as the globose capsule. — With 
the preceding. 

Var. tenuifolia, Gray. Branches and pedicels filiform, spreading; 
leaves remote, narrow-linear ; flowers and capsules smaller. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. July. 

6. H. angustifolia, Michx. Smooth; root woody; stems clustered, 
erect, branching above ; leaves linear ; cymes crowded, with the central 
flowers nearly sessile ; corolla white, very hairy within ; capsule ovoid, as 
long as the calyx teeth. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida, and westward. June - 
July. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 

Var. fllifolia, Gray. Stems shrubby at the base, diffusely branched ; 
leaves filiform, remote; cymes scattered, 3-flowered, the slender pedicels 
equal and spreading; capsule obcordate, rather longer than the calyx teeth, 
the upper half free. — South Florida. — Stem slender, 6'- 10' long. Flowers 
and capsules very small. 



200 LOGANIACE^. (lOGAXIA FAMILY.) 

21. OLDENLANDIA, PLuai. 

Flowers tetramerous, not dimorplious. Calyx 4-lobed. Corolla rotate, 4- 
lobed, longer tliau the 4 iucurved staineus ; anthers ovoid. Capsules included, 
many-seeded. Albumen flesliy. — Small marsh herbs, with opposite leaves, 
4 - 5-parted stipules, and axillary single or clustered minute flowers. 

1. O. Boscii, Chapm. Stems 4-aiigled, smooth, diffuse; leaves linear; 
flowers siugle, or 2-3 together ; corolla white or purjjlish ; capsule ovoid. — 
River banks, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. July. — Stems 6'- 
10' lobg. 

2. O. glomerata, Michx. Stems terete, smooth or pubescent, brancliiug ; 
leaves oblong or oval, short-petioled ; clusters dense, many-flowered; ccn-olla 
greenish white. — Wet places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
July. — Stems 3'- 15' high. Earlier flowers mostly single. 

22. PENTODON, Ilochst. 

Flowers peutamerous. Calyi turbinate, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
5-lobed, longer than the calyx teeth. Stamens short. Capsule included, 
many-seeded. Albumen fleshy. — Tender prostrate glabrous annuals. 

1. P. Halei, Gray. Stems weak, diffuse, forking; leaves oval-oblong, 
acute at each end, somewhat fleshy ; flowers solitary, or in short 3 - 5-flowered 
cymes, white. — Banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. July. — Stem 6'- 
12' long. Leaves 1' long. 



Order 72. LOGAl^lACE^. (Logania Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with opposite entire stipulate leaves, 
regular flowers, and the calyx free from the ovary, which mainly 
distinguishes the order from Rubiacese. 

Synopsis. 

* Herbs. 

1. SPIGELIA. Corolla tubular. Style single, jointed. 

2. MITREOLA. Corolla short, 5-lobed. Styles 2, united above. 

3. POLYPREMUM. Corolla short, 4-lobed. Style single. 

* * Evergreen woody vines. 

4. GrELSEMIUM. Corolla campanulate. Seed winged. 

1. SPIGELIA. L. PiNKROOT. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes linear-subulate, persistent. Corolla tubular-fun- 
nel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, anthers linear. Style 
slender, jointed, hairy above. Stigma capitate. Capsule composed of two 
few-seeded carpels, which at length separate at the base and open loculici- 
dally. — Herbs. Leaves opposite. Flowers in one-sided terminal spikes, 
rarely solitary. 

1. S. loganioides, A. DC. Stem simple, ascending, somewhat 4- 
angled, the upper part and joints slightly puberulent ; leaves ovate or obo- 



LOGANIACEiE. (lOGANIA FAMILY.) 201 

vate, sessile, the upper surface and margins roughish; flowers axillary, 
solitary, or the terminal ones three in a cluster ; tube of the corolla more 
than twice as long as the calyx lobes. — Near Fort King, East Florida. — 
Stem 6'- 10' high. Leaves 4''- 9'' long. Corolla 4'' long, white. 

2. S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem erect, simple, 4-augled, roughish ; 
leaves roundish, ovate, or oblong, sessile, acute, the upper surface and mar- 
gins roughened ; spikes terminal, few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla conniveut ; 
stamens and style included. — Light dry soil, West Florida. May- June. — 
Stem 6'- 10' high. Corolla 6"- 10" long, pale rose-color. 

3. S. Marilandica, L. Stem simple, erect, smooth, 4-angled ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, sessile, pubescent on the veins ; spikes ter- 
minal, many-flowered, sometimes forking ; corolla long, slender, the lobes 
spreading; anthers and style exserted. — Eich woods. May -June. — Stem 
l°-2° high. Corolla 1^-' long, scarlet, yellow within. — A popular vermi- 
fuge. 

2. MITREOLA, L. Mitre-avort. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, 5-lobed, valvate in the bud, the tube round- 
ish, bearded in the throat. Stamens 5, included : anthers ovate. Styles 2, 
short, united above. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-parted, mitre-shaped, many- 
seeded, the two lobes opening on the inner face near the apex. Seeds oval, 
concave. — Smooth herbs, with opposite leaves, and small white flowers in 
terminal and axillary cymes, with the simple branches recurved in the bud. 

1. M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem branching; leaves thin, oblong, 
acute, narrowed into a petiole. (Ophiorhiza lanceolata. Ell.) — Muddy banks, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June- Sept. (l) — Stem 4-angled, 
1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

2. M. sessilif olia, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 4-angled ; leaves thick, 
ovate or roundish, strongly veined, sessile, rough on the margins; flowers and 
capsule very small. (Ophiorhiza Mitreola, Michx.) — Varies with lanceo- 
late obscurely veined leaves, and larger flowers and fruit. — Grassy swamps. 
July -Sept. © — Stem 6' -18' high. Leaves 6"- 10" long. Plant pale 
green. 

3. POLYPRBMUM, L. 

Calyx deeply 4-parted, persistent. Corolla wheel-shaped, bearded in the 
throat, 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4. Style single, very short. 
Stigma ovoid, entire. Capsule ovoid, compressed, 2-celled, loculicidally 2- 
valved, many-seeded. — A low smooth perennial herb, with 4-angled forking 
stems, linear acute leaves, their bases united by the membranaceous stipules, 
and solitary sessile white flowers in the forks of the stem. 

1. P. proeumbens, L. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. 
June -Sept. — Stems 6' -10' long, erect or prostrate, clustered. Flowers 
very small, the corolla barely longer than the calyx lobes. 

4. GELSEMIUM, Juss. Yellow Jessamine. 

Flowers dimorphous. Calyx .5-parted, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
5-lobed : the lobes rounded, emarginate, spreading, quincuncial in the bud, the 



202 VALEKIAXACE.5i:. (VALEKIAX FAMILY.) 

sinuses impressed. Stameus 5, inserted near the base of the corolla: anthers 
oblong-sagittate, extrorse. Styles united, filiform, partly persistent. Stigmas 
4, linear, spreading. Capsule oblung, compressed, 2-celled, opening septi- 
cidally to tiie middle, and loculicidally at the apex, each valve tipped with the 
persistent base of the styles. Seeds several, oval, flat, winged, obliciuely imbri- 
cated in two rows. — A smooth woody vine, w ith opposite evergreen leaves, 
minute stipules, and large yellow fragrant flowers, in axillary bracted and 
cluster-like racemes. 

1. G. sempervirens, Ait. — Margins of swamps, and river banks, near 
the coast. March -April. — Stem twining, purplish. Leaves lanceolate or 
ovate, acute or subcordate at the base, short-petioled. Kacemes few-flowered. 
Pedicels scaly. Corolla V-lV lo"g- 



Order 73. VALERIANACE^E. (Valerian Family.) 

Herbs with opposite exstipiilate leaves, and cymose flowers. — Calyx 
tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla tubular or f unnel-sliaped, mostly 
5-lobed, imbricated in the bud. Stamens distinct, fewer than the 
corolla lobes, and inserted on its tube. Ovary 3-celled, two of which 
are emj)ty, the third containing a single suspended anatropous ovule. 
Style slender. Stigmas 1 - 3. Fruit 1 - 3-celled, 1-seeded. Albumen 
none. 

1. VALERIANA, Tourn. Valekian. 

Limb of the calyx composed of several plumose bristles, at first incurved, 
afterward spreading. Corolla gibbous at the base, 5-lobed. Stamens 3. 
Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. — Perennials. 

1. v. scandens, L. Smooth; stem climbing; leaves on slender peti- 
oles, ternately divided ; leaflets ovate, entire ; cymes paniculate, diffuse, axil- 
lary and terminal ; corolla very short. — East Florida. 

2. V. pauciflora, Michx. Smooth; stem (l°-3°high) erect, or de- 
cumbent at the base, simple ; leaves membranaceous, toothed or serrate, the 
radical ones mostly entire, ovate or cordate, long-petioled, the others pin- 
nately 3 - 7-lobed ; cymes terminal, in a close panicle ; tube of the pale pink 
corolla long and slender. — Mountains of Tennessee, and northward. Juue- 
July. 

2. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. Lamb Lettuce. 

Calyx limb toothed or obsolete. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 
3. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells empty and sometimes confluent into one, 
the other 1-seeded. — Annual herbs, with forking stems, opposite entire or 
lobed leaves, and white or purplish flow^ers in crowded bracted cymes. 

1. V. radiata, Dufr. Leaves oblong, the upper ones clasping and 
toothed at the base ; fruit mostly downy, ovoid, with a furrow betAveen the 
parallel and contiguous empty cells ; flowers Avhite. — Kiver banks, Florida, 
and northAvard. Feb. - March. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 203 

2. V. Olitoria, Poll. Flowers pale h\x\e; fruit compressed, oblique, 
with a corky mass at the back of tlie fertile cell, the empty cells large and 
sometimes conflueut; stem and leaves as in F. radiata, — New Orleans. 
Introduced. 

3. V. Woodsiana, Walp., var. patellaria, Gray. Flowers white; 
fruit circular, notched at both ends, the empty cells concave, broader than the 
fertile one, and forming a wing around it. — Nashville {Dr. Gattinger). 



Order 74. DIPSACACE^.. (Teasel Family.) 

Plants in habit and inflorescence resembling the next order, but 
with separate anthers, and albuminous suspended seeds, represented 
here by a single species of 

1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. Teasel. 

Heads oblong. Involucre many-leaved. Flowers in the axil of a thin awn- 
pointed bract, and enclosed in a 4-leaved involucel. Calyx 4:-augied, truncate, 
adnate to the 1 -celled, 1-ovuled ovary. Corolla 4-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted 
on the corolla. — Tall biennials. 

1. D. Sylvestris, Miller. Stem prickly, 3°-5° high; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, the lowest oblong, crenate-serrate ; involucre longer than the 
head ; bracts straight-awned ; flowers pale purple. — North Carolina. Intro- 
duced from Europe. 



Order 75. COMPOSITE. (Composite Family.) 

Flowers clustered in a dense head upon a common receptacle, and 
surrounded by an involucre. Calyx united with the ovary ; the limb 
{pappus) either obsolete, or forming a cup-like or toothed border, or 
divided into chaffy scales or bristles. Corolla superior, flat or funnel- 
shaped, 5- (rarely 4-) lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens alternate 
with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted into its tube : anthers co- 
hering in a cylinder (synf/enesious). Style single: stigmas 2. Fruit 
(achenium) dry and seed-like. Seed solitary, erect, without albumen. 
Radicle inferior. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves without stipules. Invo- 
lucre composed of short or leafy bracts (scales of the involucre), arranged 
in 1 - many series. Receptacle naked, or furnished with scales {chaffy). 
Heads with the flowers all tubular {discoid), or all strap-shaped, or 
the marginal ones strap-shaped or ligulate {radiate). 

Artificial Synopsis of the Genera. 

Suborder I. TUBULIFLORiE. Corolla of the perfect flowers tubu- 
lar, equally 5- (rarely .3-4-) lobed. Ray flowers, when present, ligulate, 
either pistillate or neutral. 



204 coMPosiTiE. (composite family.) 



§ 1. Heads discoid. 
* Heads with the flowers all perfect. No. 

Pappus none. Leaves resinous-dotted, linear. Flowers yellow . . FLAVERIA. G9 
Pappus none. Leaves opposite, ovate. Flowers yellow . . . VERBESINA. 58 

Pappus none. Leaves alternate. Flowers wliite .... HARTWRIGHTIA. 5 
Pappus bristly or hairy. 
Flowers yellow. 

Receptacle pointed BIGELOVIA. 21 

Receptacle flat SOLIDAGO. 20 

Receptacle convex SENECIO. 80 

Flowers white, blue, or purple. 
Receptacle chaft'y. 

Leaves opposite. Flowers white MELANTHERA. 47 

Leaves alternate. Flowers purple CARPHEPHORUS. 7 

Receptacle bristly. 

Leaves spiny CNICUS. 84 

Leaves not spmy, cordate ARCTIUM. 85 

Receptacle naked. 

Scales of the involucre in a single row CACALIA. 83 

Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. 

Pappus double, the outer row very short VERNONIA. 1 

Pappus single. 
Achenia ribbed or striate. 

Pappus plumose. Flowers cream-colored KUHNIA. 1 1 

Pappus scabrous. Leaves cordate. Flowers purple . BRICKELLIA. 12 
Pappus scabrous. Leaves narrow. Heads racemed . . . LIATRIS. 8 
Pappus scabrous. Leaves oblong. Heads panicled . . TRILISIA. 9 
Pappus scabrous. Leaves obovate. Stems woody . . GARBERIA. 10 
Achenia not ribbed, 5-angied. 

Receptacle conical CONOCLINIUM. 13 

Receptacle flat. Stems climbing MIKANIA. 14 

Receptacle flat. Stems erect . . ... . . EUPATORIUM. 13 

Pappus scaly. 
Flowers blue or purple. 

Pappus a cup-shaped border of united scales AGERATUM. 4 

Pappus slender, almost bristly. 

Pappus deciduous. Heads large and single STOKESIA. 2 

Pappus persistent. Heads small, in 3-bracted clusters . ELEPHANTOPUS. 3 

Pappus of 5 oval almost bony scales. Leaves whorled . . SCLEROLEPIS. 6 
Flowers white. 
Receptacle naked. 

^. ,. , , ^ ( POLYPTERIS. 67 

Leaves entire, hnear or lanceolate ) PAT AFOXTA 

Leaves entire, ovate or cordate AGERATUM. 4 

Leaves pinnately lobed HTMENOPAFPUS. 6G 

Receptacle chaffy. 

Achenium top-shaped. Scales of the pappus 5 - 6 . '. . MARSHALLIA. 65 

Achenium flat. Pappus 2-awned ACTINOMERIS. 59 

Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 - 4-avraed. 

Awns of the pappus deciduous HELIANTHUS. 56 

Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid upward COREOPSIS. 60 

Awns of the pappus persistent, hispid downward BID ENS. 62 

* * Heads with flowers variously imperfect. 

Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers perfect, but abortive. 
> Pappus bristly. 

Scales of the involucre in a single row ERECHTHITES. 82 



COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 205 

Scales of the involucre in 2 or more rows. No. 

Pubescence woolly. Receptacle partly chaffy FILAGO. 33 

Pubescence woolly. Receptacle naked GNAPHALIUM. 32 

Pubescence tomentose. Stem winged PTEROCAULON. 30 

Pubescence glandular. Heads corymbose PLUCHEA. 29 

Pappus a 5-lobed border. Flowers yellow TANACETUM. 77 

Pappus none. Leaves pinnately divided ARTEMISIA. 78 

Marginal flowers pistillate. Central flowers staminate. 

Pappus none. Style rigid, persistent SOLIVA. 79 

Pappus none. Style deciduous. Heads nodding IVA. 41 

Marginal flowers neutral. Central flowers perfect .... CENTAUREA. 86 

* * * Heads dioecious or moncecious. 

Staminate and pistillate heads on the same plant. 

Fruiting involucre 1-seeded, naked or tubercled AMBROSIA. 42 

Fruiting involucre 2-seeded, armed with hooked spines . . . XANTHIUM. 43 

Staminate and pistillate heads on separate plants. 

Anthers tailed. Hoary herbs ANTENNARIA. 31 

Anthers tailless. Smooth shrubs BACCHARIS. 27 

§ 2. Heads radiate. 
Rays pistillate. 
Flowers all fertile. 
Receptacle naked. 
Rays yellow. Leaves opposite. 

Pappus none. Heads 1-rayed FLAVERIA. 69 

Pappus scaly. Leaves fringed, dotted PECTIS. 73 

Pappus scaly. Leaves divided DYSODIA. 72 

Pappus capillary. Heads large ARNICA. 80 

Rays yellow. Leaves alternate. 

Scales of the involucre in 1 row SENECIO. 81 

Scales of the involucre in 2 rows HELENIUM. 71 

Scales of the involucre in several rows Heads large .... INULA. 28 

Pappus double, of the ray and disk flowers alike , , . CHRYSOPSIS. 24 

Pappus double, of the ray flowers none .... HETEROTHECA. 23 

Pappus single. 

Leaves alternate. Heads racemed or clustered . . SOLIDAGO. 20 

Leaves alternate. Heads panicled .... APLOPAPPUS. 22 

Pappus of 2-8 bristles GRINDELIA. 25 

Rays white or purple. 

Pappus none. Rays pale purple BELLIS. 19 

Pappus none. Rays white CHRYSANTHEMUM. 76 

Pappus chaify. Rays white .... ... BOLTONIA." 18 

Pappus bristly or capillary. 

Pappus double DIPLOPAPPUS. 16 

Pappus single. 

Rays few SERICOCARPUS. 15 

( ASTER. 16 

RaysnuiBerous . j j,j,j(.gj,0N. 17 

Receptacle chaffy. 

Involucre double, the outer 4-Ieaved, 4-angled . . . TETRAGONOTHECA. 50 
Involucre imbricated or spreading. 

Maritime shrubs. Pappus 4-toothed BORRICHIA. 45 

Herbs. 
Receptacle conical or elongated. 

Rays persistent. Corolla lobes velvety .<>... ZINNIA. 48 

Rays deciduous. Achenia 3 - 4-angled .... HELIOPSIS. 49 

Rays deciduous. Achenia compressed . . « . SPILANTIIES. 61 



206 



C'OMPOSITJE. (composite FAMILY.) 



Receptacle flat. 

Leaves lobed, alternate ACHILLEA. 

Leaves lobed, opposite "WEDELIA. 

Leaves not lobed. Pappus 2-awned VERBESINA. 

Leaves not lobed. Pappus none ECLIPTA. 

Flowers of the disk sterile. 

Rays yellow. Pappus none POLYMNIA. 

Rays yellow. Pappus none. Achenia prickly . . ACANTHOSPERMUM. 

Rays yellow. Pappus a toothed crown CHRYSOGONUM. 

Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed or awned. Aclienia winged . . SILPHIUM. 
Rays yellow. Pappus '2-toothed or awned. Aclienia wingless BERLAN'DIERA. 
Rays yellow. Pappus 2-toothed. Achenia wingless . . LINDHEIMERIA. 
Rays yellow. Pappus of the rays none, of the disk flowers bristle-like scales. 

AMPHIACHYRIS. 

Raya white. Receptacle conical PARTHENIUM. 

Rays neutral (without pistils). 
Receptacle naked or nearly so. 

Achenia villous. Pappus scaly, long-awned GAILLARDIA. 

Achenia smooth or the angles hairy. Pai)pu8 awnless . . LEPTOPODA. 

Receptacle deeply pitted. 

Margins of the pits entire. Perennial BALDWINIA. 

Margins of the pits toothed. Annual ACTINOSPERAIUM. 

Receptacle chaffy throughout. 
Involucre double. Pappus 2 - 4-awned. 

Awns of the pappus hispid upward COREOPSIS. 

Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beakless . . BIDENS. 

Awns of the pappus hispid downward. Achenia beaked . . . COSMOS. 

Involucre simple or imbricate. 

Pappus a cup-shaped border. 

Chaff of the receptacle elongated, spine-pointed . . . ECHINACEA. 

Chaff of the receptacle not elongated nor spine-pointed . . RUDBECKIA. 

Pappus none. Achenia not angled GTMNOLOMIA. 

Pappus 2 -4-awned. 
Achenia winged. Leaves divided. Receptacle elongated . LEPACHTS. 
Achenia winged. Leaves undivided. Receptacle convex . ACTINOMERIS. 
Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus deciduous . . HELIANTHUS. 

Achenia wingless. Awns of the pappus persistent . HELIANTHELLA. 
Receptacle chaffy at the apex. Achenia ribbed ANTHEMIS. 



Suborder II, LABIATIFLOR^.. Corolla of the perfect flowers 2- 
Hppecl ; the outer lip 3-lobed, the inner 2-lobed. 

Herb stemless. Scape 1-flowered. Flower nodding .... CHAPTALIA. 87 



Suborder III. LIGULIFLOR^. Corolla of all the flowers ligulate. 

Pappus none. Achenia many-ribbed APOGON. 

Pappus scaly. Flowers blue CICHORIUM. 

Pappus scaly and bristly. 
Scales of the pappus 5, with 5 intermediate bristles . . . . ( KRIGIA. 

Scales of the pappus and bristles numerous | CYNTHIA. 

Pappus hairy. 
Pappus tawny or dirty white. 
Flowers erect, rose-color. Leaves filiform ..... LYGODESMIA. 

Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia beakless HIERACIUM. 

Flowers erect, yellow. Achenia long-beaked . . . PYRRHO PAPPUS. 
Flowers nodding, whitish or purplish PRENANTHES. 



89 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 207 

Pappus clear white (except in one Mulgedium). 
Acheuia conspicuously beaked. No. 

Achenia ribbed. Stemless herbs TARAXACUM. 94 

Acheniaflat. Stems leafy LACTUCA. 96 

Achenia beakless or nearly so. 

Flowers blue. Achenia slightly beaked MULGEDIUM. 96 

Flowers yellow. Achenia beakless SONCHUS. 97 

Suborder I. TIJBUI.IFI.ORiE. 

Tribe I. VERNONIACE^. Heads discoid; the flowers all tubular and 
perfect : branches of the style terete, filiform, hairy all over ; the stigmatic 
lines only on the lower part. — Herbs, with alternate leaves and purple 
flowers. 

1. VERNONIA, Schreb. Iron-weed. 

Heads many-flowered, the flo-\\ers all equal and tubular. Involucre shorter 
than the flowers ; the scales closely imbricated in several rows. Receptacle 
naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double; the exterior consisting 
of very short scale-like bristles, the interior of copious capillary bristles.^ — 
Perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and corymbose purple flowers. 

1. V. oligophylla, Michx. Stem nearly naked; leaves rough above, 
pubescent beneath, denticulate ; those at the base large, oval or oblong, the 
others small, distant, lanceolate ; corymb few-flowered, spreading ; involucre 
bell-shaped, the scales lanceolate, acuminate, fringed. — Damp pine barrens. 
July. — Stem 2° high, sparingly branched. 

2. V. Noveboracensis, Willd. Stem more or less pubescent, branched 
above ; leaves lanceolate, serrate, mostly roughish above, smooth or pubescent 
beneath ; corymbs spreading ; involucre hemispherical, the scales fringed, 
ovate, ending in a long filiform point, or simply acute. — River banks and 
low ground. July -Sept. — Stem 3° -6° high. Scales of the involucre 
purple, and usually covered with web-like hairs. 

Var. latifolia, Gray. Stem 2°-3°hign; lower leaves oval or oblong, 
coarsely serrate, paler beneath, the upper lanceolate, entire ; scales of the 
involucre fringed, acute. — Dry woodlands, Georgia and Florida. July. 

3. v. Baldwinii, Torr. Tomentose; stem 2° -3° high ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate; heads rather small and crowded, globose, 
canescent ; scales of the involucre appressed, with spreading or recurved tips; 
achenia pubescent. — W. Tennessee (Gattinger), and westward. 

4. V. altissima, Nutt. Stem 4°-10° high, smooth; leaves lanceolate 
or oblong, the lower coarsely serrate, mostly glabrous ; corymbs spreading ; 
heads scattered, the scales smooth, obtuse, appressed ; achenia slightly hispid. 
— Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts. July - August. 

5. v. fasciculata, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, 2° -5° high, very 
leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, varying to oblong, acuminate, smooth above, 
puncticulate ; heads crowded ; scales of the involucre doAvny on the margins, 
acute ; achenia smooth. — River banks, Tennessee, and westward. August. 



208 COMPOSURE, (composite family.) 

6. V. angUStifolia, Miclix. Stem slender, .smooth or hairy, very leafy ; 
leaves linear or lineur-lauceolatei snioothish, or pubescent and roughish, the 
lowest ones sparingly denticulate, the upper entire, with the margins re volute; 
corymbs mostly umbel-like ; involucre bell-shaped ; the scales lanceolate, 
frii)ged, acute or conspicuously mucronate. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. June- August. — Stem 2*^ -3° high. 

XnT. pumila, Chapm. Low (G'- 12'), smoothish ; leaves short; heads 3- 
7, loosely corymbose; involucre smooth; pappus yellowish; acheuium smooth. 
— Wet pine woods, South Florida. Nov. 

2. STOKESIA, L'ller. 

Heads many-flowered; the marginal flowers much larger, deeply split on 
the inside, and ray-like. Involucre subglobose, bracted, the outer scales pro- 
longed into a leafy bristly-fringed ap])endage, the inner ones lanceolate and 
entire. Receptacle naked. Achenia short, 3-4-angled, smooth. Pappu.s 
composed of 4-5 filiform chaffy deciduous scales. — A sparingly branched 
downy-stemmed perennial. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, entire, the upper ones 
seisile, and, like the bracts, fringed at the base, the lowest narrowed into a 
slender petiole. Heads few or solitary, large, terminal. Flowers Ijlue. 

I. S. cyanea, L'Her. — Wet pine barrens, South Carolina, and westward, 
very rare. — Stems 1°- 1^° high. Heads V wide. 

3. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. Elephant's-foot. 

Heads 3 - 5-flowered, crowded in terminal 3-bracted clusters. Flowers all 
equal and similar. Involucre compressed ; scales 8, in 2 rows, dry, oblong, 
acute, dotted. Receptacle naked. Corolla deeply split on one side, palmate. 
Achenia oblong, ribbed, hairy. Pappus bristly from a dilated base, double or 
single — Erect hairy corymbose-branched perennials, with alternate ample 
leaves, and purple or white flowers. 

1. E. Carolinianus, Willd. Stem leafy, hairy ; leaves thin, oval or ob- 
long, incurved-serrate, hairy, tapering into a petiole ; bracts ovate, longer 
than the heads ; scales of the involucre slightly hairy. — Damp shady soil. 
July - August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 6' long, 2' - 4' wide. Flow- 
ers purple. 

2. E. tomentosus, L. Rough-hairy; stem nearly naked; radical 
leaves spreading, obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole; stem leaves (1-2) 
small, lanceolate ; bracts ovate or cordate, usually shorter than the heads ; 
scales of the involucre very hairy. — Dry sandy soil. June - August. — Stem 
l°-2° high. Radical leaves 4' -10' long, 2' Avide, spreading on the ground. 
Flowers pale purple. 

3. E. nudatus, Gray. Sparsely hirsute, and dotted with minute resinous 
atoms ; stem (6'- 18' high) with 3 or 4 short obovate leaves at the base, and 
a smaller one below the branches of the cyme ; bracts broad-ovate, barely 
acute, rather shorter than the heads ; scales of the involucre smooth, cuspi- 
date ; scales of the pappus abruptly dilated at the base. — Damp ground near 
the coast. July - Sept. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 209 

Tribe II. EUPATORIACEvE. Heads discoid ; the flowers all tubular and 
perfect: branches of the style, usually elongated, club-shaped, minutely pubes- 
cent ; the stigmatic lines obscure. — Flowers white, blue, or purple. 

4. AGERATUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales numer- 
ous, imbricated. Receptacle naked or chaffy. Achenia 5-angled. Pappus 
composed of 5-10 distinct scales, or a mere border. — Leaves opposite, 
toothed. Heads in close corymbs. Flowers blue or purple. 

1. A. littorale, Gray. Stem diffuse, somewhat shrubby at the base, 
smooth ; leaves ovate, abruptly contracted into a slender petiole ; corymbs 
few-flowered ; receptacle naked ; pappus a whitish truncated margin. — South 
Florida. — Stem 1° - 2° long. Flowers blue. 

2. A. COnyzoideS, L. Leaves ovate, rhombic, or cordate, on rather 
long petioles ; scales of the pappus 5, slightly serrate, awn-pointed from a 
broad base. — Wet places near Savannah, Georgia. May. — Pubescence and 
form of the leaves variable. Flowers white or blue. 

■« 

5. HARTWRIGHTIA, Gray. 

Heads few-flowered. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows, linear, obtuse. 
Receptacle naked. Corolla dilated above, 5-toothed. Anthers appendaged. 
Acheuia 5-angled. Pappus none. — A glabrous perennial herb. Stem corym- 
bose above. Leaves alternate, obtuse, entire, obscurely veined, the lower ob- 
long, tapering into a long margined petiole, the upper few, small and distant, 
linear. Heads cymose, pedicelled. Flowers white, resinous-punctate, like the 
achenia and involucre. 

1. H. Floridana, Gray. — Sphagnous marshes, Yolucia County, Florida 
{Wright, PFe6s^er). — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 6'- 12' 
long. 

6. SCLEROLEPIS, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated in 2 
rows, equal. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled. 
Scales of the pappus 5, almost horny, oval. — A smooth aquatic perennial 
herb, with whorled linear leaves, and 1-3 heads of purple flowers terminating 
the stem or peduncle-like branches. 

1. S. verticillata, Cass. — Shallow ponds. July. — Stems ascending, 
1° high. Leaves 5 - 6 in a whorl. Heads Y wide. 

7. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. (Ltatris, Ell.) 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 rows, 
ovate or lanceolate, appressed. Receptacle chaffy. Achenia 10-ribbed. 
Pappus of numerous unequal bearded bristles. — Erect perennial herbs. 
Leaves alternate. Heads corymbed. Flowers purple. 

1. C. Pseudo-Liatris, Cass. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 
simple, rigid ; leaves linear, appressed, the lowest crowded, elongated ; corymb 
small, dense, mostly simple ; pedicels bracted ; scales of the involucre lance- 

14 



210 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

olate, acute, hairy. — Open grassy pine barrens, Florida, aud westward 
Sept. — ISteui G'-18' high. Heads rarely racemose. 

2. C. tomentosus, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, tomentose ; leaves 
smooth or hairy, glaiid-poiuted ; the lowest oblong or lanceolate, 3-ribbed, 
narrowed into a long clasping petiole, the others numerous, small, oblong or 
oval, sessile; corymb loose-Howered ; scales of the involucre very tomentose, 
the outer ones short, ovate, the inner oblong, acute. — Low piue barrens, 
North and Soutli Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

3. C. COrymbosus, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, hairy; leaves smooth or 
more or less hairy ; the lowest cuueate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1- or obscurely 3- 
ribbed ; the others numerous, small, oblong, sessile ; heads about 20, closely 
corymbcd ; scales of the involucre nearly smooth and equal, oval, very obtuse, 
broadly margined. — Margins of swamps, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 
— Stem 2° -4° high. 

4. C. bellidifolius, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, 
3-ribbed, obtuse ; heads few in a loose corymb; scales of the involucre oblong, 
obtuse, sparingly fringed on the margins; jjappus slightly plumose. —Dry 
sandy soil, Georgia to North Carolina. Sept. — Stems several from the same 
root, 12' - 18' high. Heads sometimes panicled. 

8. LIATillS, Schreb. Button Snakeroot. 

Heads few- or many-flowered, the flowers all similar and perfect. Scales 
of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla 5 lobed. Achenia 
nearly terete, narrowed at the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of numerous 
plumose or bearded bristles. — Perennial herbs, with tuberous roots and sim- 
ple stems. Leaves alternate, entire. Heads in spikes or racemes. Flowers 
purple, often varying into white, commonly dotted with resinous particles. 
* Scales of the involucre with petal-like or leafy tips: pappus plumose. 

1. L. elegans, Willd. Heads very numerous in a cylindrical raceme, 
4-5-flowered; inner scales of the involucre petal-like, purple; stem tomen- 
tose ; leaves smooth, the lowest lanceolate. — Dry piue barrens, Florida to 
South Carolina, and westward. August. — Stem 2° high. Heads showy. 

2. L. squarrosa, Willd. Heads few^ or numerous, large, many-flowered, 
cylindrical ; scales of the involucre with leafy spreading tips ; stem pubescent ; 
leaves smoothish or hairy, long, linear, rigid, 3 - 5-ribbed. — Dry sandy soil. 
July -August. — Stem 1°-H° high. Heads P long, sessile or terminating 
short branchlets. Corolla lobes hairy. 

* * Scales of the involucre not appendaged. 
-t- Heads 3 - ^flowered : pappus conspicuously plumose. 

3. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth ; stem slender ; leaves 
linear, dotted ; heads 3-4-flowered, rather closely spiked ; scales of the invo- 
lucre smooth, lanceolate or linear, acuminate and spreading at the apex, as 
long as the pappus. — Near Columbus, Georgia. August - Sept. — Stem 1° - 
2° high. Spike 6' - 10' long. 

4. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Smooth; stem tall and slender ; leaves narrow- 
linear or filiform, the lowest long and crowded ; heads 5-flowered, in a long 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 211 

close raceme ; scales of the involucre barely pointed, smooth, purple. — Dry 

pine barrens. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Eacemes often 1 -sided. 

Var. quadriflora, Chapm. Leaves involute-filiform, rigid, those of the 

stem setaceous ; heads 4-flowered ; scales of the involucre 8, half as long a 

the disk, often cuspidate. — Banks of the Caloosa Kiver, South Florida 

Oct. 

H- -1- Heads 3 - many-flowered : pappus densely bearded. 

5. L. paucifiora, Pursh. Stem pubescent, declining; leaves linear, 
short, smooth; heads 4-5-flowered, in a long 1-sided raceme; scales of the 
involucre oblong-lanceolate, acixte, smooth, or pubescent on the margins. (L. 
secunda, Ell.) — Dry sandy ridges in the middle districts. Sept. — Stem 
2° - 3° long. 

6. L. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Stem tomentose ; leaves smooth or 
pubescent, linear, rather obtuse ; the uppermost very short and bract-like ; 
heads mostly 3-flowered, cylindrical, densely spiked ; scales of the involucre 
lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; the outer ones much shorter and broader ; 
corolla and very hairy acheniuni large. — Dry sandy ridges, Florida. July - 
Sept. Stem 1° - 2° high. 

7. L. gracilis, Pursh. Stem tomentose and somewhat hoary ; leaves 
smooth or nearly so, the lowest lanceolate, obtuse, long-petioled, the others 
linear, appressed or spreading, short ; heads small, 3 - 7-flowered, sessile or on 
slender tomentose and bracted pedicels ; scales of the involucre oblong, rather 
obtuse or mucronate, more or less pubescent ; the edges not margiued and 
commonly ciliate. — Sandy pine barrens. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Varies 
greatly in the length and direction of the pedicels. 

8. L. graminifolia, Willd. Stem usually smooth, and striped with 
greener lines ; leaves more or less hairy on the upper surface, and fringed 
near the base ; the lowest lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, elongated, the upper 
linear ; heads in spikes or racemes, often very numerous ; involucre broadly 
obconical, 7-14-flowered ; the scales oblong-spatulate rounded at the apex, 
narrowly margined. (L. gracilis. Ell., a more slender form, with the fewer- 
flowered heads on longer pedicels.) — Light dry soil. Sept. — Stem 2° -6° 
high. 

9. L. spicata, Willd. Smooth ; stem very leafy ; leaves linear, erect ; 
the lowest very long, obtuse, 3 - 5-ribbed ; the uppermost small and bract-like ; 
heads sessile, cylindrical, 8 - 1 2-floAvered, crowded in a long cylindrical spike ; 
scales of the involucre smooth, obtuse, narrow-margined, purple. (L. resinosa, 
Nutt., a small form with 5-flowered heads.) — Swamps. August -Sept. — 
Stem rigid, 2° -5° high. Spikes sometimes 2° -3° long. Styles elongated. 

10. L. Garberi, Gray. Hirsute, the rigid leaves at length smooth ; 
heads closely spiked, 6 - 7-flowered ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate 
or oblong, cuspidate, glandular-hirsute ; pappus barbellate. — Tampa, Florida 
{Garber). 

11. L. scariosa, Willd. Stem stout, pubescent ; leaves mostly pubescent 
the lowest large, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, the upper linear, acute ; heads 
large, 15 -40-flowered, roundish, sessile or pedicelled; scales of the involucre 



212 coMPOSiT-Ti. (composite family.) 

spatulate or obovate, rounded at the apex, usually with broad and colored 
margins ; the outer ones with spreading tips. — Dry light soil. Sept. — Stem 
3°-6° high. Heads sometimes T wide. 

9. TRILISA, Cass. 

Heads few-flowered, cymose-pauicled. Involucral scales nearly equal, in 
three series. Corolla short. Pappus bearded. — Erect perennials. Leaves 
veiny, mostly serrate. Koot fibrous. 

1. T. odoratissima, Cass. (Hound's Tongue.) Stem herbaceous, 
smooth ; leaves smooth and often glaucous, obtuse ; the lowest spatulate- 
obovate, 3 - 5-ribbed, the upper oval or oblong, small, sessile ; heads 7-8- 
flowered, disposed in an ample spreading corymb or panicle. — Flat pine bar- 
rens in the lower districts. Sept. — Stem 2° -3'^ high. The withering leaves 
exhale the odor of vanilla. 

2. T. panieulata, Cass. Stem viscid-pubescent ; leaves smooth j the 
lowest spatulate-lanccolate, the upper lanceolate, sessile, small ; heads mostly 
5-flowered, in small lateral and terminal corymbs, forming a dense oblong 
panicle. — With the preceding. Sept. - Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. 

10. GARBERIA, Gray. 

Heads 5-flowered. Involucral scales in 4 - 5 rows, lanceolate, acute. Co- 
rolla slender, dilated funnel-shaped at the throat. Receptacle naked. Ache- 
nia 10-ribbed. Pappus copious, scabrous. — A branching shrub, with small 
obovate entire vertical leaves, and showy heads of purple flowers in a dense 
corymbose cyme. 

1. G. fruticosa, Gray. — Dry sandy pine barrens. South Florida. — 
Stem 4° -6° high. Leaves 1^ or less long. Heads 8" long. 

11. KUHNIA, L. 

Heads 10-25-flowered. Flowers all similar and perfect. Scales of the in- 
volucre few and loosely imbricated in 2 - 3 rows. Receptacle naked. Corolla 
slender, .5-toothed. Achenium cylindrical, many-striate. Pappus a single row 
of strongly plumose bristles. — A perennial herb, with lanceolate or linear 
dotted leaves, and heads of yellowish white flowers in panicled corymbs. 

1. K. eupatorioides, L. Stem pubescent, or somewhat viscid, mostly 
branched ; leaves toothed or entire, pubescent, or smoothish beneath, the lower 
ones sometimes opposite ; corymbs loose or crowded. — Light dry soil. Sept. 
— Stem 2° -4° high. 

12. BRICKELLIA, Ell. 

Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the involucre linear, imbricated, 
the outer ones shorter. Receptacle flat, naked. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 
cylindrical, 10-striate. Pappus a single row of bearded bristles. — Perennial 
herbs, with dotted opposite 3-ribbed leaves, and large heads of pale purple 
flowers, in terminal corymbs. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 213 

1. B. COrdifolia, Ell. Stem erect, tomentose, mostly brauchiug; leaves 
ovate, serrate, mostly cordate, petioled, the upper ones often alternate ; heads 
large, 30 - 40-flowered ; achenia nearly smooth. — Light rich soil, Georgia, 
Florida, and westward. August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers showy. 

13. EUPATORIUM, Tourn. Thoroughwort. 

Heads 3 - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical or bell-shaped, the scales 
in a single row, or imbricated in 2 -several rows. Keceptacle flat, naked. 
Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angled, the sides smooth and even. Fappus a 
single row of slender rough bristles. — Perennial and mostly resinous-dotted 
herbs, with opposite or whorled leaves, and white or purplish flowers. 
§ 1, Scales of the cijlindrical involucre numerous, closely imbricated in several 
rows, rigid, striate, obtuse: heads many-flowered: flowers blue. 

1. E. ivsefolium, L. Herbaceous; stem (3°-5°) erect, terete, rough- 
hairy, at length much branched ; leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, nearly 
sessile, 3-nerved, sparingly serrate ; corymbs dense ; heads 1 5 - 20-fiowered ; 
scales of the involucre very obtuse. — Mississippi, and westward. July - Nov. 

2. E. COnyzoid.es, Vahl. Shrubby, stem much branched (4° -6° high), 
leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate or 
nearly entire ; corymb trichotomous ; heads 10-20-flowered, receptacle flat ; 
scales of the involucre rounded at the tip ; achenium scabrous ou the angles. 

— Coast of South Florida (Curtiss). 

3. E. heteroclinium, Griseb. Pubescent; stem branching above (2° 
high) ; leaves opposite, ovate, crenate-serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels 1-3 
in the forks of the branches, longer than the cylindrical many-flowered 
heads ; scales of the involucre smooth, oblong, deciduous ; receptacle globular, 
naked ; achenium smooth. — Keys of South Florida. Nov. 

§ 2. Scales of the involucre mostly loosely imbricated in few {rarely single) rows, 
thin: receptacle flat : heads corymbose {except Nos. 17 and 18). 

* Scales of the involucre purplish, scarious, obtuse, imbricated in several rows, the 

outer ones much shorter : leaves whorled: flowers purplish. 

4. E. purpureum, L. Smooth or pubescent; stem tall, often spotted 
or dotted ; leaves petioled, 3 -6 in a Avhorl, varying from lanceolate to ovate, 
coarsely serrate, roughish ; corymbs large, compound ; heads 5 - 10-flowered. 

— Swamps, rarely in dry woods. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - 10° high, solid 
or hollow, even or grooved. 

Var. amcenum, Gray. Leaves thin, opposite or ternate, ovate, coarsely 
unequally and sharply serrate ; corymbs loosely flowered ; heads 3-flowered, 

— Woodlands of the upper districts. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

* * Scales of the involucre {green or white) imbricated in 2-3 rows, the outer 

rows shorter : heads 5 - 20-flowered : leaves, achenia, etc. dotted with resinous 
glands: flowers white. 
H- Heads ^flowered : leaves undivided, sessile or narrowed into a stalk-like base 
{except No. 16). 

5. E. hyssopifolium, L. Pubescent ; leaves opposite, the upper ones 
alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate or toothed, 3-ribbed 



214 coMPOSiT.^. (composite family.) 

at tlie base ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, mucrouate, shorter 
than the flowers. — Varies with the leaves narrow-linear and entire, the lower 
cues 4 in a whorl, and numerous smaller ones in the axils. — Low ground. 
Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves rigid, sometimes all alternate. 

6. B. CUneifolium, Wilkl. Pubescent ; leaves short, obovate-oblong, 
sparingly serrate near the summit, or entire, 3-ribbed, mostly very obtuse; 
scales of the involucre obtuse, shorter than the flowers. (E. ghiucesceus. Ell.) 

— Rich shaded soil, Florida to South Carolina Se])t. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 1' long, pale and somewliat glaucous on both sides. 

7. E. leucolepis, Torr. «& Gray. Stem simple, virgate, minutely pubes- 
cent and roughened ; leaves somewliat remote, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
acute, serrate, very rough on both sides, obscurely 3-ribbed ; corymbs ample, 
hoary ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, white and scarious at 
the apex, as long as the flowers. — Flat pine barrens. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 
Leaves V -2' long. 

8. E. tortifoliuni, Chapm. Stem pubescent, branching above, 1°-1^° 
high; leaves small {V - \\' long), oblanceolate, entire, vertical, the upper 
linear ; heads crowded ; involucral scales erect, acute ; pappus rather rigid, 
longer than the corolla. — Dry pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. Sept. 

9. E. semiserratum, DC. Tomentose; stem slender, simple or 
branched above; leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, lanceolate, acute, 
strongly serrate, 3-ribbed near the base, tapering into a petiole ; corymbs 
large ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, obtuse, shorter than the flowers, 
scarcely longer than the mature achenia. — Margins of ponds and wet places. 
Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' long, strongly veined. 

10. E. seabridum, Ell. Stem stout, tomentose ; leaves opposite, ovate- 
lanceolate, acute at both ends, thickly and unequally serrate, rough above, 
tomentose and somewhat glaucous beneath, 3-ribbed from near the base ; 
corymbs ample, dense ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, cuspidate, shorter 
than the flowers. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. August. 

— Stem 2° high. Leaves 1^' long. 

11. E. rotundifolium, L. Stem pubescent, mostly simple; leaves 
short, broadly ovate or roundish, obtusely serrate, roughish, mostly trun- 
cate at the base, 3-ribbed and somewhat rugose ; corymbs large ; scales of the 
involucre lanceolate, acute, shorter than the flowers. — Low pine barrens. 
August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves V long. 

12. E. teuerifoiium, Willd. Rough-pubescent; leaves ovate or ob- 
long-ovate, coarsely serrate and sometimes toothed near the base, 3-ribbed ; 
the upper ones small and remote ; corymbs dense, depressed in the centre ; 
scales of the involucre lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the flowers. (E. 
verbensefolium, Michx.) — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — 
Stem virgate, 2° -3° high. Leaves 1 ' - 1 J' long, the base rounded or trun- 
cate. Branches of the corymb alternate. 

13. E. album, L. Rough-pubescent or hairy ; leaves oblong or lanceo- 
late, narrowed at the base, toothed-serrate, strongly veined ; corymbs dense ; 
scales of the involucre lanceolate, smooth, or the outer ones pubescent, longer 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 215 

than the flowers, the acuminate or mucronate tips white and scarious. — Dry 
sandy soil. Sept. — Stem \°-2° high. Leaves 2' long. 

1-i. E. altissimum, L. Stem tomentose; leaves opposite, lanceolate, 
acute, pubescent, strongly 3-ribbed, sharply serrate above the middle, nar- 
rowed at the base ; corymb dense, hoary ; scales of the involucre shorter than 
the flowers, linear-oblong, obtuse. — Sterile soil, North Carolina, and westward. 
Sept. — Stem 3° - 7° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

15. E. sessilifolium, L. Smooth; leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, rounded and closely sessile at the base ; corymb tomentose ; scales of 
the involucre oblong, obtuse. — Open woods in the upper districts, Alabama, 
and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high, mostly branching above. Leaves 
3'- 6' long, thin and veiny. 

16. E. mikanioides, Chapm. Stem ascending from a creeping base, 
branching and tomentose above; leaves opposite, long-petioled, deltoid, 
glandular-serrate or toothed, truncate or abruptly acute at the base, resinous- 
dotted above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; the petioles somewhat connate ; 
corymb ample; scales of the involucre about 10, lanceolate, acute; anthers 
slightly exserted ; achenia 5-angled, glandular. — Low sandy places on the 
coast of West Florida. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves T-lg' long, 
somewhat fleshy. 

-t- H- Heads in panicled racemes, 3 - b-flowered : leaves pinnately divided. 

17. E. fceniculaceuni, Willd. Stem tall, pubescent, paniculately much 
branched ; divisions of the leaves filiform, smooth ; heads 3 - 5-flowered ; scales 
of the involucre smooth, margined, notched at the apex, mucronate ; achenia 
smooth. — Chiefly in old fields. Sept, - Oct. — Stem 3° -8° high. Flowers 
white. 

18. E. COronopifolium, Willd. Pubescent; stem paniculately 
branched ; divisions of the leaves linear ; heads crowded, 5-flowered ; scales of 
the involucre mucronate, pubescent, margined ; achenia smooth. — Dry sandy 
soil. Sept. -Oct. Stem 2° -4° high. Flowers white. 

•<--(- -1- Heads 6-1 5-Jlowered : leaves opposite. 
-i-t- Leaves sessile or perfoliate. 

19. E. pinnatifidum, Ell. Pubescent; leaves lanceolate, pinnately 
lobed or pinnatifid, the uppermost linear and entire, the lowest ones whorled ; 
heads 6 - 9-flowered ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil, 
Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

20. E. perf oliatum, L. Pubescent or hairy ; leaves lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, crenate-serrate, rugose, sessile and clasping at the base, or connate-per- 
foliate; heads about 10-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, 
acute. — Low ground. Sept. — Stem stout, 2° - 3° high. Leaves 6' - 8' long. 

++ ++ Leaves petioled. 

21. E. serotimim, Michx. Pubescent; stem tall, mostly branching; 
leaves long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed ; 
heads 12- 1 5-flowered ; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse ; achenia 
smooth. — Rich soil. Sept, — Stem 3° - 6° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. 



216 coMPOsiTJE. (composite family.) 

22. E. villosum, Swartz. Stem tomentose, branching; leaves short- 
petioled, ovate, obtuse or mucronate, rusty-pubescent, denticulate or entire 
3-ribbed; corymb dense; lieads 10-15-flowered; scales of the involucre about 
10, equal, linear, obtuse, shorter than the flowers ; anthers slightly exserted ; 
achenia liispid ; pappus shorter than the flowers. — South Florida. — Leaves 
rigid, T- 1^' long. 

* * * Scales of the involucre [green) equal, in a single row : heads B -30- flow- 
ered : leaves, achenia, etc. not resinous-dotled : leaves on slender petioles. 

23. E. ageratoides, L. Smooth ; leaves thin, ovate or slightly cordate, 
acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, 3-ribbed; heads 10-20-flowered ; 
scales of the involucre linear, acutish, slightly pubescent ; achenia smooth. — 
Rich shaded soil. Sept.— Stem commonly branching, 2° -3'^ high Leaves 
3' - 5' long. Flowers white. 

24. E. aromaticum, L. ruljescent ; leaves thickish, ovate, or the low- 
est cordate, crenate-serrate, roughish, on short petioles, barely acute ; heads 
8-15-flowered; scales of the involucre linear ; achenia smooth. — Drv o])en 
woods, common. Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves V -2' long. Flowers 
white. 

25. E. incisum. Stem long, slender, smoothish, branching; leaves 
small, ovate, tapering to the obtuse apex, abruptly contracted at base, coarsely 
and unequally serrate, 3-nerved, twice as long as the very slender petioles ; 
corymbs loose, compound, pubescent; heads 12-14-flowered; corolla white, 
achenium slightly pubescent. — Clear Water Harbor and Manatee, Florida. 
Nov. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaves 1' - \Y long. Flowers very fragrant. 

26. E. inearnatum, Walt. Pubescent ; stem slender, reclining, diffusely 
branched ; leaves on long petioles, deltoid, acuminate, truncate or cordate at 
the base, coarsely serrate ; corymbs numerous, small ; heads about 20-flowered ; 
scales of the involucre linear, acute, 2-ribbed ; achenia hispid. — Rich shaded 
soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves V-2' 
long. Flowers pale purple. 

§ 3. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, imbricated in 2-3 rows: heads many- 
flowered: receptacle conical, naked. — Conoclinium. 

27. E. COelestinum, L. Smoothish; leaves deltoid-ovate, the lowest 
often cordate, acuminate, coarsely serrate; heads 30 - 60-flowered ; flowers 
bluish purple. — Rich soil. Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

14. MIKANIA, WiUd. 

Heads 4-flowered. Scales of the involucre 4. Receptacle naked, flat. 
Anthers partly exserted. Corolla, achenia, etc. as in Eupatorium. — Chiefly 
climbing herbs, with opposite mostly cordate leaves, and whitish flowers. 

1. M. SCandeDS, Willd. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves on slender peti- 
oles, acuminate, toothed or entire ; corymbs numerous, on short axillary 
branches or peduncles ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia minutely 
glandular. — Swamps. August - Sept. — Stem twining. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 217 

Tribe III, ASTEROIDE^. Heads discoid or radiate : the rays pistillate: 
branches of the style, in the perfect flower , flattened , linear or lanceolate, equally 
pubescent above on the outside : the conspicuous stigmatic lines terminating where 
the exterior pubescence commences. 

15. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. 

Heads 12-15-flowered; the ray flowers about 5. white, pistillate; those of 
the disk tubular and perfect. Involucre somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped ; 
the scales cartilaginous, whitish, closely imbricated in several rows, with green- 
ish and more or less spreading tips. Receptacle pitted, toothed. Acheuia 
short, obpyramidal, silky. Pappus simple, composed of numerous capillary 
bristles. — Perennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Heads crowded in a dense 
corymb. Disk flowers yellow. 

1. S. COnyzoides, Nees. Stem slightly pubescent, corymbose above; 
nearly terete ; leaves ciliate on the margins, otherwise smooth, the lower ones 
spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle, the upper oblong or lanceolate and 
entire ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus rust-color. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, 
in the middle and upper districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 

2. S. SOlidagineus, Nees. Smooth; stem angled; leaves lanceolate 
or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest spatulate ; involucre top-shaped ; pappus 
white. — Low ground in the upper districts. August. — Stem slender, 2° 
high. Heads smaller than in the last. 

3. S. tortifolius, Nees. Closely pubescent; leaves short, obovate, 
rarely serrate, vertical ; involucre top-shaped ; the scales oblong and slightly 
spreading at the tips ; pappus copious, white. — Sandy pine barrens, in the 
middle and lower districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves V long. 

16. ASTER, Tourn. Aster, Staravort. 

Heads many-flowered; the rays (white, blue, or purple) in a single series, 
pistillate. Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, mostly with her- 
baceous or leafy tips. Receptacle flat, pitted. Achenia usually compressed. 
Pappus a single row of numerous rough capillary bristles. — Perennial 
(rarely annual) herbs. Leaves alternate. Disk flowers yellow, often chan- 
ging to purple. 

§1. BioriA. — Involucre obovate-bell- shaped : the scales (pale) closely imbri- 
cated, and nearly destitute of herbaceous tips : achenia somewhat 3-angled : 
bristles of the pappus rigid: leaves large, the lower ones cordate: heads 
corymbed. 

1. A. COrymbosus, Ait. Stem slender, smooth; leaves on slender 
petioles, thin, coarsely serrate, acuminate; the loAver ones cordate, the upper 
oblong; involucre shorter than the disk, the scales obtuse; rays 6-9, white. 
— Shady woods in the upper districts. Sept. - Oct. — Stem l°-2'° high. 
Leaves 2' -4' long. Corymbs loose. 

2. A. macrophyllus, L. Stem stout, rough-pubescent ; leaves large, 
rather thick, rough, mucronate-serrate, acute ; the lowest broadly cordate, on 
slender naked petioles; the upper ovate, on short and winged petioles; invo 



218 coMPosiT.^. (composite family.) 

lucre nearly as loug as tlie disk; tlie exterior scales rigid, with spreading 
fringed tips; rays about 10, pale purple. — Low shady woods, in tlie upper 
districts. Sept. — Stem l^"^ - 2° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, 2' - 4' wide. 
§ 2. IIeleastrum. — Heads few and racemose, or solitarij, lanje : scales of 
the involucre nearly equal, linear, rl(jid: achenia nearly glabrous: pappus 
ri(jid: leaves linear, entire, or spinulose along the marcjins. 

3. A. paludosus, Ait. Stem slightly rougliened ; leaves linear, rigid, 
acute, partly clasping, often fringed near the base; heads 3-8, racemed or 
coryml)ed; involucre hemispherical, as long as the disk; the scales nearly 
e(iual, linear-spatulate, with mucronate green spreading tips. — Low ground, 
Florida to North Carolina. Sept. -Oct. — Stem l°-2^ high. Leaves 2' -4' 
long. Heads I' - 5' wide. Hays numerous, deep blue. 

4. A. spinulosus, Chapm. Rhizoma tuberous; stem simple, pubes- 
cent; leaves rigid, narrow-linear, appressed, the margins fringed with bristly 
hairs ; the lowest numerous and elongated ; heads 4-8 in a simple spike ; 
involucre bell-shaped; scales e(|ual, lanceolate-subulate, rigid, erect, spine- 
pointed, bristly near the base ; achenia strongly ribbed. — Damp pine barrens, 
West Florida, near the coast. June- August. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Lowest 
leaves 6'- 12' long, T'-S" wide; the upper ones V long. Heads -J' wide. 
Rays 12-15, pale blue. Pappus tawny. 

5. A. eryngiifolius, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma tuberous ; stem simple, 
pubescent ; leaves lanceolate-linear, the lowest mostly entire ; the others erect, 
and fringed with spiny teeth ; heads very large, solitary, or 3-4 in a loose 
raceme ; involucre hemispherical ; scales very numerous, lanceolate, tapering 
into a long slender recurved tip ; achenia short, oblong. — Low pine barrens, 
Florida. June -August. —Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves 4' -6' long. 
Heads V or more in diameter. Rays' numerous, white. 

§ 3. Calliastrum. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, cori- 
aceous, usually with herbaceous spreading tips: rays 12 or more : achenia 
nearly smooth: pappus of unequal rather rigid bristles, somewhat thickened 
upward: leaves rigid, none of them cordate : heads large and showy. 

6. A. mirabilis, Torr. & Gray. Rough-pubescent ; stem corymbosely 
branched above ; leaves ovate, mucronate serrate, sessile ; the lowest abruptly 
narrowed into a petiole ; involucre hemispherical ; the scales oblong-linear, 
obtuse and recurved at the summit ; achenia nearly smooth, striate. — Colum- 
bia, South Carolina (Prof Gibbes). Sept. — Stem l"-2° high. Stem leaves 
r-3' long. Rays about 20, blue or violet, elongated. 

7. A. speetabilis, Ait. Stem corymbose and glandular-pubescent 
above ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rough on the upper surface, sessile and en- 
tire ; the lowest tapering into a petiole, and sparingly serrate ; heads not 
numerous, single, terminating the branches ; involucre nearly hemispherical, 
as long as the disk ; the scales linear-oblong, with obtuse and spreading glan- 
dular tips. — North Carolina ( Curtis). Sept. - Oct. — Rhizoma slender. Stem 
l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Heads ^ in diameter. Rays about 20, V 
long, deep violet. 

8. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stem slender, slightly pubescent, corymbose at 
the summit; leaves rough, oblong, partly clasping, entire; the lowest ob- 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 219 

scure] y crenate and narrowed into a petiole ; heads corymbose ; involucre 
(whitish) obconical, as long as the disk ; the scales very unequal, acute, the 
lower ones much shorter, green and slightly spreading at the tips. — North 
Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. — Stem l°-2°'high. Leaves r-2' long. 
Heads smallest of this group. Eays about 12, violet. 

9. A. SUrculosus, Michx. Stems several from a creeping caudex, slen- 
der, pubescent above ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, smooth, the 
margins rough and sometimes sparingly serrate, clasping; the lowest nar- 
rowed iuto a petiole ; heads solitary, or 3 - 5 in a simple corymb ; involucre 
broadly top-shaped, nearly as long as the disk; the scales linear-spatulate, 
with abruptly pointed spreading herbaceous tips ; the outer ones lanceolate 
and leaf-like. — Low ground, Georgia to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem ^° - 
1^° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. Heads Y wide. Rays numerous, violet. 

10. A. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth throughout ; stem simple, slen- 
der ; leaves membranaceous, lanceolate, entire or slightly serrate, acuminate, 
sessile ; heads in a simple or slightly compound terminal raceme ; scales of the 
involucre linear-spatulate, coriaceous, the green and spreading tips barely 
acute ; rays purple. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 3' - 4' long. Heads Y - f in diameter. 

§ 4. Aster proper. — Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, 
with herbaceous tips : rays numerous : achenia flattened : pappus of soft cap- 
illary bristles, not thickened upward: autumnal plants. 

* 1. Leaves uniform, small, sessile, entire, silky or silvery on both sides, mucro- 
nate: scales of the involucre imbricated in Z- several rows: rays violet-purple. 

11. A. sericeus, Vent. Stem with numerous branches, bearing the 
large heads (single or 3 in a cluster) at their summits; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, silvery ; scales of the involucre leafy and spreading ; achenia smooth. — 
A western species, a form of which, with narrower and less silvery leaves and 
scales, occurs on the mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. — Stem 10' -20' 
high. Leaves ^'-V long. Heads showy. 

12. A. COncolor, L. Stem mostly simple, slender, bearing towards the 
summit, the middle-sized heads in a long often compound raceme ; leaves 
lanceolate, silky when young ; the lowest ones oblong ; scales of the obovoid 
involucre lanceolate, appressed, the subulate tips spreading; achenia silky. — 
Dry sandy soil, Florida, and northward. — Root sometimes tuberous. Stem 
1° - 3° high. Leaves erect, ^-V long. 

* 2. Leaves rough, all sessile or clasping and entire: heads chiefly solitary, ter- 

minating the branchlets : scales of the obovoid or bell-shaped involucre imbri- 
cated in several rows, coriaceous, with herbaceous slightly spreading tips : 
rays purplish blue : achenia hairy. 
■^ Leaves very small, sessile: heads small: scales of the involucre spatulate. 

13. A. squarrosus, Walt. Stem slender, diffuse; leaves oblong or 
triangular-ovate, reflexed, very rough, sessile ; the lowest spatulate. — Dry 
soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves |' long, 
the others 2'' - 3" long. 



220 coMPOSiT^ii:. (composite family.) 

14. A. adnatus, Nutt. Stem with the slender branches erect; leaves 
oblong, very rough, the midrib partly adnate to the stem, free at the apex ; 
the lowest wedge-obovate, free. — Sandy barrens, Florida and Alabama. — 
Stem l°-2° high. Heads smaller tlian in the preceding. 

•»- +- Leaves all clasping and uuricled at the base : heads large : scales of the 

involucre linear. 

15. A. patens, Ait. Stem pubescent, loosely panicled above; leaves 
ovate-oblong, with very rough and wavy margins ; tliose on the slender spread- 
ing branchlets very small. — Var. phlogifolius. Leaves larger, thinner, 
and less roughened, contracted below the middle ; heads often racemose on 
the short lateral branches. — Dry soil, chiefly in the upper districts. — Stem 
l°-3° high. Leaves r-2' (in the var. 3' -6') long. Heads showy. 

* 3. Leaves {and stems) smooth : the lowest tapering into a petiole, the others 

sessile or clasping : heads middle-sized, showy : scales of the obovoid involucre 
whitish, the short green tips scarcelg spreading : rat/s bright blue : uchenia 
mostlij smooth. 

16. A. Isevis, L. Very smooth and often glaucous ; stem rigid, panicled 
above, bearing the showy heads on short rigid branchlets ; leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, coriaceous, mostly entire and rough on the margins ; the upper 
ones sessile or clasping ; scales of the involucre rigid, appressed, Avith abruptly 
pointed herbaceous tips. — Open woods in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. 

17. A. virgatUS, Ell, Stem very smooth, straight, simple or branching; 
heads racemose ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, rough on the margins, partly 
clasping, the lowest broader and narrowed at the base ; scales of the involucre 
lanceolate, acuminate, the outer ones spreading. — LTpper districts of Georgia, 
and westward. — Stem 3° -4° high. Lower leaves 3' -6' long; those of the 
branches small and numerous. 

18. A. eoncinnus, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, somewhat loosely cor- 
ymbose ; the branches virgate, dichotomous-paniculate ; leaves lanceolate, 
partly clasping, remotely and sharply serrate, with scabrous margins, those 
of the branchlets oblong, entire ; scales of the involucre linear, acute, closely 
imbricated. (A. cyaneus? Ell.) — North Carolina ( Schweinitz) . — Stem 2° - 3° 
high. Achenia pubescent. 

* 4. Lower leaves large, cordate, on long petioles : heads middle-sized or small, 

racemed or panicled : scales of the involucre somewhat membranaceous, with 
short green tips : rays blue or violet. 

•t- Leaves entire, or nearly so. 

19. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem roughish, rigid, racemose-compound at 
the summit, the branches slender ; leaves rigid, rough ; the lowest ovate-lanceo- 
late or oblong ; the upper lanceolate or linear, sessile ; those of the branches 
subulate, appressed ; scales of the obconical involucre closely imbricated, 
abruptly acute. — Dry soil in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. 
— Stem 2° - 3° high. Eays bright blue. 

20. A. Shortii, Hook. Stem smoothish, slender, racemose-panicled at 
the summit ; leaves nearly smooth, ovate-lanceolate, acute ; those of the stem 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 221 

all on slender petioles, and obtuse or cordate at the base, commonly entire ; 
those of the branches oblong, sessile ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre 
linear, closely imbricated, rather obtuse, shorter than the disk. — Mountains 
of Georgia, and westward. — Stem 2° -4° high. Eays violet-blue. 

21. A. undulatus, L. Pubescent ; stem racemose-panicled above ; leaves 
varying from lanceolate to broadly ovate, often wavy or slightly serrate on 
the margins, roughish on the upper surface ; the lowest on long and slender 
petioles, which are dilated and clasping at the base ; the upper on broadly 
winged petioles, or sessile and clasping ; scales of the obovoid involucre lin- 
ear, appressed, acute. (A. scaber, Ell., with the smaller leaves very rough on 
both sides.) — Woods, common and very variable. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Heads 
small. Rays pale blue. 

•t- -t- Lowest leaves conspicuousltj serrate : heads small. 

22. A. COrdifolius, L. Stem commonly smooth, racemose-panicled 
above ; leaves smooth, or rough above and pubescent beneath, all cordate, 
serrate, and slender-petioled, or the uppermost on short winged petioles, or 
sessile and entire; heads very numerous in panicled racemes; scales of the 
obconical involucre loosely imbricated, with obtuse or slightly pointed green 
tips. — Open woods, in the upper districts. — Stem I°-3° high. Leaves com- 
monly thin. Rays pale violet. 

23. A. sagittifolius, Willd. Stem nearly smooth, racemose-branched 
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent ; the lowest cordate, on 
long and mostly margined petioles ; the upper abruptly contracted into a 
winged petiole ; those of the branches lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire ; 
heads in dense compound racemes; scales of the oblong involucre rather 
loosely imbricated, linear-subulate, the tips green and spreading. — Rich 
woods, Florida, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads more crowded 
than those of the preceding. Rays purple. 

* 5. Leaves linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile ; radical ones spatulate-lanceolate, 
serrate : heads small and numerous, racemed : scales of the involucre in several 
rows, rigid, with spreading or recurved green tips. 

24. A. ericoides, L. Smooth; stem much branched ; leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate, acute at each end ; those of the branches subulate ; heads racemose, 
mostly on one side of the spreading branches ; scales of the involucre broadest 
at the base, with acute or subulate tips. — Var. villosus. Stem and broader 
leaves rough-hairy, and the smaller heads in shorter and more dense racemes. 
— Var. PLATYPHYLLUS. Stem (3° -4°) and larger leaves clothed with soft 
white hairs ; heads larger. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward, — Stem l°-2° 
high. Rays white or pale blue. 

Var. Reevesii, Gray. Stem l°-2° high, branching from near the base ; 
smooth, or papillose-hispid ; leaves linear, the lowest hispid-ciliate ; heads 3"- 
4'' long, on thickly bracted pedicels. — Nashville, Tennessee. 

25. A. polyphyllus, Willd. Nearly glabrous; stem 4° -5° high, much 
branched ; leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, the lower sharply serrate, 
3' -5' long; heads racemose at the end of the branches; involucre scales 
linear or linear-subulate, appressed; rays short, white. — North Carolina 
{Groij), and northward. 



222 coMPosiT.^. (composite family.) 

26. A. multiflorus, Ait. Wliitish-pubescent ; stem very leafy, and 
much branched; leaves linear, obtuse at each end, often bristle-pointed, 
spreading or recurved, the upper ones sessile or somewliat clasping ; heads 
densely racemose on the short and very leafy branches, or sometimes solitary 
at their summits ; scales of the involucre broadest at the apex, obtuse or 
short-pointed. — Dry sterile soil, in the upper districts. — Stem l°-2°high. 
Leaves about V long. Rays white. 

* 6. Leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, sessile, usually narrowed at the base : 
heads small or middle-sized: scales of the involucre membranaceous, with ap- 
pressed or slightly spreading tips : rays pale purple or white. 
-t- Heads small. 

27. A. raeemosus, Ell. Rough-pubescent ; stem much l)ranched, bear- 
ing the small heads in a spiked raceme near the summit of the slender erect 
branches ; leaves linear, sessile, rigid ; scales of involucre smooth, linear-subu- 
late ; the inner ones as long as the disk ; rays very short. — Damp rich soil, 
Paris Island, South Carolina — Stem 2° high. Rays pale purple. 

28. A. dumosus, L. Smoothish ; stem slender, racemose-panicled, bear- 
ing the small heads chiefly on slender and very leafy branchlets ; leaves linear, 
entire, spreading or reflexed ; the lowest spatulate-lanceolate, serrate ; those 
of the branches short, linear-oblong, and mostly obtuse scales of the in- 
volucre closely imbricated in 3 - 6 rows, with obtuse green tips. — Dry or damp 
soil, common, and running into several varieties. — Stem 2°-3° high, Rays 
pale purple or white. 

29. A. vimineus, Lam. Stem slender, pubescent, racemose-branched ; 
leaves long, linear-lanceolate, sparingly serrate, tapering into a long and slen- 
der point; the uppermost entire ; heads in close racemes along the spreading 
branches; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, acute, imbricated in 3-4 
rows. — Low ground in the upper districts. — Stem 2° -3° high. Rays pale 
purple or white. 

30. A. diffusus, Ait. Pubescent or hairy ; stem simple, and bearing the 
small heads in a long and leafy compound raceme, or diffusely branched, with 
the heads scattered along the branches, or in short few-flowered racemes; 
leaves varying from linear-lanceolate to Avedge-obovate, acute at each end, 
sharply serrate in the middle ; the lowest spatulate, the uppermost entire ; 
scales of the involucre linear, acute. — Low grounds and banks, common and 
very variable. — Stem 1° - 4*^ long. Rays white or purplish. 

Var. bifrons, Gray. Smooth throughout ; stem simple, slender, 2° - 3° 
high; leaves thin, lanceolate, remotely serrate, 4' -6' long; heads in small 
axillary and terminal panicles. — Shaded river banks, Georgia and Tennessee. 
-:- H- Heads middle-sized. 

31. A. paniculatus, Lam. Stem smooth or pubescent in lines, corym- 
bose or racemose-branched ; heads in short racemes ; leaves lanceolate, acute 
or acuminate at both ends, smooth, rough on ihe margins, the lower ones 
sharply serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely imbricated. — 
Low ground, Florida, and northward. — Stem 3° - 6° high, sparingly or 
diffusely branched. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Rays pale blue. 



composittE. (composite family.) 223 

* 7. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, sessile, the upper ones more or less clasping : 
heads large or middle-sized : scales of the involucre nearly equal, with spread- 
ing green tips : rays mostly large and numerous, blue or purple. 

32. A. Novi-Belgii, L, Stem nearly smooth, corymbose-panicled above ; 
leaves long, lanceolate, acuminate, shiniug above, the lowest narrowed at the 
base, and serrate in the middle, the upper sessile or partly clasping; heads 
solitary or few on the rigid branchlets ; scales of the involucre linear, with 
green and subulate, or broader and abruptly pointed spreading tips ; rays 
purplish blue. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Stem l°-3° high. 
Leaves 3'- 6' long. Heads showy. 

33. A. ElllOttii, Torr. &. Gray. Stem stout, smooth, very leafy, corym- 
bose-branched ; the branches short and pubescent in lines ; leaves large, ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute, serrate, narrowed toward the base, and partly clasping ; 
the lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse, crenate ; heads corymbed at the ends of 
the branches ; scales of the involucre subulate, with long and spreading tips ; 
rays pale purple. (A. puniceus, Ell.) — Swamps, Florida to North Carolina. 

— Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long, or the lowest 1° long. 

34. A. puniceus, L. Stem hispid, panicled above ; leaves lanceolate or 
obloug-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, very rough above, auriculate 
and clasping at the base ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, in about two 
rows ; rays numerous and showy. — Swampy thickets in the upper districts. 

— Stem 3° - 5° high, commonly purplish. Kays violet-purple. 

Var. Igsvieaulis, Gray. Stem smooth, green ; branches pubescent ; 
leaves wider and smoother. — Banks of the Coosa River, Rome, Georgia. 

35. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Stem pubescent in lines, corymbose at 
the summit; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate in the middle, 
contracted into a broadly winged petiole, which is dilated and clasping at the 
base, rough above ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, imbricated in 3 - 4 
rows, with spreading green tips. — Damp woods, North Carolina, and north- 
ward. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves thin, 5' - 6' long. Rays pale purple. 

* 8. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, entire, sessile or clasping : heads large, in 
corymbs or racemes : scales of the involucre numerous, with spreading green 
summits : rays numerous, showy. 

36. A. grandiflorus, L. Stem rigid, rough with bristly hairs, sparingly 
branched; leaves small, linear-oblong, sessile, hispid, commonly refiexed; 
heads very large, solitary, terminating the branches ; scales of the involucre 
rigid ; the outer ones with obtuse spreading tips, the inner erect, acute ; rays 
violet, — Dry soil in the upper districts. — Stem 2°-30 high. Leaves V-2' 
long. Heads V in diameter. 

37. A. Oblongifolius, Nutt. Stem hirsute, corymbosely branched, very 
leafy; leaves oblong-lanceolate, closely sessile, acute, scabrous above; heads 
terminating the short branchlets. single or corymbose; scales nearly equal, 
glandular ; rays violetpurple ; achenia pubescent. — Rocky banks, Tennessee, 
and northward. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves V-^ long. 

38. A. Carolinianus, Walt. Stem shrubby, long and trailing; the 
branches and leaves closely pubescent ; leaves short, oblong, acute, abruptly 



224 COMPOSITE. CCOMPOSITE FAMILY.) 

contracted into a sliort auriculate-clasping petiole ; lieads single, or somewhat 
racemose at the ends of tlie branches ; scales of the involucre narrow-linear, 
with recurved subulate tips ; ra}s slender, pale purple. — liiver swamps, 
Fhn'ida to South Carolina. — Stem 4°- 10° long. Leaves T- 2' long. 

39. A. Novae-Angliae, L. Stem hairy or hispid, coryml)Ose above; 
leaves lanceolate, acute, pubescent, scarcely narrowed at the auriculate-clasp- 
ing base ; heads corymbed ; scales of the involucre linear-subulate, loosely 
imbricated, viscid; rays violet-purple. — Upper districts, in low ground. — 
Stem 2° -4° high, mostly purple. Leaves 2' -3' long. Heads ^ or more in 
diameter, numerous and showy. 

§ 5. Ortiiomeris. — Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated, scarious on 
the margins, without herbaceous tips: pappus simple, soft-hair g. 

40. A. acuminatus, Michx. Pubescent ; stem erect, corymbose above ; 
leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering at the 
base ; heads corymbed, on slender naked peduncles ; scales of the involucre 
linear-lanceolate ; rays white. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 
Sept. — Stem 1°- 1^° high. Leaves thin, 3' -5' long, strongly veined. 

41. A. ptarmacoides, Torr. & Gray. Smooth or scabrous; stems (6'- 
15' high) simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 -3-nerved; heads small, in a flat 
corymb; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short ; rays white. 
— Northern States. 

Var. Georgianus, Gray. Taller (li°-2° high), and more slender, cor- 
ymbosely branched above ; lower leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate ; corymb 
larger and more loosely flowered ; ray flowers sterile, the style short or abor- 
tive. — Mountains of Georgia. Sept. 

§ 6. OxYTRiPOLiUM. — Scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips, scarious 
on the margins : pappus simple, soft-hairy : stems smooth and slender : leaves 
narroic, entire. 

* Perennial: scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows : rays conspicuous. 

42. A. Chapmani, Torr. & Gray. Stem erect, straight, branched above ; 
lower leaves long (3^-9'), linear, spreading, the upper scattered, subulate, 
erect ; heads large, terminating the slender branches ; scales of the involucre 
lanceolate, rigid ; rays showy, purple ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. (A. ex- 
ilis, Eli ? ) — Pine-barren swamps, West Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

43. A. tenuifolius, L. Stem mostly reclining, flexuous, sparingly 
branched ; leaves fleshy, narrow-linear ; heads few, scattered, terminal, small ; 
scales of the involucre narrow-linear, very acute, the lower ones smaller and 
passing into bracts ; achenia slightly hairy, 5-ribbed. — Salt marshes, common. 
Oct. — Stem l°-3° long. Rays Avhite or pale purple. 

* * Annual : scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows: rays short. 

44. A. SUbulatUS, Michx. Stem paniculately much branched ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, tapering at each end ; those of the branches linear or fili- 
form, sessile ; heads small, very numerous, in leafy racemes ; scales of the 
cylindrical involucre linear-subulate, smooth ; rays in two rows, not longer 
than the disk ; achenia somewhat hairy, 5-ribbed. — Wet places along the 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 225 

coast, Florida, and northward. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 
sharply serrate. 

45. A. exilis, Ell. ^ stem diffusely branched ; leaves linear-subulate ; 
the lowest ones linear, tapering at the base ; heads small, loosely panicled, on 
spreading peduncles ; scales of the involucre liuear-subulate, smooth ; rays in 
a siugle row, longer than the disk; achenia 4-ribbed, hairy. — Marshes along 
the coast, Florida to South Carolina. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Lowest 
leaves oval or lanceolate, toothed ; those of the branches short and bract-like. 
Rays blue. 

§ 7. DcELLiNGERiA & Ianthe. Pappus double, the outer rotv short and bristly, 

the inner long and capillary : scales of the involucre without herbaceous tips. 

* Involucre as long as the disk: rays purple. 

46. A. linariifolius, L. Stem rigid, simple, closely pubescent ; leaves 
numerous, linear, spreading, the margins very rough ; heads solitary or some- 
what racemose ; scales of the involucre imbricated in several rows, linear, 
appressed ; achenia silky. — Dry open woods. Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 
r long. 

* * Involucre shorter than the disk: rays white. 

47. A. infirmus, Michx. Stem pubescent ; leaves elliptical, tapering at 
each end, hairy on the margins and veins beneath ; heads few, on slender 
spreading peduncles; achenia .smooth.— Upper districts of Carolina, and 
northward. August. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

48. A. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gray. Stem roughish and corymbose 
above; leaves oval or oblong, acute at each end, nearly smooth ; heads numer- 
ous, corymbed ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Swamps. 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high ; the branches spreading. Leaves 1^' - 2' long. 

49. A. umbellatUS, Mill. Stem smooth, corymbose above ; leaves 
lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia smooth. — 
Swamps in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. Branches erect. 
Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

50. A. reticulatus, Pursh. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, scaly at 
the base ; leaves oblong, sessile, strongly veined ; heads large, corymbed, on 
long and naked (whitish) peduncles; scales of the involucre acute ; achenia 
hairy. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. May - July. — Stem 
1° - 2° high. Leaves V -2' long. 

17. ERIGERON, L. Fleabane. 

Heads mostly hemispherical, many-flowered. Rays very numerous, pistil- 
late. Scales of the involucre nearly equal, in 1-2 rows. Receptacle fiat, 
naked. Achenia compressed. Pappus a single row of capillary bristles ; or 
with an outer row of short chaffy scales or bristles. — Herbs. Leaves alter- 
nate. Rays white or purplish. 

* Rays longer than the disk. 
•1- Very numerous, filiform. 
1. E. StrigOSUS, Muhl. Annual, rough-pubescent; stem corymbose- 
panicled above ; leaves entire or sparingly serrate, the lowest oblong, tapering 

16 



226 coMPOSiTiE. (composite family.) 

iuto a slender jjetiole, the upi)er lanceolate or linear, sessile, distant ; heads 
small, corymbose-panicled ; rays white; outer pajjpus short and chaffy.— Dry 
old fields, common. June. — Stem 2° high. 

Var. Beyrichii, Gray. Biennial, puberuleut;' stems slender, l°-2° 
high ; leaves mostly entire, the lowest clustered, linear-spatulate, hjng-peti- 
oled, the upper sessile; heads small ; rays rose-color. — Sandy pine barrens, 
South Carolina, and westward. May. 

2. E. annuus, Pers. Annual, hirsute, erect (2° -4° high); lowest 
leaves oblong, petioled, toothed, the upper lanceolate, sessile, mostly entire ; 
heads corymbose ; rays' wliite, not twice the length of the sparsely hirsute 
involucre ; inner pappus of the ray flowers scanty or none. — Waste places. 
May- June. 

3. E. Philadelphicus, L. Hairy; stem corymbose-branched above; 
leaves thin, toothed or entire ; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the u])per oblong- 
lanceolate, clasping ; rays very numerous and narrow, purplish. — Low ground. 
May. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

4. E. quercifolius, Lam. Eesembles the preceding, but less hairy ; 
lower leaves mostly sinuate-pinnatifid ; heads smaller, and rays shorter. — 
Low ground, South Carolina, and westward. 

H— -!- Raijs less numerous, linear. 

5. E. bellidifolius, Muhl. Hairy or villous ; stem simple ; lowest leaves 
spatulate or obovate, toothed above the middle ; the upper oblong, sessile and 
entire ; heads large, solitary or corymbose ; rays broadly linear, bluish purple. 
— Open woods and banks in the upper districts. March -April. — Stem 1° 
high, stoloniferous. 

6. E. nudiculis, Michx. Smooth or nearly so ; stem simple, scape-like ; 
radical leaves clustered, thick, spatulate or obovate, entire or slightly toothed ; 
the others small and remote ; heads corymbed ; rays (about 30) white. — Pine- 
barren swamps. March - April. — Rhizoma thick. Stem 1° - 2° high. 

* Annual: raijS shorter than the disk. 

1. E. Canadensis, L. Hirsute or smoothish ; stem much branched; 
leaves linear-lanceolate ; heads very numerous, in panicled racemes, small, 
cylindrical; rays white ; disk flowers 4-toothed. — Old fields, common. May - 
Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. 

8. E. divaricatus, Michx. Annual, decumbent, hirsute ; leaves nar- 
row-linear ; heads loosely corymbose ; rays purple, not longer than the simple 
pappus ; achenium nearly smooth. — Mississippi, Tennessee, and northward. 

9. E. linifolius, Willd. Stem erect, 1°- 4° high, simple or branched; 
lowest leaves oJ)long, coarsely toothed, the upper linear, entire; heads pani- 
cled ; flowers 5-toothed. — Waste places. Introduced. 

18. BOLTOlSriA, L'Her. 

Heads many-flowered. Eays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical invo- 
lucre imbricated in two rows, not longer than the disk. Receptacle hemi- 
spherical or conical, obscurely alveolate. Achenia flattened, obovate, wing- 



COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 227 

margined. Pappus composed of several short chaffy scales ; that of the disk 
flowers mostly Avith 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial herbs, resembling Asters. 

1. B. diffusa, Ell. Stem with long and slender branches ; leaves linear, 
entire; heads small, terminal; achenia narrowly margined, hairy; pappus 
very short, two-awned. — Damp soil. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Rays 
purplish. 

2. B. glastifolia, L'Her. Stem paniculate; leaves rigid, lanceolate, 
sparingly serrate ; the upper ones linear, entire ; heads rather large ; achenia 
broadly margined ; pappus of few short bristles, and 2-4 long awns. — River 
sw^amps, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Rays 
white. 

3. B. asteroides, L'Her. Stem paniculate, the branches short ; leaves 
lanceolate, entire ; achenia smooth, narrow-margined ; pappus very short, 
Avithout aAvns. — Swamps, North Carolina. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads inter- 
mediate in size between the two preceding. 

19. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered, Rays pistillate, in a single row. Scales of the in- 
volucre mostly in tAvo rows, rather thin, equal. Receptacle conical, naked. 
Achenia obovate, compressed, wingless. Pappus none. — Loav herbs, with 
alternate leaves, and solitary terminal heads of Avhite or purple floAvers. 

1. B. integrifolia, Michx. Annual, branching, smooth (6' -12' high); 
leaA'es obovate, entire, the upper ones lanceolate, sessile ; heads peduncled ; 
rays pale purple ; achenia rough. — Tennessee ( Gattinger). March. 

20. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod. 

Heads feAv- or many-flowered. Rays 1-16, rarely Avanting, pistillate. Disk 
flowers tubular, perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated, rarely with 
spreading tips. Receptacle flat, mostly ah^eolate. Achenia terete, many- 
ribbed. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous mostly capillary bristles. — 
Perennial (rarely shrubby) erect plants, with alternate leaA^es, and small heads 
of yelloAv floAvers. 
§ 1. Chrysastrum. — Scales of the involucre icith herbaceous spreading tips: 

bristles of the pappus unequal, some of them thickened upward : racemes short, 

forming a long and narrow leaf// panicle. 

1. S. diseoidea, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent or hairy; stem simple or 
branched ; leaves ovate, acute, abruptly narroAved into a petiole, the loAver ones 
coarsely serrate; racemes composed of 3-6 large 10- 15-floAvered heads; 
rays none; achenia smooth. (Aster? discoideus. Ell.) — Rich woods, Flor- 
ida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Flowers yelloAvish white. Stem 3° -5° 
high. 

2. S. squarrosa, Muhl. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above; leaves 
large, smoothish, oblong, acute, serrate, the loAA^er ones tapering into a long 
Avinged petiole ; the upper sessile and entire ; racemes shorter than the leaves, 
composed of 3-6 clustered heads; rays 12-16, shoAvy; achenia smooth. — 
Mountains of Georgia, and northAvard. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest 
leaves 6' -8' long. Heads 16- 24-flowered. 



228 coMrosiT.E. (composite family.) 

§ 2. VlitGAUREA. — Scales of the involucre appressed : raijs mostlij fewer than 

the diskjiuivers, rarelij icunlliKj : racemes racemose, conjinhose, or panlcled. 

* Racemes not \-sided : leaves feather-veined J 

■^ Racemes a xl liar u, cluster-like, usually shorter than the leaves: the uppermost 

oj'tc.n crowded and racemose : leaves uniform, serrate. 

3. S. pubens, M. A. Curtis. Stoiii simple, slender, pubescent; leaves 
thin, oval-lanceolate, acuminate at each (;ii(l, coarsely serrate, pubescent; ra- 
cemes dense, the upper ones racemose; heads 8- 14-fiowered; ra^^s 4-7- 
scales of the involucre obtuse, villouspubescent ; achenia hoary. — Upper and 

mountainous i)arts of Georgia and iS'orth Carolina. August. Stem 2*^-3° 

liigh. J-icaves 3'- 5' long. 

4. S. Buckleyi, Torr. & Gray. Villous-pul)escent ; leaves oblong, acute 
at each end, coarsely serrate, smoother a])ove; racemes loose, all separate and 
much shorter than the leaves; heads 1 5 - 20 flowered ; rays 4-6; scales of 
the involucre rather acute, nearly smooth; achenia short and smooth. — Inte- 
rior of Alabama to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 3' long. 

5. S. latif olia, L. Stem smooth, simple ; leaves oval or ovate, acumi- 
nate, uno(iually toothed-serrate, mostly pubescent beneath; racemes roundish 
or oblong, commonly shorter than the leaves, the upper more or less racemose ; 
heads about 10-flowered ; rays 3 -4 ; scales of the involucre smoothish, obtuse ; 
achenia silky-pubescent. — Shady w^oods in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 
1° - 2° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long, 2' - 3' wide. 

6. S. C86Sia, L. Stem slender, often branching, smooth and glaucous ; 
leaves smooth, lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, sharply serrate; racemes all dis- 
tinct, roundish, much shorter than the leaves ; the lowest rarely elongated ; 
heads about 10-flowered; rays 3-4, large, bright yellow; scales of the invo- 
lucre smooth, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Damp shady woods and banks. 
Sept. — Stem 2°-3° high, often purple. Leaves 3'-5' long, -^'-T wide. 
Eacemes in all the upper axils. 

7. S. Curtisii, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish; stem tall, not glaucous, 
straight and mostly simple, striate-angled ; leaves lanceolate or obovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate above the middle, sessile ; racemes 
dense, much shorter than the leaves ; heads 8 - 12-flowered ; rays 4 - 6 ; scales 
of the involucre oblong-linear, obtuse ; achenia hoary-pubescent. — Mountains 
of North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 5' -6' 
long. 

8. S. monticola, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; stem terete, simple and 
slender, puberulent above; leaves very thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
slightlv serrate; the upper ones small and bract-like; racemes sessile, the 
uppermost approximate and nearly as long as the leaves; heads about 15- 
flowered ; scales of the involucre linear, acute ; achenia smooth. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. Sept. — Leaves and flowers smaller than the last. 

9. S. lancif olia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem tall, simple, angled ; 
leaves long-lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, sessile ; racemes approxi- 
mate, peduncled, somewhat compound; the upper ones longer than the re- 
duced leaves ; heads nearly ses.sile ; scales of the involucre oblong, very 



COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 229 

obtuse, minutely granular; acheuia hairj. — Mountains of North Carolina. 
Sept. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 4'- 5' long. Heads large. 

•*- ■*- Racemes crowded in racemose or pyramidal terminal panicles, longer than 
the (eaves (except JVo. 15): lowest leaves large, commonly tapering into a 
petiole, the uppermost small, sessile and entire. 

10. S. bicolor, L. Pubescent; stem simple, or branching above ; lowest 
leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate ; the upper lanceolate ; panicle racemose, the 
lowest racemes shorter thau the leaves ; heads about 20-flowered ; rays 7-9, 
short, whitish ; scales of the involucre obtuse. — Dry soil in the upper districts, 
and northward. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Eadical leaves 2' - 5' long. 

Var. concolor, Torr. & Gray. Mostly taller (2° -4°), and branching, 
hirsute; leaves broader ; rays yellow. — Mountains of Georgia and Ten- 
nessee. 

11. S. puberula, Nutt. Minutely pubescent; stem simple, virgate; 
lowest leaves spatulate-oblong, serrate above the middle ; the upper lanceolate ; 
panicle dense, racemose or pyramidal ; heads about 30-flowered ; rays about 
10; scales of the involucre subulate; achenia smoothish. (S. pubescens. Ell.) 
— Dry sandy soil, in the upper districts. Sept. 

Var. pulverulenta, Chapm. Upper leaves shorter, oblong-obovate ; 
scales of the (20-25-flowered) involucre linear-lanceolate; acheuia smooth. 
(S. pulverulenta, Nutt.) — Damp pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
Sept. -Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high, often purplish. Lowest leaves 2' -4' long. 
Flowers middle-sized, bright yellow. 

12. S. petiolaris, Ait. Minutely pubescent; stem mostly simple, 
straight, very leafy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, rough on 
the margins, all but the lowest entire, and nearly sessile ; panicle racemose 
or oblong; heads large, 20-25-flowered; rays about 10, showy; scales of the 
involucre linear, pubescent ; the outer ones more or less spreading ; achenia 
smoothish. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2°- 
3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. 

13. S. speciosa, Nutt. Stem stout, mostly simple, smooth below, pubes- 
cent above ; leaves smooth, the lowest large (5' - 8' long, H' - 2' wide), serrate ; 
the upper ones lanceolate ; panicle compact, pyramidal ; heads rather large, 
crowded, 1 5 - 20-floAvered ; rays 6-8, showy; scales of the involucre lanceo- 
late, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Varies, with the stem and lower surface of 
the broader (2' - 3') leaves villous ; the fewer, larger, and more scattered heads 
about 30-flowered ; or every way smaller ; the short racemes forming a narrow 
racemose panicle. — Dry soil ; the first variety in the upper districts. Sept. - 
Oct. — Stem 3°- 5° high, often purplish. 

14. S. verna, Curtis. Closely pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 
simple or panicled above ; leaves thin, roughish, the lowest oblong, abruptly 
narrowed into a long and slender petiole, the upper ones sessile and entire ; 
racemes very slender, spreading, forming an open somewhat corymbose pan- 
icle ; heads rather large, scattered, about 30-flowered ; rays narrow ; scales of 
the involucre linear ; achenia pubescent. — Pine barrens, near Wilmington, 
North Caxolinsb {Curtis). May -June. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 
3' -5' long. 



230 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

15. S. glomerata, Miclix. Smooth; stem stout, simple ; leaves large, 
oblong-laiiceolate, acuminate at each end, sharply serrate, the lowest taper- 
iug into a petiole ; racemes cluster-like, much shorter than the leaves ; the 
upper ones approximate and racemose; heads very large, 30 - 40-fiowered ; 
rays 10-12; scales of the involucre acute, smooth ; achenia pubescent — 
High mountains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 4'- 
9' long. 

-(- M- H- Racemes conjinbose : heads verij large. 

16. S. rigida, L. Eough-pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem stout; 
leaves rigid, oval or oblong, serrate, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a peti- 
ole ; corymb compact ; heads 30 - 35-flowered ; rays 7 - 10 ; scales of tlie 
involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia smooth. — Mountains of Georgia, and north- 
ward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 9' long. 

17. S. eorymbosa, Ell. Stem erect, smooth; the branches rough- 
hairy ; lower leaves oljlong-lanceolate, the upper ovate ; all fleshy, rigid, 
smooth, but very rough and fringed along the margin ; racemes corymbose, 
the lower recurved ; rays long. — Upper districts of Georgia and Tennessee. 
Sept. -Oct. — Stem stout, 4° -6° high. Lower leaves 4' -6' long. Heads 
about 30 flowered. Scales of the involucre oval. Rays about 10. 

18. S. spithamsea, M. A. Curtis. Stem low (8' - 12'), rigid, soft-hairy ; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth, sharply serrate, acute ; the lowest tapering 
into a petiole; corymb dense, compound; heads 25 - 30-flowered, rays 6-7, 
short ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; achenia pubescent. — Moun- 
tains of North Carolina. Sept. — Stems tufted. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. 

* * Racemes l-sided, mostly compound, spreading or I'ecurved {in Nos. 20 and 

21 often erect), commonly disposed in a pyramidal panicle. 
1 -1- Smooth species, growing in marshes: stems virgate : leaves very numerous, 

more or less fleshy ; the lowest elongated and tapering into a margined petiole ; 

the tipper small and passing into bracts: heads middle-sized : achenia 

pubescent. 

19. S. flavovirens, Chapm. Smooth throughout; stem stout, simple; 
leaves oblong, obtuse or mucronate ; the lowest serrate, on winged petioles, 
the- upper entire, narrowed at the base; panicle pyramidal; heads 10-12- 
flowered ; rays mostly 3, showy ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acutish. — 
Marshes, Apalachicola, Florida. Sept. — Whole plant yellowish green. 
Stem 2° -6° high. Lowest leaves 5 '-10' long, obscurely ribbed. Heads 
rather large. 

20. S. strieta, Ait. Smooth ; stem slender, rarely branched ; leaves 
somewhat fleshy, entire ; the lowest oblong-spatulate, sometimes slightly ser- 
rate, veiny ; the upper very small, lanceolate, appressed ; panicle racemose, 
erect, or pyramidal, with the lower racemes 1-sided ; heads 12 - 16-flowered ; 
rays 5 - 7 ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute. — Pine barren swamps. 
Sept. — Stem 3°- 5° high. 

21. S. angUStifolia, Ell. Smooth; stem slender, simple, or branched 
above ; leaves fleshy, entire, the lowest lanceolate, the upper linear and acute ; 
panicle racemose or pyramidal, lower racemes spreading and 1-sided; heads 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 231 

gather small, about 10-flowered; rays 5, narrow; scales of the involucre linear, 
obtuse. — Coast of Florida to North Carolina. Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

22. S. sempervirens, L. Stem simple, or branched above ; lowest leaves 
lanceolate-oblong, entire, flesh}'^, long-petioled ; the upper lanceolate, acute, 
sessile or j^artly clasj)iug ; panicle contracted or pyramidal ; heads rather 
large; rays 7-10; scales of the involucre linear, acutish. — Salt marshes, 
Florida, and northward. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 3° - 8'^ high. Leaves varying 
in thickness, the lowest 6' - 12' long. 

2 H- Stems (smooth) commonly branching : Jeaves not fleshy , serrate, veiny ; the 
lowest ample, tapering into a margined petiole : panicles pyramidal, or race- 
mose on the spreading branches. 

23. S. patula, Muhl. Stem stout, strongly angled ; leaves large, ovate 
or oblong, acute, very rough above, smooth beneath ; panicles dense, leafy ; 
peduncles pubescent ; rays 6 - 7 ; achenia sparsely pubescent. — Swamps, 
Georgia, and northward. — Leaves 6'- 12' long. 

Var. strictula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, or with few elongated rough- 
pubescent branches ; leaves smaller ; racemes short, forming a long and 
slender compound raceme. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. Sept. -Oct. 
— Stem 4° -6° high. 

24. S. juneea, Ait. Smooth; leaves sharply serrate, acute or acuminate 
at each end, the lowest elliptical or lanceolate-oblong, somewhat 3-ribbed, on 
winged and ciliate petioles ; the upper sessile ; panicle dense, somewhat corym- 
bose ; heads small, crowded, 1 8 - 20-floAvered ; rays 8-12, small; scales of the 
involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — Rich soil in the upper districts. 
Sept. — Stem 2^-4° high. 

25. S. arguta, Ait., var. Caroliniana, Gray. Inflorescence pubescent, 
otherwise glabrous ; stem 2° - 4° high, branching above ; lowest leaves large 
(4' -6' long), ovate, sharply serrate, wiug-petioled, upper ones lanceolate, 
entire ; heads 3" long, crowded in short terminal recurved racemes, about 
20-flowered ; achenia pubescent. — Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. 
August. 

26. S. Boottii, Hook. Stem smooth, or pubescent above ; leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, appressed-serrate, smooth or 
more or less pubescent ; panicle open, oblong or pyramidal; heads about 12- 
fiowered ; rays 5 ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia nearly smooth. — 
Varies, with longer, narrower, and more sharply serrate leaves, and slender 
racemose panicles towards the summits of the spreading branches. — Sandy 
soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high, often purplish. 

27. S. braehyphylla, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent, sparingly 
branched ; leaves smooth or pubescent on the veins, finely serrate, the lowest 
spatulate, the upper oval or orbicular; racemes short, forming a compound 
raceme toward the end of the spreading branches ; scales of the 3 - 5-flowered 
involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays none ; achenia pubescent, as long as the rigid 
pappus. — Dry light soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept. — Stem 2°- 
3° high. Leaves V -2' lone:. 



232 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

3 -t- Leaves verij 7iumeroas, (/radaallij diininishinij in size upward, veiny, sessile, 
or the lotrc.st narrowed into a short petiole : heads small. 

28. S. rugosa, Mill. Stem hirsute; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, ser- 
rate, rough above, pubescent, especially on the veins beneath, often rugose, 
])rominently veined ; panicle leafy, often narrow and elongated ; the racemes 
slender and recurved; scales of the lO-lo-fiowered involucre linear; rays 
6-9, small; achenia pubescent. — Low thickets, Florida, and northward. 
Sept. - Oct. — Stem 2° - 6° high, commonly branching. Leaves variable in 
texture and ])ul)csc('iice. 

29. S. ulmifolia, Mubl. Stem smtjcjtii, or softly puljescent above ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminute, serrate, smooth on the upper surface, 
paler and pubescent on the veins beneath; panicle loose, spreading; heads 
about 10- flowered ; rays 4-5 ; scales of the involucre acutish ; achenia nearly 
smooth. — Low ground in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 2'^ -3° high. 
Leaves thin, 2' - 3' long. 

30. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem mostly simple; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, acute, finely serrate, the upper often 
entire ; racemes crowded, forming a pyramidal panicle; scales of the 13-20- 
flowered involucre linear, obtuse ; rays 5 - 7 ; achenia minutely pubescent. 
(S. elliptica? £"//.) — Damp soil near the coast, Georgia to North Carolina. 
Sept. — Stem 3° - 6^ high. Leaves very numerous, 2' - 3' long. 

31. S. pilosa, Walt. Stem hirsute, simple, or branching above; leaves 
very numerous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate, mucronate, rough above, 
pubescent on the veins beneath ; racemes numerous, slender, forming a pyram- 
idal or somewhat corymbose panicle; heads narrow, 12- 15-flowered ; rays 
7-10, small; scales of the involucre linear; achenia slightly pubescent. — 
Low ground, Florida, and northward. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 2° -8° high. 
Leaves 2' -3' long. 

32. S. odor a, Ait. Stem mostly simple, pubescent in lines ; leaves entire, 
linear-lanceolate, smooth on both surfaces, rough on the margins, punctate 
with pellucid dots, often reflexed ; panicle pyramidal, mostly one-sided ; heads 
5 - 7-flowered ; rays about 3, showy; achenia hairy. — Dry soil, Florida, and 
northward. Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. — Plant anise- 
scented. 

33. S. Chapmani, Gray. Stem 2° - 3° high, mostly simple ; leaves short 
(V - lY long), oblong-ovate, obtuse ormucronate-acute, the margins scabrous; 
heads 5 - 9-flowered ; rays 1-3, or none. (S. odora, in part, 1st edit.) — 
Sandy pine barrens, Florida. Sept. 

34. S. tortifolia, Ell. Stem straight, simple or branched, rough-pubes- 
cent above ; leaves small, linear, entire, or the lowest slightly serrate, often 
twi.^ted, pubescent on the margins and midrib ; panicle dense, pyramidal ; 
heads small, 6 - 9-flowered ; rays 3 - 4 ; scales of the involucre linear, obtuse ; 
achenia slightly pubescent. — Dry sandy ^oil, Florida to North Carolina. 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves very numerous, 1' - 2' long. 

35. S. gracillima, Torr. & Gray. Smooth ; stem slender ; lowest leaves 
spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate near the apex; the others linear and 



COMPOSITE, (composite famtly.) 233 

entire ; heads rather large, 9 -12-flowered, forming a narrow compound raceme 
at the summit of the stem and branches ; rays mostly wanting ; scales of the 
involucre oblong, obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Dry pine barrens, Middle 
Florida. Oct. — Stem 2° high. 

4 -)- Lowest leaves cordate, on long petioles : heads in simple or compound 
racemes, 8 - lO-Jioivered : pappus rigid, equalling or shorter than the hairy 
achenia. 

36. S. amplexicaulis, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent and roughish ; stem 
slender, sparingly branched above ; leaves sharply serrate, acute, the lowest 
broadly cordate ; those of the stem ovate, abruptly contracted into a broadly 
winged and clasping petiole, the uppermost small, sessile, and entire; racemes 
slender, often simple; rays 1-3 ; pappus as long as the achenium. — Dry 
open woods. Oct. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

37. S. COrdata, Short. Pubescent ; stem sparingly branched above ; 
leaves acute, on wingless petioles ; the lowest large, coarsely serrate, cordate, 
the others ovate, sharply serrate, on short petioles ; the uppermost entire, ses- 
sile; racemes compound, terminating the spreading branches, composed of 
crowded cluster-like racemes ; the lower ones scattered ; scales of the 8-10- 
flowered involucre rigid, obtuse ; rays .5 - 6 ; pappus much shorter than the 
achenium. (Brachychseta, Torr. Sf Gray.) — Mountains of Georgia and North 
Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Lowest leaves 3'- 5' wide. 

5 -(- Leaves nearly sessile, more or less plainly ^-ribbed : panicles recurved. 

38. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Glabrous; stem simi^le, rigid, l°-2° 
high; leaves rather rigid, lanceolate, sliarply serrate above the middle, the 
lowest tapering into a petiole, the upper linear, entire ; panicle short, dense ; 
heads 16 -20-flowered ; rays 8 -12; achenia slightly pubescent. — Dry soil, 
Tennessee, and westward. July. 

39. S. Gattingeri, Chapm. Low (1° high), simple, glabrous ; lower 
leaves lanceolate, rather obtuse, tapering into a petiole, entire, or obscurely 
denticulate near the apex, the uppermost (Y or less long) passing into the 
oblong-linear obtuse bracts of the widely spreading flat panicle ; heads ovoid ; 
16 -20-flowered, the oblong scales obtuse ; rays few, notched ; pappus coarse, 
shorter than the flowers; ovary smooth. — Rocky barrens of Tennessee 
( Gattinger). 

40. S. nemoralis, Ait. Plant grayish, minutely pubescent and rough- 
ened ; stem mostly simple ; leaves obscurely 3-ribbed ; the lowest spatulate- 
oblong or lanceolate, serrate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, narrowed toward 
the base, mostly entire ; panicle dense, oblong or pyramidal, recurved ; heads 
10- 12-flowered ; rays 6-7; achenia hairy. — Old fields and open woods, 
common. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

41. S. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, minutely pubes- 
cent and roughish ; leaves very numerous, smooth, linear-lanceolate, entire ; 
the lowest sparingly serrate ; panicle pyramidal ; heads rather large ; rays 
10- 12 ; achenia pubescent. — Damp soil, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long, 3" - 4'' wide, faintly ribbed. 



234 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

42. S. Canadensis, L. Stem pubescent and often rough ; leaves lanceo- 
late, acute or acuniiuate, sharply serrate, rough above, pubescent beneath ; 
panicles i)yranii(lal, dense ; heads small ; rays very short ; aclienia pubescent. 

— Varies (S. procera, Ell.), with a more hairy stem, less serrate leaves, the 
upper entire, and larger heads and rays. — Margins of fields, etc., Florida, 
and northward. Oct. — Stem 3° - 8° high. 

43. S. serotina, Ait. Stem smooth, often purple; leaves lanceolate, 
acuminate, sen ate, glabrous ; panicle pyramidal, of numerous recurved ra- 
cemes ; rays short ; mature aclienia smooth. — Low ground, Florida, and 
northward. Oct — Stem stout, 4° - 8° high. Heads larger than in the last. 

Var. gigantea. Gray. Stem and leaves as in the type, but the latter 
more or less i)ul)escent beneath, and scabrous above. — With the preceding. 

44. S. rupestris, Kaf. Inflorescence sparsely pubescent, otherwise 
glabrous ; stem branching, 3° high ; leaves thin, lanceolate, sharjjly serrate, 
3' -4' long, faintly ribbed; panicle leafy ; heads 2'' long; rays small. — Kocky 
river banks, Tennessee. August. 

§ 3. Chrysoma. — Stem shrubbi/ : leaves impressed-punctate, veinless : rays 
1 - 3 ; receptacle conical, naked. 

45. S. pauciflosculosa, Michx. Stem, leaves, and involucre viscid ; 
leaves spatulate-lauceolate or linear, obtuse, entire, the lowest scale-like ; 
panicle 1-sided ; the clusters erect, on naked peduncles ; heads 4-7-flowered ; 
scales of the involucre obtuse ; achenia pubescent. — Sandy banks and shores, 
Florida to South Carolina. Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves T- 2' long. 
Rays large. 

§ 4. EuTHAMiA. — Herbaceous : leaves narrow, entire, 1 - ^-nerved : heads 
corymbose : rays more numerous than the disk flowers : receptacle bristly : 
involucre viscid. 

46. S. lanceolata, L. Stem pubescent above, corymbose ; leaves linear- 
lanceolate, roughish on the upper surface, pubescent on the veins beneath, 
3 - 5-nerved ; heads obconical, mostly sessile, in dense clusters; rays 15-20. 

— Damp soil, Georgia, and northward. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

47. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Nearly smooth; stem corymbosely much 
branched; leaves linear, 3-nerved, glandular-dotted; heads few in a cluster, 
often pedicelled, top-shaped; rays about 10. — Low sandy places, common. 
Oct. — Stem 2° high. Heads smaller than those of the preceding. 

21. BIGELOVIA, DC. 

Heads 3 - 4-fiowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Involucre cylin- 
drical-club-shaped, as long as the flowers ; the scales linear, rigid, appressed, 
somewhat viscid. Receptacle narrow, cuspidate. Achenia terete, striate, 
hairy. Pappus simple, of numerous scabrous capillary bristles. Styles 
scarcely exserted. — Smooth erect perennial herbs, with narrow obtuse en- 
tire leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers, disposed in a compound 
corymb. 

1. B. nudata, DC. Stem mostly simple, virgate ; lowest leaves spatu 
late-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved; the others scattered, linear. — Var. vik- 



COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 235 

GATA. Lowest leaves linear-spatulate, 1 -nerved ; the others narrow-linear or 
filiform; heads larger. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept. 

— Stem 2° high. 

22. APLOPAPPUS, Cass. 

Heads manj^-flowered ; the rays pistillate. Involucre hemispherical or 
bell shaped. Pappus single, of numerous capillary bristles, alike in the rays 
and disk. Receptacle alveolate. Acheuia silky. — Annual or biennial herbs, 
with alternate leaves, and scattered heads of yellow flowers. 

§1. Heads large: involucre hemispherical : rays numerous : pappus brown. 

1. A. rubiginosus, Torr. & Gray, var. phyllocephalus, Gray. 
Stem 2° -3° high, corymbosely branched, the branches short, pubescent; 
leaves lanceolate, with bristle-pointed spreading teeth; heads, with involucre- 
like leaves at the base ; achenia club-shaped ; bristles of the pappus unequal. 

— Damp places, Funta Rassa, South Florida. Oct. 

§ 2. Heads small: involucre narrow-hell-shaped , with subulate scales : rays 5 -8 : 

pappus white. 

2. A. divaricatus, Gray. Hispid and glandular; stem erect, the slen- 
der branches spreading ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sparingly toothed ; involu- 
cre soft-hairy ; rays 5-8. — Sandy fields and woods, Florida, Georgia, and 
westward. Sept. — Stem l°-4° high. Panicle large. Heads 15-20- 
flowered. 

23. HETEROTHECA, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated 
in few rows, linear. Receptacle alveolate, bristly, Achenia of the rays oval, 
destitute of pappus, those of the disk flowers obovate, compressed, hairy, with 
a double pappus ; the outer one short and chaffy, the inner bristly. — Biennial 
rough-hairy branching herbs, with irregularly toothed or entire alternate 
leaves, and corymbose-panicled heads of yellow flowers. 

1. H. Lamarekii, Cass. Leaves oblong, toothed, commonly sessile or 
clasping ; the lowest petioled, obtuse or somewhat cordate at the base ; in- 
volucre thick, shorter than the brownish inner pappus. — Dry sandy places 
along the coast, South Carolina, and westward. Sept. — Stem rigid, l°-2° 
high. Leaves V-2' long. 

24. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. 

Pappus of the ray and disk flowers alike, double ; the exterior row chaffy, 
or of chaffy bristles, the interior longer, capillary ; otherwise like Heterotheca. 

— Biennial or perennial hairy or silky herbs, with linear or oblong mostly 
entire leaves. Heads mostly corymbed. Flowers yellow. 

* Leaves narrow, nerved, entire : achenia oblong-linear, narrowed at each end, 
pubescent : perennials. 
1. C. graminifolia, ISTutt. Stem leafy, white with appressed silky shin- 
ing hairs, as also the linear leaves ; heads numerous, rather small, on slender, 
more or less glandular peduncles ; involucre top-shaped, the linear scales glau- 



236 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

(hilar. — Sandy pine barrens, coinmou. Sept. — Stem l°-2°liigli. Lowest 
leaves 4' -8' lon^. 

2. C. oligantha, Chapm. Stem nearly naked and glandular above, the 
lower part, like the linear or lanceolate leaves, silky with appressed shining 
hairs; heads 1-4, on long erect glandular peduncles, rather large; involucre 
bell-sliaped, the scales glandular-pubescent. — Low pine barrens, Florida. 
April -May. — Stem 1° high. Stem-leaves clasping; those of tlie root elon- 
gated. 

'3. C. pinifolia, KIl. Smooth ; stem rigid ; leaves linear, crowded, rigid ; 
corymb large ; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. — High sand-hills 
in the western districts of Georgia (A7//c//). — Stem li'^-2^ I'igli- Stem 
leaves 4' -6' long, the uppermost filiform. Heads large. Exterior pappus 
somewhat chaffy, 

* * Leaves veinij, oblonrj or lanceolate ; the lowest narrowed at the base, the upper 
sessile : achenia obovate, compressed. 

4. C. Mariana, Nntt. Perennial ; stem simple, covered with loose silky- 
deciduous hairs ; lowest leaves si)atulate-oblong, entire or slightly serrate ; the 
upper ones lanceolate, sessile, entire ; corymb small, mostly simple and umbel- 
late, cone-like in the bud ; peduncles and involucre glandular. — Sandy pine 
barrens, Florida, and northward. Sept, — Stem l°-2° high. 

5. C. trichophylla, Nutt. Biennial; stem very leafy, mostly branch- 
ing, villous with loose silky hairs; leaves oblong or lanceolate, the earliest 
ones crowded, obtuse and densely villous, the upper mostly acute and often 
smoothish ; corymb large, compound ; peduncles and involucre smoothish. — 
Var. HYSSOPiFOLiA (C. hyssopifolia, Nutt.) has narrow-linear and smooth 
leaves, except the tuft at the base. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North 
Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2*^-3° high, commonly ascending. Leaves l'-2' 
long. 

6. C gOSSypina, Nutt. Biennial, densely villous and hoary throughout ; 
leaves oblong, obtuse, entire ; the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile ; corymb 
simple. (C. dentata. Ell., leaves larger, the lowest sinuate-toothed, C. de- 
cumbens. Flora, inflorescence glandular.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and 
northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high, 

7. C. SCabrella, Torr. & Gray. Biennial, glandular-scabrous through- 
out ; the earliest leaves only villous ; lowest leaves clustered, spatulate, entire, 
the others broadly or narrowly lanceolate, l'-2' long; corvmb compound; 
involucral scales linear, acute, rigid ; pappus fulvous ; achenia silky. — Dry 
sandy soil near the coast, Florida. Oct. 

8. C. villosa, Nutt, Rough-hairy and somewhat hoary throughout ; 
stem rigid, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sparingly serrate ; 
the upper ones sessile, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; heads large, in a 
simple corymb. — Dry soil, Alabama, and westward, Sept. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 1' long, fringed near the base. 

25. GRINDELIA, Willd. 

Heads many-flowered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical invo- 
lucre imbricated in several rows. Receptacle flat. Achenia oval or obovate, 



COMPOSTT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 237 

glabrous. Pappus of 2 - 8 rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — Perennial herbs, 
with alternate leaves, and single heads of yellow flowers terminating the 
branches. 

1. G. lanceolata, Nutt. Glabrous, corymbosely branching (1°- 2° high) ; 
leaves lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate; involucre glutinous, the scales 
nearly equal, ending in a filiform point , bristles of the pappus mostly 2. — 
Tennessee, Alabama, and westward. 

26. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt. 

Heads small, radiate. Kays pistillate, fertile. Disk floAvers perfect but 
sterile. Scales of the top-shaped involucre few and rigid. Pappus of the 
disk flowers of 5 - 8 bristle-like scales ; of the rays minute or obsolete. — A 
low much branched glabrous annual, with linear alternate leaves and yellow 
pedicellate flowers. 

1. A. dracunculoides, Nutt. — Colbert County, Alabama (Mohr), 
and westward. August. 

27. BACCHARIS, L. 

Heads dicecious, many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular. Corolla of the 
sterile flowers 5-cleft; of the fertile filiform, nearly entire; style exserted. 
Scales of the oblong or hemispherical involucre imbricated in several rows. 
Receptacle naked or somewhat chaffy. Achenia ribbed. Pappus of the ster- 
ile floAvers capillary, in a single row, as long as the involucre ; of the fertile 
flowers in 1- several rows, commonly much longer than the involucre. — 
Smooth and resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate. Plowers white. 

1 . B. halimifolia, L. Leaves obovate, or oblong-obovate, toothed above 
the middle, the uppermost lanceolate, entire ; heads peduncled, the terminal 
ones clustered; pappus of the fertile floAvers 3-4 times as long as the in\'0- 
lucre. — LoAv ground near the coast. Sept. - Oct. — Shrub 2°- 12° high. 

2. B. glomeruliflora, Fers. Leaves wedge oboA^ate, coarsely toothed, 
rigid ; the uppermost obovate, entire ; heads very numerous, in dense sessile 
axillary clusters ; pappus of the fertile flowers twice as long as the involucre. 
— Swamps along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. Nov. — Shrub 6° - 
12° high. 

3. B. angustifolia, Michx. LeaA-es linear, entire ; heads single, or 2 - 
4 in a terminal cluster ; achenia smooth, — Saline marshes, Florida to North 
Carolina. Oct. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Heads small. 

28. INULA, L. Elecampane. 

Heads many-floAvered. Rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre imbricated 
in several rows. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Anthers bicaudate at the 
base. Pappus single, of capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Perennial 
herbs. Flowers yellow. 

1. I. Helenium, L. Stem stout; leaves large, ovate, denticulate, to- 
mentose beneath ; the lowest ones petioled, the upper clasping ; heads very 



238 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

large, somewhat corymbose ; outer scales of the involucre broadly ovate, leafy ; 
rays uumerous, narrow ; acheuia 4 sided, smootli. — Mouutaius of North Caro- 
lina. Introduced. 

29. PLUCHEA, Cass. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; tlie central flowers mostly perfect, but ster- 
ile, with tlie corolla dilated and .5-cleft; the otliers pistillate, slender, sligiitly 
toothed. Anthers bicaudate. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lieceptacle 
flat, mostly naked, Achenia grooved or angled. ]"api)us a single row of 
capillary slightly scabrous bristles. — Odorous mostly pubescent and glandu- 
lar herbs, with alternate ovate or oblong serrate leaves. Heads of purplish 
flowers corymbose. 

1. P. bifrons, DC. Stem simple, or sparingly branched ; leaves ol)long, 
acute, denticulate, strongly reticulated and rugose, cordate and clasping; 
heads clustered; involucre pubescent and viscid. — Margins of pine barren 
ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Mowers pale 
purple or white. 

2. P. foetida, BC. Minutely pubescent and glandular; leaves large, 
membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering into a petiole ; 
corymbs axillary and terminal ; heads rather small, numerous, on slender pedi- 
cels ; involucre smoothish ; often purplish. — Damp soil, Florida, and north- 
ward. Sept. — Stem 2° - 5° high. Leaves 5' - 8' long, resinous-dotted. Flow- 
ers purple. 

3. P. camphorata, DC. Minutely pubescent and glandular-viscid; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, denticulate, nearly sessile ; 
heads rather large, in a dense corymb, on short and stout pedicels ; scales of 
the involucre pubescent, the inner ones long-acuminate. — Salt marshes, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high; the branches few and 
erect. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers light purple. 

4. P. purpurascens, DC. Tomentose and glandular; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply and somewhat erosely serrate, on 
slender petioles ; heads rather small, on slender pedicels, loosely corymbose ; 
scales of the involucre pubescent, the inner ones lanceolate, acute. — Swamps 
and low ground, Florida. Sept. — Stem l°-2° high, with numerous spread- 
ing branches. Leaves 2^-4' long. Flowers bluish purple. 

30. PTEROCAULON, Ell. 

Heads and flowers chiefly as in Pluchea. Scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
imbricated in several rows, caducous. Eeceptacle minutely hairy. Achenia 
angled, pubescent. Pappus of numerous equal capillary bristles, longer than 
the involucre. — Perennial herbs. Leaves lanceolate, densely tomentose and 
hoary beneath, the margins broadly decurrent on the stem. Heads compactly 
spiked. 

1. P. pycnostachyum, Ell! Stem rarely branched, l°-2° high; 
leaves wra'v, smooth above ; spike thick, woolly ; flowers white. — Damp pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. 



COMPOSIT.^. (composite FAMILY.) 239 

31. ANTENNARIA, Geert. Everlasting. 

Heads many-flowered, dioecious, discoid ; the corolla of the sterile flowers 
5-cleft; of the pistillate filiform. Scales of the involucre scarious, colored. 
Eeceptacle convex or flat. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus a single row of 
capillary bristles, which, in the staminate flowers, are thickened at the apex. 
— Perennial downy or woolly herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and corym- 
bose rarely single heads. 

1. A. margaritacea, R.Br. Stem corymbose above, woolly; leaves 
liuear-lanceolate, with revolute margins, tomentose ; heads corymbose ; invo- 
lucre white. — Upper districts of North Carolina, and northward, Sept. - 
Oct.— Stem l°-2°high. 

2. A. plantaginifolia, Hook. Stolonif erous ; stems scape like; radical 
leaves spatulate or obovate, hoary, becoming smooth above, 3-ribbed ; those of 
the stem few, linear or lanceolate ; heads small, in a terminal cluster, some- 
times single and larger ; involucre white or purplish. — Sterile soil, I lorida, 
and northward. March- May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 

32. GWAPHALIUM, L. Everlasting. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid; exterior and pistillate flowers very slender, 
mostly in several rows ; the central perfect. Scales of the involucre appressed, 
scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia terete or more or less flattened. 
Pappus a single row of capillary bristles. — Woolly or downy herbs. Leaves 
alternate. Heads in crowded spikes or corymbs. Involucre colored. 

1. G. polycephalum, Michx. Stem woolly or villous, sometimes 
viscid, Avhite, branching above ; leaves linear, sessile, undulate, white beneath ; 
heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre white, obtuse. — Old fields and open 
woods, common. Sept. - Oct. (T) — Stem 2° high. Perfect flowers few. 

2. G. purpureum, L. Woolly or tomentose and hoary throughout; 
stems branching at the base, ascending, simple ; lowest leaves spatulate- 
lanceolate, the upper linear ; heads in crowded spikes. — Cultivated ground, 
very common. April- June. (T) — Stems 4^-12' high. 

33. FILAGO, L. Cudweed. 

Heads discoid, many-flowered ; the central flowers perfect, but often abor- 
tive, the outer ones very slender and pistillate. Involucre of few woolly 
scales. Lower part of the long or top-shaped receptacle chaffy, the upper 
part naked. Pappus of the perfect flowers capillary, of the pistillate none. — 
Low woolly annuals. 

1. F. Germanica, L. Stem forking; leaves lanceolate, entire; scales 
of the involucre and chaff cuspidate. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

Tribe IV, SENECIONIDE^. Heads discoid or radiate ; branches of the 
style, in the perfect flowers, linear, convex externally, hairy or hnish-shaped 
at the apex, and truncate, or produced info a conical or hispid appendage ; 
the stigmatic lines terminating at the appendage, not confluent. 



240 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

34. POLYMNIA, L. 

Heads radiate, niauy-flowered ; the rays pi.stillate, in a single row ; those of 
the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in two rows ; tlie 
outer leafy, spreading ; the inner smaller, membranaceous, clasping the obo- 
void fertile achenia. Receptacle clialfy. Pappus none. — Coarse hranching 
perennial herbs, with angular or lobed leaves, and lieads of yellow floAvers in 
coryiubose panicles. 

1. P. Canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent; lowest leaves opposite, peti- 
oled, pinuatittd ; the upper alternate, angled or lobed ; outer scales of the 
involucre acuminate, hairy and viscid ; rays shorter than the involucre. — 
Mountains of North Carolina. July- August. — Stem 2°- 5° Jiigh. Heads 
small. Kays pale yellow. 

2. P. Uvedalia, L. Stem smooth, or rough-puhescent ; leaves broadly 
ovate, 3 - 5-lobed, coarsely toothed, rough above, pubescent beneath, abruptly 
contracted into a sinuate-winged petiole ; outer scales of the involucre ciliate, 
obtuse ; rays much longer than the involucre. — Rich soil. Julv - August. — 
Stem 3°- 6° high. Rays bright yellow. 

35. ACANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. 
Heads monoecious, radiate, many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, in a single 
row ; disk flowers staminate, tubular, 5-toothed. Involucre of 5 elliptical 
scales. Receptacle flat. Achenia compressed, armed on the back with rigid 
hooked prickles, and enclosed in the outer scales of the chaffy receptacle. — 
Diffusely branching herbs, with opposite leaves, and solitary heads of yellow 
flowers. 

1. A. xanthioides, DC. Prostrate, pubescent ; leaves petioled, oval or 
obovate, toothed or entire ; chaff of the receptacle which encloses the ache- 
nium unarmed. — Introduced in wool from South America several years ago, 
and now a widely disseminated pest. 

2. A. humile, DC, with the chaff of the receptacle armed with 2 spines, 
oqcurs as a ballast weed at Pensacola. 

36. CHRYSOGONUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays 5, pistillate. Disk flowers tubular, 5-toothed, 
sterile. Scales of the involucre in 2 rows; the exterior oblong, leafy ; the 
interior roundish, clasping the oval compressed 4-angled fertile achenia. 
Receptacle flat, chaffy. Paj^pus a slightly lobed cup-shaped crown, divided 
on tlie inside to the base. — A low hairy stoloniferous perennial herb, with 
oval or spatulate-oblong opposite crenate leaves, and single heads of yellow 
flowers borne on a long peduncle. 

1. C. Virginianum, L. — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. 
Feb. -April. — Plant at first simple, producing from a tuft of radical leaves 
a single peduncled head, afterward stoloniferous and branching. 

37. SILPHIUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate, fertile, in a single 
row. Disk flowers cylindrical, sterile; the style undivided. Scales of the 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 241 

involucre leafy, imbricated in several rov^^s ; the innermost smallest, chaff like. 
Keceptacle small, with linear acutish chaff. Achenia round or obovate, flat, 
broailly winged, 2-toothed or emarginate at the apex. Pappus none, or repre- 
sented by the two teeth of the achenia. — Tall resinous herbs, with alternate 
opposite or whorled leaves, and large heads of yellow flowers. 

* Stems terete, nearhj naked : leaves alternate ; the lowest large, serrate or vari- 
ously lobed, long-petioled ; the others small and scattered. 

1. S. laeiniatum, L. Stem hispid or smooth ; leaves very rough or his- 
pid, with clasping petioles, pinnately parted; the divisions oblong or lanceo- 
late, acute, lobed or toothed ; heads large, spicate or racemose ; scales of the 
involucre ovate, tapering into a long and spreading point, ciliate ; achenia 
round-obovate, emarginate. — Varies with the more numerous sessile and 
clasping leaves less deeply parted. (S. gummiferum, Ell.) — Prairies of Ala- 
bama, and westward. July -August. — Stem 6° -8° high. Lowest leaves 
l°-2^1ong. Heads 1^'- 2' in diameter. 

2. S. terebinthinaceum, L. Stem smooth, naked above ; leaves 
rough-hairy, undivided, cordate-oval or oblong, coarsely serrate, on slender 
petioles; heads loosely panicled; scales of the involucre oval or obovate, 
obtuse, smooth; achenia obovate, emarginate or 2-toothed. (S. pinnatifi- 
dum, Ell., leaves pinnatifid.) — Open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, 
and westward. July -Sept. — Stem 4° -8° high. Kadical leaves 2° long. 
Heads V wide. 

3. S. compositum, Michx. Smooth ; leaves cordate-ovate or reniform, 
angularly toothed or variously lobed, long-petioled ; heads small, corymbosely 
panicled ; scales of the involucre obovate or oblong, obtuse ; achenia roundish, 
deeply emarginate ; rays 6-10. — Sandy open woods, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. July -Sept. — Stem 3° -6° high. Leaves 6'- 12' long. Heads I' in 
diameter. 

-* * Stems leaf I] : leaves undivided, alternate, opposite, or whorled. 

4- Stems terete. 

4. S. trifoliatura, L. Stem smooth ; leaves rough, lanceolate, slightly 
serrate, on short bristly petioles ; the upper alternate or opposite,; the lower 
3-4 in a whorl; heads small, loosely panicled; scales of the involucre ovate 
or oval, fringed on the margins ; achenia oblong-obovate, 2-toothed. — Open 
woods along the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 
4° - G° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

.5. S. Asteriscus, L. Stem smooth or hirsute ; leaves rough, opposite or 
alternate, or the lower sometimes 3 in a Avhorl, lanceolate or oblong, toothed, 
on short hirsute petioles ; the upper sessile and commonly entire ; heads 
somewhat corymbose, rather large; exterior scales of the involucre ovate, 
acute, short ciliate ; the interior oblong, obtuse; achenia broadly obovate, 2- 
toothed. — Var. dentatum. Lower leaves on rather long petioles, sometimes 
incisely toothed; achenia slightly emarginate at the apex. (S. dentatum, 
Ell.) — Dry open woods, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. — Stem 
2° -4° high. LeaA-es 3' -5' long. Rays showy. 

16 



242 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

6. S. Isevigatum, Ell. Stem smooth ; leaves scabrous, thick, lanceolate- 
oblong, acute at each end, opposite, coarsely serrate, on short petioles ; the 
upper nearly sessile ; heads small, loosely corymbose ; scales of the involucre 
ovate, obtuse, spreading ; achenia oval-obovate, narrowly w^inged, emarginate 
and sliglitly 2-toothed at the apex. — Upper districts of Georgia and Ala- 
bama. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest leaves 6' - 8' long. 

7. S. SCaberrimum, Ell. Stem mostly hispid ; leaves mostly opposite, 
ovate, acute, serrate, very rough on both sides, on short petioles; heads 
corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate, ciliate ; achenia nearly orbicular, 
broadly winged, deeply notched at the apex. — Florida to Tennessee, and 
westward. August -Sept. — Stem stout, 3°- •1'^ iiigh, becoming smoothish. 
Leaves 3^-4' long. 

8. S. integrifolium, Michx. Stem 3° -6° high, simple, smooth or 
scabrous ; leaves oblong-ovate, the lower 3' - 5' long, sliort-petioled, often ser- 
rate, the upper sessile, denticulate or entire ; heads small, corymbose ; scales 
of the involucre round-ovate ; achenia 3" long, obovate, narrowly winged, 2- 
toothed. — Tennessee, and northward. July. 

9. S. braehiatum, Gatt. Stem 3° -5° high, smooth and glaucous; 
leaves long-petioled, opposite, hastate-ovate or oblong-ovate, dentate, rough 
above, the upper entire ; floweriiig branches spreading, few-flowered ; heads 
^' long, long-peduncled ; achenia broadly obovate, narrowly winged, emar- 
ginate ; rays few. — Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee. July. 

•J- -f- Stems square. 

10. S. perfoliatura, L. Stem and branches smooth or hairy; leaves 
largo, opposite, ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rough on both sides, 
or pubescent or hairy beneath, their bases, or winged petioles, united ; the up- 
permost commonly entire, simply serrate ; corymb trichotomous ; the central 
heads long-peduncled ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse ; achenia broadly 
obovate, emarginate. — Banks of streams along the mountains of Georgia, 
and northward, July -Sept. — Stem 4° -6° high. Leaves 6' -12' long. 
Heads large. 

38. BERLi^NDIERA, DC. 

Heads many-flowered. Ray flowers few, pistillate; those of the disk tubu- 
lar, 5-toothed, sterile. Scales of the involucre in three rows, the innermost 
largest, membranaceous, adherent to the fertile achenia. Receptacle chaffy ; 
the chaff dilated upward, obtuse, hooded, partly embracing the sterile achenia ; 
the inner ones gradually narrower. Fertile achenia in a single row, obovate, 
flattened, wingless, pubescent on the inner face, the apex entire. — Perennial 
downy or hoary herbs, with alternate leaves, solitary or corymbose heads, 
and yellow rays. 

1. B. tomentosa, Nutt. Stem leafy, hoary-tomentose ; leaves oblong- 
ovate, crenate, hoary beneath, closely pubescent above ; the lowest tapering 
into a petiole ; the upper cordate, sessile ; heads at length numerous, corvm- 
bose-panicled. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
June-August. — Stem l°-3°high. Leaves 2' - S' long. 



COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 243 

2. B. subacaulis, Nutt. Rough-pubescent and somewhat hoary ; leaves 
chiefly radical, clustered, sinuate-piuuatifid ; heads solitary on the peduncle- 
like stem, or few on the peduncle-like l)ranches of the short and nearly leafless 
ntQxn. — East Florida and Georgia. May -August. — Peduncle 6' -8' long. 
Leaves 3' long. 

39. LINDHEIMERIA, Gray & Engelm. 

Eay flowers 4-5. Scales of the involucre in two rows, the outer ones 
linear, the inner ones oblong, adherent to the base of the fertile achenia, and 
to the adjacent scales of the receptacle. Acheniuin oval, flat, the narrow wings 
prolonged into a 2-toothed pappus. Otherwise like Berlandiera. 

1. L. Texana, Gray & Engelm. — Alabama [Mohr], and westward. — 
Annual, hirsute, erect, l°-2° high. Leaves oblong, dentate. Heads in a 
dichotomous panicle, nodding. Flowers yellow. 

40. PARTHENIUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers .5, in a single row, short, obcordate, 
pistillate; those of the disk tubular, 5-toothed, sterile. Anthers slightly 
united. Scales of the involucre in two rows, ovate or roundish. Eecejjtacle 
conical, chaffy; the chaff dilated upward, Achenia smooth, compressed, 
thick-margined. Pappus of two awn-like or roundish scales. — Herbs. Leaves 
alternate. Flowers wliite. 

1. P. integrifolium, L. Perennial; stem erect, simple, rough ; leaves 
undivided, ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate ; the lowest narrowed into a long 
petiole ; panicle dense, corymbose ; involucre hoary ; pappus minute, awn- 
like. — Dry woods in the upper districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Lowest leaves 4^-6^ long. Rays conspicuous. 

2. P. Hysterophorus, L. Annual, pubescent ; stem diffuse ; leaves 
piunatifid, with linear tootlied lobes ; heads loosely panicled ; scales of the 
pappus oval. — Waste places, Florida, and westward. 

41. IVA, L. 

Heads few- or many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular ; the marginal ones 
(1 -5) with a short corolla, pistillate and fertile; the central .5-toothed, sterile. 
Anthers nearly distinct. Scales of the involucre 3 - 5, in a single row, oval or 
obovate, distinct or partly united, or 6-9 and imbricated. Chaff of the small 
receptacle linear or spatulate. Achenia biconvex, obovate. Pappus none. — 
Branching herbs or shrubs, with opposite or (the upper) alternate mostly 
fleshy leaves, and small axillary nodding heads of whitish flowers. 
* Scales of the involucre 3-5, in a single row. 

1. I. frutescens, L. Shrubby; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply 
toothed-serrate, 3-ribbed, smoothish; scales of the involucre 5, orbicular; 
fertile flowers 5. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. 
— Shrub 4° -8° high. 

2. I. microcephala, Nutt. Annual, rough Avith rigid appressed hairs; 
stem slender, simple or branched ; leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads minute, 



244 coMPOsiT^E. (composite family.) 

6- 12-flowered; scales of the involucre 4 - 5, obovate, ciliate; fertile flowers 
1 -3. — Dry barren soil, Florida to South Carolina. August -Sept. — Stem 
l°--2^ hio-h. 

3. I. ciliata, Willd. Annual, hispid: stem l)ranching; leaves ovate, 
acumijiate, coarsely serrate ; spikes dense, the bracts elongated ; scales of the 
involucre 3-4, roundish, ciliate; fertile flowers mostly 3, — Mississippi 
{Carpenler), and westward. Sept. — Stem 2^-3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. 

* * Scdlcs oftJie involucre 6-9, imhricaled in 2-4 rows. 

4. I. imbricata, Walt. Somewhat shrubby, smooth; leaves fleshy, 
lanceolate, the lower ones sliglitly serrate and 3-ribbed, the upper alternate 
and entire ; heads many-flowered ; outer scales of the involucre orbicular ; 
tlie inner obovate, toothed-margined ; fertile flowers 2-4, tlie short corolla 
5-parted. — Varies with smaller and fewer-flowered heads, and the corolla of 
the fertile flower truncate. — Drifting sands along the coast, Florida to North 
Carolina. August -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves V long. 

42. AMBROSIA, Tourn. 

Heads monfficious, in racemes or spikes; the upper ones sterile, nodding; 
the lower pistillate and fertile. Involucre of the sterile flowers composed of 
7-12 united scales, 5 - 20-flowered. Keceptacle naked or with slender chaff. 
Corolla 5-toothed. Involucre of the fertile flowers 1 -flowered, ovoid or turbi- 
nate, entire, closed, pointed, commcfnly with a row of tubercles or spines near 
the apex. Corolla and stamens none. Achenia globose or ovoid. Pappus 
none. — Herbs. Leaves mostly pinnately lobed. Fertile flowers single or 
clustered at the base of the sterile spike, or in the axils of the upper leaves, 
bracted. Flowers whitish. 

* Heads of sterile flowers densely spiked, the top-shaped involucre produced on 
one side into a long recurved appendage : fertile heads axillary, A-angled. 

1. A. bidentata, Michx. Annual, hirsute, very leafy; leaves mostly 
alternate, lanceolate, sessile or clasping, entire or with 2 short basal lobes ; 
fruit acute, with 4 short spines. — Northern Mississippi, and westward. — 
Stem l°-2°high. 

-* * Heads of sterile flowers cup-shaped, toothed. 

2. A. hispida, Pursh. Stem prostrate and shrubby at the base ; the 
branches hirsute ; leaves bipinnatifid, thickish ; spikes few, the terminal one 
elongated ; fruit downy, unarmed. — Sandy shores, South Florida, forming 
large clusters. 

3. A. artemisisefolia, L. (Ragweed.) Annual, erect, hairy or 
smoothish ; leaves bipinnatifid, with linear lobes ; the upper often entire ; 
spikes single or panicled; fertile flowers single, clustered, or sometimes 
spiked; fruit nearly globose, armed with six short teeth. (A. elatior, L. 
A. paniculata, Michx., spines of the fruit obsolete.) — Cultivated ground, 
everywhere. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 4° high. 

4. A. trifida, L. Stemtall(6°-10°), 4-sided, rough-hairy; leaves rough, 
palmately 3 -5-lobed, with the lobes ovate-lauceolate and serrate, or all undi- 



COMPOSITJE. ^COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 245 

videtl ; fruit obovate, 6-tootlied. around the base of the conically beaked apex, 
clustered. — River banks and rich soil, Florida, and northward. August - 
Sept. 

43. XANTHIUM, Tourn. Cocklebur. 

Heads monoecious, spiked ; the upper ones many-flowered, sterile, with the 
scales of the involucre separate, in a single row ; the receptacle oblong, chaffy, 
and the short corolla 5-toothed ; the lower ones fertile, consisting of two pistil- 
late flowers, enclosed in a 2-celled oblong closed involucre, which is armed 
externally with numerous hooked spines or bristles, and terminated by one or 
two stout beaks. Corolla filiform. Achenium oblong, solitary in each cell. 

— Coarse annual herbs. Leaves alternate, lobed and petioled. 

1. X. strumarium, L. Stem spineless, rough, branched ; leaves large, 
broadly cordate, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes toothed, acute and rough on both sides ; 
fruit oval, pointed by two straight and smooth beaks. — Var. echinatum. 
Leaves obtuse, less strongly lobed ; the incurved beaks and spines of the larger 
(T) fruit bristly. — Cultivated fields and waste places, common. July -Sept. 

— Stem l°-4° high, often spotted. 

2. X. spinosum, L. Stem armed with triple spines, much branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, entire or 3-lobed, hoary -tomentose beneath; fruit pointed by 
a single beak. — Waste places around the larger seaports, and sparingly in 
the interior. Introduced. August - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

44. ECLIPTA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray floAvers short, pistillate, in a single row ; 
those of the disk tubular, 4-toothed, perfect. Scales of the involucre 10-12, 
in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, with bristly chaff. Achenia 3 - 4-angied, hairy at 
the apex. Pappus none. — Rough branching annuals, with opposite lanceo- 
late leaves. Heads small, axillary, on peduncles of varying length. Flowers 
white. 

1. E. alba, Hasskarl. Stem erect or diffuse, terete, tumid below the 
joints, sprinkled, like the leaves, with appressed rigid hairs ; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, acute, serrate, sessile, or narrowed into a petiole ; peduncles single 
or 2-3 together. — Wet places. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 6' - 3° long. 

45. BORRICHIA, Adans. 

Heads many-flowered ; ray flowers pistillate, in a single row ; those of the 
disk tubular, 5-toothed, perfect. Scales of the hemispherical involucre imbri- 
cated ; the exterior ones leafy. Receptacle flat, with rigid persistent chaff. 
Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3 - 4-angled. PappTis a 3 - 4-toothed border. 

— Fleshy maritime shrubs. Leaves opposite and slightly connate. Heads 
solitary, peduncled. Flowers yellow. 

1. B. arborescens, DC. Smooth, or the young branches pubescent; 
leaves spatulate-lanceolate, abruptly pointed, entire ; scales of the involucre 
as long as the disk ; the inner ones and chaff of the receptacle obtuse. — 
South Florida. Dec. — Shrub .5° - 1 0° high. 



246 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

2. B. frutescens, DC. Brauches and leaves hoary-tomentose ; leaves 
varyiug from spatulate-liuear to obovate-obloug, entire, or toothed near the 
base; scales of the involucre sliorter than the disk, the inner ones and chaif 
of the receptacle spine-pointed. — Saline marshes, Florida to North Carolina. 
June - Oct. — Stem 1° - 2'' liijih. 



46. WEDELIA, Jac 



Heads many-flowered, radiate. Flowers of tlie ray ]>istillate, of the disk 
perfect, tubular, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows, the outer 
ones leafy, the inner membranaceous. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Achenia 
obovate or compressed. Pappus calyx-like, composed of united dentate and 
ciliate scales. — Herbs or undershiulj.s, witli opposite serrate leaves, and mostly 
solitary yellow flowers. 

1. W. carnosa, llich. Herbaceous, smootli, creeping; leaves sessile, 
thick, obovate, sliglitly 3-lobed ; heads axillary, peduncled ; outer scales of the 
involucre oblong, as long as the disk, the inner ones smaller ; achenia wing- 
loss. — Springy places. Key Biscayjie ( Curllss). 

47. MELANTHERA, Rohr. 

Heads many -flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. Scales 
of the involucre imbricated in 2 rows. Chaff of the convex receptacle rigid, 
persistent, partly sheathing the flowers. Achenia 4-angled, short, truncate at 
the apex. Pappus of 2 -several rough rigid deciduous awns or bristles. — 
Rough perennial herbs, with branching 3 - 4-angled stems, opposite undivided 
or 3-lobed serrate petioled leaves, and scattered heads of wliite flowers, on 
long peduncles. Anthers black. 

1. M. hastata, Michx. Stem commonly spotted; leaves ovate, entire, 
or more or less hastate-3-lobed, serrate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, 
acute ; chaff of the receptacle spine -pointed. — Light rich soil, Florida to 
South Carolina. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 

2. M. deltoidea, Michx. Leaves deltoid-ovate, undivided ; scales of the 
involucre ovate ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, mucronate. — South Florida. 

3. M. lanceolata, Benth. Leaves lanceolate, or narrower and tapering 
from the apex to the base ; scales of the involucre oblong-lanceolate ; chaff 
of the receptacle cuspidate. — Coast of South Florida. 

48. ZINNIA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers pistillate ; those of the disk perfect, 
tubular, with 5 velvety lobes. Scales of the involucre imbricated, oval or 
roundish, margined. Chaff of the conical receptacle clasping the disk flowers. 
Ray floAvers oblong, rigid persistent. Achenia of the disk compressed, with 
a 1 -2-awned pappus ; of the rays 3-angled, destitute of a pappus. — Annual 
herbs, with sessile entire 3-ribbed leaves, and solitary heads, on long inflated 
peduncles. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 247 

1. Z. paucifiora, L. Stem erect, hairy, branching; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse ; pappus of the disk tiowers 1-awned ; 
ravs red or purple. — Waste places, Florida to North Carolina. Introduced. 
July- Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Rays sometimes fading into yellow. 

49. HELIOPSIS, Pars. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers pistillate ; those of the disk tubular, 
perfect, 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre in 2-3 rows ; the exterior longer, 
leafy. Chaff of the conical receptacle lanceolate, partly clasping the 4-angled 
truncated achenia. Pappus minute or none. — Perennial herbs with the 
habit of Helianthus. Rays yellow. 

1. H. Isevis, Pers. Smooth; stem slender, branching; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed at the base, on 
slender petioles ; peduncles elongated ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; rays 
deciduous ; achenia smooth and truncate. — Dry open woods, Florida, and 
northward. August -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2'- 3' long, some- 
times scabrous. 

2. H. gracilis, Nutt. Stem more slender, often, like the leaves, some- 
what scabrous ; heads smaller ; achenia pubescent, crowned with a minute 
chaffy pappus ; otherwise like the last. — Dry woods in the upper districts. 
August. 

50. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers (6 - 9) pistillate ; those of the disk 
tubular, 5-toothed, perfect. Involucre double, 4-sided ; the exterior of 4 ovate 
leaves partly united below ; the interior of about 8 small chaffy scales. Chaff 
of the conical receptacle lanceolate, acute. Achenia obovoid, nearly terete, 
truncated. Pappus none. — A low hairy and clammy perennial herb, with 
large sessile or connate, oval or oblong, coarsely toothed leaves, and large 
solitary heads of yellow floAvers, on long peduncles. 

1. T. helianthoides, L. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
July. — Stems several, stout, l'^-l-|-° high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Head 2' in 
diameter. 

51. SPILAWTHES, Jacq. 

Heads many-flowered; the ray flowers often wanting. Scales of the in- 
volucre in 2 rows, appressed, shorter than the disk. Receptacle convex or 
elongated ; the membranaceous chaff embracing the flowers. Achenia of the 
disk compressed, mostly ciliate on the margins, naked at the apex, or Avith 
1-3 bristly awns ; those of the rays 3-angled. — Chiefly annual acrid herbs, 
with opposite undivided leaves, and solitary heads of yellow flowers on long 
peduncles. 

1. S. repens, Michx. Stem branching, smooth or pubescent, decumbent 
and rooting at the base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, slightly or 
coarsely serrate, narrowed into a petiole; heads small, ovoid, becoming 
oblong-conical ; achenia awnless or minutely 1 -2-awned ; raj's 12. — Muddy 
banks. Sept. - Oct. 11 — Stem 6' - 2° long. 



248 coMPOSiT.%:. (composite family.) 

52. ECHINACEA, Mauch. 

Heads luany-flowercd ; tlie my Howers pi^tillaLe, Ijiit slerile, drooping ; tliose 
of the disk tubular and }jertect. Scales of the iuvohicre lanceolate, in tliree 
or more rcnvs, .s}jreading. Keceptacle at length conical. Chaff oi tlio recep- 
tacle rigid, sj)ine-pointed, longer than tlie disk fiovvers. Achcuia sliort, 
4-sided, crowned with a cup-shaped toothed ])ap]ius. — I'erennial sparingly 
branched herbs, with alternate undivided .'J - fj-ribbcd leaves, and large heads 
terminating the i)edLincle-like suiumiL of the stem or branches. Kays jnirple 
or white. 

1. E. purpurea, Moench. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like branches, 
smooth or hairy; leaves ovate- lanceolate, serrate, rough; the hnvest ones 
ovate, on long petioles ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 - 5 i-ows, 
ciliate ; rays about 12, lanceolate, purple. — Varies with the stem and leaves 
smooth ; rays strap shaped, white. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June - 
August. — Stem 2*^ - 5° high. Kays 2' - 3' long. 

2. E. angustifolia, DC. Hirsute; stem simple ; leaves lanceolate, en- 
tire, 3-ribbed ; the lowest tapering into a long petiole ; scales of the involucre 
imbricated in 2-3 roAvs ; rays 12-15, narrow, pale purple. — Prairies and 
rocky woods in the upper districts. May - Jidy. — Stem 1° - 2^ high. Lowest 
leaves 6' long. 

53. RUDBECKIA, L. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular, 
perfect. Scales of the involucre in about two rows, leafy, spreading. Ke- 
ceptacle conical or cylindrical; the chaff not rigid, and mostly shorter than 
the disk flowers. Achenia smooth, angled, truncated. Pappus a narrow 
border, or none. — Chiefly perennial herbs, wdth alternate entire or lobed 
leaves, and showy heads terminating the stem or branches. Rays mostly 
yellow. Disk dark purple or yellowish. 

§ 1. Achenia quadrangular : chaff of the receptacle persistent. 

* Dish ovate or globose. 

-I- Leaves undivided : stem simple or sparingly branched. 

-H- Leaves linear, 3-ribbed, entire. 

1. R. atrorubens, Nutt. Smooth, or strigose; stem simple, 2° high; 
leaves rigid, 4' - 6' long, the lower clustered, the upper small and distant ; 
head globose or ovate, solitary ; rays wedge-shaped, deep crimson, shorter 
than the dark purple disk; pappus 4-toothed. — Margins of pine barren 
ponds. Georgia and Florida. June -July. 

2. R. bupleuroides, Shuttlw. Smooth throughout; stem slender, 
branching; leaves 6^-12' long, thin, the lower long-petioled, the upper dis- 
tant ; heads globose ; rays linear, yellow, longer than the dark brown disk ; 
pappus cup-shaped. — With the last. June - July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

-w- -w- Leaves broad, veiny ; rays yelloiv. 
3 R. hirta, L. Hirsute; stem and branches naked at the summit; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, serrate, the upper sessile, the lowest narrowed 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 249 

into a petiole ; disk roundish, purplish brown ; chaff of the receptacle acute, 
hairy at the apex. — Dry soil. July -August. — Stem rigid, l°-2° high. 
Eays longer or shorter than the involucre. 

4. R. bicolor, Nutt. Hirsute ; stem mostly simple, T- 1|' high ; leaves 
oblong, sessile, the lowest petioled ; heads small ; scales of the involucre 
oblong ; rays yellow, the lower half bro^vnish purple. — Georgia. An immi- 
grant from the West. 

5. R. fulgida, Ait. Pubescence hirsute, spreading ; stem mostly branch- 
ing, 2° high ; leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate, tapering into a slender 
petiole, slightly serrate, the upper sessile, or partly clasping ; heads long- 
peduncled; disk globose, ^' wide ; rays 10-14, lanceolate. — Dry Avoodlands. 
August - Sept. 

6. R. spathulata, Michx. ]^ubescence strigose, appressed ; stem l°-2° 
high, often simple ; leaves generally broader, the lowest contracted into 
broadly winged petioles ; heads smaller; rays fewer (6-8) and broader, 6"- 
8^' long. — Open Avoods in the upper districts. August - Sept. 

7. R. speeiosa, Wenderoth. Hirsute; stem branching, 2° -3° high; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering at the base, serrate, and often coarsely 
toothed, the earliest ovate, contracted into a long (6'- 10') slender petiole; 
heads large, long-peduncled ; rays numerous, 1' long ; disk globose, dark 
purple. — Rich soil in the upper districts. August - Sept. 

8. R. mollis, Ell. Stem villous, branching ; leaves oblong, obscurely 
serrate, sessile and partly clasping, soft-tomeutose on both sides ; the loAvest 
somewhat spatulate ; scales of the involucre numerous, linear-lanceolate, vil- 
lous, reflexed, half as long as the (12 -20) rays; disk brownish ; chaff of the 
receptacle rather obtuse, tomentose at the apex, — Dry soil, Florida and 
Georgia. August - Oct. — Stem 2° - 3*^ high. 

9. R. Heliopsidis, Torr. & Gray. Rhizoma prostrate ; stem pubescent, 
with few peduncle-like branches at the summit ; leaves ovate or oval, slightly 
serrate, obtuse, smoothish, 5-ribbed, petioled ; scales of the involucre oblong, 
shorter than the brownish purple subglobose disk, and (10- 12) oblong-linear 
rays ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse, pubescent at the apex. Low ground in 
the upper districts of Georgia and Alabama. August - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

-I- -f- Leaves divided : stem panicidatelij or corymhoselij hrandied. 

10. R. triloba, L. Biennial, rough-hairy; stem much branched; loAvest 
leaves long-petioled, ovate or oval, simple, or with two small lateral lobes, 
serrate ; lower stem leaves 3-lobed ; the upper simple, sessile, often entire ; 
heads small, numerous ; scales of the involucre narrow-lanceolate, shorter 
than the rays ; disk almost black ; chaff of the receptacle awl-pointed, smooth, 
as long as the flowers. — Dry ground along the mountains. August -Sept. 
— Stem 2° - 4° high. 

Var. rupestris. Gray. Sparsely pubescent, stout ; lower leaves 3-parted ; 
heads globular, f Avide, rays orange-yellow. — High mountains of North 
Carolina. 

Var. pinnatiloba, Torr. & Gray. More slender ; lower leaves mostly 
pinnately .5 - 7-lobed ; involucral scales linear, acute. — Dry woods, Mariana, 
West Florida. August. 



250 coMPOSiT.^. (composite family.) 

11. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, tall (4°-6°), branching; leaves 
rough ; tlie lowest jjinnately divided, tlie divisions lanceolate or oblong, lobed 
or pinnatifid ; the middle ones 3 - 5-parted ; the uppermost often undivided, 
toothed ; disk yellowish, ovate or conical ; rays large, drooping ; chaff of the 
receptacle truncate, pubescent at the ajjox, about as long as the 3-angled 
achenia. — Swamps, Florida, and nortliward. July - August. — Leaves large. 
Kays l'-2' long. 

Var. humilis, Gray ? Stem 2° - 4° high, corymbosely branched ; lowest 
leaves mostly entire, round-cordate ; stem leaves 3-5-lobed; disk globose. — 
Kivcr l)anks along, tlie mountains of Georgia. August. 

12. R. heterophylla, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent; stem corymbose 
above ; leaves coarsely serrate, rough above, tomentose beneath ; the lowest 
orbicular-cordate or 3 - 5-parted, on long petioles ; the middle ones 3^1obed ; 
the uppermost ovate, sessile and entire; disk globose, yellowish; rays droop- 
ing ; chaff of the receptacle acute ; achenia 3-sided. — Swamps, Middle Flor- 
ida. August. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves and heads much smaller than in 
the preceding. 

* * Disk columnar, elongated: stems tall, simple. 

13. R. maxinia, Nutt. Smooth; leaves large, membranaceous, oval or 
oblong, slightly toothed or entire, featlier-veined, the lower ones petioled, 
the upper clasping ; head solitary, loug-peduncled ; rays large, drooping. — 
Wet pine barrens. West Florida, and westward. August. — Stem 4° - 9° high. 
Lowest leaves 8' -12' long. Rays 2' long. 

14. R. nitida, Nutt. Smooth and shining; stem tall, naked above; 
leaves rigid, oblong-lanceolate, slightly toothed or entire, 3-5-ribbed; the 
lowest long-petioled ; the upper partly clasping, small ; rays large, drooping ; 
disk brown. — Borders of swampy thickets, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 
July. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - 6' long. 

§ 2. Achenia terete, striate: chaff of the receptacle deciduous. — Dracopis. 

15. R. amplexieaulis, Vahl. Annual, glabrous, branching, l°-3° 
high ; leaves oblong, clasping ; heads terminal, shoAvy ; scales of the involucre 
small; disk cylindrical, brown; achenia smaU. — New Orleans {Dr. Hale), 
and westward. 

54. LEPACHYS, Raf. 

Scales of the involucre few and small. Chaff of the oblong or columnar 
receptacle truncate and thickened at the apex. Achenia flattened and 
margined. Pappus 2-toothed or none. Otherwise like Rudbeckia. — Peren- 
nials. Leaves pinnately divided. Rays large, drooping, yellow. 

1. L, pinnata, Torr. & Gray. Rough with short appressed hairs; stem 
sparingly ])ranched; divisions of the leaves 3 -7, lanceolate, acute, serrate or 
entire ; disk yellowish, oval or oblong, shorter than the rays ; pappus ob- 
scurely 2-toothed. — Dry soil, West Florida, Georgia, and westward. July - 
Sept. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Rays 2' long. 



COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 251 

55. GYMNOLOMIA, HBK. 

Scales of the involucre in two rows, the outer leafy, spreading, the inner 
shorter, and similar to the rigid lanceolate cuspidate chaff of the conical 
receptacle. Achenia short, striate. Pappus none. Otherwise like Rud- 
beckia, with the habit of Heliauthus. 

1. G. Porteri, Gray. Annual, rough with short scattered hairs; stem 
paniculately branched ; leaves lanceolate, entire, narrowed at each end, 
fringed at the base ; exterior scales of the involucre linear, as long as the 
yellow disk ; rays 7-9, longer .than the disk ; achenia biconvex, pubescent. — 
Stone Mountain, Georgia. — Stem 2° -3° high. 

56. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflowek. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers neutral ; those of the disk tubular 
and perfect. Scales of the involucre imbricated in three or more rows, with 
or without leafy spreading tips. Receptacle flat or convex, chaffy. Achenia 
4-angled, usually compressed. Pappus of 2 (rarely 3-4) caducous chaffy 
scales or awns. — Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite or alternate, com- 
monly 3-ribbed, undivided leaves. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or 
branches. Disk yellow or dark purple. Rays yellow. 

* Annual: disk dark purple: chaff of tJie receptacle 3-toothed : leaves on long 
and slender petioles : achenia pubescent. 

1. H. Floridanus, Gray (in part). Annual; stem smooth, branching, 
4°- 6° high ; leaves broadly lanceolate, denticulate, scabrous, the lower oppo- 
site; scales of the im^olucre lanceolate, smooth or ciliate ; rays 10- 13 ; chaff 
of the receptacle entire ; achenia rugulose. — Dry old fields, East Florida. 

2. H. debiHs, Nutt. Rough with scattered rigid hairs, villous when 
young ; stem erect or decumbent, branched, somewhat spotted ; leaves 
coarsely serrate, acuminate, undulate, the lowest deltoid-ovate, cordate, oppo- 
site, the upper ovate-lanceolate ; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate ; 
rays 1.5-20. — Sandy shores, Florida, and westward. July- Sept. — Stem 
1° - 3° high. 

* * Perennial : disk dark purple. 

•i- Rays minute or wanting. 

3. H. Radula, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, ascending, leafy and hirsute 
towards the base, naked and smoothish above ; leaves thick, entire, rugose, 
hirsute, the 4 radical ones large, roundish or rhombic ; spreading ; the lower 
ones obovate, opposite ; the uppermost small, linear ; scales of the involucre 
oblong-ovate ; rays mostly wanting ; chaff of the receptacle acuminate. — 
Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. Oct. — Stem 2° 
high. Heads rather large. 

-1- -t- Rays conspicuous. 

4. H. angUStifolius, L. Stem rough-hairy or smoothish, simple, or 
paniculately branched ; leaves linear, elongated, entire, with the margins 
revolute ; the lowest ones opposite ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acumi- 
nate ; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed ; rays 12-18, showy. — Low ground, 
common. Oct. — Stem 2°- 6° high. Leaves 3^-6' long. 



252 coMPOSiTiE. (composite family.) 

5. H. heterophyllus, Nutt, Hirsute or lii.si)iil ; stem slender, mostly 
simple, uakctl ;ilj(j\c; leaves opjiOisite, thick, eutire ; the lower lanceolate or 
oblong ; the others linear, remote ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, ciliate; chail: of the receptacle 3-toothed, the middle tooth cuspidate; 
rays 15-20, elongated. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to Nortli Carolina, 
and westward. Sept. - Oct. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lowest leaves 2' - G' long. 
Kays l}/ long. 

6. H. atrorubens, L. Hirsute or hispid ; stem sjvariiigly branched and 
somewhat naked al>ove; leaves opposite, oval, serrate, the lowest large and 
long-])etioled ; the upi)er small, sessile, distant ; scales of the involucre oval 
or obloijg, obtuse; chaff of the receptacle ' acute ; rays about 12; achenia 
pubesceut at the apex,.— Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. Sejjt. -(Jet. — 
Stem 2° - 5° high. Lowest leaves 4' - C long. Heads ratiier small. 

7. H. rigidus, Dosf. Stem leafy, stout, mostly simple, rough ; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, slightly serrate or entire, thick and rigid, very rough on 
both sides, narrowed into short connate petioles ; scales of the involucre ovate, 
acute, ajjpressed ; chaff of the receptacle obtuse; rays 20-25. (H. scaber- 
rimus. Ell.) — Western districts of Georgia {Elliott), and westward. Sept. — 
Stem l°-3° high. Pleads showy. 

* * * Perennial: disk yellow : heads large or middle-sized. 

8. H. Isetiflorus, Pers. Stem gtout, rough, branching; leaves oval- 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rigid, very rough on both sides, on short peti- 
oles ; heads solitary or corymbose ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, ciliate, appressed ; chaff of the receptacle somewhat 3-toothed or en- 
tire ; rays 12-16, elongated. (H. tricuspis. Ell., with the leaves all nearly 
entire; chaff of the receptacle 3-toothed.) — Dry soil, in the western districts 
of Georgia, and westw^ard. Sept. — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 5'- 8' long. 
Rays IJ' long. 

9. H. occidentaHs, Riddell, var. Dowenianus, Torr. & Gray. 
Nearly smooth ; stem branched above; leaves pubescent, triple-nerved; the 
lowest opposite, broadly ovate, obtuse ; the upper alternate, oblong-ovate ; 
peduncles long and slender; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, 
slightly ciliate, shorter than the disk, appressed ; rays 12-15. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. August- Sept. — Stem 4° - 5° high. Lower leaves 7' - 8' 
long, 5' -6' wide. Rays V long. 

10. H. moUis, Lara. Villous or tomentose and someAvhat lioary ; stem 
mostly simple ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, slightly serrate, cordate 
and clasping ; the upper often alternate ; heads few, on short peduncles ; 
scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute ; chaff of the receptacle entire ; rays 
15-25. — Dry open woods in the upper districts of Georgia, and westward. 
Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Heads thick. 

11. H. giganteus, L. Stem hirsute, rough, branching above; leaves 
lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly sessile, rough above, paler and rough- 
hairy beneath, slightly 3-nerved at the base, all but the lowest alternate ; 
scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, spreading, hirsute; rays 15-20. — 
Low ground in the upper districts. Sept. — Stem 3° - 10° high. Leaves 2'- 
5' long. Rays 1' long. 



COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 253 

12. H. tomentOSUS, Michx. Stem stout, hirsute, branching; leaves all 
alternate, or the lowest opposite, A'ery rough above, tomeutose beneath, slightly 
serrate ; the lowest large (6' - 12'), ovate, on short winged petioles ; the upper 
ones oblong ; heads large ; scales of the involucre numerous, lanceolate, 
acuminate, villous, spreading; rays 15-20. — Open woods, and margins of 
fields, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4°- 8° high. Rays I'-l^' 
long. 

13. H. tuberosus, L. Stem tall, branched, smooth below, hirsute above ; 
leaA^es opposite, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough above, 
pubescent beneath ; the lower often slightly cordate, on short winged petioles ; 
scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, hirsute, about as long as the disk ; 
rays 12-15. — Rich soil in tlie upper districts. Sept. — Stem 5° -8° high. 
Lowest leaves 6'- 12' long. Heads large. Rays 1^' long. 

14. H. strumOSUS, L. Stem simple or branched, rough above; leaves 
lanceolate or ovate lanceolate, acuminate, slightly serrate, short-petioled, very 
rough above, paler and smooth, or sometimes softly pubescent beneath ; 
scales of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, as long as the disk, spreading ; 
rays 8-10. — Dry soil, common. Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high, sometimes glau- 
cous. Leaves 3' -4' long. 

15. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branched, smooth belov/, rough above; 
leaves thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper 
surface, smooth or roughish beneath, abruptly short-petioled ; scales of the 
involucre lanceolate-linear, spreading; the exterior longer than the disk; 
rays 8-10. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -5° 
high. Leaves 3' - 6' long. 

16. H. hirsutus, Raf. Stem hirsute, simple or forking at the summit; 
leaves opposite, short-petioled, tapering from the broad and rounded, some- 
times slightly cordate base, acuminate, serrate, very rough above, paler and 
rough-hairy beneath ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ap- 
pressed, as long as the disk; rays about 12. — Dry soil in the upper districts. 
Sept. — Stem 2^ - 5° high. Leaves 3'- 5' long. 

17. H. divarieatUS, L. Stem smooth, simple, or corymbosely branched 
at the summit ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, rounded or 
truncate at the base, very rough above, smootli or rough-pubescent beneath ; 
heads few, on short peduncles ; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, spreading, as long as the disk; rays 8- 12. — Dry woods. Sept. 
— Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

18. H. undulatUS, Chapm. Perennial; stem scabrous, 3° -5° high; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile and mostly dilated at the base, undulate, the 
margins rev olute, very scabrous above, pubescent beneath, 3' -5' long; in- 
volucre pubescent; rays 12-18, I'long; achenia margined. (H. angusti- 
folius, var., 1st edit. H. Floridanus, Gray, in part.) — Marshes near the 
coast, West Florida. Sept. - Nov. 

^ ^ ^ * Perennial : disk yellow : heads small : leaves narrow 

19. H. parviflorus, Bernh. Stem smooth, much branched ; leaves op- 
posite, or the upper ones alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute. 



254 coMPOSiTiE. (composite family.) 

sparingly serrate, rouoli above, paler and tomeutose beneath, on short peti- 
oles ; heads numerous ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, appressed ; 
rays 5-8. — Dry woods, Florida, and nortliward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high ; 
the branches forking. Leaves 3'- 10' long. 

20. H. Schweinitzii, Torr. & Gray. Stem liispid, branching above ; 
leaves lanceolate, acuuiinale, sparingly serrate, nearly sessile, very rough 
above, hoary-tomentose beneath ; the lower ones ojjposite, the upper alter- 
nate and entire ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute, with spreading tip.« ; 
rays about 8. — Upper districts of North Carolina (C'«/7/.s). — Stem 3°-b^ 
high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

21. H. Isevigatus, Torr. & Gray. Stem smooth and glaucous, the 
branches forking ; leaves smooth on both sides, opposite, or tlie uppermost 
alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or serrulate, obscurely 3-ribl)ed, 
nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre ovate, acute, appressed with spreading 
tips; rays 6-8. — North Carolina (Curtis). — Stem 4°-5'^ Ingb- Heads 
twice as large as those of No. 1 9. 

22. H. longifolius, Pursh. Very smooth throughout ; stem slender, 
branching ; leaves mostly opposite, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire ; the lowest 
tapering into slender petioles and sparingly serrate ; heads few; scales of the 
involucre ovate-lanceolate, as long as the disk; rays about 10. — Damp rich 
soil in the western districts of Georgia {Elliott). — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 
6' - 8' long. Rays small. 

67. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. 

Achenia 4-angled, compressed, slightly winged, crowned with a ciliate 
border, or the angles prolonged into persistent, often lacerated, chaffy scales ; 
otherwise like Helianthus. — Slender perennial herbs, with narrow leaves, 
and showy heads of yellow flowers. 

1. H. grandiflora, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute; stem simple; leaves very 
scabrous, alternate or opposite, lanceolate-linear, or linear, entire ; scales of 
the involucre lanceolate, appressed ; pappus of two obtuse lacerated scales. 
— East Florida. Oct. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. Eays nearly 
2' long. 

2. H. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray. Hirsute; stem simple, or corymbose at 
the summit ; leaves narrow-linear, entire, tlie lower ones opposite or whorled ; 
the upper alternate; scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, spreading; 
pappus of 2-4 acute awns. — Dry sandy pine barrens, West Florida. June 
-July. — Stem l°-2° high. Kays T- 1^' long. 

58. VEHBESINA, L. 

Heads mostly many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, rarely wanting. Scales 
of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle convex or conical. 
Achenia erect, compressed, winged or wingless, 2-awued. — Perennial herbs, 
often with winged stems, and mostly yellow flowers. 
* Heads small : rai/s 1 - .5. 

1. V. OCCidentalis, Walt. Stem 4-winged, branching; leaves oppo- 
site, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, 3-ribbed; corymbs 



COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 255 

trichotomous ; rays 1-5, yellow; achenia wingless. — Waste places, road- 
sides, etc., Mississippi to Kortli Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4° -6"= high. 

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem 3-winged; the branches mostly wingless, 
tomentose ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, irregularly serrate or sinuate- 
lobed, tapering into winged petioles, rough above, downy beneath ; corymbs 
cvmose ; rays 3-4, oval, white ; achenia winged. (V. sinuata, Ell.) — -Dry 
open woods, Florida and northward. Sept. — Stem 2"^- 6° high. 

* * Heads larger : rays 5-14, yelloiv, or none. 
-!- Pappus 2-awned. 

3. V. heterophylla, Gray. Stem mostly simple, hirsute, terete above, 
winged below ; leaves rough, the lower ones opposite, decurreut, oblong, the 
upper small, linear, remote ; heads single or loosely corymbose ; scales of the 
involucre lanceolate, shorter than the disk and the 5-10 linear rays; chaff 
of the receptacle rigid, acute, longer than the obovate narroAvly winged 
] - 2-awned achenia. — Low pine barrens, East Florida. — Stem 2°- 3° high. 
Lower leaves 2' - 3' long. 

4. V. helianthoides, Michx. Stem hirsute, strongly winged ; leaves 
alternate, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, rough hairy above, downy and hoary be- 
neath ; heads few, corymbose ; scales of the involucre in 2 - 3 rows, broadly 
lanceolate, appressed ; rays 8-14, yellow; achenia slightly winged; awns 
bristle-like. — Near Louisville, Georgia, and westward. July. — Stem 2° -3° 
high. Leaves 3' long. Rays 1^ long. 

5. V. nudicaulis, Gray. Hirsute ; stem wingless, somewhat naked and 
corymbose above ; leaves opposite, oblong, sessile, barely acute, the upper- 
most small and mostly alternate ; heads corymbose ; scales of the involucre 
short, in 2-3 rows; rays 7-12, yellow; achenia obovate-oblong, mostl}^ 
wingless ; awns short. — Dry sandy woods, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. 
August - Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2'- 3' long. 

6. V. encelioides, Benth. Annual, canescent; stem erect; leaves 
ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, the broadly winged petioles auriculate at the 
base ; heads somewhat corymbose : achenia of the disk winged, 2-awued, of 
the rays wingless, 3-toothed. (Ximenesia, Cav.) — Middle and South Florida. 
Introduced. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers yellow. 

-I- -1- Pappus and rays none. 

7. V. Warei, Gray. Stem wingless, simple, smooth below, naked and 
rough above; leaves opposite or alternate, lanceolate or elliptical, sessile, 
rigid, ol)tuse, strongly reticulate, strigose; heads solitary or 2-3 toirether, 
terminal; scales of the involucre in 2 rows, lanceolate, appressed; flowers 
orange-yellow; the marginal ones abortive ; achenia oblong-obovate, narrowly 
winged, with a cup-shaped disk. — Low pine barrens near the coast. West 
Florida. June- July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' long. Heads dark 
brown. 

59. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. 
Heads many-flowered; the ray flowers 4- 14, neutral, or wanting. Scales 
of the involucre in 1-3 rows, leafy. Eeceptacle convex or conical, chaffy; 
the chaff embracing the outer edge of the laterally compressed obovate spread- 



25G COMPOSIT.E. (composite family.) 

iii<^ iiKj.stly wiii<;ed aclieuia. Pappus of two persistent awns. — Perennial 
herbs, with Jaiiceolate serrate often decurreut leaves. Flowers yellow or white. 

1. A. squarrosa, Nutt. Stem pubescent, winged above; leaves alter- 
nate or oj^jx^sitc, ovate lanceolate, acuminate at each end ; heads corymbose; 
scales of the inv(;luci;e in 2 rows, linear-spatulate, spre?iding; achenia broadly 
obovate, winged ; awns of the pajjpus rigid, sjjreading; rays 4-12, yellow. — 
River banks, M<jii(la t(j Xortli Carolina. Sept. — Stem 4^-8° high. J.owest 
leaves 1° long. 

2. A. alba, Toir. & Gray. Stem smooth, or pubescent and often slightly 
winged above; leaves alternate, lanceolate ; heads loosely corymbose; scales 
of the involucre in a single row, lanceolate-subulate; achenia mostly broadly 
winged; awns of the pappus slender ; flowers white ; rays none. — Kich soil 
in tlie lower districts, Georgia and South Carolina, and westward, rare. Sept. 

— Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves 5' - 8' long. 

60. COREOPSIS, L. Tickseed. 

Pleads many-flowered ; the ray flow^ei-s commonly 8, neutral, rarely wanting. 
Involucre doul)le ; each row of about 8 scales ; the outer ones narrow and 
spreading ; the inner membranaceous and appressed. Keceptacle flat, chaffy. 
Chaff membranaceous, mostly deciduous Avith the achenia. Achenia com- 
pressed, often Avinged, not narrowed nor beaked at the apex, awnless, or with a 
pappus of two upAvardly hispid or serrulate awns or scales. — Herbs. Leaves 
entire or pinnately divided. Heads solitary or corymbose. Disk dark purple 
or yelloAV. Rays yellow, rarely rose-color. 

* Raijs none. 

1. C. dlseoidea, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem diffusely branched; 
leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, with ovate-lanceolate coarsely serrate divisions; 
the uppermost often simple ; heads small, on short peduncles ; exterior invo- 
lucre foliaceous, longer than the heads ; achenia narrow^ly wedge-shaped, hairy. 

— Swamps, North Carolina, and northward. July - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

* * Baijs entire, or emarginate at the apex, yellow. 

•f- Leaves petioled : achenia narroidi/ ivechje-shaped, 2-toothed or aicned : scalea 

of the involucre equal, the outer ones separate. 

2. C. aurea, Ait. Stem smooth, much branched; leaves smooth or 
slightly pubescent, entire, or 3 - 7-parted ; the divisions oblong or lanceolate, 
serrate, toothed or lobed, or all linear and entire ; exterior scales of the invo- 
lucre linear-spatulate; achenia smoothish, with two short triangular teeth. 
(C. mitis, Michx. C. argnta, Piirsh.) — Swamps. August -Oct. — Stem 
2° -4° high. Leaves polymorphous; the uppermost commonly undivided. 
Rays showy. 

3. C. trichosperma, Michx. Smooth; stem somewhat 4-angled, 
branching ; leaves pinnately 5 - 7-parted ; the divisions lanceolate or linear, 
sharply serrate or toothed ; the upper ones 3 - 5-cleft ; exterior scales of the 
involucre linear, obtuse ; achenia hispid above, crowned with two triangular 
hispid teeth. — Swamps, South Carolina, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1°- 
2° high. Achenia twice as large as in the preceding. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 257 

4. C. aristosa, Michx. Like the last, but more or less pubescent; 
acheuia flat, obovate, the thiu margins hispid ; awns slender, spreading, about 
the length of the achenia. — Low thickets, Mississippi, and Avestward. Sept. 
-i- -t- Leaves petioled : achenia elliptical or obovate, emarginate, awnless : exte- 
rior scales of the involucre shorter than the interior. 

5. C. tripteris, L. Stem smooth, branching ; leaves smooth, or rough 
above ; rarely all entire, the middle ones 3- (rarely 5-) parted, with the divis- 
ions lanceolate and entire ; exterior scales of the involucre 5-6, obtuse, united 
at the base; achenia elliptical, smooth, incurved, narrowly winged. — Woods 
and margins of fields. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - 6° high. 

6. C. latifolia, Michx. Smooth or somewliat pubescent; stem tall; 
leaves undivided, ovate-oblong, acuminate, coarsely serrate, smooth above, 
paler beneath ; heads small, corymbose ; scales of the involucre 4-5 in each 
row ; the exterior ones short, not united below ; rays 4 - 5 ; achenia obovate- 
oblong, wingless. — High mountains of Georgia and I^orth Carolina. August. 

— Lowest leaves 6' long. 

H- -1- -1- Leaves sessile, 3-parted to the base, seemingly 6 in a whorl ; the divisions 
entire or variously divided : scales of the involucre equal; the exterior linear- 
oblong, united below: achenia oblong, narrowly winged, truncate, or minutely 
2-toothed at the ajjex. 

7. C. senifolia, Michx. Pubescent; stem 4 angled below, branching; 
divisions of the leaves oval-lanceolate, entire, the uppermost leaves often sim- 
ple ; disk yellow ; achenia minutely 2-toothed. (C. stellata, Nutt., a glabrous 
form, with broader thinner leaves. C. ^mleri. Ell., with all the leaves entire.) 

— Dry sandy woods. August. — -Stem 2° high. Leaves T- 2' long. Kays 
6" -9" long. 

8. C. delphinifolia, Lam. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; divisions 
of the leaves entire or 2-3- (the middle one sometimes 5-) parted, linear-lance- 
olate, rather rigid ; disk brownish ; achenia obovate-oblong, minutely 2-toothed. 

— Dry soil in the upper districts. August - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

9. C verticillata, L. Smooth ; stem branching, slender ; divisions of 
the pinnately or bipinnately divided leaves linear or filiform ; disk yellow ; 
achenia minutely 2-toothed at the apex. — Low ground, in the upper districts. 
August. — Stem l°-3° high. 

* * * Rays 3 - 5-toothed or lobed. 
■^ Rays yellow : achenia orbicular, broadly ivinged, warty, and xvith a tubercle at 
each end on the inside, 2-toothed : scales of the involucre nearly equal : heads 
lony-peduncled. 

10. C. auriculata, L. Stem short (4^-8' high), smooth or sparsely 
villous, 1 -2-forking; lower leaves ovate or roundish {\^' -2' long), entire, or 
with 2-4 small lateral lobes, the others small and remote; heads few; 
achenia oblong, incurved, wingless, even, or obscurely papillose. — Woods in 
the upper districts. April - May. 

11. C. pubescens, Ell. Stem tall (2° high), densely villous, at length 
much branched; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong (3' -4' long), mostly 3- 
lobed, as long as the stout petiole, the uppermost entire ; heads very numer- 

17 



258 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

ous ; achenia broadly winged, circular, slightly 2-toothed, plainly papillose 
on both sides. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. May - bept. 

12. C. grandiflora, Nutt. Stem slender, smooth, ascending; leaves 
elongated; tlie lowest linear-spatulate. on long ciliate petioles; the upper ter- 
nately or 1 - 2-pinnately parted, the divisions linear ; exterior scales of the 
involucre ovate-lanceolate ; rays large, 4 - .5-toothed. — Dry soil, Florida, 
Georgia, and westward. April- June. — Stem 8'- 12' high. 

13. C. lanceolata, L. Smoothish; stem short, ascending; leaves un- 
divided, rarely 2-3-lobed, thick; the lowest spatulate-oblong on long ciliate 
petioles; the upper lanceolate, sessile; exterior scales. of the involucre ovate- 
lanceolate; rays large, strongly 4 -5-toothed. (C. crassifolia, Ait., stem and 
leaves hairy or woolly.) — Dry soil, Florida to North Carolina. May- June. 
Stem 6' -12' long. 

•t- -1- Bays yellow: achenia neurit/ straight, oblong, 2-awned, the margins ivith a 
serrulate or pectinate wing (except No. 14) : exterior scales of the involucre 
shorter than the interior : disk dark purple. 

14. C. Leavenworthii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem dichotomous 
above ; leaves opposite, linear, entire, or with two lateral lobes ; rays 3-tootlied ; 
achenia with a broad whitish entire Aving, conspicuou.sly 2-toothed. — Coast 
of Florida, and westward. — Stem slender, l°-2° high. Lower leaves 3' -4' 
long, 1" wide. Rays 5"- 6" long. 

15. C gladiata, Walt. Smooth; stem terete, naked above, simple, or 
with few peduncle-like branches ; leaves fleshy, alternate, entire, or rarely 3- 
lobed ; the lowest ones spatulate-oblong, on long petioles ; the upper small, 
linear; heads large; exterior scales of the involucre small and roundish; 
rays showy, 4-toothed; wings of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Low pine 
barrens. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves 8' -10' long. 
Rays wedge-shaped, 1' long. 

16. C. angustifolia, Ait. Smooth; stem slender, 4-angled, dichoto- 
mously branched above ; leaves opposite or alternate, linear, obtuse, entire ; 
the lowest ones spatulate-lanceolate ; heads small, corymbose ; rays 3-toothed ; 
wings of the achenia pectinately toothed. — Pine barren swamps, in the lower 
districts. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Rays 
¥ long. 

17. C. integrifolia, Poir. Smooth; stem terete, corymbosely branched 
above ; leaves opposite, petioled, entire, ovate or oblong, obtuse, the margins 
scarious and roughish ; heads iew, on long peduncles ; exterior scales of the 
involucre oblong-linear ; rays wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed ; ovary wing- 
less, with hispid margins. — River banks, South Carolina and Georgia. Sept. 
— Stem 2° -3° high. 

•i- -1- Rajjs purple or rose-color 

18. C. nudata, Nutt. Smooth; stem slender, forking above; leaves al- 
ternate, distant, terete and rush-like ; rays bright purple, 3-toothed ; achenia 
with lacerated wings, 2-awned. — Pine barren ponds, Florida and Georgia, 
near the coast. April. — Stem 2° high. Lowest leaves 1° long. Rays 1' 
long. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMfLY.) 259 

19. C. rosea, Nutt. Smooth; stem low, branching; leaves opposite, 
linear; heads small; rays slightly 3-toothed ; achenia wingless, unawned. — 
Swamps, Georgia {Nuttall), and northward. July -August. — Stem 8' -12' 
high. Kays rose-color. 

61. COSMOS, Cav. 

Scales of the involucre more or less united. Achenia terete or 4-angled, nar- 
rowed or beaked at the apex, and crowned with 2-4 downwardly barbed or 
hispid deciduous awns. Otherwise like Coreopsis. — Leaves opposite, pin- 
nately divided. Disk yellow. Kays purplish. 

1. C. caudatus, Kunth. Smooth; leaves bipinnately divided, with the 
divisions lanceolate and entire; achenia (T long) tapering into a very long 
rough beak, 2-awned ; rays short, 3-cleft, rose-color. — Key West, Florida. 

62. BIDENS, L. Beggar-ticks. 

Chiefly like Coreopsis ; but the exterior involucre often long and leaf -like ; 
the achenia compressed, or 3 -4-angled, (not narrowed at the apex,) and 
crowned with 2-4 persistent downwardly barbed or hispid awns. — Leaves 
serrate, or pinnately divided, opposite. Rays yellow or white, often wanting. 
Disk yellow. 

* Achenia flattened, narrowly wedge-shaped. 

1. B. frondosa, L. Stem tall, branched ; leaves thin, long-petioled, pin- 
nately 3 - 5-divided ; the divisions ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
sharply serrate ; heads discoid ; exterior scales of the involucre large, leafy ; 
achenia 2-awned. — Loav ground. July - Sept. (l) — Stem 2° - 5° high. 
Margins of the achenia upwardly ciliate. 

2. B. COnnata, Muhl. Stem low, branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate, coarsely serrate, tapering and connate at the base, the lowest often 
3-parted ; heads discoid ; exterior involucre leafy ; achenia 2 - 4-awned, with 
downwardly hispid margins. — Western districts of Georgia and westward, 
in damp soil. July - Sept. (T) — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

3. B. eernua, L. Stem simple or branched ; leaves lanceolate, sharply 
serrate, clasping or connate at the base, 3'- 5' long; heads nodding; outer 
involucre leafy, usually 2-3 times longer than the inner one ; rays short or 
none ; achenia 4-awned. — Wet ground in the upper districts. July - Sept. 

4. B. Chrysanthemoides, Michx. Smooth ; stem erect or ascending ; 
leaves undivided, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, connate ; heads radiate, 
showy; achenia 2 -4-awned. — Wet places. Sept. -Oct. (T) — Stem thick, 
l°-2°high. 

* * Achenia 3-4:-angled, linear : heads radiate: scales of the involucre nearly 

equal. 

5. B. leucantha, Willd. Stem low, 4-angled ; leaves pinnately divided ; 
the divisions ovate or lanceolate, serrate ; the lowest leaves undiWded ; outer 
scales of the involucre obtuse, spreading ; the inner ones acute ; rays .5, white ; 
achenia 2 - 4-awned. — South Florida. Oct. - Dec. — Stem 1 0' - 1 5 ' high. 

6. B. bipinnata, L. Stem tall, 4-angled, much branched ; leaves bipin- 
nate, the divisions small, ovate or lanceolate, acute ; heads small ; rays 2-3, 
yellow; achenia 3 -4-awned. —Cultivated grounds, common. Aug. -Sept. 
© — Stem 2° -5° high. 



260 coMPOsiT.^. (composite family.) 

63. BALDWINIA, Ell. 

Heads many-flowered, globose in Iriiit ; the ray flowers 20-30, neutral, 
3-toothed at the a])ex; tube of tlie disk flowers dilated and indurated. Scales 
of the involucre sliort, fleshy, imbricated in about 4 rows. Keceptacle deeply 
alveolate; the 5-6-angle(l cells with entire margins, enclosing the slender 
obconical hairy achenia. Pappus of 7 - 9 oblong nerveless chaffy scales, as 
long as the achenia. — An erect pul)erulent mostly simple perennial herb, 
with alternate fleshy entire linear or (the lowest) spatulate leaves, and a 
solitary head of yellow flowers on a long j>e(luucle. 

1. B. 'Uniflora, Ell. — Low pine barrens, Elorida to North Carolina, and 
westward. Sept. — Stem 2" -3° high. Heads large. — Dr. Curtis finds a 
form with the disk flowers dark purple. The rays are also sometimes tubular. 

64. ACTINOSPEBMUM, Ell. 

Scales of the involucre in al)out 2 rows, lanceolate, setaceously acuminate. 
Margins of the cells of the receptacle cuspidate-toothed. Aclienia radiate at 
the summit. Pappus a row of 12 short roundish entire scales. Otherwise 
like Baldwiuia. — A slender branching annual. Leaves alternate, linear, 
fleshy. Heads of yellow flowers showy, terminating the peduncle-like summit 
of the branches. 

1. A. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray. (Baldwinia multiflora, iVMl!^) — 
Dry sandy ridges in the pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Sept, — Stem 
1° -2° high, smooth. Leaves very numerous, sprinkled with jointed hairs. 

65. MARSHALLIA, Schreb. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Corolla pu- 
bescent, with linear spreading lobes. Scales of the involucre oblong-linear 
or lanceolate, in 1-2 rows. Chaff of the convex or conical receptacle narrow- 
linear, rigid. Achenia oblong, narrowed downward, 5-angled, mostly hairy. 
Pappus of ,5 - 6 ovate or triangular acuminate entire membranaceous scales, 
— Perennial herbs, Avith simple and scape-like or branching stems, smooth 
entire 3-nerved alternate leaves, and a solitary head of white or purplish 
flowers terminating the stem or branches. Anthers blue, 

1. M. latifoHa, Pursh, Stem leafy, simple, or sparingly branched 
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; scales of the involucre acute ; 
achenia smooth, — Dry soil, in the upper districts. May -June — Stem 
1° high. 

2. M. laneeolata, Pursh. Stem naked above, simple, pubescent; leaves 
lanceolate, obtuse ; the lowest spatulate ; scales of the involucre obtuse ; 
achenia pubescent. — Var. platyphylla, Curtis. Stem leafy to the middle ; 
leaves longer and broader, the lowest long-petioled. — Dry open woods, 
Florida to North Carolina, and Avestward; the variety in the upper districts, 
April - June. — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 

3. M. angUStifolia, Pursh. Stem simple or branched, leafy below, 
puberulent above ; leaves linear, acute, the lowest spatulate ; scales of the 



COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 261 

involucre, linear, acute ; disk at length ovate or oblong ; achenia with hairy 
ano-les. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July -August. — 
Stem 2° -3° high. 

66. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Herit. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect. Scales of ths 
involucre 6-12, oval or obovate, membranaceous, white. Receptacle naked. 
Corolla slender. Achenia top-shaped, 4-angled. Pappus of 12-20 short 
obtuse thin scales. — Hoary or woolly herbs, with alternate piunately lobed or 
divided leaves. Heads corymbed. Elowers commonly white. 

1. H. SCabioSSeuSj L'Herit. Hoary-tomentose ; stem corymbosely 
branched; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipinnatifld, with lanceolate or 
oblong divisions ; scales of the involucre broadly obovate, longer than the 
disk ; pappus minute. — Light dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. April - May. Stem 2° high. 

67. POLYPTERIS, Nutt. 

Heads many-flowered ; the ray flowers pistillate, or none. Scales of the 
obconical involucre in 2 rows, membranaceous at the summit. Throat of the 
corolla shorter than the lobes. Eeceptacle flat, naked. Achenia slender, 4- 
angled, tapering at the base. Pappus of 6-12 membranaceous denticulate 
scales. — Herbs with narrow entire leaves, and heads of white or purple 
flowers in a terminal corymb. 

1. P. integrifolia, Nutt. Stem (2° high) branched above, smoothish; 
leaves lanceolate, rough, the lower ones often opposite ; rays none ; flowers 
purplish ; scales of the pappus 8-9, linear -subulate. — Dry pine barrens, 
Georgia and Florida. July - Sept. 

68. PALAFOXIA, Lag. 

Heads of the involucre discoid. Scales of the involucre wholly herbaceous, 
linear. Pappus of 4 - 8 scales. Throat of the corolla cylindrical, longer than 
the lobes. Otherwise like the preceding. 

1. P. Feayi, Gray. Stem woody, slender, widely branched, rough with 
short rigid hairs ; leaves ovate or lanceolate, opposite or alternate, short- 
petioled ; corymbs loose ; heads discoid ; achenium sparsely hispid, several 
times longer than the obtuse denticulate scales of the pappus. — South 
Florida. Stem 3° - 5° high. 

69. FLAVERIA, Juss. 

Heads few-flowered, discoid, or with a single pistillate ray. Involucre of 
3-5 oblong nearly equal scales. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong or 
club-shaped, smooth, striate. Pappus none. — Tropical herbs, with opposite 
leaves, and densely clustered heads of yellow flowers. 

1. F. linearis, Lagasca. Stem erect, or prostrate at the base, branched 
above, smoothish ; leaves fleshy, linear, or linear-lanceolate, connate, entire ; 
corymb dense ; scales of the involucre mostly 5 ; ray often wanting. — Coast 
and Keys of South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. 



2G2 coMPOsiTJE. (composite family.) 

70. GAILLARDIA, Foug. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays neutral, deciduous. Scales of the involucre 
in 3 rows, spreading above. Receptacle convex, naked or tinibrillate. Kays 
wedge-shaped, palmately 3-lobed. Corolla of the disk with subulate lobes. 
Achenia top-shaped, hairy. Tappus of 6 - 10 membranaceous 1 -nerved awued 
scales. — Pubescent branching herb.s, with alternate leaves, and solitary heads 
of yellow or purple flowers terminating the brandies. 

1 . G. lanceolata, Michx. Stem ( 1° - 2°) with long and slender branches ; 
leaves narrow-lanccMdate, mostly entire, sessile, the lowest narrowed at the 
base ; rays yellow, sometimes wanting ; disk flowers purple ; recejitacle naked ; 
scales of the pappus 7-9.— Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. 
July - Sept. 

71. HELENIUM, L. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-cleft. Scales 
of the involucre in 2 rows; the outer ones spreading, the inner fewer and 
chaffy. Receptacle naked, convex, globose, or oblong. Corolla of the disk 
4-5-toothed. Achenia top-shaped, furrowed, hairy. Pappus of 5-8 mem- 
branaceous pointed or awned scales. — Erect herbs, with the stem often 
winged by the alternate decurrent leaves. Heads terminal. Flowers mostly 
yellow. 

§1. Raj/s pistillate : stems branching ; heads few or many. 

1. H. autumnale, L. Perennial, smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong, serrate, strongly decurrent ; scales of the involucre 
linear-subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, awn- 
pointed ; rays fertile, 3 - 5-cleft, longer than the disk. — Damp soil. Aug. - 
Sept. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Achenia hairy. 

2. H. parviflorum, Nutt. Perennial, smooth ; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, sparingly serrulate, scarcely decurrent ; scales of the in- 
volucre filiform ; rays sterile, 3-clef t, narrow ; achenia smooth ; pappus awned. 
Georgia, Nuttall. — Heads smaller than the last, globose. 

3. H. tenuifoliuni, Nutt. Annual, smooth ; stem slender, very leafy ; 
leaves narrow-linear, entire ; heads globose, on long and slender peduncles ; 
scales of the involucre subulate ; scales of the pappus ovate, entire, abruptly 
awned; achenia villous — Road-sides and waste ground. Sept. — Stem 1°- 
2° high. Branches erect. 

4. H. quadridentatum, Labill. Annual, smoothish ; lowest leaves 
oblong, pinnatifid ; the upper ones lanceolate, entire ; rays shorter than the 
oblong disk ; scales of the pappus roundish, obtuse. — River banks and damp 
soil. North Carolina, and westward. — Stem much branched, l°-3° high. 

5. H. nudiflorum, Nutt. Perennial, stem pubescent ; leaves lanceo- 
late, entire or nearly so, decurrent ; heads globose, dark purple ; scales of the 
pappus ovate, slightly denticulate, abruptly awn-pointed ; achenia hairy on 
the angles. — River banks, Florida to North Carolina. May - June. — Stem 
1° -2° high. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 263 

§ 2. Rays neutral : stents mostly simple : heads solitary : perennials. — 
Leptopoda. 

6. H. Nuttallii, Gray. Smooth or nearly so ; leaves entire or obscurely 
serrate, lanceolate or linear, the lower onBs decurrent, the lowest tapering 
into a petiole ; rays 20-30 in a single row; scales of the pappus lacerate, and 
mostly bristle-pointed ; achenia smooth. — Margins of pine barren ponds, 
Florida to South Carolina, and westward. April -May. — Stem l°-2° 
high. 

7. H. fimbriatum, Gray. Stem smooth, sometimes branching, the 
peduncle slightly pubescent ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, entire or ob- 
scurely serrate, decurrent ; scales of the pappus fimbriate, — Low pine bar- 
rens, Florida, and Avestward. April - May. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

8. H. vernale, Walt. Closely pubescent ; leaves somewhat fleshy, linear- 
lanceolate, sessile but not decurrent, denticulate ; the lowest spatulate-lanceo- 
late, toothed or pinuatifid ; scales of the pappus obtuse, with slightly lacerated 
margins. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 
April - May. — Stem 2° high. 

9. H. brevifolium, Gray. Stem pubescent above, often sparingly 
branched ; leaves entire, more or less decurrent, the upper ones lanceolate, 
the lowest spatulate-oblong, obtuse ; scales of the pappus obtuse, slightly 
lacerate at the apex. — Wet places, Alabama to North Carolina. May - June. 
— Stem 1° - 3° high. Heads large. 

10. H. Curtisii, Gray. Glabrous; stem often branching ; leaves lanceo- 
late, entire, decurrent ; scales of the pappus obovate, nearly entire ; achenia 
hairy on the angles. — Raleigh, North Carolina ( Curtis). — Stem 2° - 3° high. 
Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

72. DYSODIA, Cav. 

Heads many-flowered, the rays pistillate. Involucre bracted, the scales 
partly united in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia 4-angled. 
Pappus of chaffy finely divided scales. — Branching odorous annuals, with 
pinnately divided leaves, and yellow flowers. 

1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Stem l° high ; leaves opposite with 
very narrow toothed lobes ; rays few and short ; pappus bristly. — Waste 
ground, Tennessee, and westward. 

73. PECTIS, L. 

Heads several-flowered, radiate. Rays pistillate. Disk flowers somewhat 
2-lipped, perfect. Involucre cylindrical. Scales 5 - 8, in a single row. Re- 
ceptacle naked. — Branches of the style short, obtuse. Achenium linear. 
Pappus composed of about five unequal bristle-pointed scales. — Chiefly an- 
nuals. Leaves opposite, glandular-dotted, bristly on the margins. Flowers 
small, yellow. 

1. P. linifolia, Less. Stem diffusely branched (6'-12' high) ; leaves 
linear, connate ; heads small, on long and slender bracted peduncles ; scales 
of the involucre slightly produced at the base ; achenia hairy. — South 
Florida. Oct. 



264 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

2. p. ciliaris, L. Stem erect, smooth ; leaves liuear, bristly-f ringed 
below the middle ; heads nearly sessile ; rays 3 ; pappus of tlie dislc liowers of 
5 lanceolate acuminate scales, of the rays only 3. — Keys of Caximbas Bay, 
South Florida. Oct. — Stem 6' -J 2' high. 

74. ANTHEMIS, L. May-weed. 

Heads many-flowered, the rays pistillate or neutral. Scales of the hemi- 
spherical involucre imbricated in few rows, shorter than the disk. Receptacle 
conical, chaffy throughout, or only at the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribbed, 
smooth. Pappus none. — Branching annuals. Leaves alternate, thrice pin- 
nately divided. Heads solitary, terminal. Rays white. 

1. A. Cotula, L. Stem 1° high ; divisions of the leaves linear; scales of 
the involucre with scarious margins; disk yellow. — Waste places. Intro- 
duced. May - June. 

75. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few and short. Scales of the 
involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat or elongated, chaffy. Achenia ob- 
long, compressed, margined. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. Leaves 
alternate, commonly pinnately divided. Heads small, corynabose. 

1. A. MiUefolium, L. Stems (1° high) simple, pubescent, tufted; 
leaves lanceolate, bipinnatifid, the divisions linear, 3 - 5-cleft ; corymbs dense, 
compound ; rays 4-5, white. — Old fields and around dwellings. Introduced. 
May -Sept. 

76. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy. 

Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the invo- 
lucre imbricated, broad, rounded, with scarious margins. Receptacle flat or 
convex, naked. Achenia nearly terete. Pappus none. — Perennial herbs. 
Leaves alternate, toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the 
stem or branches. Rays white. 

1. C. Leucanthemum, L. Stem (6'- 12' high) simple, naked above; 
leaves pinnatifid ; the lowest spatulate-obovate ; the upper lanceolate ; heads 
showy. — Fields. Introduced. May - June. 

77. TANACETUM, L. Tansy. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all fertile ; the marginal ones 
chiefly pistillate, 3 - 5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Re- 
ceptacle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed. Pappus a narrow border, 
or none. — Herbs with alternate dissected leaves, and solitary or corymbose 
heads of yellow flowers. 

1. T. vulgare, L. Stem smooth, erect; leaves bipinnately divided, the 
lobes serrate ; heads corymbose, numerous ; pappus 5-lobed. — Common in 
gardens, and sparingly naturalized in North Carolina. 2/ — Stem l°-2° 
high. 



COMPOSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 265 

78. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood. 

Heads few- or many-flowered, discoid ; the central flowers perfect, 5-toothed 
(sometimes abortive), the marginal ones pistillate, 3-toothed. Scales of the 
involucre imbricated, mostly with scarious margins. Receptacle convex, 
naked or villous. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none. — Aromatic herbs or 
shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided. Heads small, in panicled spikes 
or racemes. 

1. A. caudata, Michx. Smooth; stem slender, branching; lowest 
leaves 2 - 3-pinnately divided, the upper ones pinnate, with the divisions fili- 
form ; heads globular, in small racemes, forming an elongated panicle. — Dry 
open woods, West Florida, and northward. Sept. g) — Stem 2° -6° high. 
Receptacle naked. Disk flowers abortive. 

2. A. vulgaris, L. (Mugwort.) Stem branching ; leaves white-downy 
beneath, pinnatifid, with the lobes lanceolate ; heads downy, in slender ter- 
minal spicate panicles ; flowers all perfect. — Waste grounds. Introduced. 

3. A. biennis, Willd. Biennial, smooth; stem simple (lo-3° high); 
leaves 1 - 2-pinnatifid, the linear lobes sharply toothed ; heads crowded in 
terminal and axillary spikes, which form a long narrow leafy panicle ; flowers 
all perfect. — West Tennessee. 

4. A. annua, L. Annual, glabrous; stem 2° -3° high, paniculately 
branched; leaves bipinnately divided, the lobes incised; panicles spreading ; 
heads nodding. — Tennessee. Introduced. 

79. SOLIVA, Ruiz & Pavon. 

Heads many-flowered, monoecious ; the fertile flowers in several rows, apeta- 
lous or nearly so ; the staminate few in the centre, with a 3 - 6-toothed corolla. 
Scales of the involucre 5 - 10, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked. Ache- 
nia compressed, with winged or thickened margins, armed with the persistent 
rigid style. Pappus none. — Small depressed herbs, with petioled pinnately 
divided leaves, and small sessile or rarely pedunculate heads. 

1. S. nasturtiifolia, DC. Very low and depressed; leaves on short 
petioles, pinnately parted ; the lobes 3 - 4 on each side, obtuse, entire ; heads 
sessile ; achenia cuneiform, villous at the apex ; the callous margin tubercu- 
late-rugose throughout. — South Carolina, around Charleston. Introduced. 
Feb. - May. 

80. ARNICA, L. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the campanu- 
late involucre lanceolate, equal, in about two rows. Receptacle flat, hairy. 
Achenia terete, narrowed downward, somewhat ribbed. Pappus a single 
row of rough bristly hairs. — Perennial herbs. Leaves opposite, undivided. 
Heads single or corymbose. 

1. A. nudieaulis, Nutt. Hirsute; radical leaves spreading, oval or 
obovate, obtuse, 3 - 5-ribbed, serrate or entire; the others (2-3 pairs) dis- 
tant, oblong, sessile ; heads corymbose, showy ; achenia smoothish. — Wet 
pine barrens, Florida, and northward. April -May. — Stem l°-2° high, 
simple, or with few opposite branches. 



266 coMPOSTT.?:. (composite family.) 

81. SENECIO, L. Groundsel, Bltter-weed. 

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, or with pistillate 
rays. Scales of the involucre iu a single row, often bracted. Keceptacle 
naked or alveolate. Acheuia not beaked nor winged. Pappus of copious soft 
hairs. — Herbs, with entire or pinuately divided leaves. Heads corymbose. 
Flowers yellow. Pubescence mostly webby and deciduous. 
* Annual : heads radiate. 

1. S. lobatus, Pers. Smooth; stem furrowed, hollow; leaves tender, 
lyrate-piunatirid, with rounded toothed lobes; the earliest orbicular, long- 
petioled; rays about 12. — River bottoms. March -April. — Stem l'^-3° 
high. Lobiiig of the leaves variable. 

** Perennial : heads radiate: lowest leaves petioled, undivided; the others 
pinnatelij lohed or toothed ; the uppermost sessile. 

2. S. aureus, L. Smooth, or more or less woolly when young; stem (2= 
hiahj blender ; radical leaves long-petioled, round-cordate, crenate ; the others 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid; rays 8 -12; acheuia smooth. — 
Mountains of ]!sorth Carolina. July. 

Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Smoothish ; leaves chiefly radical, thick, 
obovate or roundish, crenate, on short winged petioles ; those of the stem 
small, pinnatifid; heads crowded; rays 9-12; acheuia smooth. — Rocky 
places, West Florida to North Carolina. April - May.— Stem 1° high. 
Radical leaves 2' - 3' wide. 

Var. Balsamitse, Torr. & Gray. Radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate or 
obovate ; lower part of the stem often densely woolly; acheuia hairy. — Dry 
open woods in the upper districts. May - June. 

3. S. tonieiltOSUS, Michx. Woolly and hoary throughout ; the leaves 
becoming smoothish ; lowest leaves oblong, crenate, obtuse ; stem leaves few, 
scattered, lanceolate, acute, serrate or toothed ; rays 12 - 15 ; acheuia hairy. — 
Damp soil, Florida to Xorth Carolina. April -^lay. —Stems mostly simple, 
2° - 3° high. Heads rather large. 

* * * Perennial : heads radiate : leavfs all hipinnately dissected. 

4. S. Millefolium, Torr. & Gray. TToolly when young, at length 
nearly smooth ; stems tufted, corymbose above ; leaves lanceolate, with the 
divisions linear and toothed, the lowest ones petioled ; heads crowded ; rays 
9 - 12. — Mountains of Xorth Carolina {Buckley). June. — Stems 1° - 2° high. 

* * * * Perennial : heads large, discoid : leaves all entire. 

5. S. Rugelia, Gray. I\linutely pubescent; rhizoraa creeping; stem 
simple, erect ; leaves ovate, acute at each end, denticulate ; the lowest large 
(2' -4'), crowded, on long margined petioles, the others small, scattered, and 
nearly sessile; heads on long bracted peduncles. — Smoky Mountains, Ten- 
nessee {Rugel, Buckley). — Stem 1° high. 

82. ERECHTHITES. Raf. Firet\t:ed. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the marginal flowers pistillate, very slender, 
2 - 3-toothed ; the others perfect, 4 - 5-toothed. Scales of the cylindrical 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 267 

involucre in a single row, linear, acute, bracted. Receptacle naked. Achenia 
oblong, striate. Pappus of copious soft hairs. — Erect annual herbs, with 
alternate simple leaves, and corymbose heads of greenish flowers. 

1. E. hieracifolia, Raf. Stem mostly branched, smooth or hairy ; leaves 
lanceolate, sessile, sharply serrate or toothed; the upper somewhat clasping; 
bractSsSubulate, minute ; pappus white. — Rich soil, common. July - Sept. — 
Stem l°-5°high. 

83. CACALIA, L. 

Heads 5 - many-floAvered ; the flowers all tubular and perfect, 5-cleft. . 
Scales of the involucre 5 - 30, in a single row. Receptacle flat, naked, or with 
a tubercular prominence in the centre. Achenia oblong, smooth. Pappus 
of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial, mostly smooth and tall herbs, 
with alternate entire or lobed leaves, and corymbose heads of white flowers. 
* Receptacle flat : involucre about 12-Ieaved, 25 -30 flowered. 

1. C. suaveolens, L. Smooth; leaves ovate, hastate, acute, toothed- 
serrate, on Aviuged petioles ; the uppermost sessile ; bracts filiform. — Low 
ground, AVest Florida, and northward, Sept. - Oct. — Stem 3° - 5° high. 

* * Receptacle tubercular in the centre : scales of the involucre and flowers 5. 

2. C. reniformis, Muhl. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, angularly 
toothed, on slender petioles; the lowest large, reniform, the upper ones 
roundish ; corymb compound. — Damp soil in the mountains of North Caro- 
lina and Tennessee. July -August. — Stem 4° -9° high. Radical leaves 
sometimes 2° in diameter, the teeth mucronate. 

3. C. atriplicifolia, L. Stem terete, corymbosely branched above; 
leaves glaucous beneath, angularly lobed, the lobes mostly entire, mucronate ; 
the lowest ones reniform; the upper rhomboid ; corymbs compound. — AYoods 
and moist banks, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. — Stem 4° - 8° 
high. Leaves smaller and thicker than the last. 

4. C diversifolia, Torr. & Gray. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, 
petioled ; the lowest broadly cordate or cordate-ovate, obtusely toothed, the 
upper 3 - 5-lobed. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, Marianna, West 
Florida. May - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

5. C. OVata, Walt. Stem terete ; leaves glaucous beneath, 3-5-nerved, 
ovate or oval, obtuse, entire or wavy-toothed ; the lowest long-petioled ; the 
upper ones sessile ; corymbs open. — Swamps, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 
July - August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 5' - 8' long. 

6. C. tuberosa, Nutt. Stem angled ; leaves not glaucous, oval or 
lanceolate-oblong, strongly 5 - 7-nerved, entire or slightly toothed ; the lowest 
long-petioled ; corymbs dense. — Swamps, Alabama, and westward. August - 
Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves thick. 

7. C. Floridana, Gray. Stem stout, furrowed, 2° -4"^ high; leaves 
oval, strongly nerved, dentate-serrate, the lower long-petioled ; lobes of the 
corolla as long as the throat. — Dry sandy barrens. East Florida. Sept. 

8. C. lanceolata, Xutt. Stem terete ; leaves rather fleshy, lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, entire or coarsely toothed, 3-nerved, somew^hat glaucous ; 



268 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

the lowest tapering into a long petiole, the upper sessile. — Marshes, Georgia, 
Florida, and westward. Aug. - Sept. — Stem 3°- 5° high. Lowest leaves 1° 
or more long. 

TluiJK V. CYNARE^. Heads discoid ; the Jloivers all tubular ; t/ie exterior 
ones sometimes enlarged and raij-like : style thickened at the summit ; the 
stigmatic lines extending to the summit of the branches, without appendages. 

84. CNICUS, Tourn. Thistle. 

Heads many-fiowered, discoid ; the flowers all siniihir and perfect. Scales 
of tlie involucre imbricated in many rows, all but the innermost ones usually 
spine-jjointed. Recejjtacle hristly. Aclienia oblong, compressed, smooth. 
Pappus of numerous plumose liairs. — Herbs, with alternate sessile or decur- 
rent mostly piunatifid and sjjiny leaves. Heads large, subglobose. Flowers 

purple or whitish. 

* Leaves decurrent. 

1. C. lanceolatus, Hoffm. Stem hairy, branched; leaves pinnatifid, 
spiny, hirsute above, woolly beneath ; scales of the involucre webby, tipped 
with strong erect spines ; flowers purple. — Waste ground in the upper 
districts. Introduced. Sept. @ — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

* * Leaves sessile, 

-<- Scales of the involucre tipped with spreading spines. 

2. C. altissimus, Willd. Stem tall, pubescent; the branches leafy to 
the summit ; leaves rough-pubesceut above, hoary-tomentose beneath, fringed 
with fine prickles ; the lowest petioled, pinnatifid ; the upper sessile, entire or 
pinnately lobed; heads bracted ; scales of the involucre webby when young, 
tipped with a weak prickle ; flowers purple. — Fields and thickets. August - 
Sept. — Stem 3° -10° high. Heads about 1' in diameter. Involucre some- 
what viscid. 

Var. discolor, Gray. Leaves nearly all deeply pinnatifid, the divisions 
narrow, 2 - 3-lobed, spine-pointed, and fringed along the margins. — With the 
preceding. 

3. C. Nuttallii, Gray. Stem angled, paniculately branched, smooth or 
hairy ; the branches naked at the summit ; leaves clasping, soft-hairy, becom- 
ing smoothish above, pinnatifid ; the numerous spreading lobes lanceolate, 
3-toothed, tipped with strong spines, and ciliate on the margins ; heads numer- 
ous, small, bractless ; scales of the involucre appressed, viscid, tipped with a 
short, at length spreading prickle ; corolla Avhite or pale purple. — Dry light 
soil, Florida to South Carolina. July- August.. — Stem 3°- 8° high. Heads 
8''- 10" in diameter. 

4. C. Virginianus, Pursh. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, 
hoary-tomentose ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth above, hoary 
beneath ; the margins revolute, toothed or pinnatifid, and spiny ; scales of the 
involucre viscid, spiny ; flowers purple. — Pine barren swamps, Florida, and 
northward. August -Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Heads Y in diameter. 

•t- -t- Scales of the involucre spineless, or the outer ones spine-pointed. 

5. C. muticus, Pursh. Stem tall, branching, commonly hairy ; leaves 
with scattered hairs above, pubescent or at length nearly smooth beneath, 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 269 

bristlvciliate on the margins, deeply pinnatifid; the lobes lanceolate, 2-3- 
toothed, spiny ; scales of the involucre unarmed, webby, viscid ; flowers purple. 

— Swamps in the upper districts. August - Sept. — Stem 3° - 8° high. Heads 
V in diameter, 

6. C. Lecontei, Gray. Stem simple, or with l - 3 nearly naked branches 
hoary-tomentose ; leaves lanceolate, smooth above, hoary beneath, entire, the 
margins fringed with bristly hairs, and spiny ; the earliest ones pinnatifid ; 
scales of the involucre cuspidate, viscid, not webby ; flowers purple. — Pine 
barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July- August. — Stem 2°- 
3° high, rigid. Heads V in diameter. 

7. C. repandus, Ell. Webby throughout when young; stem simple, 
very leafy ; leaves oblong-linear, clasping, the margins undulate and closely 
fringed with bristly spines ; heads mostly solitary ; flowers purple. — Dry 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June- July. Stem l°-2° high. 

8. C. horridulus, Pursh. Webby when young, at length smoothish ; 
stem thick, branching ; leaves clasping, pinnatifid, armed with long and stout 
spines ; heads large, surrounded by a whorl of linear pectinate spiny bracts ; 
scales of the involucre linear-subulate, spine-pointed ; flowers purple or yel- 
lowish. — Sandy soil, Florida, and northward. April -May. — Stem l°-3'^ 
high, often purple. 

85. ARCTIUM, L. Burdock. 

Heads many-flowered, discoid ; the flowers all perfect and similar. Scales 
of the globose involucre imbricated, ' coriaceous, with subulate spreading 
hooked tips. Receptacle flat, bristly. Achenia oblong, compressed, trans- 
versely rugose. Pappus of numerous short caducous bristles. Anthers cau- 
date at the base. — Biennial branching herbs, with large cordate petioled 
leaves. Heads small. Flowers purple or white. 

1. A. Lappa, L. Leaves undulate on the margins, pubescent beneath; 
the uppermost ovate ; heads corymbose ; involucre smooth or webby. — Waste 
places. North Carolina. Introduced from Europe. 

86. CENTAUREA, L. Star Thistle. 

Heads many-flowered ; the marginal flowers mostly large and sterile. 
Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle bristly. Achenia compressed. 
Pappus of rough bristles in one or more rows, sometimes Avanting. — Herbs. 
Leaves alternate. Heads solitary. 

1. C. Calcitrapa, L. Stem diffusely branched, hairy ; leaves pinnately 
lobed ; the lobes linear, toothed ; beads sessile ; involucre spiny ; pappus none. 

— North Carolina. Naturalized. — Flowers purple. 

2. C. solstitialis, L. Stem branching, woolly ; lowest leaves pinnati- 
fid, the upper sessile, entire ; heads small, ovate, glabrous ; involucre spiny ; 
pappus double. — Coast of North Carolina. Introduced. 

3. C. Benedicta, L. Stem low, spreading, villous ; leaves oblong, 
clasping, toothed, prickly ; heads ovoid, sessile, bracted ; spines of the invo- 
lucre pectinate ; flowers yellow ; achenia 10-toothed ; pappus double. — Waste 
ground. Introduced. 



270 COMPOSITE, (composite family.) 

Suborder 11. L. A^BIATIFLOKyE. 

Trirr VI. MUTISIACEJE. Heads with the Jlutcers dissimilar or rarely 
dicecious ; the manjinul ones pistillate or neutral, litjalate or bilabiate : st/jle as 
in Tribe V. 

87. CHAPTALIA, Vent. 

Heads many-flowered, radiate. liay flowers pistillate, in two rows, the 
outer ones ligulate, the inner ones ligulate or 3 - 5-toothed and filiform. Disk 
flowers perfect but sterile, bilabiate, the outer lip .3-cleft, the inner 2-oleft. 
Anthers caudate. Scales of the cylindrical involucre lanceolate, acute, imbri- 
cated in few rows, lleceptacle naked. Fertile achenia oblong, smooth, nar- 
rowed at each end. Pappus of numerous bristly hairs. — Stemless perennial 
herbs; the simple scape bearing a single head of white or purplish flowers. 
Leaves smooth above, white tomentose beneath. 

1. C. tomentosa, Vent. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
Feb. - April. — Scape toiuentose, 6' - 12' high. Leaves spatulate-lanceolate or 
oblong. Heads nodding. 

Suborder III. LIGULIFLOR^E. 

Tribe VII. CICHORACE^. Stijle cylindrical above and pubescent, like 
the rather obtuse branches ; the stigmatic lines terminating below or near the 
middle of the branches. — Plants with milky juice: leaves alternate. 

88. APOGON, Ell. 

Heads 10-20-flowered. Scales of the involucre mostly 8, somewhat in two 
rows, nearly as long as the corolla, connivent in fruit. Receptacle naked. 
Achenia ovoid-oblong, terete, ribbed and transversely striate, smooth. Pap- 
pus none. — A low smooth and branching annual, with lanceolate entire or 
toothed leaves, and single or umbellate heads of yellow flowers, borne on 
slender peduncles. 

1. A. humilis, Ell. — Florida to South Carolina, April -May. — 
Stem leaves clasping; the uppermost mostly opposite. — Plant 6'- 12' high. 

89. KRIGIA, Schreb. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre 6-15. Achenia short, ob- 
long or top-shaped, obscurely 4-angled, not beaked. Pappus double ; the 
outer of very small chaffy scales ; the inner of bristles. — Perennial or annual 
nearly smooth herbs, bearing single or umbellate heads of yellow flowers on 
long peduncles or scapes. Leaves alternate, entire or pinnatifid. 

§ \. Annual, nearly stemless: scales and bristles of the pappus 5: achenia 
top-shaped. — Krigia proper. 

I. K. Virginica, Willd. Proper stem short, simple or forking; scapes 
at length several, slightly pubescent, elongated in fruit ; leaves somewhat 
glaucous ; the lowest rounded, entire ; the others spatulate-oblong, pinnatifid. 
— Dry sandy soil. March - May. — Scapes at length 1° high. 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 271 

§ 2. Perennial, stemless or caulescent : scales and bristles of the pappus 
numerous : achenia cylindrical. — Cynthia. 

2. K. amplexicaulis, Nutt. Root fibrous ; stem branched above, bear- 
iiio- 3-5 heads ou sleuder umbellate peduncles ; radical leaves oval or spatulate- 
obtong, toothed or piunatifid ; the upper clasping and entire ; achenia oblong. 
— Sandy soil in the upper districts. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

3. K. montana, I^utt. Stem short (2' -5' high), from a short root- 
stock ; peduncles single, axillary and terminal, 6' - 8' long ; leaves clasping, 
the lower piunatifid, the upper linear, entire. — Mountains of North Carolina. 
August. 

4. K. Dandelion, Nutt. Stem short or none ; root fibrous, bearing one 
or more globular tubers ; leaves lanceolate and entire, or broader and piu- 
natifid; peduncles two or more, 6'- 12' long. — Damp rich soil, in the upper 
districts. April. 

90. CICHORIUM, Tourn. Chiccokt. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, the exterior spreading. Achenia 
striate, compressed. Pappus of numerous chaffy scales in 1 - 2 rows. — Herbs. 
Leaves toothed or piunatifid. Heads sessile. Flowers blue. 

1. C. Intybus, L. Stem rigid, erect ; leaves oblong, toothed, the lower 
pinnatifiJ. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

91. HIERACIUM, Tourn. 

Heads mauy-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated, or in 2 rows ; 
the outer row short. Receptacle nearly naked. Achenia not beaked, com- 
monly terete or spindle-shaped, ribbed. Pappus a single row of persistent 
brownish white hairs. — Perennial herbs with alternate entire or toothed 
leaves, and single, corymbose, or panicled heads of yellow flowers. — Invo- 
lucre, in our species, in 2 rows, the outer short and bract-like. 

1. H. SCabrum, Michx. Stem stout, leafy, hirsute below, rough above ; 
panicle somewhat corymbose ; leaves oval, sessile ; the lowest spatulate-oblong, 
hirsute; peduncles and involucre tomentose and glandular-hispid; achenia 
cylindrical. — Open woods in the upper districts. August -Sept — Stem 
l°-3° high. Heads large, many-flowered. 

2. H. Gronovii, L. Stem leafy and hirsute below, naked and smoother 
above ; leaves entire or denticulate, hirsute; the lowest spatulate-oblong ; the 
upper small, sessile ; panicle narrow, elongated ; achenia narrowed upward. — 
Dry sandy soil. Sept. - Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Lowest leaves spreading 
on the ground. 

3. H. venosum, L. Stem slender, nearly leafless, smooth ; lowest leaves 
oblong-obovate, smooth, or hirsute on the veins beneath, often veined with 
purple; the others (1-3) small and remote; heads small, in a spreading 
corymbose panicle, smoothish ; achenia linear. — Shady soil in the upper dis- 
tricts. May - July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

4. H. paniculatum, L. Stem slender, leafy, villous below; leaves thin, 
lanceolate, denticulate, acute, smooth ; panicle divaricate ; heads small, 12-20- 



272 COMPOSIT.E. (composite family.) 

flowered ; involucre smooth ; achenia sliort, not narrowed upward. — Open 
woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. August -tSept. — JStem 
2° - 3° high. Peduncles filiform. 

5. H. Marianum, Willd. Stem leafy, 2°-3° high; leaves oblong, hir- 
sute beneatii, tiie lowest tapering into the densely hirsute petiole, the upper 
distant, sessile ; heads small, corymbose ; involucre glandular-hispid ; achenia 
slender, cylindrical. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. .July, 

92. PRENANTHES, Vaill. 

Heads 5 - 20-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, composed of 5-14 linear 
scales, and several short exterior ones, liecei^tacle naked. Achenia linear- 
oblong or cylindrical, furrowed, glabrous, not narrowed upward. I'appus of 
numerous straw-colored or brownish bristly hairs. — Perennial herl)s, with 
bitter tuberous roots, entire or variously lobed leaves, and mostly nodding 
heads of yellowish white or purplish flowers, in short racemes or clusters. 

1. P. crepidinea, Michx. Smoothish ; stem tall, corymbosely panicled; 
leaves oblong-ovate or somewhat hastate, acute, unequally toothed, the lowest 
on winged petioles ; involucre brown, hairy, of 12 - 14 scales, 20-35-flowered ; 
pappus light brown. — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. 
— Stem 5° - 8° high. Lower leaves 8' - 12' long. Plowers yellowish white. 

2. P. alba, L. Smooth ; stem paniculate, purplish ; leaves acutish, angled, 
toothed, or variously 3 - 5-lobed or parted ; the lowest petioled ; the upper- 
most nearly sessile ; racemes short, spreading ; involucre purplish, of about 8 
scales, 8- 12-flowered ; pappus light broAvn ; flowers Avhite or cream-color. — 
Open woods in tbe upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 
30 _ 40 hjg]^_ 

3. P. altissima, L. Smooth; stem simple or sparingly branched above; 
leaves tliin, ovate or cordate, petioled, acuminate, denticulate, or the louver 
ones palmately 3-5-cleft or parted; heads in small axillary and terminal 
clusters, forming a long panicle ; involucre slender, greenish, of about 5 scales, 
5 - 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white or straw-colored. — Varies with the wavy- 
toothed leaves, deltoid ; the lowest hastate - 3-angled or parted. — Woods 
along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. Sept. — Stem 3° - 5° high. 
Flowers yellowish, or greenish white. 

4. P. serpentaria, Pursh. Smooth or slightly pubescent ; stem corym- 
bosely panicled above ; leaves deltoid, mucronate, pinnately 3 - 7-lobed, on 
winged petioles ; the upper lanceolate, often entire ; clusters small, terminal ; 
involucre greenish, smooth or hairy, of about 8 scales, 8 - 12-flowered ; pappus 
straw-color. — Varies with the lanceolate or oblong leaves mostly sessile, or 
the uppermost clasping; the 12-1.5-flowered involucre hirsute w^ith long 
purplish hairs. — Dry sterile soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 1° - 
4° high. 

5. P. virgata, Michx. Smooth ; stem simple, virgate ; leaves lanceolate, 
acute, sessile or partly clasping ; the uppermost small, entire ; the lowest 
deeply pinnatifid, on margined petioles ; clusters of heads small, racemose ; 
involucre smooth, purplish, of about 8 scales, 8 -12-flowered; pappus straw- 



COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 273 

color. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. 
Flowers purplish. 

6. P. aspera, Michx. Kough-pubescent ; stem simple ; leaves oval-ob- 
long, sharply toothed ; heads erect, clustered, forming a compound villous 
terminal raceme; involucre of 8 or 9 hirsute scales, 12- 14-floAvered ; pappus 
straw-color. — Barrens of Tennessee, and norAward. — Stem 2"= -4° high. 
Leaves small. Flowers cream-color. 

93. LYGODESMIA, Don. 

Heads 5- 10-flowered. Involucre elongated, cylindrical, of 5-8 linear 
scales, and a few short exterior ones. Receptacle naked. Achenia linear, 
elongated, smooth, striate, not narrowed upward. Pappus of copious smootli- 
ish white hairs in several rows. — Perennial smooth herbs, with linear or 
filiform leases. Heads solitary. Flowers rose-color. 

1. L. aphylla, DC. Stem simple or forking; lowest leaves filiform, 
elongated ; the others remote, small, and bract-like ; heads showy. — Dry 
sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. April- May. — Stem l°-2° 
high. 

94. TARAXACUM, Haller. Dandelion. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; the exterior of small spreading 
scales ; the interior erect in a single row. Receptacle naked. Achenia ob- 
long, ribbed or angled, muricate on the ribs ; the apex abruptly produced 
into a long beak. Pappus of copious white hairs. — Stemless perennial herbs. 
Scapes hollow, bearing a single head of yellow flowers. Leaves all radical, 
oblong or lanceolate, entire or pinnatifid. 

1. T. ofl&Cinale, Weber. Leaves pinnatifid, the lobes acute, toothed ; 
heads showy. — Damp soil, sparingly naturalized. 

95. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. 

Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, of numerous subulate scales ; the 
inner ones erect and partially united, often Avith a callous appendage at the 
apex. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenia oblong, nearly terete, 5-furrowed; 
the apex narrowed into a long filiform beak. Pappus of copious soft reddish 
or brownish hairs. — Smooth annual herbs. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
commonly toothed or pinnatifid. Heads solitary, terminating the naked stem 
or peduncle-like branches. Flowers yellow. 

I. P. Carolinianus, DC. Stem branching ; leaves lanceolate, mostly 
toothed or pinnatifid; achenia shorter than the filiform beak. — Fields. 
April - July. — Stem 10-2° high. 

96. LACTUCA, L. Lettuce. 

Heads few- or many-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre imbri- 
cated ; the outer ones short. Receptacle naked. Achenia compressed, smooth, 
beaked. Pappus of copious short white hairs. — Tall biennial herbs, with 
entire or pinnatifid clasping leaves. Heads paniculate. Flowers white, pur- 
ple, blue, or yellow. 

18 



274 coMPOSiT.^. (composite family.) 

* Achenia abnijitlij contracted into ajillfonn beak. 

1. L. graminifolia, Michx. Glabrous, or nearly so, stem simple, or 
paniculate above, 2° - 5° high; leaves linear, acute, 4'- 12' long, the lower 
mostly pinuatifid in the middle, the earliest obovate or oblong, entire ; flowers 
mostly blue ; achenia elliptical, longer than the beak. — Dry sandy soil in the 
lower districts. May - August. 

2. L. Canadensis, L. (Wild Lkttuce.) Glabrous ; stem 3° - 6° high, 
paniculate aljove , leaves ])innatifid from the base, acute or acuminate, 6' -9' 
long, tlie upper toothed or entire ; flowers yellow ; achenia oval-o])l<nig, rather 
longer tlian the beak. — Margins ol" fields, and woods. July - Sept. 

y. L. integrifolia, liigel. Stem .'J^ - 5° lii.^li, puniculale above, gla- 
brous ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, clasping, entire, or the lowest 
denticulate, rarely lol)ed, 3' -6' long ; flowers dull yellow; achenia oval, longer 
than the beak. — With the last, in the upper districts. July- August. 

4. L. hirsuta, Muhl. Stem hirsute near the base, 3° -4''" liigli ; leaves 
deeply pinuatifid, more or less hirsute, 3' - 4' long ; flowers purplish or dull 
red ; achenia oblong-oval, about the length of the beak. — Upper districts of 
North Carolina (Curtis). 

* * Achenia tapering into a short stout beak. — Mulgedium. 
-*- Pappus white. 

5. L. acuminata, Gray. Smooth; stem panicled above; leaves ovate 
or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, toothed, on winged petioles, the lowest some- 
times simiate-lobed ; heads racemed, on spreading peduncles. — Margins of 
fields, etc. Sept. (2)— Stem 3° -6° high. Leaves 3' -6' long, often hairy 
beneath. Elowers blue. 

6. L. Floridana, Gsert. Smooth ; stem panicled above ; leaves all pin- 
natifid and toothed, with the terminal lobe larger and 3-angled, or the upper- 
most lanceolate, sessile or clasping ; heads racemose-panicled ; flowers blue. 

— Rich soil, riorida to North Carolina. August -Sept. — Stem 3° -6° 

high. 

-1- H- Pappus tawny. 

7. L. leucophsea, Gray. Smoothish ; stem panicled above ; leaves 
numerous, irregularly pinuatifid, with coarsely toothed lobes ; the terminal 
lobe 3-angled, or in the upper leaves often linear and entire ; racemes panicled. 

— Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. (2) — Stem 3°- 12° higho Leaves 
6' - 12' long. Flowers pale blue. 

97. SONOHUS, L. 

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle 
naked. Achenia compressed, ribbed, not beaked nor narrowed at the apex. 
Pappus of copious soft white hairs. — Annuals. Leaves entire or pinuatifid. 
Heads somewhat umbelled. Flowers yellow. 

1. S. oleraceus, L. Smooth; stem branching; leaves pinuatifid, with 
spiny-toothed lobes, clasping ; the lowest petioled ; achenia transversely rough- 
ened. — Waste places. Introduced. June - August. — Stem 1 ° - 2° high. 



LOBELTACE^ (lOBELIA FAMILY.) 275 

2. S. asper, Vill. Smooth, or the upper part of the stem and peduncles 
hispid ; leaACS entire, clasping, fringed with weak spines ; the lowest oblong- 
obovate, the upper lanceolate ; achenia smooth. — Fields, Florida, and north- 
ward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 



Order 76. liOBELIACE^E. (Lobelia Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. 
Flowers irregular. — Calyx 5-lobed, the tube adherent to the 2-celled 
ovary. Corolla unequally 5-lobed, valvate in the bud ; the tube split 
on one side to the base. Stamens 5, inserted on the calyx ; the anthers, 
and commonly the filaments, united into a tube. Style solitary: 
stigma 2-lobed, suiTounded with a ring of hairs. Fruit baccate and 
indehiscent, or capsular and 2-3-valved, many-seeded. Seeds anat- 
ropous. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. — Acrid poisonous 
plants. 

1. LOBELIA, L. Lobelia. 

Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip small, erect or reflexed, 2-parted, the lower 
spreading, palmately 3-cleft ; the tube straight. Anthers, or a part of them, 
bearded at the apex, curved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved at the apex, many- 
seeded. — Stems erect. Leaves undivided ; the serratures glandular. Flow- 
ers in terminal racemes or spikes. Calyx sometimes with an appendage 
between the lobes. 

* Flowers scarlet. 

L L. cardinalis, L. (Caedinal-flower.) Smooth or slightly pubes- 
cent ; stem stout, simple ; leaves lanceolate, denticulate ; bracts leafy ; sta- 
mens and style much longer than the corolla. — Muddy banks. July - Sept, 
2/ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Raceme many-fiowered. Flowers very showy, 
* * Flowers blue or ivhite. 
-1- Tube of the corolla 4" or more long. 

2. L. syphilitica, L. Hairy ; leaves thin, lanceolate, acute at each 
end, coarsely serrate ; racemes leafy, many-flowered ; calyx hairy ; the lance- 
olate denticulate lobes half as long as the large (1' long) light blue corolla, 
— Swamps along the mountains, August - Sept, 11 — Stem 1°- 3° high. 

3. L. puberula, Michx. Softly pubescent or villous, or sometimes 
nearly smooth ; leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, lanceolate or oblong, glandular- 
denticulate ; spikes mostly 1-sided ; calyx top-shaped, the linear lobes nearly 
as long as the tube of the bright blue corolla. — Swamps and low ground, 
August -Sept. :J/ — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla half as large as in the 
preceding. 

4. L. amoena, Michx. Smooth or rough-pubescent ; leaves scattered, 
oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the lower ones tapering into a long petiole, the 
uppermost nearly sessile; racemes 1-sided, many-flowered ; calyx lobes linear- 
subulate, mostly glandular; corolla (T long) bright blue. — Swamps, Florida 
to South Carolina, and westward. Sept. -Oct, 2/ — Stem 2^-4° high. 
Lowest leaves 3' - 6' long. Bracts small. 



276 LOBELIACE^. (lOBELIA FAMILY.) 

5. L. glandulosa, Wult. Smootli or pul)escent; stem mostly simple, 
uearly loatiess iil)o\ e ; leaves thick, linear or linear-lanceolate, glandular-den- 
ticulate, sessile, the uppermost scattered and bract-like; racemes 1-sided, 3- 
9-flo\vered, the flowers distant; calyx smooth or hirsute, with linear glandular 
lobes; corolla (8"- 10" lony) pale blue. — Tine barren swamps. Oct. 2/ — 
Stem 2° -4° Jong. Lower leaves 2' -4' long. 

C. L. Floridana, Chapm. Stem stout (.3^-5^ liigb); lowest leaves 
thick, lanceolate or sLiap-shaped, sessile by a broad base, denticulate (G'-9' 
long) ; the others small and di.stant ; raceme many-flowered ; pedicels as long 
as the linear denticulate bracts; caly.x tube obconical, in fruit enclosing the 
lower half of the ovoid capsule, the ovate-lanceolate lobes mostly denticulate , 
corolla (8"-9" long) blue, villous within, the lower lip reflexed. — Wet pine 
barrens, Florida. June -Sept. 

7. L. brevifolia, Nutt. Stem thi(;k, virgate, angled, smooth or pubes- 
cent ; leaves short (4"- 12'Mong), fleshy, oblong-linear, obtuse, toothed, 
spi-eading or reflexed ; the lowest wedge-shaped ; calyx hirsute, the ovate- 
lanceolate lobes strongly toothed, the 5 aj)pendages obtuse ; corolla pale blue. 
— Damp open pine barrens, Florida, Alabama, and westward. Oct. ^ — 
Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves very numerous. 

-<- -*- Tube of the corolla less than A" long. 
■^ Stem leaves linear or lanceolate. 

8. L. spicata, Lam. Closely pubescent; stem slender, simple; lowest 
leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, denticulate ; the upper ones small, lancetdate, 
scattered; flowers small, in a long dense raceme, on short pedicels, corolla 
pale blue. — Dry soil in the middle and upper districts. August -Sept. 
©'? — Stem l°-2° high. Corolla 4'' -5'' long. 

9. L. Nuttallii, R. & S. Stem very slender, mostly simple, roughish ; 
leaves small, entire; the lowest clustered, spatulate or obovate; the others 
distant, linear ; flowers small, scattered in a long and slender raceme, on fili- 
form pedicels which are longer than the bracts. — Low ground, Georgia, 
and northward. August -Sept. — Stem l°-l|°high. Corolla 3'' -4" long, 
pale blue. 

10. L. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem slender, creeping at 
the base, sparingly branched above ; leaves small (6" long), subulate, scattered, 
the lowest scale-like ; racemes loosely many-flowered, the filiform pedicels and 
slender calyx lobes spreading; corolla (3'' -5'' long) bright blue. — Margins 
of pine barren ponds, Florida and Georgia. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

11. L. paludosa, Nutt. Smooth: stem mostly simple, nearly leafless ; 
radical leaves spatulate-lanceolate or linear, obtuse, crenulate; the others 
small, linear and remote; racemes slender, loose; bracts minute ; corolla 
small, white or pale blue, the lower lip straight. — Pine barren swamps. 
May- August. 2/ — Stem 2° -4° high. LoAvest leaves 3' - 9' long. Corolla 
¥ long. 

12. L. leptostaehys, A. DC. Closely pubescent ; stem slender, simple; 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, denticulate ; flowers small, crowded in an 
elongated spike ; appendages of the calyx 10, subulate, as long as the tube. — 



GOODENIACE^. (gOODENIA FAMILY.) 277 

South Carolina, and northward, July -August. 2/ — Stem 1°-!^° high. 
Corolla 3'' - 4" long. 

13. L. Canbyi, Gray. Stem simple, or branching above (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves numerous, linear, glandular-denticulate ; racemes long, loosely flowered ; 
bracts longer than the pedicels ; calyx tube top-shaped, half the length of the 
denticulate lobes, in fruit oblong, covering the capsule ; corolla deep blue, 
more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places. South Carolina ( Gray). 

August. 

•*-+ t-+ Leaves ovate, toothed or serrate. 

14.- L. Cliflfortiana, L. Annual; stem branching (1°-1|° high); 
leaves ovate, petioled, dentate, the upper ones narrower and sessile; racemes 
loosely many-flowered, tlie pedicels longer than the bracts and flowers ; calyx 
tube obconical, enclosing the lower half of the ovoid capsule, the lobes subu- 
late. — Southern States ( Gray). Introduced. 

Var. Xalapensis, Gray. Stem weaker; leaves thinner; tube of the 
calyx enclosing only the base of the capsule ; seeds smooth. — Manatee, South 
Florida (Garber), East Florida {Afiss Reynolds). 

15. Jj. Feayana, Gray. Annual, smooth (4' -8' high) ; stem simple or 
branched , leaves few, the lowest orbicular, crenate, petioled, the others nar- 
rower, nearly sessile; racemes loosely 4- 10-flowered; calyx tube obconical, 
in fruit enclosing the lower half of the capsule, the lobes subulate ; seeds 
rough. — Damp places. East Florida. 

16. L. Gattingeri, Gray. Smooth; stem weak, branching ; leaves thin, 
sessile, oblong-ovate, obtuse, serrate, the lowest obovate ; racemes peduncled, 
very slender, mauy-flowered ; calyx tube ovoid, longer than its pedicel, shorter 
than the linear-subulate entire lobes; corolla (4" -5'' long) deep blue. — Bar- 
rens of Tennessee. April. — Stem 10' -20' high. Leaves 2' or less long. 

17. L. inflata, E. Pubescent or hairy ; stem leafy, branching from the 
base ; leaves oblong, obtuse, toothed, sessile ; racemes leafy below ; corolla 
small, pale blue; mature capsule ovoid, inflated. — Dry sterile soil in the 
upper districts. August -Sept. (l) or (2) — Stem 1°-1^° high. Corolla 
2'' - 3" long. 



Order 77. GOODENIACE.^. (Goodenia Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate exstipulate leaves, and 
irregular flowers. — ■ Calyx tubular, 3-5-lobed or entire, more or less 
adherent to the 1 - 4-celled ovary. Corolla irregular, unequally 5-lobed, 
induplicate in the bud ; the tube split on one side, or 5-parted. Sta- 
mens 5, free from the corolla, the filaments and anthers rarely united. 
Style commonly single : stigma thick, surrounded with a cup-shaped 
mostly ciliate membrane. Fruit capsular or drupaceous. Embryo 
straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 

1. SCJEVOLA, L. 

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla villous within, 5-lobed, with the lobes nearly equal 
and winged ; the tube split on one side. Filaments and anthers free. Drupe 



278 CAMPAXULACE.E. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 

1 -4-ce]le<l, the cells 1-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate. Peduu- 
cles axillary, dichotoinous. Flowers blue or white. 

1. S. Plumieri, Vahl. Shrubby, tleshy, smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, 
entire, bearded iu the axils; peduncles shorter thau the leaves; calyx tubular, 
truncate, obscurely 5-toothed ; corolla thick, split to the base ; stamens short; 
ovary 4-ovuled ; drupe 2-celled, 1-seeded. — Coast of South Florida. 



Okdeu 78. CAMPANULACE^. (Campanula Family.) 

Herbs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, and regular mostly blue 
flowers. — Calyx 3-5-lobed, adherent to the ovary. Corolla 5-lobed, 
valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, free from the corolla, the broad fila- 
ments and anthers distinct. Style single, hairy above. Stigmas 2 or 
more. Capsule 2 - several-celled, many-seeded, splitting at the apex, 
or opening by latei'ai valves or holes. Embryo straight in fleshy 
albumen. 

1. CAMPANULA, L. Bellflowek. 

Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla 5 lobed, mostly bell-shaped. Filaments dilated at 
the base. Stigmas 3, slender. Capsule short, 3-celled, opening by lateral 
valves. — Flowers single, spiked, or pauicled. 

* Flowers single or panided, on slender spreading pedicels : corolla small 
(3"-4'0, hell-shaped. 

1. C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem weak, reclining, the angles, as also 
the margins and midrib of the linear nearly entire leaves, hispid backward ; 
panicle few-flowered ; calyx lobes triangular ; corolla white. — Swamps among 
the mountains, Georgia, and northward. July - August. — Stem 1° - l^'^ high. 
Lowest leaves narrowly obov^ate. 

2. C divarieata, Michx. Smooth ; stem terete, paniculate above ; the 
branches somewhat naked, spreading ; leaves scattered, ovate-lanceolate, acu- 
minate at each end, coarsely serrate ; calyx lobes subulate ; style slightly ex- 
serted ; corolla blue, nodding. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July - 
August. — Stem 1° -2° high. 

3. C. Floridana, Watson. Smooth ; stem filiform, angular, simple or 
branched above (6^-12' long); leaves lanceolate, entire (8'- 12' long), the 
upper ones linear ; peduncles terminal ; calyx lobes subulate, bidentate, 
spreading, longer thau the .5-parted blue corolla ; stigmas recurved. — South 
Florida. 

* * Flowers spiked, single or 2-3 together : corolla large, somewhat 
li'heel-shaped. 

4. C. Americana, L. Stem tall, smooth or hairy, mostly simple ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate ; spike elongated, leafy ; corolla (1' wide) 
blue.— Dry rocky soil. August - Sept. — Stem 2°-4° high. Spike l°-2° 
long. Style exserted. Earliest leaves cordate. 



EKICACE.5£. (heath FAMILY.) 279 

2. SPECULARIA, Heist. 

Calyx 3 - 5-lobed. CoroUa wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens free ; the fila- 
ments membranaceous, hairy, shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3. Capsule 
prismatic, 3-celled, opening by 3 lateral valves. — Low annuals. Mowers axil- 
lary. Corolla blue. 

1. S. perfoliata, A. DC. Pubescent; stem angled, simple or branched; 
leaves round-cordate, crenate, clasping; the loAvest narrowed at the base; 
flowers single or clustered, sessile, the lower ones apetalous. — Fields. May- 
August. — Stem 1° high. 

2. S. biflora, Gray. Stem rough, simple, or branching at the base ; leaves 
ovate or obloug, sessile, crenate, the upper ones bract-like ; flowers single or 
by pairs, mostly apetalous. — With the preceding, and probably a form of it. 



Ordek 79. ERICACE^3j]. (Heath Family.) 

Shrubs or small trees, rai-ely herbs, with undivided, alternate ex- 
stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. — Calyx 4-7-parted. Corolla 
4 - 5-parted or toothed, or 4 - 7-petalous, imbricated in the bud. Sta- 
mens free from the corolla, and as many or twice as many as its 
divisions : anthers 2-ceUed, often variously awned, opening commonly 
by terminal pores. Style 1 : stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit 3 - 10- 
celled. Seeds anatropous, attached to a central placenta. Embryo- 
small, in fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 
Suborder I. VACCINIE^. Calyx tube adherent to the ovary. Corolla 
superior. Anther cells prolonged into a slender tube. Fruit a berry. — 
Shrubs. Corolla monopetalous. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA. B3rry8-10-celled; the cells 1-seeded. Anthers awnless. 

2. VACCINIUM. Berry 4 - 5-ceUed, or partially 8-10-celled by false partitions, many- 

seeded. 

3. CHIOG-ENES. Berry white, 4-celled. Flowers axillary, solitaryo 

Suborder II. ERICINE^. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla hy- 
pogynous. Fruit a capsule. — Shrubs or small trees. 

Tkibe I. ANDROMEDE^. Capsule loculicidally dehiscent. 
* Anther cells opening lengthwise. Corolla monopetalous. 

4. EPIG-EA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves cordate. 

* * Anther cells opening at the apex. Corolla monopetalous. 

5. GAULTHERIA. Calyx becoming berry-like in fruit. Anthers 4-awned at the apex. 

6. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Valves of the capsule entire. 

7. CASSANDRA. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Pericarp separating into two layers ; the 

outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. 

8. ANDROMEDA. Calyx valvate in the early bud. Capsule globular or truncate. Seeds 

pendulous. 

9. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud. Capsule pyramidal. Seeds ascending. 



280 ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 

Teibe II. KHODORE.^. Capsule septicidally dehiscent. 
* Corolla monopetalous, 

10. KALMIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 10 cavities in which the anthers are lodged. 

11. MENZIKSIA. Corolla (small) ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens H, included. 

12. RHODODENDRON, Corolla (large) funnel or bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 10, 

exserted. 

* * Corolla of 4 - 7 separate petals. 

13. LEIOPHYLLUM. Corolla 5-petalous. Anthers opening lengthwise. 

14. BEJARIA. Corolla 7-petalous. Anthers opening at the apex. 

15. ELLIOTTIA. Corolla 4-petalou8. Anthers opening lengthwise. 

SuHOKDEii III. PYROLINE^E. C'ulyx free from the ovary. Corolla 
polypetalous, liypogynous. Autliers 2-horiied, resupiuate in the bud. Cap- 
sule loculicidal. 

16. CLETHRA. Flowers racemose. Capsule 3-celled. Leaves deciduous. 

17. PYROLA. Flowers racemose. Style filiform. Leaves persistent. 

18. CHIMAPHILA. Flowers umbellate. Style broadly turbinate. Leaves persistent, 

SuBOKDER IV. MONOTROPE^. Calyx of 4 - 5 scale-like or bract-like 
sepals. Corolla 5-lobed or 5-petalous. Seeds very miuute. — Elcsliy scaly 
herbs, parasitic on roots, and destitute of green foliage. 

19. SCHWEINITZIA. Corolla monopetalous, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Anthers 2-celled. 

20. MONOTROPA. Corolla 4 - 5-petalou8. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the 

top. 

Suborder I. VACCINIE^E. The Whortleberry Family. 

1. GAYLUSSACIA, Kunth. Huckleberry. 

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens 10: anthers aAvn- 
less. Fruit a berry -like drupe containing 10 seed-like nutlets. — Low branch- 
ing mostly resinous-dotted, shrubs, with white or reddish nodding flowers, in 
lateral bracted racemes. 

1. G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Leaves entire, oblong or obovate, obtuse, 
rugose, glaucous, and like the spreading branches slightly pubescent ; corolla 
small (2''), short-bell-shaped, reddish ; berry depressed-globose, blue, glaucous ; 
bracts small, oblong. — Low ground. April. — Shrub 1°- 5° high. 

2. G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. Branches and racemes pubescent ; leaves 
thick, oblong-obovate, serrulate, mucronate, soon smooth and shining ; corolla 
(4" long) bell-shaped, angled, white : bracts ovate, leafy ; berry globose, smooth? 
black. — Var. hirtella. Stem taller (l°-2° high); branches, leaves, and 
berries hirsute or hairy. — Low sandy pine barrens and. swamps. April - 
May. — Shrub 6'- 12^ high. Berry 4"- 6'' in diameter. 

3. G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. Stem much branched ; leaves oblong or 
obovate, entire, coated, like the branchlets, etc., with resinous viscid globules ; 
racemes few-flowered ; bracts small, deciduous ; corolla small, ovoid or cylin- 
drical, reddish; berry black, smooth. — Sandy woods in the upper districts. 
April - May. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 



ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 281 

4. G. ursina, Gray. Leaves large (2'- 3' long), thin, lanceolate-oblong, 
acute, entire ; the A^eins, like the branches, rusty-tomentose ; racemes remotely 
few-flowered; bracts minute ; corolla bell-shaped; berry black. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. — Shrub 2°- 3° high. 

5. G. brachyc era, Gray. Glabrous; stems 6'- 12' high; leaves thick, 
obovate, crenate, persistent ; racemes short, closely few-flowered ; corolla bell- 
shaped, white or reddish ; filaments ciliate. — Mountains of East Tennessee. 

2. VACCINIUM, L. Huckleberry, Blueberry. 

Corolla cylindrical, urceolate, or campanulate, 4-5-toothed or parted. Sta- 
mens 8-10: anthers awnless, or 2-awned on the back; the cells prolonged 
into a tube, and opening at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, or by false parti- 
tions 8-10-celled, many-seeded. — Shrubs. Flowers nodding, solitary, clus- 
tered, or racemed, white or reddish. Pedicels 2-bracted. 

§ 1, OxYCOCCUS. Ovary 4-celled : corolla 4:-parted, the narrow divisions re- 
curved: stamens 8 : anthers awnless : pedicels axillary , solitary. 

1. V. macrocarpon, Ait. Stems slender, creeping ; leaves evergreen, 
small {Y long), oblong, obtuse, pale or whitish beneath ; pedicels longer than 
the leaves ; corolla rose-color ; berry large, red. — Cold mossy swamps, North 
Carolina, and northward. July. — Stems 1°— 2° long. Berry very sour, Y in 
diameter. 

2. V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Stem erect (2° -4° high) ; leaves decid- 
uous, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, hairy beneath ; pedicels shorter than 
the leaves ; flowers pale rose-color ; berry small red. — High mountains of 
North Carolina. July. — Branches flexuous. Berry insipid. 

§2. Vitis-Id^a. Ovary A -^-celled: corolla cylindrical or glohose-campanu- 

late,4: toothed: stamens 10: anthers awnless: Jiowers in short bracted 

racemes leaves persistent. 

3. V. crassifolium, Andr. Smooth; stems (l°-2°) filiform, procum- 
bent ; leaves small (3"- 7"), short-petioled, oval or oblong, thick and shining, 
the revolute margins entire or slightly serrulate ; racemes short, cluster-like, 
few-flowered ; corolla small, globose-cam panulate, 5-toothed ; berry black. 
(V. myrtifolium, Michx.) — Sandy pine barren swamps, Georgia to North 
Carolina. April. — Corolla white or rose-color. 

§ 3. Batodendron. Ovary more or less 10-celled by false partitions : corolla 
bell-shaped, 5 -cleft : stamens 10, hairy: anthers 2-awned on the back: flowers 
in leafy racemes, seemingly axillary. 

4. V. staraineum, L. Tomentose ; leaves deciduous, ovate or oblong, 
obtuse or slightly cordate at the base ; often whitish beneath ; anthers ex- 
serted ; berry greenish, globose or pear-shaped. — Dry woods. May -June. 
— Shrub 3° -10° high. Branches spreading. Corolla short, drying 
purplish. 

5. V. arboreum, Michx. Arborescent, sraoothish; leaves deciduous, 
oval or obovate, shining above ; the veins beneath more or less pubescent ; 



282 ERiCACE.^. (heath family.) 

corolla large, angled, wliite ; anthers included ; berry globose, black. — Open 
woods. May. — Stem 8° - 15^ high. Flowers very numerous. Berry mealy, 
ripening in the winter. 

§4. Cyanococcus. Ovarij viore or less lO-celled hi/ ft/se jjartitions : corolla 
c/jlindrlcal, urceolate or obovate : stamens 10, ha'irij : anthers awnless : Jiowers 
in short small-br acted racemes or clusters. 

* Leaves evergreen, small. 

6. V. nitidum, Andr. Smooth and shining throughout; stem much 
branched; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, acute, glandular-serrulate, punc- 
tate beneath; calyx teeth obtuse, and, like the pedicels and broadly oval bracts, 
reddish ; corolla ovoid or ol)Ovate, white ; berry somewhat j)ear-shaped, black. 
Low pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. March- April. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 
Leaves }/ long. 

7. V. myrsinites, Michx. Stem much branched, pubescent ; leaves 
lanceolate, oblong, or obovate, bristly-serrulate, shining above, sometimes 
glaucous ; calyx teeth acute, reddish, like the pedicels and oblong bracts ; 
corolla cylindrical or obovate, white; berry globose, blue. — Sandy pine bar- 
rens. March - April. — Shrub 6' - 1 8' high. Leaves ^ -V long. 

* * Leaves deciduous. 

8. V. tenellum, Ait, Stem much branched ; the spreading branches 
pubescent ; leaves oblong-obovate or oblauceolate, mucronate, acute at the 
base, slightly serrulate near the apex, pubescent when young ; corolla oljlong, 
white ; berry globose, black or with a blue bloom. — Margins of pine barren 
swamps. April. — Shrub 1°- 3° high. Leaves |' - T long. 

9. V. EUiottii, Chapm. Stem tall, slender, with spreading branches ; 
leaves distichous, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, bristly serrulate from the ob- 
tuse or rounded base, pubescent on the veins; clusters sessile, 2-4-flowered; 
corolla reddish, cylindrical, short-pedicelled ; calyx teeth triangular ; berry 
mostly solitary, small, globose, black. (V. myrtilloides. Ell., not of Mlchx.) 

— Eiver swamps, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Shrub 4° -8° high; 
the branches smooth and mostly flexuous. Leaves Y - f ' long. 

10. V. COrymbOSUm, L. Stem tall (4°-10°); leaves {V-2' long) 
varying from ovate lanceolate to broadly oval, entire or nearly so, pubescent 
when young, becoming smoothish especially above; racemes or clusters 
numerous, mostly on leafless branches ; corolla cylindrical or oblong ; berry 
globose, black or blue. — Margins of ponds and swamps. Feb. - April. 

Var. pallidum, Gray. Stem low (l°-3°) ; leaves oval, pale, glaucous, 
glandular-mucronate, entire or obscurely serrulate, ciliate ; racemes very short, 
sessile ; corolla short-cylindrical ; berry blue. — Mountains of North Carolina 
and Georgia. July. — Leaves 1^'- 2' long. Racemes 5 - 10-flowered. 

Var. fuscatum, Gray. Taller (4° -8° high) ; leaves acute at both ends, 
entire, pubescent beneath ; racemes chiefly on naked branches ; berries black. 

— Wet pine barrens. March. 

11. V. formosum, Andr. Stem smooth ; leaves thickish (partly peren- 
nial), ovate or oblong, entire, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; racemes axillary ; 



ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 283 

corolla cylindrical, red. — Elorida, in shallow ponds. — Stem 2° -3° high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 

12. V, virgatum, Ait. Stem smooth, the branches and young leaves 
downy ; leaves thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute entire ; racemes 
mostly on naked branches ; corolla cylindrical, white, or red like the bracts ; 
berry black. — Low pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. March. — Stem 
2° -4° high. Leaves 1' or less long. 

13. V. vacillans, Solander. Stem smooth, with yellowish shining 
branches ; leaves ovate or obovate, nearly entire, pale and glaucous ; corolla 
oblong-bell-shaped, Avhite ; berry blue. — Mountains of Georgia and North 
Carolina. April. — Stem l°-2'^ high. Leaves l''-2' long. 

14. V. hirsutum, Buckley. Hirsute throughout; stem low (1° high), 
much branched ; leaves ovate, entire, slightly mucronate ; racemes short, 
corolla oblong, contracted at the apex, the teeth short ; berry globose. — 
Mountains of Cherokee County, North Carolina {Buckley). 

3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowbekry. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Stamens 8 : anther cells 
unawned, opening from the tip to the middle. Berry white, globular, 4-celled, 
many-seeded. — A small creeping evergreen. Leaves ovate, acute, the mar- 
gins revolute, the lower surface, like the margins, bristly. Flowers small, 
axillary, white, nodding. 

1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. — Damp woods, Mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. 

Suborder II. ERICIIVEJE. The Heath Family. 
4. EPIG^A, L. Ground Laurel. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, colored; the lobes acuminate. Corolla salver- 
shaped, 5-clefto Stamens 10: anthers oblong, awnless, opening lengthwise. 
Capsule depressed globose, 5-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate shrubby 
plant, hispid with rust-colored hairs. Leaves evergreen, cordate-oval, entire, 
reticulated. Flowers in dense bracted racemes, white, fragrant. 

1. E. repens, L. (Mayflower.) Dry woods, Florida, and northward. 
Feb. - March. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Eacemes shorter than the leaves. 

5. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Wintergreen. 

Calyx 5-lobed, becoming berry-like in fruit. Corolla ovate, 5-toothed. 
Stamens 10: anther cells 2-awned at the apex, opening by a terminal pore. 
Capsule enclosed in the berry-like calyx, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, 
many-seeded. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white or red flowers. 

1. G. proeumbens, L. Smooth; stem creeping; the short (3^-5') 
branches erect, naked below ; leaves oval or obovate, serrulate, shining ; pedi- 
cels axillary, 1-flowered, nodding ; fruiting calyx bright red. — Shady woods 
and banks, especially among the mountains, North Carolina, and northward. 
June. — Whole plant aromatic. 



284 ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 

6. LEUCOTHOE, J)ou. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, imln-icated in tlie bud, uncliaiiged in fruit. Corolla 
ovate or cyliudrical, 5-toothed. IStanien.s 10: autlier.s awjiless, or the cells 
1 - 2-awijed at the apex, o])eiiing hy a termiual pore. Stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule depres.sed-glulj(jse, uot tliickeuefl at the sutures, 5-celled, 5-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds licndulous. — Shrubs, with alternate leaves, and white flowers 
in axillary or terminal (ni(--sided racemes, 

* Anthers ritvuiess or nearlij so: racemes axlUary, shorter than the evergreen leaves. 

1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves oval or oblong, abruptly acute, spinulose- 
serrulate toward the apex, ou short petioles ; racemes short, dense-flowered ; 
calyx lobes ovate, acute ; anther cells 2-horued. (Andromeda, Lam.) — Sandy 
swamps and banks of streams in the lower districts. Feb. - March. — Stem 
and branches curving. Leaves 2' — 4' long. 

2. L. Catesbaei, Gray. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, spinulose- 
serrulate tliroughout, ou conspicuous petioles ; racemes dense-flowered ; calyx 
lobes ovate-oblojig ; anther cells not liorued. — Banks of streams along the 
mountains, Georgia and North Carolina. March - April. — Stem 2° - 4° 
high. 

3. L. acuminata, Dunal. Stem tall, with straight and hollow branches ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire ; corolla cylindrical ; anthers 
gibbous near the base. — Margins of swamps, East Florida to South Carolina. 
April. — Shrub 3° - 12° high. Leaves reticulated. 

* * Auther cells 1 - 2-aivned at the apex : racemes terminal, longer than the ser- 

rulate pubescent deciduous leaves : calyx br acted. 

4. L. racemosa, Gray. Branches and racemes straight ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, soon smooth ; racemes long, single or somewhat paniculate ; 
corolla cylindrical-ovate ; anther cells 2-awned ; capsule not lobed. — Margins 
of ponds and swamps, April - May. — Shrub 4°- 10° high. 

5. L. recurva, Gray. Branches and racemes recurved ; leaves ovate, 
acuminate, pubescent on the veins ; racemes long, single ; corolla cylindrical ; 
anther cells 1-awned; capsule 5-lobed. (Andromeda, Bucld.) — Mountains 
of North Carolina {Buckley). April. — Shrub 3° -4° high. 

7. CASSANDRA, Don. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, imbricated in the bud, 2-bracted. Corolla cylindri- 
cal-oblong, 5-toothed. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, opening by terminal 
pores. Capsule depressed, 5-celled, many-seeded ; the pericarp separating at 
maturity into 2 layers, the outer one 5-valved, the inner 10-valved. — A 
small shrub, with evergreen serrulate leaves, and solitary axillary nodding 
flowers. 

1- C. calyoulata, Don. Leaves oblong, mucronate, paler and scurfy 
beneath, the floral ones oval; flowers in the axils of the upper leaves, small, 
white ; calyx lobes ovate, acute. — Swamps in the mountains of South Caro- 
lina, and northward. April. — Shrub 2° -3° high. Leaves V long. 



EKICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 285 

8. ANDKOMEDA, L. 

Calyx deeply 5-parted, valvate in the early bud. Corolla 5-toothed. Sta- 
mens 10 : anther cells opening by a terminal pore. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, 
many-seeded. Seeds pendulous or spreading. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. 
Flowers in lateral and terminal racemes or clusters, nodding. 

* Flowers in racemes: corolla ovoid or urn-shaped : anther cells 1-awned on the 

back: leaves coriaceous, evergreen. 

1. A. floribunda, Pursh. Young branches, leaves, and racemes hir- 
sute ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, bristly-serrulate ; racemes dense-floAvered, 
crowded in a terminal panicle ; calyx lobes ovate, acute. — Damp soil along 
the mountains. April. — Shrub S°- 10° high. Flowers very numerous. 

2. A. phillyresefolia, Hook. Smooth; stem alternately leafy and 
bracted; leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate near 
the apex; racemes solitary, axillary, loosely 4-12-flowered; calyx lobes 
lanceolate ; corolla ovoid ; capsule depressed-globose. — Shallow ponds in the 
pine barrens, chiefly near the coast, West Florida. Jan. -March. — Shrub 
l°-2°high. 

* * Flowers in umbel-like clusters : capsule more or less ribbed at the sutures, the 

ribs separating at maturity. 

•^Corolla ovate, cijlindrical, or somewhat bell-shaped: anthers or Jilaments 

awned : capsule ovate, truncate: shrubs smooth throughout. 

3. A. nltida, Bartr. Branches 3-angled; leaves evergreen, ovate or 
oblong, entire, shining; clusters axillary, very numerous, 6- 12-flowered; 
sepals lanceolate-ovate, spreading; corolla cylindrical-ovate, gibbous at the 
base ; filaments 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, common. March - 
May. — Shrub 2°- 6° high. Corolla white, red, or purple, odorous. 

4. A. Mariana, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, obtuse or acute, entire ; 
flowering stems commonly leafless ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute, half as long 
as the large (|' long) cylindrical white corolla; filaments 2-awned near the 
apex. — Damp soil near the coast, Florida, and northward. April - May. — 
Stem 2° -4° high, often simple. Leaves 2' -3^ long. 

5. A. speciosa, Michx. Leaves deciduous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, 
serrate, often whitish beneath ; flowering stems mostly leafless ; calyx lobes 
ovate, several times shorter than the large bell-shaped white corolla; anther 
cells 2-awned at the apex. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. — 
Shrub 3° -4° high. 

-1- -t- Corolla small, nearly globular, scurfy : anthers and Jilaments awnless . 
capsule globose : shrubs pubescent, or scurfy. 

6. A. ferruginea, Walt. Branches and young leaves scurfy; leaves 
evergreen, obovate or lanceolate-obovate, rigid, at length smooth above and 
whitish ben^th; the margins mostly revolute ; clusters few-flowered. (A. 
rigida, Pursh.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and 
westward. — A low shrub or small tree. Branches very leafy, rigid. Leaves 
i'-l'long. 

7. A. ligustrina, Mnhl. Leaves decidnons, oblong or oblong-obovate, 
serrulate, acute, pubescent like the branches, paler beneath; clusters few- 



286 EiticACEiE. (heath family.) 

flowered, disposed in compound more or less leafy panicled racemes ; fila- 
ments hairy. — Margins of swamps. May. — Shrub .3° -4*^ high. Leaves 2' 
long. Flu\\'ers very small. 

9. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sour-wood, Sorrel-tree. 

Calyx .5-parted. Curuila o\aLe, fj-touLlied. Stamens 10: anthers awnless, 
opening by terminal chinks; the cells acuminate. Capsule conical, 5-angled, 
5-cellcd, many-seeded. Seeds ascending. — A small tree, with deciduous ob- 
long serrulate acuminate leaves, on slender petioles, and white flowers in long 
and slender 1 -sided terminal panicled racemes. 

1. O. arboreum, DC — Kich woods. April -May. — Tree 15^-40° 
high. Leaves 4' -6' long, sour. (Jorolla puljescent. 

10. KALMIA, L. Laurel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla dejn-e.ssed-campanulate or rotate, fj-lobed, with 10 
cavities at the sides in which the anthers are lodged. Filaments elastic. 
Style single. Stigma capitate. Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, many- 
seeded. — Shrubs, with entire alternate opposite or whorled evergreen leaves, 
and showy white or rose-colored flowers. 

* Flowers in corymbs. 

1. K. latifolia, L. (Calico-bush) Branches smooth; leaves mostly 
alternate, petioled, elliptical, acute at each end, green on both sides ; corymbs 
terminal, viscid ; corolla large, varying from white to deep rose-color. — Shady 
banks, Florida, and northward. May - June. — Shrub 4° - 1 0° high. Leaves 
shining. 

2. K. angUStifolia, L. (Sheep Laurel.) Branches smooth ; leaves 
petioled, opposite or three in a whorl, narrowly oblong, obtuse, pale or glau- 
cous beneath ; corymbs lateral, glandular ; flowers small, deep rose-color. — 
Barren hills, chiefly in the upper districts. April - May. — Shrub 2° - 3° high. 

3. K. euneata, Michx. Branches pubescent ; leaves sessile, alternate, 
wedge-oblong, pubescent beneath, bristle-pointed; corymbs lateral; floAvers 
white. — Swamps, South and North Carolina, not common. — A small shrub. 

* * Flowers solitarij, axillary, 

4. K. hirsuta, Walt. (Wicky.) Hirsute; stems low, very leafy ; leaves 
small (g' long), oblong or oval, the margins revolute ; calyx lobes leafy; flow- 
ers numerous, pale or deep rose-color ; pedicels slender, longer than the leaves. 
— Flat pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. June - Sept. — Shrub 6' - 1 8' high. 

11. MENZIESIA, Smith. 

Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla ovoid, 4-toothed. Stamens 8, included : anthers 
awnless, opening by terminal pores. Stigma obtuse. Capsule woody, 4- 
celled, 4-valved, opening septicidally, many-seeded. — Shrubs, with entire 
alternate membranaceous leaves, and nodding greenish white flowers in ter- 
minal clusters, appearing with the leaves. 

1. M. globularis, Salisb. — Mountains of North Carolina. July. — A 
straggling shrub, 3° -6° high. Leaves deciduous, oblong, acute, hairy, glau- 
cous beneath, glandular-pointed. 



ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 287 

12. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bay, Honeysuckle. 

Calyx mostly minute, 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, usu- 
ally somewhat irregular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 1 0, mostly declined : anthers 
opening by terminal pores. Style single, elongated ; stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute, scale-like. — Shrubs or 
small trees. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers showy, in terminal clusters 
from large scaly buds. 

§ 1. Azalea. — Corolla funnel-shaped, mostly glandukir-viscid externally : sta- 
mens 5-7, the long Jllaments and style exserted : leaves deciduous. 
^ Flowers appearing with or before the leaves. 

1. R. nudiflorum., Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves obovate or oblong, 
pubescent, soon smoothish above; calyx lobes minute; tube of the corolla 
pubescent, rather longer than the lobes ; corolla white, varying to deep rose- 
color, or sometimes yellow. — Swamps and banks of streams. April -May. 

— Shrub 4° - 6° high. There are many varieties. 

2. R. calendulaceuni, Torr. Branchlets hairy ; leaves oblong or 
obovate, hairy ; calyx lobes conspicuous ; tube of the corolla hairy, shorter 
than the lobes. — Woods on the mountains of Georgia, and northward. May. 

— Shrub 3°- 10° high. Flowers flame-color, very showy. 

3. R. Vaseyi, Gray. Branchlets glabrous; leaves thin, oblong or ob- 
long-lanceolate, acute at both ends, the veins hirsute ; pedicels glandular, 
calyx truncate ; corolla glabrous, rose-color, the 3 upper lobes shorter and 
reflexed, all longer than the tube ; stamens 5-7, unequal ; capsule glandular. 

— Mountains of North Carolina. May. 

* * Flowers appearing after the leaves. 

4. R. viSCOSUm, Torr. Branchlets bristly ; leaves coriaceous, obovate, 
with the margins and veins beneath hirsute, green on both sides or glaucous 
beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, white ; calyx teeth minute, rounded. — 
Swamps. July - August. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Capsule hispid. 

5. R. arborescens, Torr. Branchlets smooth ; leaves smooth, obo- 
vate, ciliate on the margins, pale beneath ; corolla glandular-viscid, rose-color ; 
calyx lobes conspicuous, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 
June. — Shrub 3°- 10" high. Flowers fragrant. 

§ 2. Rhododendron. — Corolla hell-shaped, smooth: stamens 10: leaves 
coriaceous, evergreen. 

6. R. maximum, L. Leaves obovate-oblong, abruptly acute, smooth 
and green on both sides ; calyx lobes conspicuous, rounded ; corolla white or 
rose-color, spotted within with yellow or green. — Shady banks of streams on 
the mountains of Georgia, and northward. July. — Stem 6° -20° high. 
Leaves 4' -10' long. Corolla V in diameter. 

7. R. Catawbiense, Michx. Leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each 
end, mucronate, smooth ; the young ones and branchlets tomentose ; calyx 
lobes small ; corolla purple ; pedicels and capsule rusty-pubescent. — Highest 
summits of the mountains of North Carolina. June. — Shrub 3° - 6° high. 
Leaves 3' - b' long. 



288 ERicACE^. (heath family.) 

8. R. punctatum, Andr. Leaves elliptical, acute at each end, glabrous ; 
the lower suriace, and dense coryniljs, thickly dotted with resinous globules 
or scales ; calyx lobes small, rounded ; corolla small, somewhat funnel-shaped, 
rose-color, spotted within. — Along streams on the mountains. Also at Eu- 
faula, Alabanni, and Augusta, Georgia. — Stems 4°-G° high, with spreading 
brandies. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

9. R. Chapmanii, Gray. Stem 2° -4° high, with erect rigid branches; 
leaves T-l^' long, short-petioled, obovate, obtuse, dotted beneath, the sides 
revolute; corolla V long, pale rose-color, spotted within, the lobes as long as 
the funnel-shaped tube. — Sandy pine barrens near the coast. West Florida. 
— A])ril. 

13. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. 

Calyx .5-parted. Corolla of 5 spreading petals. Stamens 10, exserted : 
anthers opening lengthwise. Style filiform. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many- 
seeded. — A low, smooth, much branched shrulj, Avith very numerous thick 
oval entire evergreen leaves, and small white flowers in terininal clusters. 

1. L. buxifolium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens, and on the mountains of 
Carolina. May. — Shrub 6' - 10' high. Leaves ^' long, alternate or opposite, 
glossy. 

14. BEJARIA, Mutis. 

Calyx 7-lobed or 7-toothed. Corolla of 7 oblong spreading jjetals. Stamens 
14 : anthers versatile, opening by terminal pores. Style elongated : stigma 
depressed. Capsule depressed-globose, 7-celled, 7-valyed, many-seeded. — 
Shrubs, with alternate entire coriaceous leaves, and white or purple flowers 
in racemes or corymbs. 

y. B. racemosa, Vent. (Tar-E lower.) Branches rough with scat- 
tered rigid hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; racemes terminal, elon- 
gated ; calyx 7-toothed. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and East Elorida. June - 
July. — Shrub 3°- 4° high. Flow^ers white, showy, glutinous. 

15. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. 

Calyx minute, 4-sepalous. Petals 4, oblong-linear, slightly adhering at the 
base. Stamens 8, included : anthers sagittate, thickened at the apex, open- 
ing lengthwise. Style slender, slightly exserted : stigma capitate. Ovary 
4-celled, the cells many-ovuled. Fruit unknown. — A smooth shrub, 4°-10° 
high. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, glaucous beneath. 
Racemes terminal, bractless, simple or compound. 

1. E- racemosa, Muhl. — Near Waynesboro' and Augusta, Georgia 
{Elliott, Olney). — June. 

Suborder III. PYROLINE^. The Pyrola Family. 

16. CLETHRA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-petalous. Stamens 10: 
anthers obcordate, inverted in the bud, opening by terminal pores. Style 



ERICACEAE. (heath FAMILY.) 289 

slender, 3-Gleft. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, mauy-seeded. — Shrubs or small 
trees. Leaves alternate, oblong or obovate, serrate, deciduous. Flowers 
white, in terminal racemes. Stamens and style exserted. 

1. C. alnifolia, L. Shrubby; branches and racemes tomentose ; leaves 
short-petioled, obovate or wedge-oblong, acute, smooth on both sides; racemes 
simple or panicled ; style and filaments smooth ; bracts partly persistent. (C. 
paniculata, Pursh.) — Varies, with the leaves hoary beneath, rough above 
(C. tomentosa, Lam.), or on both sides (C. scabra, Pers.) ; style hairy. — 
Swamps. July. — Shrub 4° - 8° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Flowers 
fragrant. 

2. C. acuminata, Michx. Arborescent ; branches and racemes white- 
tomentose ; leaves thin, smooth, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, on 
slender petioles ; racemes solitary ; style smooth ; filaments hairy. — Moun- 
tains of North Carolina. July - August. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 

17. PYROLA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, concave, deciduous. Stamens 10: anthers some- 
what 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, inverted in the bud. Style long, 
mostly declined : stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Capsule globose, 5-celled, .5- 
valved, opening through the cells from the base upward ; the sutures pubes- 
cent. Seeds very minute, numerous. — Smooth perennial herbs, with creeping 
roots, and evergreen radical leaves. Flowers commonly white, nodding, in a 
simple raceme at the summit of the nearly naked scape. 

L P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves orbicular, thick, nearly entire, shorter 
than the petioles; racemes many-flowered; stigma 5-crenate. — Dry woods 
in the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June - July. — Scape 1° high. 

2. P. elliptic a, Nutt. Leaves oblong-oval, thin, denticulate, longer than 
their petiole ; racemes few - many-flowered ; calyx lobes ovate, acute. — Moun- 
tains of Tennessee. July. 

18. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Prince's Pine. 

Calyx 5 cleft. Petals 5, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 10, the filaments 
dilated in the middle : anthers somewhat 4-celled, opening by terminal pores, 
inverted in the bud. Stigma broad, 5-crenate, nearly sessile. Capsule globose, 
opening from the apex downward ; the sutures naked. — Low creeping ever- 
greens, with erect branches, lanceolate serrate whorled leaves, and whitish 
umbellate nodding flowers on a long peduncle. 

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Leaves wedge-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 
serrate above the middle, not spotted ; umbels 4 - 7-flowered ; filaments smooth. 
— Open Avoods, North Carolina, and northward. June. — Branches 6^-10 
high. Leaves glossy. 

2. C. maculata, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, toothed- 
serrate throughout, blotched with white ; umbels 2 - 5-flowered ; filaments 
villous below. — Dry open woods in the middle and upper districts. June. — 
Smaller than the preceding. 

19 



290 DIAPEXSIACE^. (dIAPENSIA FAMILY.) 



Suborder IV. MOI^iOTROPE.^. The Ixdian-Pipe Family. 

19. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. 

Calyx of 5 sepals, ])ersistent. Corolla persistent, bell-sliaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens 10: anthers shorter than the filaments, fixed near the apex, awnless ; 
the cells opening at the apex. Style short and thick : stigma large, 5-angled. 
Capsule ovoid, .5-celled Seeds very numerous. — Stem low (3'- 4'), smooth, 
brownish, scaly. Spike several-flowered, Flowers odorous. 

1. S. odorata, Ell. Stem 3' -4' high, smooth ; scales ovate, imbricated ; 
flowers si)iked, crowded, nodding ; sepals oblong, nearly equalling the flesh- 
colored corolla. — Shady woods, Korth Carolina. April. — Flowers violet- 
scented. 

2. S. Reynoldsise, Gray. Scales ovate and imbricated, or narrower 
and scattered ; flowers racemose ; sepals much shorter than the white corolla. 
— - Dry sandy thickets, near St. Augustine. Nov. 

20. MONOTROPA, L. Indian-Pipe. 

Calyx of 2 - 5 deciduous sepals. Corolla 4 - 5-pet>alous, gibbous at the base, 
deciduous. Stamens 8-10: anthers reniform, opening across the apex. 
Stigma broad, 4 - 5-rayed. Capsule ovoid, 8 - lO-furrowed, 4 - 5-celled. Seeds 
very numerous, minute. — Stems low, fleshy, white or reddish, scaly. Flowers 
solitary or racemose, nodding. Capsules erect. Herbs parasitic on roots, or 
decayed vegetable matter. 

§ 1. MoNOTROPA, Nutt. — Stem \-floioered : sepals 2-4: petals 5 : anthers 
opening by 2 chinks : style short and thick. 

1. M. uniflora, L. — Shady woods. August -Sept. — Stem smooth, 
4'- 10' high, Avhite, turning black in drying. Flower showy. 

§ 2. Hypopitys, Dill. — Stem several-flowered ; the upper Jioicer commonly ivith 
5 petals and 10 stamens ; the others icith ^petals and 8 stamens : sepals as many 
as the petals : anther's opening by 2 unequal valves ; the smaller one erect : style 
longer than the ovary. 

2. M. Hypopitys, L. — Shady woods. August. — Stems 4'- 8' high, 
pubescent, reddish. 



Order 80. DIAPENSIACE^. (Diapensia Family.) 

Flowers regular, perfect. Calyx and corolla pentamerous, imbri- 
cate, hypogynous. Stamens fertile, or those opposite the petals sterile. 
Ovary 3-celled, ovules anatropous. Placentae central. Style single. 
Capsule 3-valved. Embryo small, in fleshy albumen. — Low herba- 
ceous or shrubby plants, with simple alternate exstipulate leaves, and 
single or racemose flowers. 



STYRACACE.E. (STOKAX FAMILY.) 291 

Synopsis. 

Tbibe I. DIAPENSI^. Shrubby. Leaves evergreen. Corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 
adnata to the tube of the corolla. Anther ceUs awn-pointed at the base, opening 
transversely. Flowers soMtary. 

1. PYXIDANTHERA. A smaU creeping evergreen, with white flowers. 

Tbibe II. GALACINE.^. Perennial stemless herbs, with persistent radical leaves. 
Stamens 10, those opposite the petals sterUe. Anther cells opening lengthwise or 
transversely. 

2. GALAX- Flowers small, racemed. Anthers opening transversely. 

3. SHORTIA. Flowers large, solitary. Anthers opening lengthvdse. 

1. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. 

Calyx 3-bracted, 5-sepalous. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed; the lobes rounded, 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens broad, adnate to the tube of the corolla : 
anther cells roundish, awned at the base, opening by a transverse line. Ovules 
5-8 in each cell. Capsule few-seeded. — A small creeping evergreen, Avitli 
ascending very leafy branches. Leaves linear, bearded at the base, the upper 
ones alternate. Flowers solitary, terminal. 'Sepals oblong, obtuse, ciliate. 
Corolla small, white. 

1 . P. barbulata, Michx. — Dry pine barrens. North Carolina, and north- 
ward. April - May. — Stems 3' - 6' long. Leaves 2" - 3'' long. 

2. GALAX, L. 

Calyx 5-sepalous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10, united into a 10- 
toothed tube, the fertile ones shorter, bearing a 1 -celled anther. Stigma 3- 
lobed. — A smooth perennial stemless herb, erect from a creeping scaly rhi- 
zoma. Leaves all radical, evergreen, round-cordate, crenate, petioled. Scape 
(l°-2° high) simple, bearing a long spiked raceme of small white flowers. 

1 . G. aphylla, L. — Open woods on the mountains. June - July. — Rhi- 
zoma deep red. 

3. SHORTIA, Gray. 

Calyx 5-sepalous. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens 10, separate, the sterile 
ones small and incurved. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Style slen- 
der. Cap-sule globose. 

1. S. galaeifolia, Gray. Leaves l'- 2' wide, oval or orbicular, serrate, 
shorter than the petioles ; scape 3' - 6' high ; corolla 9'' wide. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. April. 



Order 81. STYRACACE^. (Storax Family.) 

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers per- 
fect. — Calyx 4 - 8-toothed, or entire, free, or adherent to the 2-5- 
celled ovary. Corolla hypogynous, or inserted on the calyx, 4 - 8-lobed 
or 4-8-petalous. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla, twice 
as many as its divisions, or more numerous, separate, or monadelphous 
or polyadelphous at the base. Style single. Fruit capsular or drupa- 



292 STYKACACE^. (STORAX FAMILY.) 

ceous, 1 - ;j-celled. Seeds anati'oixjus, mostly solitary in each cell. 
Embryo nearly as long as the all)umen. Cotyledons flat. Radicle 
slender. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. STYRACE^. Calyx 4-8-toothed, or entire: Btamens 2-4 times as many 
as the divisions of the corolla : ovules partly erect or spreading, and partly pendulous : 
pubescence stellate. 

1. STYRAX. Fruit capsular, 1-celled. Ovary free from the calyx, or partly adherent. 

2. HALESIA. Fruit drupaceous, 2- 4-winged, 2- 4-celled. Ovary wholly united with the 

calyx. 
Tribe II. SYMPLOCINE^. Calyx 5-cleft: stamens iudefiuite : ovules pendulous: 
pubescence simple. 

3. SYMPLOCOS. Flowers in sessile clusters. Fruit baccate. 

1. STYRAX, Tourn. Stouax. 

Calyx .^ - 8 tootlied, free, or partly adherent to the 3-celled ovary. Corolla 
deeply .5-parted, with spreading or retlexed lobes, hypogynous or perigyuous. 
Stamens 10, free or adnate to the tube of the corolla. Style filiform. Ovary 
com])letely or partly 3-celled. Capsule globose, 3-valved, 1-seeded. — Shruljs, 
with a doAvny or scurfy stellate pubescence. Leaves entire or toothed. Flow- 
ers white, in leafy racemes. 

1. S. pulverulenta, Michx. Leaves small (I'-U' long), elliptical or 
obovate, entire or toothed, the lower surface and branches scurfy; racemes 
lateral, 3 - 7-flowered, often by pairs, hoary ; calyx teeth subulate. — Pine 
barren swamps, Florida and Georgia. April-May. — Shrub 2°-12'^ high. 
Racemes l'-2' long. Flowers fragrant. 

2. S. grandifolia, Ait. Leaves large (2' -4' long, oval or obovate, 
acute, mostly entire; the lower surface, like the branches and many-flowered 
racemes, hoary ; calyx furrowed, with triangular acute teeth. — Rich woods, 
Florida to North Carolina, and westward. April - May. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 
Racemes 3' - 5' long. 

3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves thin, obovate, or oblong-obovate, acute, 
smooth ; racemes scurfy, not hoary, 4 - 6-flowered, terminal ; calyx teeth 
short, subulate. (S. glabrum and S. Iseve, Ell.) — Banks of streams, in the 
middle and upper districts. May. — Shrub 4° -8° high. Leaves V -2' long. 
Racemes 1' long. 

2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop Tree. 

Calyx obconical, slightly 4-8-toothed, adnate to the 3 -4-celled ovary. 
Corolla inserted on the calyx, 4dobed or 4-petalous. Stamens 8-16, separate 
or united below, free from the corolla : anthers linear. Ovules 4 in each cell, 
2 of them erect, and 2 pendulous. Drupe dry, 2 -4-winged, 1 -3-seeded. 
Seeds cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves ample. Flowers in short 
lateral racemes, appearing with the leaves, white, drooping. 

* Ovary 3-ceJled : corolla 4-petaIous : stamens mostly ^, distinct : drupe 2-winged. 

I. H. diptera, L. Leaves oval, coarsely serrate, pubescent, 4' -5' long; 

racemes 2 - 4-flowered, the flowers on long pedicels ; corolla 1' long; anthers 



EBENACE.E. (ebony FAMILY.) 293 

spreading; drupe compressed, V long. — Eich Avoods, Florida and Georgia, 
March -April. 

* * Ovary 4:-celled : corolla A-Iohed : stamens mostly 12, united below the middle: 
drupe -^-winged. 

2. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong, finely serrate, at length smooth- 
ish, 2' -4' long; flowers 2-4 in a cluster, 8"- 10'' long; anthers erect. — 
Kiver banks. March - April. 

3. H. parviflora, Michx. Tomentose, at length smoothish; leaves 
thin, oblong-ovate, acuminate, finely serrate; flowers 2-4 in a cluster-like 
raceme; calyx top-shaped, 4-toothed; corolla deeply 4-parted; stamens 12, 
the pubescent filaments united at the base ; style glabrous ; drupe broadly 
club shaped, narrowly 2 -4-winged. — Borders of swamps. East Florida {J. D. 
Smith). 

3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. 

Calyx 5-cleft, more or less adherent to the 2 - 5-celled ovary. Corolla 5 - 
10-petalous. Stamens 15 or more, monadelphous or polyadelphous, inserted 
at the base of the corolla : anthers roundish. Ovules 2 - 4 in each cell, sus- 
pended, anatropous. Style slender : stigma entire or 3 - 5-parted. Drupe 1 - 
5-seeded. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, serrate. Flowers axillary, in 
racemes or clusters. 

1- S. tinctoria, L'Her. Leaves smooth, coriaceous, oblong, partly per- 
sistent ; clusters sessile, 6- 12-flowered; calyx smooth, top-shaped, the lobes 
obtuse ; corolla yellow ; stamens in 5 sets ; stigma entire ; drupe baccate, 1- 
seeded. — Low woods and banks of streams. March. — A small tree. Leaves 
3'_4' long, sweetish. Flowers very numerous. 



Order 82. EBE]S"ACE.^. (Ebony Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice. Leaves alternate, entire, with- 
oiit stipules. Flowers polygamous; the sterile cymose; the fertile 
ones larger, solitary. — Calyx free from the 3 - 12-celled ovary, per- 
sistent, 3 - 7-lobed. Corolla 3 - 7-lobed, convolute in the bud, decidu- 
ous. Stamens mostly 16, inserted on the base of the corolla, often 
united by pairs; the filaments short and hairy: anthers introrse. 
Ovules 1 - 2 in each cell, anatropous, suspended. Styles distinct, or 
united below. Fruit baccate, roundish, few-seeded ; the seeds large, 
compressed. Embryo in the axis of hard albumen. Radicle superior. 

1. DIOSPYROS, L. Persimmon. 

Calyx 4 - 6-lobed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4 - 6-cleft. Stamens in the sterile 
flower mostly 16; in the fertile 8, with the anthers sterile. Styles 2 or 4, 
united below. Ovules solitary in the cells. Berry 4 - 8-seeded. 

\. D. Virginiana, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, mostly smooth, petioled ; 
calyx 4-parted ; corolla 4-cleft ; styles 4, each 2-lobed ; ovary 8-celled. — Woods 
and old fields. May -June. — A small tree. Flowers greenish. Berry eat- 
able when fully ripe. 



294 SAPOTACE^. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 



Order 83. SAPOTACE^. (Sapodilla Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate entire exstipulate short- 
petioled leaves, and regular perfect (small) flowers, commonly in 
sessile axillary clusters. — Calyx free from the 3- r2-celled ovary, 4- 
8-parted, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, 4 - 8-cleft, mostly with one 
or two appendages between the lobes. Fertile stamens as many as 
the lobes of the corolla and opposite them, alternating with as many 
scale-like or petal-like sterile ones, inserted on the tube of the corolla : 
anthers extrorse. Ovules anatropous, single, suspended from the cen- 
tral angle of each cell, or ascending from its base. Fruit a drupe or 
berry. Seeds few. Albumen fleshy or oily, or none. Embryo 
straight. 

Synopsis. 

* Calyx 5-parted. 
•1- Corolla without appendages. 

1. CHRTSOPHYLLUM. Sterile stamens none. Fruit a berry. 

H- 1- Corolla with a single appendage between the lobes. 

2. SIDEROXYLON. Sterile stamens none. Fruit a drupe. Albumen copious. 

•!-•)-•(- Corolla with two appendages between the lobes. 

3. DIPHOLIS. Seed with copious albumen. Sterile stamens fimbriate. Ovary smooth. 

4. BUMELIA. Seed without albumen. Sterile stamens entire. Ovary hairy. 

* * Calyx G - 8-parted. 

5. MIMUSOPS. Appendages of the corolla two between the lobes. Stamens 6-8. 

1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, without appendages. Stamens 5. Ovary 
5-10-celled, the ovules ascending. Berry mostly 1-celled, 1-seeded. Albu- 
men scanty. — Tropical trees. Leaves thick, silky beneath. Flowers small, 
in axillary clusters. 

1 . C. olivif orme, Lam. Branchlets, etc. with copper-colored pubescence ; 
leaves oblong-ovate, acute, entire ; pedicels shorter than the petiole ; corolla 
white ; " berry black, 1-seeded." — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 
2' -4' long. 

2. SIDEROXYLON, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5- cleft, with a single appendage between the lobes. 
Stamens 5, the sterile ones none. Ovary hairy, 5-celled. Drupe mostly 1- 
celled, 1-seeded. Albumen copious. — Tropical trees. Flowers clustered. 

1. S. pallidum, Spreng. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, elliptical, ob- 
tuse, wavy on the margins, on slender petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; drupe 
yellowish, ovoid. — South Florida. — Leaves 5'- 6' long. Drupe 9'^ long. 



SAPOTACE.E. (SAPODILLA FAMILY.) 295 

3. DIPHOLIS. A. DC. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two toothed appendages between the 
lobes. Stamens 5, each alternating with an ovate-lanceolate fimbriate sterile 
one. Ovary smooth. Drupe juiceless, 1-seeded. Albumen copious, fleshy. 
— A small tree, with silky branches. Leaves smooth, oblong-lanceolate, ob- 
tuse, narrowed into a short petiole. Flowers clustered, on short pedicels. 

1 . D. salieifolia, A. DC. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' long. Calyx 
silky. Drupe small, oblong. 

4. BUMELIA, Swartz. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, with two appendages between the lobes. 
Stamens 5, each alternating with a petal-like sterile one. Ovary 5-celled, 
hairy. Drupe ovoid, 1-seeded. Albumen none. — Spiny shrubs, with hard 
wood. Leaves deciduous, oblong, narrowed into a petiole. Flowers clus- 
tered, white or greenish. 

1. B. lycioides, Gsert. Leaves obovate-oblong, smooth on both sur- 
faces; clusters many-flowered, smooth; pedicels twice as long as the flower, 
rather shorter than the petioles ; corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx. 
River banks. June -July. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' -4' 
long. Flowers greenish. Drupe ovoid. 

2. B. tenax, Willd. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, thin, the 
lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered with 
silky brown hairs ; pedicels three times as long as the flower, shorter than 
the petioles ; corolla white, barely longer than the calyx. — Dry soil. South 
Carolina, and westward. — Leaves 1^'- 2^' long. Drupe oval. 

3. B. lanuginosa, Pers. Leaves obovate-oblong or obovate, coriaceous, 
the lower surface, like the branchlets and many-flowered clusters, covered 
with a dense rusty villous pubescence ; corolla white, twice as long as the 
calyx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June- 
July. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Drupe small, ovoid. 

4. B. retusa, Swartz. ? Pubescence as in the preceding ; leaves coria- 
ceous, broadly obovate or roundish, notched at the rounded apex, acute at the 
base, short-petioled ; " clusters densely many-flowered ; corolla white ; appen- 
dages acute ; sterile stamens ovate ; drupe ovoid." — Keys of Caximbas Bay, 
South Florida. — A shrub or small tree. Leaves 1^ long. 

5. B. reclinata, Vent. Glabrous or nearly so throughout, widely branched ; 
leaves thin, obovate-oblong, attenuate at the base ; pedicels few and slender, 
or shorter and clustered ; corolla white ; sterile stamens lanceolate ^ drupe 
globose. — Low ground along rivers and streams, Florida to South Carolina. 
June - Oct. — A straggling shrub, 3° - 5° high. Leaves 1^-1^' long, y wide. 

6. B. CUneata, Gray. Smooth throughout ; lateral branches short and 
spine-like ; leaves small, coriaceous, lanceolate-spatulate or oblong obovate, 
obtuse, clustered ; flowers few in a cluster, on short pedicels ; calyx lobes ovate, 
obtuse, the two outer ones smaller ; corolla yellowish white ; drupe large, 
oblong. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 1' long. Drupe 3''-4'' 
long. 



296 MYKSIXACE.E. (mYRSINE FAMILY.) 

5. MIMUSOPS, L. 

Calyx 6 - 8-parted ; the lobes iu two rows. Corolla 6 - 8-cleft, with 2 appen- 
dages between the lobes. Stamens 6-8, with as many 2-lobed sterile ones 
iuterjjosed. Ovary 6-8-celle(i, hirsute. JJrupe globose, 1-2-celled. Albu- 
men tieshy. — Trees or sliriibs. Leaves coriaceous, clustered at the summit 
of the brandies. Flowers axillary, white. 

1. M. Sieberi, A. DC. Branches short, thick, tubercular; leaves rigid, 
smooth, oblong, emarginate at the apex, obtuse at the base, on stout petioles; 
pedicels as long as the petiole, recurved ; calyx lobes coriaceous, ovate-lanceo- 
late, pubescent, as long as the corolla. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 3' long 
the midrib stout, the lateral veins obscure. 



Order 81. MYRSINACE.^. (Myrsine Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate exstipulate often dotted 
leaves, and perfect or unisexual 4 - 0-nierous flowers. — Stamens op- 
posite the lobes of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled, the 
ovules borne on a free globose central placenta. Style simple. JFruit 
globose, drupaceous or baccate. 1 - many-seeded. Embryo in cox)ious 
hard albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. MYRSINE^. Appendages of the corolla none. Ovules embedded in cavi- 
ties of the placenta. Fruit 1-seeded. 

1. MYRSINE. Flowers dioecious. Corolla imbricated in the bud. 

2. ARDISIA. Flowers perfect. Corolla convolute in the bud. 

Tribe II. THEOPHRASTE^. Corolla appendaged between the lobes. Ovules 
not embedded in the placenta. Fruit few - many-seeded. 

3. JACQUINIA. Flowers perfect, fleshy. Fruit a 10-seeded berry. 

1. MYRSINE, L. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx 4-5 parted. Corolla 4-5-cleft, im- 
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4-5, inserted on the base of the corolla : an- 
thers longer than the filaments, opening from the base upward. Style short : 
stigma capitate. Ovules 4-5, amphitropous. Drupe globose, 1-seeded. — 
Leaves coriaceous. Flowers small, in axillary clusters, on short pedicels. 

1. M. Rapanea, R. & S. Smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, entire, on 
short petioles ; clusters few-flowered ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 5 ; drupes 
small, longer than the pedicels. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' -3' long. 
Drupes V in diameter. 

2. ARDISIA, Swartz. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-cleft, convolute in the bud. 
Stamens 5 ; the anthers mostly longer than the filaments, opening from the 
apex downward. Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled. Style slender : stigma acute. 
Drupe globular, 1-seeded. — Leaves coriaceous. Flowers in terminal racemes 
or panicles. 



PRIMULACE^. (primrose FAMILY.) 297 

1. A. Piekeringia, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; leaves oblong-obovate, ob- 
tuse, entire, narrowed into a short petiole, pale beneath ; panicles terminal, 
short ; corolla dotted with minute black globules. — South Florida. July. — 
Leaves 2' long. Drupe 1|" in diameter, shorter than the pedicel. 

3. JACQUINIA, L. 

Calyx lobes obtuse. Corolla bell-shaped, with ovate obtuse appendages. 
Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments broad and flat. Style 
cylindrical from a conical base : stigma capitate, 5-angled. Berry pointed, 
3-10-seeded. Albumen hard. — Leaves entire, short-petioled. Flowers in 
racemes. 

1. J. armillaris, L. Branches puberulent; leaves wedge-obovate, the 
margins revolute; racemes chiefly terminal, many-flowered, rather longer 
than the leaves ; corolla bell-shaped, fleshy ; stamens short ; the filaments di- 
lated and connate at the base, lining the base of the corolla ; fruit subglobose. 
— South Florida. — Leaves 1'- 1^' long. Fruit 5'' in diameter, orange-red. 



Order 85. PRIMULACE^. (Primrose Family.) 

Herbs, with chiefly whorled or opposite leaves, and regular flowers. 
— Calyx 4 -5-lobed, persistent. Corolla 4:~5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, 
opposite the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its tube. Ovary 
free, or partly adherent to the calyx, 1-celled, many-ovuled. Placenta 
central, globose. Style single. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, val- 
vate or circumscissile. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo 
straight in fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Ovary free from the calyx. 
•»- Capsule opening by valves or teeth. 

1. HOTTONIA. Corolla salver-shaped. Leaves pectinately dissected. 

2. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla lobes entire. Sterile filaments none. Anthers oval. 

3. STEIRONEMA. Corolla lobes denticulate. Sterile filaments between the fertile. An- 

thers linear. 

4. DODECATHEON. Corolla wheel-shaped. Stemless. Leaves radical. 

•1- H- Capsule opening transversely. 

5. ANAGALLIS. Parts of the flower 5. Leaves opposite. Stamens bearded. 

6. CENTUNCULUS. Parts of the flower 4. Leaves alternate. Stamens beardless. 

* * Ovary partly adherent to the calyx. 

7. SAMOLUS. Stamens 5, with sterile filaments interposed. Capsule valvate. 

1. HOTTONIA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Style slender. 
Capsule globose, at length splitting into 5 valves, which cohere at the base 
and apex. Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous. — Aquatic perennial herbs, 



298 pRiMULACE^. (primrose family.) 

witli pectiiiately dissected leaves. Fhnvering stems mostly clustered, nearly 
leafless, inflated, bearing at the joints whorls of small white flowers. 

I. H. inflata, Ell. Flowering stems 3 -several in a terminal cluster, 
much inflated ; upper stem leaves crowded, with filiform divisions ; bracts eu- 
tii-e. — Toiids and ditches in the U])per districts. June. 

2. LYSIMACHIA, L. Loosestrife. 

Calyx .5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-loljed, the loljes c(Juvolute, entire. Sta- 
mens 5, monadelphous, no sterile ones. Anthers oval. Style slender. Capsule 
globose, valvate, few -many-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with entire, commonly 
dotted leaves, and solitary or racemose yellow fl(j\ver,s. 

1. L. Stricta, Ait. Stem smooth, erect, branching ; leaves ojjposite, 
lanceolate, or narrower, acute at each end ; racemes long, leafy at the base ; 
pedicels slender; lobes of the corolla lanceolate-oblong, marked with dark 
lines ; filaments unequal ; capsule 3 - 5-seeded. — Low ground in the middle 
and upper districts. July. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 
small. 

2. L. Fraseri, Duby. Stem glandular-pubescent at the summit, erect ; 
leaves opposite, ovate or cordate-ovate, acuminate, narrowed into a short peti- 
ole ; flowers in a leafless panicle ; calyx bell-shaped, the lobes fringed on the 
margins ; lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, entire. — Mountains of 
Alabama, North Carolina, and Tennessee. 

3. L. asperulaefolia, Poir. Stem erect, smooth, simple; leaves (and 
flowers) four in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, dotted; flowers racemose, on 
snort pedicels, the upper ones scattered ; lobes of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, 
dotted. — Near Columbia, South Carolina {Elliott), North Carolina [Curtis, 
Groom). — Stem 2° high. Leaves faintly 3 - 5-nerved. 

4. L. quadrifolia, L, Stem pubescent, simple ; leaves 4 -.5 in a whorl, 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, dotted, sessile ; peduncles axillary, filiform ; lobes of 
the corolla ovate-oblong, dotted. — Shady woods in the upper districts. July. 
— Stem 2° high. 

3. STEIRONEMA, Kaf. 

Lobes of the corolla denticulate. Stamens separate, alternating with sterile 
filaments. Anthers linear. Flowers axillary. Otherwise like the last. 

1. S. eiliata, L. Stem mostly branching, smooth ; leaves opposite, lance- 
olate-ovate, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, on ciliate petioles ; corolla 
longer than the calyx, with broadly ovate or roundish denticulate lobes ; 
peduncles opposite. — Varies (L. hybrida, Michx.) with the leaves lanceolate 
or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole ; the uppermost, like the 
peduncles, often wdiorled ; or (L. heterophylla, Michx.) with the lowest leaves 
obovate, the others long, lanceolate ; or (L. angustifolia. Lam.) with linear 
nearly sessile leaves, and a more slender stem, and smaller flowers. — Woods 
and thickets, chiefly in the upper districts. July- Aug. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

2. S. radicans, Hook. Smooth throughout ; stem long, prostrate ; the 
slender branches often rooting at the apex ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, 



PKIMULACEiE. (PRIMROSE FAMILY.) 299 

acute, on long slender petioles ; peduncles longer than the leaves ; corolla as 
long as the calyx. — SAvamps and marshy banks of streams, in the upper dis- 
tricts. July. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Flo'svers smaller than in any form of the 
preceding. 

4. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip 

Calyx 5 cleft, the lobes reflexed. Corolla tube very short, the 5-parted 
limb reflexed. Stamens 5, the filaments monadelphous at the base : anthers 
long and linear, erect. Capsule oblong-ovate, 5-valved at the apex, many- 
seeded. — Stemless herbs. Leaves radical, clustered, spatulate or oblong. 
Flowers umbellate, terminating the naked scape, white or purple. 

1. D. Meadia, L. Smooth; leaves entire or obscurely crenate ; umbel 
bracted, many-flowered ; flowers showy, nodding. — Woods in the upper dis- 
tricts. May - June. 2/ — Scape 1° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

5. ANAGALLIS, L. Pimpernel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, longer than the calyx. 
Stamens five : filaments bearded. Capsule globose, opening transversely, 
many-seeded. — Low herbs, with opposite or whoiied leaves, and axillary 
peduncled flowers. 

1. A. arvensis, L. Stem branching, spreading, 4-angled ; leaves ovate, 
sessile ; peduncles longer than the leaves, nodding in fruit ; flowers red. — 
Fields and pastures. Introduced. July, (j^ — Stem 6' long. 

6. CEWTUWCULUS, L. 

Calyx 4 -5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft, shorter than the calyx. 
Stamens 4-5, beardless. Capsule globose, many-seeded, opening trans- 
versely. — Small annuals, with alternate leaves, and minute axillary white 
flowers. 

1. C. minimtlS, L, Stem 3-angled, ascending, mostly branched; leaves 
obovate, acute ; flowers often clustered. — Low ground near the coast. 
March - April. — Stem 1' - 6' long. 

2. C. pentandrus, R. Br. Stems erect, simple (4^-8' high); leaves 
oval or roundish, mucronate ; peduncles 2-3 times the length of the pentan- 
drous flower ; lobes of the calyx and corolla 4 or 5. — Low ground along the 
Caloosa River, South Florida. Oct. 

7. SAMOLUS, L. 

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla salver- 
shaped, 5-parted, commonly with slender filaments interposed. Stamens 5, 
included. Capsule 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. — Smooth and some- 
what fleshy marsh herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers 
in terminal racemes. 

1. S. floribundus, Kunth. Stem at length much branched; leaves 
obovate, the lowest tufted, spreading, the others scattered ; racemes many- 



300 PLUMBAGTNACE^. (lEADWORT FAMILY.) 

flowered; pedicels loug, filiform, minutely bracted iu the middle; capsule 
globose, longer than the calyx; flowers minute. — Wet place.s. May -July. 
(2) — Plant 6' - 12' high, pale green. 

2. S. ebracteatus, Kunth. Stem simple or sparingly branched, naked 
above; leaves spatulate-obovate ; racemes few-flowered; pedicels bractless; 
capsule shorter than the calyx ; flowers conspicuous. — Saline marshes, Flor- 
ida, and westward. May -June. — Stem 1° - 2"^ l^'g^i- 



Order 86. PLUMBAGINACE^. (Lkadwort Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with scattered or radical and clustered leaves. — 
Calyx tubular or funnel-shaped, ij-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla 
salver-shaped, 5-lobed or 5-petalous, with the 5 stamens opposite the 
lobes or petals, and inserted on their claws or on the receptacle. Styles 
5, distinct or united. Ovary 1-celled, with the solitary anatroi)Ous 
ovule suspended from the apex of the filiform cord which arises from 
the base of the cell. Fruit utricular or capsular, variously dehiscent. 
Embryo straight in mealy albumen. 

1. STATICE, L. Marsh Eosemart. 

Calyx bracted ; the limb scarious, .5-lobed. Petals 5, distinct, or united by 
their claws. Stamens 5, inserted on the claws of the petals. Styles separate 
or nearly so : stigmas slender. Utricle variously dehiscent. — Perennial 
herbs, growing in saline marshes, with fleshy chiefly radical leaves, and scape- 
like stems. 

1. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into a 
long petiole ; scape scaly, widely branching ; flowers mostly single, in 1-sided 
spreading spikes ; calyx funnel-shaped, smooth, the lobes of the scarious limb 
alternating with 5 smaller ones. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. 
August- Sept. — Scape i°-2° high. Leaves 3'- 6' long. Flowers blue. 

2. S. Brasiliensis, Boissier. Leaves oblong, rounded or emarginate 
at the apex, thin ; scape and spreading panicle slender (l°-2° high) ; spikelets 
1 - 3-flowered, more or less distant ; bractlets very unequal ; calyx smooth, the 
ovate lobes acute ; corolla white. — Coast of Florida to North Carolina. 

2. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Lead wort. 

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, .5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens 5, inserted on the receptacle. Styles united. Stigmas linear. Utricle 
splitting into valves from the base upward. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate 
entire mostly clasping leaves, and blue or white flowers in terminal spikes. 

1- P. scandens, L. Shrubby ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, narrowed 
into a clasping petiole ; calyx glandular-viscid, half as long as the tube of the 
corolla ; lobes of the corolla ovate, white ; style smooth. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Spike elongated. 



LENTIBULACE^. (bLADDERWOKT FAMILY.) 301 

Order 87. LENTIBULACE.^. (Bladderwort Family.) 

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with entire or dissected leaves, and irregu- 
lar flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped, personate, spurred at 
the base. Stamens 2, short, included : anthers 1-celled. Ovary free, 
ovoid 1-celled. Ovules numerous, anatropous, inserted on the free 
central globose placenta. Style short : stigma 2-lipped, the lower lip 
larger and covering the anthers. Capsule globose, many-seeded, open- 
ing irregularly. Embryo straight and thick. , Albumen none. 

1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladderwort. 
Lips of the calyx entire. Throat of the corolla nearly closed by the project- 
ing palate ; the lips entire or slightly lobed, the lower one with an appressed 
or depending spur at the base. — Herbs, floating in still water by means of 
small air-bladders attached to the finely dissected leaves (or roots), or rooting 
in damp earth, with entire leaves, and few or no air-bladders. Scapes or pe- 
duncles 1 - many-flowered. 

* Stem floating : upper leaves whorled, on inflated petioles ; the others scattered 
and finely dissected: flowers yellow. 

1. U. inflata, Walt. Scape 5 - l O-flowered ; corolla large (f wide) ; the 
lower lip 3-lobed, twice as long as the appressed conical notched spur, the up- 
per concave, nearly entire ; fruit nodding. — Var. minor. Every way smaller ; 
scape 2-flowered. — Ponds and ditches, Florida to North Carohna, and west- 
ward. April - May. — Stem 2^ long. Scape 6' - 1 2' high. 

* * Stein floating : leaves all scattered and finely dissected : fioicers yellow. 

2. U. vulgaris, L. ? Leaves decompound ; scape scaly, 5- 12-flowered; 
throat of the corolla closed by the prominent palate ; the lobes nearly entire, 
with reflexed margins, longer than the conical obtuse somewhat spreading 
spur; fruit nodding. — Ponds and still water. May -July. — Stem 2° -3° 
long. Scapes 6' -12' high. Corolla i' wide. \ 

3. TJ. striata, Leconte. Leaves decompound; scape slender, sparingly 
bracted, 5 - 6-flowered ; lips of the long-pedicelled corolla nearly equal, 3-lobed ; 
the upper one concave, striate in the middle, the lower with reflexed margins, 
as long as the linear nearly appressed notched spur ; palate dotted with brown. 
— Still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. — Scapes 10' high. Corolla Y 
wide. 

4. U. biflora, Lam. Small ; leaves short, sparingly divided, root-like ; 
scape 1-3- (mostly 2-) flowered, almost bractless ; lips of the small (4''-.5'') 
corolla equal, roundish ; the upper one slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, 
rather shorter than the subulate appressed spur; palate globose, 2-lobed. — 
Ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May -June — Stem 4' -6' long, with 
clustered branches. Scape 2'-4' hi<?h. 

5. U. fibrosa, Walt. Scape filiform, 1-3-flowered; pedicels long and 
slender ; upper lip of the corolla slightly 3-lobed ; the lower entire, as long as 
the conical obtuse spur. — Miry margins of ponds. Sept. — Scape 4'- 10' 
high. Corolla 6'' -8'' wide. 



302 LENTIBULACE^. (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 

6. U. gibba, L. Stem short, with clustered brauches ; leaves sparingly 
divided ; ticape 1 - 2-tlo\vered ; lips of the corolla uearly equal, longer tliau the 
gibbous obtuse appressed spur. — Shallow ponds, South Carolina {Elliott), and 
northward, June. — Stem 2' -3' long. Scape r~3' high. 

* * * Stt'in JloatiiKj : Icaces ivhorled,Jinelij dissected : Jiowers purple. 

7. U. purpurea, Walt. Stem long, filiform- scape mostly l-fiowered; 
upper lip of the corolla truncated ; the lower 3-lobed, with tlie lateral lobes 
sac-like, longer than the subulate sjnir. — Shallow ponds. June. — Stem 1°- 
2° long. Scape 2' -3' high. Corolla 4" wide. 

* * * * Stendess : scape routiiuj, scalij : leaves linear and entire, or none: 
air-bladders few or none : Jiowers yellow. 

8. U. COrnuta, Michx. Scape 2-4-flowered; pedicels short, as long as 
the calyx; lips of the large (|' wide) corolla obovate^ une({ual; the lower one 
larger, abruptly pointed, entire, as long as the horn-shajjed acute depending 
spur, the margins strongly reliexed. — Swamps, llorida, and northward. 
July - Sept. — Scape 1° high. 

9. U. juncea, Vahl. Scape loosely 3- 12-flowered; pedicels shorter 
than the calyx ; corolla 4'' - b" wide, the prominent palate closing the throat ; 
spur subulate, depending, as long as the corolla ; stamens slightly curved. — 
Marshy margins of ponds and streams, near the coast. Sept. - Oct. — Scape 
6' -12' high. 

10. U. longeciliata, A. DC. Scape 3-7-flowered (6' high), the pedi- 
cels shorter than the calyx ; upper lip of the small {0" long) yellow corolla 
obovate, the lower one nearly entire, with reflexed margin, as long as the 
horn-shaped spur ; leaves numerous, linear ; scales and bracts long-ciliate- 
dentate. — Miami, South Florida [Garher). 

11. U. SUbulata, L. Scape setaceous, 3-9-flowered; pedicels much 
longer than the calyx ; lower lip of the small (3'' -4'') corolla 3-lobed, longer 
than the appressed conical green-pointed spur ; leaves, when present, linear, 
fugacious. — Wet sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and Avest- 
ward. Feb. - May. — Scape 2' - 8' high. 

2. PIWGUICULA, Tourn. Butterwort. 

Upper lip of the calyx 3-lobed, the lower 2-lobed. Corolla somewhat 2- 
lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed, spurred at the base; palate 
hairy. — Stemless herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered, entire, with the mar- 
gins commonly involute. Scape naked, commonly viscid. 
* Flowers yelhio. 

1. P. lutea, Walt. Clammy-pubescent; leaves oblong-obovate ; corolla 
large, with the rounded lobes 2 - 4-cleft ; spur subulate. — Open flat pine bar- 
rens, common. Feb. - April. — Plant yellowish. Scape 6"- 12' high. Corolla 
V -\Y wide, nodding. 

* * Floivers purple, often changing to white. 

2 P. elatior, Michx. Leaves clammy-pubescent, spatulate-ovate ; scapes 
villous near the base ; lobes of the corolla 2-cleft, rounded ; spur obtuse. — 



BIGNONIACE^. (bIGNONIA FAMILY.) 303 

Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. March - April. — Scapes 8' - 
12' high. Corolla 1' wide. 

3. P. planifolia. Smoothish; leaves lanceolate or oblong, flat ; corolla 
5-parted, the wedge-obovate lobes 2-cleft, acutish ; spur sac-like, obtuse. 
(F. australis, S. Flora, not of Nutt.) — Shallow ponds, West Florida, near the 
coast. March. — Scapes 1° high. Corolla 1' wide. 

4. P. pumila, Michx. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves roundish or obovate ; 
lobes of the corolla obcordate, the spur short and obtuse, or subulate, and as 
long as the tube. (P. Floridensis, S. Flora.) — Low sandy pine barrens, 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. March - April. — Scape 2' - 6' high. Corolla 
-J' - f ' wide. 



Order 88. BIGNONIACE.^. (Bignonia Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with simple or compound leaves, and regu- 
lar or somewhat irregular showy flowers. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-lobed, 
or truncate and entire. Corolla tubular or bell-shaped, mostly 2- 
lipped. Fertile stamens 2, or 4 and didynamous, inserted on the 
corolla : anther cells diverging. Ovary 2-celled, many-ovuled ; the 
base surrounded with a glandular disk. Style filiform : stigma 2- 
lipped. Capsule 2-valved, 2- or 4-celled, many-seeded. Embryo flat. 
Albumen none. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. BIGNONIE^. Trees, shrubs, or woody vines. Capsule 
2-celled, the valves separating from the partition. Seeds flat, winged. Coty- 
ledons notched at each end. — Leaves opposite. 

1 . BIGNONIA. Valves of the capsule parallel with the partition. Leaves compound. 

2. TECOMA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves compound. 

3. CATALPA. Valves of the capsule contrary to the partition. Leaves simple. 

Suborder IL SESAMES. Herbs. Capsule 4-celled. Seeds wingless. 
Cotyledons thick, entire. 

4. MARTYNIA. Capsule woody, beaked. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. 

1. BIGNOWIA, Tourn. Cross-vine. 

Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or slightly 5-toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- 
shaped, 5-lobed. Fertile stamens 4, didynamous ; anthers smooth. Valves 
of the capsule flattened parallel with the partition, and separating from it 
at maturity. Seeds flat, winged. — Climbing woody vines. Leaves opposite, 
compound. 

1. B. capreolata, L. Leaves evergreen; the short petiole terminated 
by 2 cordate-oblong entire stalked leaflets, with a branched tendrilbetween ; 
pedicels clustered, axillary, elongated. — Woods. April. — Stem climbing 
high. Leaflets 3' -6' long. Corolla 2' long, red without, yellow within. 
Capsule ^° long. 



304 BIGNONIACE^. (bTGNOXIA FAMILY.) 

2. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-flower. 

Calyx bell-sliaped, .5-toothed. Corolla funuel-shaped, r)-lobed. Fertile sta- 
mens 4, didyiiamous. Valves of the cajjsule couvex, contrary to the parti- 
tion. Seeds winged. — Shrubs or woody vines. Leaves opposite, compound, 
deciduous. 

1. T. radicans, -luss. — Stem climbing l»y rootlets ; leaves pinnate, more 
or less pubescent ; leaflets 9-11, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
serrate ; racemes terininal, few-fiowered. — Woods and margins of fields. 
May -June. — Corolla 2' -3' long, scarlet without, yellow within. Capsule 
4' -5' long. 

2. T. Stans, Juss. Stem erect; leaves smooth, pinnate, long-petioled ; 
leaflets 7, lanceolate, acute, finely serrate; racemes many-flowered; calyx 
tubular; stamens 5, the fifth ])earing an abortive anther. — South Florida. 
March - May. — Stem 3° - 4° higli. Corolla 1 Y l*Ji^g> yellow. 

3. CAT ALP A, Scop. 

Calyx 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, somewhat 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Fertile 
stamens 2. Valves of the cylindrical capsule contrary to the partition. Seeds 
flat, with fimbriate wings. — Small trees. Leaves simple, opposite. Flowers 
in terminal panicles. 

1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves large, cordate, entire or angularly 
lobed, acuminate, long-petioled, pubescent ; panicle trichotomous, many-flow- 
ered ; calyx purple ; corolla white, variegated with yellow and purple within, 
the lobes undulate; capsule slender, elongated, pendulous. — River banks, 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. May. — Corolla V long. Capsules 1° 
long. 

2. C. speciosa, Warder. Leaves cordate or truncate, downy beneath, 
inodorous ; panicle large and loose ; lower lip of the corolla notched, shorter 
than the upper, the broadly obconic tube striped within with brown and yel- 
low; capsule terete, furrowed ; seeds acute. — River banks, Tennessee, and 
westward. May. — Taller than the preceding, with thicker and rougher 
bark, larger flowers, and thicker capsules. 

4. MAETYNIA, L. Unicorn Plant. 

Calyx 5-cleft, 2-3-bracted. Corolla irregular, tubular-bell-shaped, un- 
equally .5-lobed. Fertile stamens 2 or 4. Capsule woody, falsely 4-celled, 
ending in two long recurved horns, and opening between them. Seeds wing- 
less.— Viscid branching annuals. Leaves petioled, entire, roundish, the 
upper ones alternate. Flowers racemed. 

1. M. proboscidea, Glox. — Stems thick, at length prostrate; leaves 
round-cordate; corolla (U' long) whitish, spotted with yellow and purple; 
capsule crested on one side, shorter than the beaks. — Waste places. Intro- 
duced. July - August. 



OROBANCHACE^. (bROOM-RAPE FAMILY.) 305 



Order 89. 0R0BA:N^CHACE^]. (Broom-rape Family.) 

Low, leafless, scaly herbs, i3arasitic on roots, with bilabiate didyna- 
mous flowers. — Calyx 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla withering- 
persistent, tubular, the upper lip 2-cleft or entire, the lower 3-lobed. 
Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers persistent. Ovary 
free, 1-celled, with 2-4 parietal placentae. Style simple, curved at 
the apex: stigma thick, 2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved, many-seeded. 
Seeds very small, anatropous, with the minute embryo at the base of 
transparent albumen. — Flowers perfect or polygamous, solitary or 
spiked. 

Synopsis. 

1. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers polygamous, spiked ; the lower ones fertile, the upper sterile. 

Calyx 2-bracted, 5-toothed. Stem branching. 

2. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers perfect, spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, cleft on the lower side. 

Stem simple, thick and fleshy. 

3. APHYLLON. Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx bractless, 5-cleft. Corolla nearly 

equally 5-iobed. 

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. Beech-deops. 

Flowers polygamous ; the upper oues slender and sterile, the lower abbrevi- 
ated and fertile. Calyx 5-toothed. Capsule 2-valved at the apex, with 2 
placentas on each valve. — Stem smooth, slender, much branched, purphsh. 
Flowers small, in loose slender spikes. Corolla purplish. 

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. — Under beech trees, in deep shades. August. 
— Stems 6'- 12' high. Flowers scattered. Corolla of the sterile flowers 4"- 
6'' long, 4-toothed, curved. 

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. Squaw-root. 

Flowers perfect, densely spiked. Calyx 2-bracted, tubular, 4-toothed, cleft 
on the lower side. Upper lip of the corolla arching, notched ; the lower short, 
3-toothed. Stamens exserted. Capsule 2-valved, with 2 placentae on each 
valve. — A thick and fleshy whitish simple herb, covered with imbricated 
scales. Flowers yellowish, spreading. 

1. C. Americana, Wallr. — Shady woods. April. — Stems clustered 
from matted roots, 4' -6' high, V thick. 

3. APHYLLON, Mitchell. 

Flowers solitary, perfect. Calyx .5-cleft, bractless. Corolla tubular, curved, 
nearly equally 5-lobed. Stamens included. Capsule 2-valved, with 4 equi- 
distant placentae. — Stemless or nearly so. Flowers purplish, on a long scape 
or peduncle. 

1. A. uniflorum, Terr. & Gray. — Stem very short and scaly ; peduncles 
1 -several, 3^-5' high, pubescent; calyx lobes lanceolate-subulate. — Woods, 
Florida, and northward. 

20 



30G SCKOPHULAKIACE^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 

Order 90. SCROPHULARIACE^E. (t^iGwoRx Family.) 

Chiefly lierbs. Leaves coniiiioiily opposite, without stipules. Calyx 
4 - 5-clelt, or parted. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, i-egular, or bilabiate ; the 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 4 (sometimes 2, rarely 
5), mostly didyiiamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anther 
cells often separate, opening lengthwise. Ovary free, 2-celled, many- 
ovuled. PlacenttE central. Style sinii)lc or 2-(;left. Capsule 2-celled, 
many- (rarely 1 - few-) seeded. Seeds analrojKjus. Embryo small, 
in copious albumen. 

Synopsis. 

§ 1. Upper lip of the corolla exterior in the bud (except Mimulus). Capsule commonly 

septicidally dehiscent. 

* Stamens 5, all perfect. Corolla regular. 

1. VERBA SCUM. Corolla wheel-shaped. Filaments, or a part of them, bearded. Leaves 

alternate. 

* * Fertile stamens 4 ; the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Flowers cymose. Leaves opposite. 

2. SCROPHULARIA. Fifth stamen scale-like. Corolla globose or oblong ; four of the 

lobes short and erect. 

3. CHELONE. Fifth stamen shorter than the others. Corolla tubular, inflated, con- 

tracted at the throat. Seeds winged. 
4.» PENTSTEMON. Fifth stamen as long as the others. Corolla dilated upward. Seeds 
wingless. 

* * * Fertile stamens 4 : sterile ones none. Flowers axillary or racemed. 

5. LINARIA. Corolla spurred at the base. Capsule toothed at the apex. 

6. MIMULUS. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla large. 

7. HERPESTIS. Calyx 5-parted ; the three outer lobes much larger. Corolla short. 

8. CONOBEA. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes equal. Leaves pinnatifid. 

* .* * * Fertile stamens 2 : sterile ones 2 or none. 

9. GRATIOLA. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments entire, included. Capsule ovate or 

globose. 

10. ILYSANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Sterile filaments 2-cleft, exserted. Capsule oblong. 

11. MICRANTHEMUM. Calyx 4-parted. A scale-like appendage below the filaments. 

§ 2. Upper lip of the coroUa interior in the bud. Capsule commonly loculicidally dehiscent. 

* Corolla regular or slightly 2-lipped : the lobes nearly equal. 

-s- Stamens 2, distant. Cr.psule mostly obcordate. 

12. AMPHIANTHUS. Style 2-cleft. Flowers solitary, terminating the central scape and 

in the axils of the tufted radical leaves. 

13. VERONICA. Style simple. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 

•I- -!- Stamens 3 - 5, equal. Peduncles axillary, 2 or more together. 

14. CAPRARIA. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 

15. SCOPARIA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-cleft. Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or 

whorled. 
IG. HYDRANTHELIUM. Corolla 3-cleft. Stamens 3. 

-i- -1- -t- Stamens 4. Flowers racemed or spiked. 
++ Anthers 1-celled. 

17. BUCHNERA. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens didynamous. Flowers spiked. 

•M- -HI- Anthers 2-celled. Stamens equal. 

18. SEYMERIA. Corolla bell-shaped, yellow. Stamens included. 

19. MACRANTHERA. Corolla tubular, orange. Stamens long-exserted. 



SCROPHULARIACE.^E. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 307 

•i-i- H-i- ■^-^ Anthers 2-celled. Stamens didyuamous. 

20. OTOPHYLLA. Anthers unequal. Corolla bell-shaped. Upper leaves 2-eared at 

the base. 

21. DASYSTOMA. Anthers equal, awned at the base. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellow. 

Leaves mostly pimiatind. 

22. GERARDIA. Anthers equal, pointed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, purple. Leaves 

narrow, entire. 
* * Corolla tubular, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arching and enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens, 
•i- Anther cells unequal. 

23. CASTILLEIA. Anther cells separate. Leaves alternate, the floral ones colored. 

■\- H- Anther cells equal. 

24. SCHWALBEA. Calyx 10-12-ribbed, the upper teeth smaller. Capsule oblong, many- 

seeded. Leaves entire, alternate. 

25. PEDICULARIS. Capsule sword-3haped, few-3eeded. Leaves piunatifid. 

26. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx 4-cleft. Capsule flat, l-4-3eeded. Upper leaves bristly- 

toothed at the base. 

1. VEBBASCUM, L. Mullein. 

Calyx 5-partecl. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed ; the lobes nearly equal, roundish. 
Stamens 5, declined, all, or a part of them, bearded. Stigma simple. Capsule 
globose, many-seeded. — Tall biennial herbs. Leaves alternate. Flowers in 
racemes. 

1. V. Thapsus, L. Woolly throughout; stem stout, simple; leaves 
slightly crenate, rugose ; the l-owest large, oblong, petioled, the others broadly 
decurrent on the stem ; raceme spike-like, dense, cylindrical ; flowers yellpw. 
— Old fields and waste ground. Introduced. — Stem 2° -5° high. LoAvest 
leaves 1° long. Raceme rigid, l°-2° long. 

2. V. Blattaria, L. Stem smooth below, pubescent above, sparingly 
branched or simple ; leaves smooth, oblong, acute, serrate or pinnately lobed ; 
the lowest petioled; the upper clasping; racemes elongated, glandular, the 
flowers scattered ; corolla bright or pale yellow ; filaments all bearded with 
purple hairs. — Waste ' ground, chiefly in the upper districts. Introduced. — 
Stem 2° -.3° high. 

3. V. Lychnitis, L. Plant mealy-white ; stem branching and angled 
above ; leaves ovate, acute, sessile ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, gi*een- 
ish above ; flowers in a pyramidal panicle, yellow ; filaments bearded with 
white hairs. — In Carolina, Muhlenberg. Introduced. 

2. SCROPHULARIA, L. Figwort. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla globose or oblong, .5-cleft ; the 4 upper lobes erect, 
with the two uppermost longer ; the lowest spreading. Stamens 4, declined ; 
the fifth sterile and scale-like, placed near the orifice of the tube of the corolla : 
anther cells transverse and confluent into one. Capsule many-seeded. — Tall 
herbs, with opposite leaves, and greenish purple flowers in loose cymes, form- 
ing a narrow panicle. 

1. S. nodosa, L. Smooth; stem 4-sided; branches elongated, spread- 
ing; leaves ovate or oblong, or the uppermost lanceolate, acute, serrate, 
rounded or cordate at the base ; flowers small. — Shady banks and thickets. 
Sept. — Stem 2°- 5° high. 



308 SCKOPHULAKIACEiE. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 

3. CHELONE, Tourn. Snake-head. 

Calyx 5-parte(l or 5-sepalou.s, bracted. Corolla inflated-tubular, contracted 
at the throat, bilaliiate ; the up]>er lip coucave, euiargiuate ; the lower ob- 
tusely .3-lobed, woollv ill the ihroai. !Stamens 4, wiili th(' tilauieuts aud cor- 
date antliers woolly, aud a liith sterile one shorter than the others. Seeds 
imbricated, broadly winged. — Smooth perennial herbs, with opposite serrate 
leaves, and lai-<^-(' white or ijnr])le Howers in shoi't dense bracted spikes. 

1. C. Obliqua, L. Stem moslly simple, 2' high; leaves large (2'-5' 
long), thiu, olilong-ovate, coarsely serrate, tapering into a short petiole ; corolla 
1^' long, bright rose-color. — Wet banks, chieHy in the upper districts. Sept. 

2. C. glabra, !>• stem simjde or bram bed ; leaves lanceolate, finely 
serrate, acute or acuminate, on \e)y sh(jrt petioles; spike terminal, simple or 
branched; corolla white. — Wet bauks (d' streams, rare in the lower districts. 
Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long, sometimes pubescent beneath. 
Corolla V long. 

3. C. Lyoni, Pursh. Stem simple or branched; leaves ovate or ovate- 
oblong, rounded or cordate at the ba.se, acuminate, serrate, conspicuously peti- 
oled, mostly pubescent on the veins beneath; flowers purple. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4'- 6' long, thinner, and 
the flowers smaller than in the preceding. 

4. PENTSTEMON, L'Her, 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla inflated-tubular, or someAvhat bell-shaped, open at 
the throat, bilabiate ; the upper lip rounded, concave, eraarginate or 2-lobed ; 
the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, declined at the base, and a fifth sterile one as 
long as the others, and commonly bearded above. Capsule 2-A-alved, many- 
seeded. Seeds wingless. — Erect perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and 
white or purple flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, forming a close or open 
narrow terminal panicle. 

* Leaves pinnatehj divided. 

1. P. dissectUS, Ell. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; divisions of the 
leaves linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly lohed; cymes few-flowered, long- 
peduncled ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, Avith rounded and nearly equal 
lobes ; anther cells smooth, spreading ; sterile stamen bearded at the apex. — 
Dry soil in the middle districts of Georgia. — Stem 2° high, slender. Calyx 
lobes small, acute. Corolla 9" -10'' long, purple. 

* * Leaves undivided. 

2. P. pubeseens, Solander. Pubescent or smooth ; leaves lanceolate, 
acute, serrate or entire, sessile or clasping ; the lowest ovate or oblong, taper- 
ing into a slender petiole ; cymes spreading, few-flowered ; tube of the corolla 
gradually dilated above the middle ; lower lip longer than the upper ; anthers 
smooth. — Dry open woods and fence-rows. June -July. — Stem 2° high. 
Lowest leaves 3' -.5' long. Corolla 1' long, pale purple. 

3. P. Isevigatus, Soland. Smooth or nearly so ; stem leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, serrate or entire, clasping ; the lowest oblong, narrowed into a 
petiole ; cymes few-floAvered, spreading, forming a narrow panicle ; tube of 



SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 309 

the corolla abruptly dilated near the base ; the lips nearly equal. — Dry soil, 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. July. —Stem 2° high. Corolla 9" -12'' 
long, white or pale purple. 

Var. multiflorus, Benth. Larger (3°-4°) high; leaves thicker ; cymes 
many -flowered, forming a large spreading panicle ; corolla smaller. — Pine 
barrens, Florida. 

5. LINARIA, Juss. Toad-Flax. 
Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base ; the upper 
lip emarginate or 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed ; the throat commonly closed by 
the prominent palate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Capsule globose or ovoid, 
opening at the apex, with few or several tooth-like valves, many-seeded. — 
Herbs, with alternate or (on the radical branches) opposite or whorled leaves, 
and axillary or racemose flowers. 

* Stems with prostrate branches at the base, which bear broader opposite or 
whorled leaves. 

1. L. Canadensis, Spreng. Smooth; stem erect, slender, mostly sim- 
ple ; leaves linear, flat ; those on the radical branches oblong ; racemes straight ; 
pedicels erect, as long as the calyx; lobes of the small (3" -4") blue and 
white corolla rounded ; spur filiform, curved, as long as the pedicels. — Culti- 
vated ground, common. April - May. (2) — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

2. L. Floridana, Chapm. Stem smooth, ascending, paniculately much 
branched ; leaves fleshy, terete, linear or club-shaped ; those on the radical 
branches obovate ; racemes flexuous, glandular-hairy ; pedicels spreading, 3 - 
4 times as long as the calyx ; lobes of the small (2") blue corolla truncate or 
emarginate ; spur very short. — Sandy coast, Florida. April - May. @ — 
Stem 3'- 12' high. 

* *- Prostrate branches none. 

3. L. vulgaris, Miller. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched; 
leaves alternate, linear or linear-lanceolate, crowded ; raceme dense ; flowers 
large (1' long), yellow; spur subulate; seeds flattened, margined. — Waste 
places. Naturalized. ;^ — Stem l°-3° high. 

4. L. Elatine, Miller. Hairy ; stem prostrate, slender, branching ; 
leaves small, ovate and hastate ; the lowest sometimes opposite and toothed ; 
pedicels axillary, filiform, commonly longer than the leaves ; flowers small, 
yellow and purplish ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute. — Waste places. Natural- 
ized, (l) — Stem 4'- 12' long. 

6. MIMULITS, L. Monkey-flower. 

Calyx tubular, 5-angled, sharply 5-toothed. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper 
lip 2-lobed, erect or reflexed ; the lower 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, 
didynamous : anther cells somewhat confluent. Stigma ovate, 2-lipped. 
Capsule loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — Erect smooth perennial herbs, 
with opposite leaves, and axillary purple flowers. 

1. M. ringens, L. Stem compressed, 4-angled, the angles wingless; 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, denticulate, cordate and clasping at the base ; 



;110 SCR0PHULAK1ACE.E. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 

jjediiJK-les ]o\\g(ii- than tlu; llowcrs. — Swamps iu the upper di.strifts. Au<;ust. 
— Stem [^-2" liis^li. J^eaves tliiii, 2'-4' lung, ('orulla .sliowy, tlie palate 
greeiiisli and pubescent. 

•2. M. alatUS, Ait. Stem stiuare, wiili winged angles; leaves oblong- 
ovate, aruminate, serrate, tapering at the Ijase into a petiole; peduncles 
sliorter than tlie flowers — Swamps. July - August. — Stem 2'^ high. Leaves 
2'- r/ long. Calyx teeth small. 

7. HERPESTIS, Oocrtn. 

Calyx .') ])arted ; the :i outer hWies, esiKuially the upper one, broader. 
Corolla bell-shaped, r)-lobed or bilabiate, with the njiper lip 2-lobed or emar- 
ginate, the lower 3 lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous : auther cells contiguous 
or divaricate. Style dilated and flattened at the apex. Capsule 2-valved, 
many-seeded. — Low herbs, witli oi)i)osite leaves. Mowers opposite, axillary, 
or in leafy terminal racemes. 

* Stems A-diKjled: leaves semtte : j)edii)ic/es 2-brarJed at the base: exterior cali/x 

lobes obloiuj : corolla white. 

1. H. nigrescens, Benth. Smooth; stem erect, simple or branched; 
leaves oblong or obloug-obovate, rather obtuse, serrate above the middle; 
lower peduncles as long as the leaves, the upper much longer ; tube of the 
corolla striped with blue ; the upper lip rounded. — Low ground. August - 
Sept. — Stem 1° - li° liigh. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

2. H. chamsedryoides, HBK., var. peduneularis, Gray. Smooth; 
stem decumbent, diffuse, creeping near the base ; leaves small, obovate-oblong, 
entire near the base ; peduncles filiform, 3-4 times as long as the leaves. — 
Key West. — Stems 6' -12' long. Leaves 4" -6'' long. Flowers smaller 

• than in No. 1. 

* -* Stems terete, succulent, creeping : leaves orate or roundish, entire : exterior 

cali/x lobes cordate or ovate : peduncles 2-bracted at the apex. 

3. H. Monniera, Kunth. Smooth ; stems creeping ; leaves fleshy, 
wedge-obovate ; corolla bell-shaped, with the rounded lobes nearly equal ; 
peduncles as long as the flowers; exterior calyx lobes ovate. — Ditches and 
muddy banks along the coast, June - Sept. 2/ — Stem 1° - 2° long. Leaves 
1' long. Corolla white or pale blue. 

4. H. amplexieaulis, Pursh. Stem villous, ascending from a creeping 
base ; leaves smoothish, ovate, cordate and clasping, obtuse ; peduncles 
shorter than the flowers ; exterior calyx lobes cordate ; base of the ovary sur- 
rounded by a 12-toothed disk. — Pine barren ponds in the lower districts. 
July -Sept. 2/ — Flowering stems 6' -8' high. Leaves ^ long, crowded. 
Flowers blue. Plant odorous. 

5. H. repens, Cham. & Schlect. Smooth, or the summit of the creeping 
stems pubescent ; leaves oval, clasping ; peduncle about as long as the flower ; 
exterior calyx lobes oval or slightly cordate, reticulate-veiny, nearly as long 
as the white corolla. (H. micrantha, Ell.) — Banks of the Ogeechee River, 
Georgia (Elliott). 



SCKOrHULAKIACE.E. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 311 

6. H. rotundif olia, Pursh, Stem smootliisli, creeping ; leaves round- 
obuvate, clusijino' (^'- r long) ; peduncle longer thau the flower; exterior 
calyx lobes ovate. — Tennessee {Gattinger). 

8. CONOBEA, Aublet. 

Calyx .5-parted. Corolla obscurely 2-lipped, the upper lip 2-lobed, the 
lower one 3-parted. Stamens 4, all fertile; anthers approximate in pairs, the 
cells parallel. Style 2-lobed. Capsule ovoid or globular, many-seeded. — 
LoAV herbs, with opposite leaves, and small axillary flowers. 

1. C. multifida, Benth, Annual, much branched, pubescent, 3' -8' 
high ; leaves pinnately divided into linear toothed lobes ; corolla pale j^urple, 
barely longer than the calyx ; capsule ovoid. — Upper Georgia, and westAvard. 
July. 

9. GRATIOLA, L. Hedge Hyssop. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes nearly equal, narrow. Corolla bilabiate, with 
the upper lip entire or emarginate, the lower 3-cleft, Fertile stamens 2, in- 
cluded, the anterior ones sterile or wanting. Stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 
4-valved, many-seeded. — Low perennial herbs, with opposite leaves, and soli- 
tary axillary white or yellow flowers. Calyx mostly 2-bracted. 

* Connective of the anthers dilated, the cells transverse : stems tender : flowers 

peduncled. 
•»- Sterile stamens minute or none. 

1. G. Virginiana, L. Stem branching, glandular-pubescent above; 
leaves lanceolate, sparingly serrate, sessile ; peduncles slender, the upper ones 
longer than the leaves ; corolla white, with tbe yellowish tube twice as long 
as the calyx ; capsvile ovate, acute. — Muddy banks and ditches. April- May. 

— Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves V long. Corolla 5''- 6^' long, hairy within. 

2. G. Floridana, Nutt. Stem simple or branched, smooth ; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong, entire or nearl}% so, .sessile, the lowest sligbtly petioled ; 
peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves ; lobes of the corolla emarginate, 
white ; the slender yellowish tube three times as long as the calyx ; capsule 
globose. — Muddy banks, Florida to Tennessee. April. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves V long. Corolla 8'' long. 

3. G. sphserocarpa, Ell. Smooth ; stem thick, ascending, branching at 
the base ; leaves oblong, serrate above, sessile ; peduncles thick, shorter than 
the leaves ; corolla white, the tube tAvice as long as the calyx ; capsule globose. 

— Springs and branches, Florida to South Carolina, and westAvard. March - 
May. — Stem 4'- 12' high. Leaves 1' long. Corolla |' long. 

-1- -1- Sterile stamens manifest. 

4. G. macrantha, n. sp. Glabrous ; stem ascending from a creeping 
base, branching, 5' -10' high, few-floAvered : leaves membranaceous, obovate- 
oblong, or oblanceolate, obtuse, entire, sessile or short-petioled, I'-lf long, 
mostly shorter than the filiform peduncles ; calyx lobes linear, obtuse, shorter 
than the spatulate bracts; corolla Avhite, 6" -9'' long; sterile stamens con- 
spicuous. — Cool springs near Quincy, Middle Florida. May- June. 



312 SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 

5. G. Viscosa, Schwein. Viscid-pubescent ; stein ascending- ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, clasping, 3-nerved ; peduncles as long as tlie leaves ; 
corolla white, bearded within ; calyx lobes lanceolate, much longer than the 
small globose capsule. — Ditches and muddy places in tlie u[)per districts. 
June -August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves -^^ long. Corolla 5" -G" long. 
Bracts filler tlian the calyx Ldx-s. 

G. G. Drummondi, licntli. \'i.scid jjnhcnilent ; stem decumbent at the 
base, ascendij^g ; leaves lanceolate, acute, sparingly serrate, 3-nerved, clasjiing 
bracts and calyx lobes subulate, much longer than the capsule. — With the 
preceding. 

7. G. raraosa, Walt. Pubescent and somewhat viscid ; stem simple or 
branched ; loaves lanceolate, sessile, 4-toothed ; peduncles mostly longer than 
the loaves ; corolla yellowish white ; capsule small, globose, much shorter than 
the linear unequal calyx lobes; bracts minute. — Margins of pine barren 
ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. June -August. — Stem 
4'- 6' high. Leaves i' long. Corolla .5" long. 

8. G. anrea, Muhl. Smooth ; stem decumbent, creeping, the flowering 
branches ascending, 4-angled; leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, slightlj'^ ser- 
rate ; peduncles as loug as the leaves, or the upper ones longer ; bracts as 
long as the calyx; corolla bright yellow. — Wet pine barrens in the lower 
districts of Georgia and South Carolina. April -June. — Stem l°-2°long 
Leaves V -V long. Corolla 6'' long. 

9. G. oflH-Cinalis, L. Smooth ; stem erect, 4-angled above ; leaves lance- 
olate, serrulate or entire, slightly clasping ; peduncles shorter than the leaves • 
corolla whitish, striped with red, bearded with yellow hairs within ; capsule 
acute, as loug as the calyx. — Southern States (Leconte), probably introduced. 
— Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 8'' - 10'' long. 

* * Connective of the anthers not dilated; tlie cells vertical: stems rigid, hairy: 
flowers sessile : sterile stamens manifest. 

10. G. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute; stem erect, simple or branching at the 
base; leaves ovate or roundish, sparingly toothed, sessile or slightly clasping; 
corolla tubular, white, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Low ground. June - 
August. — Stem 8'- 16' high. Leaves Y long. Corolla 4" long. 

11. G. SUbulata, Baldwin. Shrubby, hispid; stem much branched; 
leaves linear, entire, the margins revolute ; calyx lobes subulate, unequal ; 
corolla salver-shaped ; the slender curved tube three times as long as the 
calyx, hairy within ; capsule acute. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida, near 
the coast. July -Sept. — Stem 3' -6' long. Leaves 3" -6" long. Corolla 
6'' long. 

10. ILYSANTHES, Eaf. 

Calyx 5-parted, bractless. Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip short, erect, 
2-cleft ; the lower larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included ; 
the two anterior ones sterile, 2-lobed, with one of the lobes tipped with a 
gland, the other smooth, acute. Capsule ovate or oblong, as long as the 
calyx. — Smooth annuals, growing in Avet or muddy places. Stems 4-angled. 
Leaves opposite. Peduncles axillary, often reflexed in fruit. Flowers small, 
purplish. 



{ 



SCEOPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 313 

1. I. grandiflora, Beuth. Stem simple, ascending from the creeping 
base, very leafy ; leaves roundish, entire, nerveless, partly clasping ; peduncles 
2-3 times as long as the leaves; sterile stamens lobed at the middle. — 
Margins of pine barren ponds, Georgia and Florida. — Leaves 3'' -4'' long. 
Corolla :y'-4'' long. 

2. I. gratioloides, Benth. Stem erect, at length diffusely branched ; 
leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate ; the lowest narrowed into a petiole, the 
upper sessile, acute, obscurely toothed or entire; lower peduncles mostly 
shorter than the leaves, the upper much longer, spreading ; corolla pale blue ; 
capsnle oblong, acute, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Springs and rivulets, 
common. May -Sept. — Stem 6' -12' long. Leaves i'-V long. Corolla 
3''-4'' long. 

3. I. refracta, Benth. Stem erect, very slender, forking ; radical leaves 
tufted, obloug, obtuse, entire, narroAved at the base ; the others remote, small, 
lanceolate, sessile ; peduncles filiform, many times longer than the leaves, re- 
flexed in fruit ; corolla pale blue variegated with purple ; capsule oblong-linear, 
twice as long as the calyx. — Springs and muddy banks of rivulets in the 
middle and upper districts. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Radical leaves 
1' long. Corolla 3" -4" long. 

4. I. saxicola, Clmpm. Stems clustered, leafy, simple or sparingly 
branched ; leaves oblong, sessile ; the radical ones narroAved into a petiole ; 
peduncles rather stout, 3-4 times as long as the leaves ; capsule ovoid, rather 
longer than the calyx. (Linderuia, il/. ^. Curtis.) — On rocks at Tolula 
Falls, Georgia, and Cherokee, North Carolina {Curtis). Aug. 2/ "? — Stems 
3' - 5' high. Stem leaves 2" - 4" long. Corolla 4" long. 

11. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. 

Calyx 4-parted, or 4-cleft. Corolla somewhat bilabiate ; the upper lip 
shorter, entire ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe longer. Stamens 2, 
included ; the filaments with a gland-like appendage at the base : anther cells 
diverging. Style short : stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, few-seeded ; the 
delicate partition vanishing at maturity. Seeds oblong, reticulate. — Small 
smooth perennial herbs with creeping or floating stems, opposite entire leaves, 
and minute axillary white flowers. 

1. M. orbiculatum, Michx. Stems creeping or floating, freely 
branched, 3' - 12' long ; leaves yellowish, orbicular, nearly sessile, 2" - 4" Avide ; 
flowers opposite or alternate, nearly sessile ; corolla equally 4-lobed, or the 
upper lip short or rudimentary. — Ponds and muddy banks in the lower dis- 
tricts. June - August. 

2. M. TsTuttallii, Gray. Stems creeping or erect, 1^-2' high ; leaves obo- 
vate, 2" -3" long ; flowers alternate, the calyx as long as its pedicel ; upper 
lip of the corolla obsolete, the middle lobe of the lower linear. — Muddy 
banks near the coast. August- Oct. 

Yar. 1 glomeratum. Stems erect and tufted, T-S' high, or long (6'- 
12') and floating; leaves opposite, or 3-4 in a whorl, oblong-linear; flowers 
mostly in a terminal cluster, the top-shaped calyx longer than its pedicel. — 
Rivers and wet banks, South Florida. 



314 SCROPHULAKIACE.^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 

12. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. 

Calyx r)-parted. Corolla somewhat fuiiiud sliaj)e(l, 4-cleft ; the upper and 
lower lubes rather longer. Stamens 2 : anther cells distinct. Style minutely 
2 cleft at the ajjex, acute. Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal. Seeds 
oblong, rugulosc. — A very small annual, witli the linear obtuse leaves clus- 
tered at the suiimiit oi' the short stem, and luimite white flowers, some of 
which are borne on short naked recurved peduncles from the axils of tlie 
leaves, and others on a .slender (1' long) terminal 2-bracted scape. 

1. A. pusillus, Torr. — In shallow excavations of Hat rocks, Newton 
Count}-, Georgia {Dr. Leaveiiicoiih). March -April. 

13. VERONICA, L. Speedwell. 

Calyx 4-5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or .salver-shaped, 4-5-lobed. 
Stamens 2, one each side the upper lobe of the corolla. Stigma cajjitate. 
Capsule compressed and obcordate, or oblong and obtuse, septicidal or locu- 
licidal. Seeds few or many, flattened or concave on the inner face. — Chiefly 
herbs, with the stem leaves opposite or whorled, the floral ones alternate. 
Flowers small, axillary, racemed or spiked, blue or white. 

* Leaves whorled : corolla tubular : capsule oblong. 

1. V. Virginica, L. Perennial, smooth or pubescent ; stem tall, erect ; 
leaves 4-7 in a whorl, lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled ; flowers very nu- 
merous, crowded in axillary (whorled) ajid terminal .spikes ; stamens long- 
exserted ; corolla white or purple. — Mountain meadows, Georgia, and north- 
ward. June - August. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

* * Stem, leaves opposite : corolla wheel-shaped : capsule obcordate. 

H— Flowers in axillarij racemes. 

2. V. officinalis, L. Perennial, pubescent ; stem prostrate, rooting at 
the base ; leaves obovate-elliptical, or wedge-oblong, obtuse, serrate, short- 
petioled ; racemes alternate, densely many-flowered ; corolla blue. — Moun- 
tains of North Carolina. July. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Racemes 2' -4' long. 

3. V. Anagallis, L. Stem erect from a creeping base; leaves sessile, 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or slightly serrate; racemes looselv many- 
flowered ; capsule orbicular. — In springs and branches, Tennessee. June. — 
Stem 1° - U° high. FloAvers blue. 

-1- -1- Flowers scattered, in leafi/ terminal racemes, or axillary. 

4. V. serpyllifolia, L. Perennial, smoothish ; stem ascending, diffusely 
branched ; leaA'es oval or roundish, crenate, short-petioled, the floral ones 
lanceolate and entire ; pedicels as long as the calyx ; corolla blue. — Low 
pastures in the upper districts. May - Sept. — Stem 4' - 6' long. Leaves 
4"- 6'' long. 

5. V. peregrina, L. Annual, smooth ; stem erect, simple or branched ; 
leaves sessile, oblong, toothed ; the loAvest narrowed into a petiole ; the floral 
ones entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; corolla white, minute. — Cul- 
tivated ground, very common. April -June. — Stem 2' -12' high. Leaves 
r-l'long. 



SCROPHULAKIACE^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 315 

6. V. arvensis, L. Annual, hairy; stems ascending, branched at the 
base ; leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones lanceolate, entire, 
sessile ; flowers nearly sessile r corolla pale blue. — Cultivated ground. In- 
troduced. May - June. — Stems 6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 4'' - 6'' loug. 

7, V. agrestis, L. Annual, pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely 
branched ; leaves all petioled, ovate, coarsely serrate ; peduncles much longer 
than the calyx, recurved in fruit ; corolla blue, striate. — Cultivated ground. 
Introduced. Feb. - May. — Stem 6' - 12'' long. Leaves 6'' - 9" long. Fruit- 
ing calyx much enlarged. 

14. C APR ARIA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted, equal. Corolla bell-shaped, equally .5-lobed smooth within. 
Stamens 4-5: anthers sagittate. Style slender: stigma thick, ovate, at 
length 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, septicidally 2-valved, the valves 
2-cleft at the apex. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Perennial herbs, or shrubby 
plants. Leaves alternate, serrate. Peduncles axillary, single or by pairs, 
mostly 1 -flowered. 

1. C. biflora, L. Shrubby, smooth or pubescent ; stem erect, branching ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, sharply serrate, narrowed and entire below the 
middle ; peduncles filiform, mostly by pairs, shorter than the leaves ; calyx 
lobes linear; corolla deeply 5-cleft; stamens 5, included. — South Florida. 
Nov. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves V-l^' long. Flowers white ? 

15. SCOPARIA, L. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla wheel-form, 4-cleft, hairy in the throat. Sta- 
mens 4. Style club-shaped at the apex. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the 
valves membranaceous, entire. Seeds numerous, reticulate. — Herbaceous or 
shrubby plants, with. opposite or whorled leaves. Peduncles axillary, com- 
monly by pairs, 1 -flowered. 

1. S. dulcis, L. Annual, smooth ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed, 
mostly three in a whorl, much longer than the peduncles ; calyx lobes oblong ; 
flowers small, white. — South Florida. — Stem l°-3°higli. Leaves V-IY 
long. 

16. HYDRANTHELIUM, HBK. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla short-funnel-shaped, 3-cleft. Stamens 3, inserted 
on the throat of the corolla. Style 2-lol)ed. Capsule many-seeded. — 
Aquatic herbs, with the habit of Callitriche. Leaves opposite. Peduncles 
axillary, I -flowered. 

1. H. Egense, Poepp. Floating; stem filiform, branching; lower 
leaves small (2"' or 3" long), distant, oblong, the upper ones croAvded, obo- 
vate ; calyx lobes ovate-lanceolate. — New Orleans {Dr. Hale). Introduced 1 

17. BUCHNERA, L. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes wedge- 
obovate. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : anthers 1-celled. Style simple, 
club-shaped at the apex. Capsule coriaceous, straight, loculicidally 2-valved, 



316 SCROPHULAlilACE.^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 

the valves entire. Seeds nuiuerous, reticulate. — liough herbs, turning black 
in witliering. Leaves opposite, toothed or entire ; the ujjperniost small, and 
pa.ssing into the l)racts of the many-flowered spike. Flowers blue. 

1. B. elongata, Swartz. Rough, with short rigid hairs; stem mostly 
simple; loaves entire or slightly toothed, 1-nerved, or obscurely 3-uerved; the 
lowest obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse ; the uppermost distaut, acute ; spikes 
interrupted, long-pedun(rled ; flowers opjjosite or alternate. — Low pine bar- 
rens, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July- August. — Stem l°-2°high. 
Corolla 4" -5" long. 

2. B. Americana, L. Very rough, with l»'ist]y liairs; stem often 
branching above; leaves prominently 3-nerved, mostly toothed; the lower 
oblong, obtuse, the otiicrs lanceolate, acute; calyx teeth acuminate. — Low 
woods in the upper districts. July- August. — Stem 2°- 3° higli. Corolla 
6''-7'Mong. 

18. SEYMERIA, I'ursh. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong. Stamens 4, 
equal, the filaments woolly ; anthers oblong, opening at the a]jex, awnless. 
Style simple, obtuse. Capsule ovate, flattened above, loculicidally 2-valved. 
Seeds numerous, covered by the loose hyaline testa. — Chiefly annuals. Stems 
erect, branching. Leaves opposite, pinuately divided. Flowers yellow, in 
terminal leafy-bracted racemes. 

1. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Smooth or nearly so; stem with elongated 
erect-spreading branches ; leaves pinnate, the divisions filiform ; capsule 
smooth, acute at the base, shorter than the pedicel. — Low pine barrens. 
August - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4"^ high. 

2. S. pectinata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent ; stem with ascending 
branches; leaves pinnatifid, the divisions oblong-linear; capsule hairy, obtuse 
at the base, as long as the pedicel. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Caro- 
lina, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 

3. S. macrophylla, Nutt. Tall and stout (4° -5° high), more or less 
pubescent, branching; leaves large (6^-8' long), deeply pinnatifid, the ovate 
or lanceolate lobes toothed or -pinnatifid, the floral ones entire ; racemes short, 
dense ; tube of the corolla longer than the lobes of the calyx, woolly within, 
— Mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 

19. MACRANTHERA, Torr. 

Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes elongated. Corolla cylindrical, .5-toothed; the teeth 
reflexed. Stamens 4, equal, long-exserted, woolly : anthers large, oblong, 
approximate. Style simple, filiform, elongated : stigma minute, flat. Capsule 
ovate, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A tall biennial, with pinnatifid 
opposite leaves, and showy orange-colored flowers, in terminal leafy racemes. 

1. M. fuchsioides, Torr, Smoothish; stem branching, 4-sided; ear- 
liest leaves ovate-oblong, entire ; those of the stem lyrate-pinnatifid ; the up- 
permost toothed-serrate; pedicels recurved, the flowers erect; calyx lobes 
lanceolate, denticulate, rather shorter than the corolla. — Var. Lecontei has 
the shorter and narrower lobes of the calyx entire. (M. Lecontei, Torr.) — 



SCKOPHULAKIACE^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 317 

Marshy banks of pine barren streams, Georgia, Florida, and westward. Sept.- 
Oct. — Stem 3° -5° high. Earliest leaves 6' -8' long; those of the stem 2'- 
4' long. Coroll?. 9"- 12" long. — The plant turns black in drying. 

20. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. 

Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes leafy, unequal. Tube of the corolla dilated 
upAvard, sparse-hairy within, the lobes broad and entire. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous, included : anthers oblong, awnless ; those of the shorter stamens much 
smaller. Style elongated, dilated and flattened at the apex, entire. Capsule 
sub-globose, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. O. Michauxii, Benth. Hairy; stem erect, simple ; leaves opposite, 
lanceolate, entire, sessile ; the upper ones mostly 2-eared at the base ; flowers 
opposite, in a leafy spike. — Low ground, Tennessee, North Carolina, and 
northward. August. (T) ? — Stem rigid, 2° high. Leaves T- 2' long. Co- 
rolla 9"- 12'' long, purple. 

21. DASYSTOMA, Raf. False Foxglove. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the lobes often toothed. Corolla tubular-bell- 
shaped, woolly Avithin, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous : 
anthers oblong; the cells parallel and awned at the base. Style filiform, 
thickened and slightly 2-lobed at the apex. Capsule ovate, acute, loculicidally 
2-valved, many-seeded. — Tall herbs, with opposite ovate or oblong mostly 
pinnately divided or lobed leaves, and large yellow flowers in a leafy raceme. 
Filaments woolly. 

1. D. pubescens, Benth. Pubescent; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, or 
the lowest pinnatifid ; calyx longer than the pedicel, with oblong obtuse lobes. 
(Gerardia flava, L.) — Dry woods in the upper districts. July - Sept. % — 
Stem 2° -4° high, mostly simple. Leaves narrowed into a short petiole. Co- 
rolla 1 Y long- 

2. D. quereifolia, Benth. Smooth and glaucous; stem simple or 
branched ; lowest leaves twice-pinnatifid ; the others pinnatifid, or the upper- 
most lanceolate and entire ; calyx shorter than the pedicel, with lanceolate or 
subulate acute lobes. (Gerardia, Pursh.) — Rich woods and river banks. 
July -Sept. 2/ — Stem 3° -6° high. Lobes of the leaves toothed. Corolla 
2' long. 

3. D. Drummondii, Benth. Closely pubescent ; stem branching ; 
lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the upper ones dentate or serrate ; 
calyx mostly longer than the pedicel, the broadly lanceolate lobes as long as 
the top-shaped tube. — -Mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and westward. — 
Stem 2° -3° high. ^Corolla 1|' long. 

4. D. laevigata, Raf. Smooth, or nearly so, slender, sparingly branched; 
lowest leaves mostly pinnately lobed and toothed, the others lanceolate, en- 
tire ; calyx longer than the pedicel, the lobes shorter than the tube ; corolla 
funnel-shaped (T long). — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 

5. D. patula, Chapm. Stem tall (3° -4°) and slender, widely branched; 
lower leaves pinnately lobed and toothed, the upper ones oblong, entire; pad- 



318 SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 

icels lon<^ (T- IV), sja-eading or recurved ; calyx lobes rather louger tlian the 
tube, entire ; corolla 1 V long. — Mountains of Georgia and 'I'ennessee. August. 

6. D. pedicularia, Benth. Smooth or somewhat imbesceut ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes finely toothed ; flowers opposite; calyx 
shorter than the pedicel ; the toothed lobes as long as tiie tube. — Dry sandy 
soil, cliiefly in the upper districts. July -August. — Stem 2° high, much 
branched. Leaves about 2' long, the lobes numerous and short. Corolla 
12"- 15" long, with a rather slender tube and short lobes. 

7. D. pectinata, Benth. Pubescent or somewh.Tt villous ; leaves lance- 
olate or ovate-lanceolate, finely pinnatifid and toothed, the earliest ones en- 
tire ; flowers alternate; calyx longer than the pedicel; the jjinnatifid lobes 
louger than the tube. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. August - 
Sept. (2) — Stem 2° -4° high, widely branched. Corolla 1^' long, with a 
wider tube aud larger lobes than the last. 

22. GERARDIA, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed ; the teeth short, acute, entire. Corolla tubu- 
lar-bell shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes rounded, spreading; the throat oblique. 
Stamens 4, didyuamous, the longer ones commonly woolly : anthers woolly, 
connivent in pairs ; the cells diverging and pointed at the base. Style slender, 
dilated, aud flattened upward. Capsule ovoid or globose, smooth, loculicidal. 
Seeds numerous, angled, reticulated. — Chiefly slender branching annuals. 
Leaves opposite, or rarely alternate, narroAV, entire. Flowers in the axils of 
the upper leaves, showy, purple ; the tube of the corolla mostly dotted with 
red aud yellow, often woolly at the throat. 

* Perennial. 

1. G. linifolia, Nutt. Smooth; branches elongated, erect ; leaves erect, 
linear ; peduncles as long as the leaves, or the uppermost longer ; calyx trun- 
cate, with minute teeth ; lobes of the corolla nearly equal ; capsule large 
(3'' wide), globose. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. Sept. -— Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ' long. Corolla 1 ' long, pubescent. 

* * Annuals. 

-I- Corolla small, the 2 upper lobes short, truncate and erect. 

2. G. divaricata, Chapm. Stem 6'- 1 2' high, smooth, widely branched 
from the base ; leaves all opposite, spreading or reflexed, filiform, roughish on 
the margins, f long, the uppermost minute; pedicels setaceous, spreading, 
the upper ones 4-5 times as long as the leaves ; calyx teeth subulate ; corolla 
Y long; capsule ovoid. — Low sandy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. 

3. G. filicaulis, Chapm. Stem 6' - 1 2Mong, filiform, reclining, smooth 
and glaucous; branches alternate, setaceous; leaves minute, 1" long, subu- 
late ; flowers few, terminal ; calyx teeth triangular ; corolla 4" - 3" long, 
compressed ; capsule globose. — Low grassy pine barrens. West Florida. Sept. 

•i— -1- Lobes of the corolla nearly equal, spreading. 

•^ Pedicels as long, or twice as long, as the calyx, shorter than the leaves 

{except No. 4). 

4. G. aphylla, Nutt. Stem 2° -3° high, smooth, 4-angled, sparingly 
branched near the summit ; leaves minute, V long, subulate, appressed ; flowers 



I 



SCROPHULARIACE^. (fIGWORT FAMILY.) 319 

mostly alternate, on one side of the spreading branches ; pedicel as long as the 
calvx ; calyx teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla ^' long, hairy T^ithin, the upper 
lobes reflexed ; capsule globose, 2'' long. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. Sept. 

5. G. purpurea, L. Stem l°-3° high, smooth, the branches elongated; 
leaves opposite, broadly or narrowly linear, rough above, 1' - l^' long ; flowers 
opposite or nearly so, the stout pedicels as long as the calyx ; calyx teeth con- 
spicuous, triangular, spreading; corolla 8''-10" long; capsule globose, — 
Low ground. Sept. 

Var. fasciculata, Chapm. Stem taller (3° -5°), much branched above, 
rough ; leaves rough on both sides, clustered, the uppermost, like the flowers, 
alternate; calyx teeth more pointed; corolla larger. (G. fasciculata. Ell.) — 
Low ground along the coast, Florida to South Carolina. 

6. G. maritiraa, Raf. Smooth ; stem 8'- 16' high, with numerous short 
leafy branches near the base ; leaves fleshy, linear, obtuse, opposite, the upper 
ones small and remote ; pedicels as long as the calyx and the floral leaves ; 
calyx teeth short, obtuse ; corolla 6" - 8'' long, slightly oblique at the throat ; 
capsule globose. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. June - August. 

Var. major. Stem 2° high, much branched; leaves flat, acute; floral 
leaves longer than the pedicels ; calyx teeth triangular, acute ; corolla and 
capsule larger. — Brackish marshes, coast of Florida. ^ Corolla V long. 

7. G. setacea, Walt. Very smooth; stem l°-2° high, much branched, 
slender; leaves V long, setaceous, opposite; pedicels stout, club-shaped, three 
times as long as the calyx, mostly alternate, or terminating the setaceous 
peduncle-like branchlets; calyx teeth short, subulate ; corolla V long, woolly 
within, the rounded lobes thickly fringed ; capsule ovoid, barely exceeding the 
calyx. (G. Plukenetii, Ell.?) — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida to South 
Carolina. Sept. 

-!-(• 1-t- Pedicels much longer than the calyx, commonly longer than the leaves. 

8. G. tenuifolia, Vahl. Stem smooth, l°-li° high, much branched; 
leaves linear, smooth, or rough on the margins, V - l^ long ; pedicels filiform, 
about as long as the leaves, opposite ; calyx teeth broadly subulate, one fourth 
as long as the tube ; corolla Y long ; capsule globose, as long as the calyx. — 
Var. FiLiFORMis. Stem and pedicels rough ; leaves filiform, clustered ; co- 
rolla larger (f loiig). — Light soil. Sept. 

9. G. filifolia, Nutt. Stem l°-2° high, much branched, smooth ; leaves 
very numerous, all alternate and clustered, smooth, fleshy and somewhat 
club-shaped ; pedicels alternate, twice as long as the leaves ; calyx teeth subu- 
late, one fourth the length of the 5-angled tube ; corolla f ' long ; capsule 
ovoid, as long as the calyx. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. 
Sept. 

10. G. Skinneriana, Wood. Stem rough, striate, 12'- 18' high, the 
slender branches erect; leaves 4''- 6" long, opposite or alternate, linear, very 
rough, rather obtuse ; pedicels filiform, 2- 4 times as long as the minute floral 
leaves ; calyx teeth minute, obtuse ; corolla ^ long, pale purple or Avhite. — 
Grassy margins of ponds, Florida, and westward. Sept. — L^nlike the other 
species, the color of this remains unchanged in drying. 



320 scRoriiuLARTACE.^5. (figwort family.) 

23. CASTILLEIA, L. 

Calyx tul)ular, com))rcsse(l, cleft at the smiiiiiit; the hjljes entire or 2cleft. 
Tube of the corolla included in the calyx ; the up])er lip long, narrow, curved, 
laterally compressed, and enclosing the four didynanious stamens ; the lower 
lip short, 3-lohed : anther cells oblong-linear, unequal ; the outer one fixed by 
the middle, the inner })endulous. Capsule loculicidal, many-seeded. — Herbs, 
with alternate entire or incisely-lobed leaves, the uj)permost colored, llowers 
in leafy sjjikes or racemes. 

1. C. COCeinea, Sjjreng. Stem hairy; radical leaves clustered, nearly 
entire ; tliose of the stem pinnatifid, with the lobes linear ; the Horal ones 3- 
lobed, bright scarlet at the summit ; corolla greenish yellow. — Damp soil in 
the upper districts. June - August. (2) — Stem 1°- 1^° high. 

24. SCHWALBEA, L. 

Calyx tubular, oblique, 10- 12-ribbed, 4-toothed, the upper tooth very small, 
the lowest elongated, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip oblong, arched, 
enclosing the four didynamous stamens; the lower rather shorter, obtusely 
3-lobed : anther cells parallel, equal. Capsule oblong, acute, loculicidally 
2-valved, many-seeded. 

1. S. Americana, L. — Sandy pine barrens. May -June. 2/ — Stem 
simple, 1°- 1^° bigh, pubescent. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, sessile; 
the lower ones oblong, the uppermost linear, small. Flowers in a spiked 
raceme. Corolla V long, yellow and purple. 

25. PEDICULARIS, L. 

Calyx tubular, more or less cleft at the apex, variously 2-5-toothed. 
Corolla bilabiate; the upper lip compressed, curved and bearded at the apex, 
enclosing the 4 didynamous stamens ; the lower lip 2-crested above, 3-lobed, 
with the lateral lobes larger and rounded : anthers transverse. Capsule 
ovate or lanceolate, compressed, the upper portion empty. — Herbs, with 
finely and pinnately divided leaves. Flowers in leafy racemes or spikes. 

1. P. Canadensis, L. Stem simple, hairy (6' -9' high); leaves alter- 
nate, smooth, oblong or lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, simply or 
doubly crenate ; spike dense, capitate, elongated in fruit ; corolla pale yellow 
and purple ; the upper lip hooked, 2-awned under the apex ; capsule lanceo- 
late, exserted. — Shady woods and banks. — March - A pril. 2/ — Stem bear- 
ing slender leafy rooting runners. Fruiting spike 3' - 5' long. 

2. P. lanceolata, Michx. Stem tall (l°-3°), smooth, simple or spar- 
ingly branched ; leaves nearly opposite, lanceolate, pinnately toothed, the 
teeth crenate; spike dense ; corolla pale yellow, the upper lip curved, awnless, 
the lower erect ; capsule ovate, scarcely exserted. — Swamps on the moun- 
tains of North Carolina, and northward. August -Sept. 

26. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. 

Calyx bell-shaped, with 4 subulate teeth. Corolla bilabiate; the tube 
dilated above ; the upper lip short, compressed, obtuse, straight ; the lower 



SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 321 

rather longer, spreadiug, biconvex, with three short lobes. Stamens 4, didyna- 
mous, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, hairy ; the cells 
nearly equal, slightly pointed at the base. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. 
Capsule comjDressed, oblique, loculicidally 2-valved, 1-4-seeded. — Annual 
herbs, with opposite lanceolate or linear leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. 

1. M. Amerieanum, Michx. Stem naked below, leafy and commonly 
branched above the middle ; leaves lanceolate, entire, short-petioled ; the upper 
ones broader and sharply toothed at the base ; flowers greenish yellow. — 
Dry woods along the mountains, Georgia, and northward, August, — Stem 
6' - 1 2' high. Leaves 2' long. Flowers 4" - 5" long. 



Order 91. SOLAXACE^E. (Nightshade Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with colorless juice, alternate leaves, and regular 
axillary or supra-axillary flowers. — Calyx 4 - 7-cleft, or 4 - 7-toothed, 
persistent, often inflated in fruit. Corolla 5 - 10-lobed, plaited and 
valvate, convolute, or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4-7, inserted 
on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise or by 
terminal pores. Style and stigma single. Fruit a 2-celled (rarely 3 - 
5-celled) many-seeded capsule or berry. Placentae adnate to the par- 
tition and projecting into the cells. Seeds campylotropous or amphi- 
tropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen. — 
Chiefly narcotic poisons. 

Synopsis. 

§ 1. Fruit a berry. 

* Corolla wheel-shaped or short bell-shaped. 

-1- Anthers connivent. Calyx unchanged in fruit. 

1. SOLANUM. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Berry juicy. 

2. CAPSICUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juiceless, or fleshy. 

H- •(- Anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Fruiting calyx inflated. 

3. PHYSALIS. Berry juicy. Calyx entire at the base. 

4. NICANDRA. Berry dry. Calyx 10-toothed at the base. 

* * Corolla funnel-shaped. 

5. LYCIUM. Anthers opening lengthwise. Berry juicy. Shrubs. 

§ 2. Fruit a capsule, 

6. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or terete, circumscissile. Capsule spiny. 

7. PETUNIA, Calyx terete, persistent. Capsule smooth, 

1. SOLANUM, L, Nightshade. 

• Calyx 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, valvate, with the 
margins turned inward. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, ex- 
serted ; the filaments very short : anthers opening by 2 terminal pores, con- 
nivent. Stigma obtuse. Berry juicy, 2-celled, many-seeded, — Herbs or 
shrubs, often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate or in pairs. Flowers 
opposite the axils, or above them. 

21 



322 SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 

* Vnariiied : cymes or racemes cor ymhed : corolla o-parted. 

1. S. nigrum, L. Herbaceous, mostly pubescent with simple hairs; 
stem erect, branching ; the brauclilets wiug-augled, and often mure or less 
toothed ; leaves petioled, oblong-ovate, toothed or entire ; flowers somewhat 
umbelled, droo])ing, small, white ; berry black. — Around homesteads. July - 
Sept.— Stem l°-3'^ high, diffuse. Leaves 2' -4' long, wiien in pairs, un- 
equal. Corolla 4"- 6" wide. Berry 2" -3" in diameter. 

2. S. Bahamense, L. Shrubby, and very rough throughout with short 
rigid rusty stellate hairs ; leaves oblong, entire, acute, tapering into a short 
petiole ; cymes slender, long-peduncled, once or twice forking, many-flowered, 
longer than the leaves ; flowers small, linear in the bud ; corolla white, deeply 
parted, the lobes linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; anthers hairy. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Cymes 3' - 4' long. Corolla 5" wide. 

3. S. verbascifolium, L. Shrubby, and hoary throughout with dense 
soft stellate hairs; leaves large, ovate-oblong, acute at each ejid, entire; cymes 
on long and very stout peduncles, forking, compactly many-flowered ; flowers 
globose-obovate in the bud ; calyx lobes ovate, acute ; corolla lobes oblong, 
obtuse ; anthers oblong, twice as long as the slender filaments ; ovary woolly. 
— South Florida. Oct. - Dec. — Shrub 4° - .5° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Co- 
rolla j' wide. 

4. S. Blodgettii, Chapm. Stem shrubby ? smooth, the branches, like 
the upper surface of the leaves, roughened with a close stellate (greenish) 
pubescence; leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, short-petioled, hoary-tomentose be- 
neath, like the many-flowered forking cymes; calyx small, obconical, with 
short rounded teeth ; corolla purple 1 deeply parted, 3-4 times as long as the 
calyx, with lanceolate acute lobes ; anthers nearly sessile, linear, narrowed at 
the apex, shorter than the style. — South Florida. — Leaves 3' -4' long. 
Flowers ^' in diameter. 

* * Prickly : flowers racemed : corolla m.ostly angularly lobed. 

5. S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute with stellate hairs ; stems erect ; leaves 
ovate-oblong, angularly lobed or pinnatifid, abruptly contracted into a short 
petiole ; the veins and petiole, like the stem, armed with straight yellow 
prickles ; racemes simple, slender, 3 - several-flowered ; calyx lobes acumi- 
nate. — Dry waste places. June -Sept. 2/ — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves 
3'- 5' long. Corolla 9" - 12'' wide, blue or white. Berry yellow. 

6. S. aculeatissimum, Jacq. Plant beset throughout with bristly hairs 
and stout prickles ; stem diffusely branched ; leaves ovate or oval, membrana- 
ceous, acutely lobed or toothed ; racemes lateral, slender, 2 - .5-flowered ; co- 
rolla lobes lanceolate, white ; berry globose, yellow. — Waste places. June- 
Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3'- 6' long. Corolla 6"- 9" wide, the 
lobes recurved. * 

7. S. sisymbriifolium, Lam. Gland ular-villous and prickly; leaves 
large, deeply pinnatifid, the oblong divisions lobed and toothed ; racemes 
many-flowered ; corolla 5-lobed, pale blue ; berry globose, partly included 
in the hispid calyx. — "Waste places, Georgia and Florida. Introduced. — 
Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 4' - 9' long. 



SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 323 

* * * Fruit included in the calyx: stamens and style declined: anthers tapering 
upwards, the lowest longer and incurved. 
8. S. rostratum, Duual. Stellate-pubescent and prickly; leaves 1-2- 
pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse ; corolla yellow, its lobes short, ovate ; calyx 
prickly. — Georgia, Tennessee, and westward. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla 
V in diameter. 

2. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Red Pepper. 

Calyx cup-shaped, 5 - 7-toothed. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 7-cleft, plaited. 
Stamens 5-7, inserted on the throat of the corolla, exserted : anthers conni- 
vent, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. Berry juiceless, partly 2 - 3-celled, 
many-seeded. — Herbs or shrubs, with acrid juice, solitary flowers, and red 
berries. 

1. C. frutescens, L. Shrubby, smooth; stem branching; leaves ob- 
long-ovate, obtuse, entire ; calyx obscurely toothed, long-peduncled, erect ; 
berry oblong, shorter than the peduncle. — South Florida. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 
Leaves 1' long. Flowers in the forks of the branches. Berry 4''-6'' long. 

3. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry. 

Calyx 5-toothed, inflated in fruit, and enclosing the juicy berry. Corolla 
short-bell-shaped, plaited, .5-lobed or 5-angled. Stamens 5, inserted on the 
tube of the corolla : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Stigma obtuse. 
Seeds flat, kidney-shaped. — Diffusely branching herbs, with alternate peti- 
oled leaves, which are often by pairs, and solitary nodding flowers in their 
axils, or in the forks of the branches. Corolla (in ours) yellow, with mostly 

a dark brown centre. 

* Annual. 
-*- Corolla pale yellow, 4'' -6" broad: anthers purple. 

1. P. angulata, L. Smooth throughout; stem sharply 4-angled, erect 
or at length diffusely branched ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply 
toothed ; calyx lobes triangular, as long as the tube ; corolla green in the 
throat; filaments smooth; fruiting calyx globose-ovate, equally 10-angled, 
reticulated with purple veins, depressed at the base. — Fields and waste 
ground. — July-Oct. — Stem l°-4° long. Leaves 2^-3'' long. Fruiting 
calyx 1 ' long. 

2. P. pubescens, L. Tom entose or villous with soft often viscid hairs; 
stem diffusely branched, terete ; leaves obtusely toothed, or entire, ovate, and 
mostly slightly cordate and unequal at the base; calyx teeth subulate, twice 
as long as the tube ; corolla brown in the throat ; filaments hairy ; fruiting 
calyx oblong-ovate, 5-angled, hollowed at the base. — Fields and waste 
grounds, common. July-Oct. — Stem l°-2° long. Leaves V -2' long. 
Berry red. 

3. P. obscura, Michx. Smooth or nearly so ; stem sharply angled, di- 
viding at the base into numerous long (l°-3°) procumbent branches; leaves 
broadly ovate or cordate, acuminate, obtusely toothed ; calyx teeth subulate ; 
corolla brown in the throat ; filaments smooth ; fruiting calyx large, round- 
ovate, abruptly acuminate, 5-winged, smooth, truncate at the base; berry 



324 SOLANACE^. (XIGHTSHADE FAMILY.) 

ovoid, purple. — Waste ground arouud homesteads. May - Oct. — Leaves 
r-2' loiiy. Fruiting calyx T-lf' long. 

-^ -^ Corolla yellow, T'-\Q" broad. 

4. P. Philadelphica, Lam. Smoothish ; stem 2° - 3° high, the branches 
sharply angled ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, wavy or toothed 
on the margins, tapering and very unequal at the base ; pedicels as long as the 

petioles; calyx lobes acuminate; fruiting calyx open, globular, 1' thick. 

Cultivated ground, Georgia, 'J'ennessee, and northward. July -Sept. 

* * Perennial. 

-•- Flowers solitarij. 

++ Pubescence, ifann, stellate or branching. 

5. P. angUStif Olia, Nutt. Smooth or nearly so ; stem low, erect or 
at length dill'use; leaves linear to oblong, obtuse, entire; calyx lobes short, 
triangular-ovate, obtuse, tomentose on the margins ; corolla brownish purple 
in the throat ; fruiting calyx round-ovate, depressed at the base. — Low sandy 
places along the coast, Florida, and westward. July -Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' 
high. Leaves 2' - 5' long, somewhat fleshy. Corolla 9"- 12'' broad. Fruit- 
ing calyx 9"- 12" long. Anthers yellow. 

6. P. viscosa, L. Closely pubescent, with short white stellate or branch- 
ing hairs ; stem ascending from a slender subterranean base ; leaves from ovate 
to spatulate-oblong, entire, or wavy on the margins ; corolla greenish yellow, 

brownish in the throat ; fruiting calyx globose-ovate ; berry yellow, viscid. 

Sandy coast, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Leaves l^'-3' long. 
Corolla 8" - 9" broad. 

•M- -M- Pubescence simple. 

7. P. lanceolata, Michx. Pubescent; leaves ovate-lanceolate or ob- 
long, obtuse, entire, or coarsely toothed, acute and commonly very unequal at 
the base ; calyx pubescent, the lobes long-acuminate from an ovate base ; co- 
rolla yellow in the throat ; fruiting calyx conical-ovate, 5-angled. — Dry sandy 
soil. July - Oct. — Stem 1° high, erect or diffuse. Leaves T - 2' long. Fruit- 
ing calyx V -lY long, smooth or hairy. 

8. P. arenieola, Kearney. Pubescent or hairy; root slender, elon- 
gated ; stem erect, at length diffusely branched ; leaves ovate, entire or angu- 
larly toothed, rounded or cordate at the base ; calyx hairy ; corolla pubescent, 
brown in the throat ; style and filaments purple ; anthers yellow ; fruiting 
calyx oblong-ovate, sharply 5-angled, concave at the base ; berry globose. — 
Dry sandy coast, Florida. July -Sept. — Stem 1° high. Fruiting calyx 
1' long. 

9. P. heterophylla, Nees. Densely villous with viscid jointed hairs ; 
stem stout, at length diffusely branched; leaves broadly cordate, acute, an- 
gularly toothed ; calyx teeth shorter than the tube ; corolla brownish in the 
throat ; anthers yellow ; fruiting calyx ovate, 5-angled, hirsute. — Dry soil, 
chiefly in the upper districts. June -Sept. — Stem 1°-1|° high. Leaves 
2' - 4' long. Corolla 6" - 8" broad. Fruiting calyx V-lY long. 

Var. nyctaginia, Rydberg. Leaves oftener entire, acute at the base, 
acuminate. — With the type. 



SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 325 

•*- ■<- Flowers clustered. 

10. P. Carpenteri, Riddell. Stem erect, brandling, closely pubescent ; 

leaves thin, obliquely cordate-oblong, or oval, acuminate, entire, or obscurely 

wavy, slender petioled ; flowers small, 3 - 6 in a cluster ; berry small ; fruiting 

calyx globose; flowers yellow. — East Feliciana, Louisiana {Prof. Carpenter). 

4. NICANDRA, Adans. 

Calyx 5-parted, inflated, 10-toothed at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, plaited, 
obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens 5 : anthers separate, opening lengthwise. Berry 
juiceless. — A smooth erect branching annual, with ovate-oblong toothed or 
lobed petioled leaves, and solitary axillary nodding purple flowers. 

1. N. physaloides, G^ert. — (Atropa physaloides, L.) — Waste and 
cultivated ground. Introduced. July -Sept. — Stem l°-3° high, with an- 
gled branches. Leaves 2' - 5' long, decurrent on the petiole. Corolla white in 
the throat. Fruiting calyx 5-angled, enclosing the globose berry. 

6. LYCIUM, L. 

Calyx 4-5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-10-cleft or toothed. Stamens 
4 - 5 : anthers opening lengthwise, separate. Stigma capitate. Berry not 
enclosed in the calyx. — Erect or twining often spiny shrubs, v/ith entire 
alternate or clustered leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. 

1. L. Carolinianum, Michx. Stem erect, spiny, or unarmed, much 
branched ; leaves small, clustered, club-shaped, fleshy ; flowers solitary, axil- 
lary, purple ; calyx and corolla 4-cleft ; stamens 4, exserted. — Salt marshes. 
July -Sept. — Shrub 3° -5^ high. Leaves l^ long. Corolla small, hairy 
within. Berry red. 

6. DATXJKA, L. Jamestown Weed, Thorn Apple. 

Calyx tubular, terete or angled, 5-cleft, separating near the base, the upper 
portion deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped ; the limb plaited, 5-lobed, convo- 
lute in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers opening lengthwise. Capsule spiny, 
imperfectly 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — Strong-scented poisonous herbs, 
with petioled oblong or ovate mostly toothed leaves, and large solitary flowers 
in the forks of the branches. 

1. D. Stramonium, L. Smooth; stem stout, forking; leaves ovate 
or oblong-ovate, acute, sinuate-toothed ; corolla sharply 5-toothed, white, twice 
as long as the 5-angled calyx ; capsule erect. — Var. Tatula. Larger ; leaves 
often cordate ; stem and corolla purplish. — Waste ground, very common. 
June - Oct. — Stem 1 ° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long. 

2. D. Metel, L. Pubescent ; stem stout, branching ; leaves ovate, entire 
or slightly toothed ; corolla white, 10-toothed; calyx loose, terete; capsule 
nodding. — Waste ground. Introduced. — Stems 3° - 4° high. Leaves 6' - 8^ 
long. Corolla 6' long. 



326 coNVOLvuLACE^. (convolvulus family.) 

7. PETUNIA, Juss. 

Calyx r)-parted. Corolla luunel-shaped, plicate. Stamens 5, unequal; 
anther cells separate. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valve(i, many-seeded. — 
Clammy pubescent herbs. 

1. P. parviflora, Juss. Annual, diffuse, leaves oblong-linear or spata- 
late ; corolla small, pale bluish purple. — Florida, and westwai-d. Introduced. 



Order 92. CONVOLVULACE^. (Convolvulus Family.) 

Chiefly twining or prostrate herbs, with alternate exstipulate leaves, 
and regular mostly showy and fugacious flowers. — Calyx 5-sepalous, 
imbricated. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or salver-form, 5- 
plaited or 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. IStamens 5, inserted on the 
tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, sagittate. Ovary free, single or 
double, 1-4-celled, with 1-2 erect anatropous ovules in each cell. 
Styles 1 or 2, entire or 2-cleft. Stigmas capitate, ovate, or acute. 
Capsule 2 - 6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled or curved in mucilagi- 
nous albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CONVOIiVUL.E^. Ovary single. Embryo with leafy cotyledons. Cap- 
sule opening by valves. — Flowers axillary, single or cymose. 

* Style single. Stigmas globose. 

1. IPOMCEA. Capsule 2-celled, the cells 2-seeded. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. Sta- 

mens mostly included. 

* * Style single. Stigmas ovate or cylindrical. 

2. JACQUEMONTIA. Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas ovate, flattened. 

3. CONVOLVULUS. Capsule imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeded. Stigmas cylindrical. 

* * * Styles 2, separate or partly united. Ovary 2-celled. 

4. EVOLVULUS. Styles separate, 2-parted or 2-cleft. 

5. BREWERIA. Styles separate or partly united, entire. 

Tbibe n. DICHONDRE^. Ovary double. Embryo with cotyledons. Capsule 
utricular, 1-seeded. — Stems creeping. 

6. DICHONDRA. Corolla bell-shaped. Stigmas thick. Peduncle 1-flowered. 

Tribe III. CUSCUTE^. Ovary single. Embryo destitute of cotyledons. Capsule 
closed. 

7. CUSCUTA. Twining parasites, with scale-like leaves. Styles 2. 

1. IPOMCEA, L. Morning Glory. 

Sepals 5. Corolla entire, or 5-angled, or 5-lobed. Stamens dilated at the 
base. Ovary 2-eelled, rarely imperfectly 4-celled. Style simple: stigma 
capitate, 2-lobed. Capsule 2 - 4-celled, 2 - 4-valved, 4-seeded, or, by abortion, 
1 -3-seeded. Seeds smooth or hairy. — Twining or trailing rarely erect 
herbs, with cordate or sagittate entire or variously lobed leaves, and showy 
flowers on axillary peduncles. 



CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 327 

* Corolla salver-form : stamens exserted. 

1. I. coepinea, L. - Leaves petioled, cordate, acuminate, angled at the 
base; peduncles as long as the petioles, 3-5-flowered ; sepals awned ; corolla 
slightly lobed, scarlet. — Cultivated ground. July -August. — Corolla 1' 
long, sometimes yellowish. 

2. I. Quamoclit, L. Leaves pinnatifid, with long and linear segments ; 
peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, the pedicels much thickened upward ; sepals ovate 
or oblong, awnless. — Spontaneous near gardens. July - Oct. 

3. I. Bona-Nox, L. Smooth ; leaves membranaceous, cordate, acumi- 
nate, entire, long-petioled ; peduncles very stout, 5 - 7-fiowered, longer than 
the leaves ; sepals ovate, obtuse ; the 2 outer ones appendaged ; corolla white, 
almost salver-form ; capsule ovate, pointed with the conical persistent base of 
the style. — South Florida. — Stem sometimes prickly. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 
Tube of the corolla 3' - 4' long. 

* * Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped : stamens included, 
-i- Capsule 3-celled. 

4. I. purpurea, Lam. Annual ; stem glandular-roughened and hairy ; 
leaves entire, round-cordate, acuminate ; peduncles mostly longer than the 
leaves, 3 - 5-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, mostly hairy ; corolla 
showy, blue, purple, or variegated. — Around dwellings. Introduced. June - 
Sept. 

5. I. hederaeea, Jacq. Annual, hairy ; leaves membranaceous, broadly 
cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes acuminate ; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 2-3- 
flowered ; sepals densely hispid, ending in a long subulate point ; bracts linear ; 
corolla purple. — Cultivated ground. July - Sept. — Corolla 1-^' long. 

6. I. cathartiea, Poir. Smooth ; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, with the lobes 
acuminate ; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 3 - several-flowered, with 
leafy lanceolate bracts ; sepals lanceolate, terminating in a long subulate 
point ; pedicels shorter than the bracts ; tube of the corolla greenish, the ex- 
panding acutely lobed border purple. — South Florida. — Leaves l^'-2' long. 
Corolla 3' long. 

+- -t- Capsule 2-celled, or imperfectly A-celled. 

■w- Stem procumbent, rooting at the nodes : leaves succulent. 

7. I. Pes-Caprse, Sweet. Smooth and fleshy; leaves petioled, orbicular, 
or slightly notched at the apex, parallel-veined ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, the 
ovate bracts minute ; sepals oval or oblong, obtuse, mucronate ; tube of the 
corolla very short. Sandy coast, Florida and Georgia. August -Oct. 11 — 
Leaves 2' long. Corolla 2' long, purple. 

8. I. acetOSSefolia, R. & S. Smooth and fleshy; leaves oval or oblong, 
cordate, notched at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, the lateral lobes entire 
or 2-cleft ; peduncles as long as the petioles, 1 -flowered ; bracts subulate ; 
sepals oblong, mucronate ; corolla obscurely lobed, white, the tube yellowish. 
— Sandy coast, Florida to South Carolina. May - Sept. 2/ — Leaves V -2' 
long. Corolla 2' long. 

I. Batatas, Lam., includes the different kinds of the cultivated Sweet 
Potato. 



328 CONVOLYULACEiE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 

+-f ++ Stem twining : leaves mostlij 3-lobed. 
= Cajjsule hair I/: seeds naked. 

9. I. cominutata, R. & S. Anuual; stem pubescent; leaves cordate, 
acuminate, entire, angled, or 3-lobed ; peduncles about as long as the petioles, 
1 - 5-flowered ; corolla purple, 4-5 times as long as the ciliate sepals ; capsule 
globose, 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. — Margins of swamps, and culti- 
vated grounds. A ugust - Oct. — Leaves 1' - H' long. Corolla 1 i' - 2' long. 

10. I. trifida, Don, var. Torreyana, Gray. Perennial, smoothish ; 
peduncles longer than the 3-lobed leaves, 3-10-Ho\vered ; sepals glabrous; 
capsules as long as the calyx ; otherwise like the preceding. — Cultivated 
ground. Introduced. 

11. I. triloba, L. Stem slender, hairy ; leaves cordate, abruptly atten- 
uated, but obtuse at the apex, entire or hastate-lobed, smooth below ; pedun- 
cles 3-flowered, longer than the leaves; corolla small, purple, twice as long 
as the hairy sepals ; capsule globose ; seeds sliglitly pubescent on the angles. 
— South Florida. — Leaves V -lY long. Corolla y long. 

12. I. lacunosa, L. Stem and leaves smoothish; leaves cordate, obtuse 
or acuminate, entire or 3-lobed ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, shorter than the 
leaves ; corolla small, white, twice as long as the ciliate sepals ; capsule glo- 
bose, slightly hairy. — Low grounds. August - Oct. 

== = Capsule smooth : seeds woolly : flowers large. 

13. I. pandurata, Meyer. Stem twining, or prostrate, smoothish ; leaves 
cordate, acuminate, entire or fiddle-shaped ; peduncles commonly longer than 
the petioles, 1 - 6-flowered ; bracts minute ; sepals smooth, oblong-ovate, ob- 
tuse, mucronate, the two outer ones shorter ; corolla white, with pointed lobes, 
the tube purple within. — River banks and margins of swamps, rarely in 
sandy pine barrens. August - Oct. 2/ — Root tuberous, very large. Corolla 
3' long. Capsule globose. Seeds woolly on the angles. 

14. I. Jalapa, Pursh. Stem pubescent, stout; leaves membranaceous, 
deltoid, cordate, plaited by the strong impressed veins, hoary-pubescent be- 
neath ; peduncles 1 - 5-flowered ; sepals oblong, tomentose ; corolla white 
tinged with purple, notched at the angles, bright purple on the tube within ; 
capsule ovate, pointed, 2-valved ; seeds very silky. — Light sandy soil, Florida 
to South Carolina, along the coast. July - Sept. 2/ — Root very large. 
Leaves 3' - 5' long, occasionally 3-lobed. Corolla 3' - 4' long, opening at 
night. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled. 

15. I. sagittata, Cav. Smooth and somewhat fleshy; stem slender; 
leaves sagittate, lanceolate or linear ; the lateral lobes long, spreading, acute ; 
peduncles 1 - 3-flowered, club-shaped, shorter than the leaves, minutely 
bracted ; sepals oval, shorter than the ovate 4-valved pointed capsule ; seeds 
silky on the angles ; corolla bright purple. — Marshes along the coast. July - 
Sept. 11 — Stem commonly 2° -3° long. Corolla 3' long. 

-M- -H- -w. Stems twining : leaves pedately 7-parted. 

16. I. sinuata, Ort. Stem very long, woody at the base, the branches 
muricate, hairy ; leaves smooth, with the divisions lanceolate, sinuate-toothed ; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1 - 2-flowered ; pedicels flattened, dilated 



CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 329 

upward, uodding ; sepals ovate-lauceolate, acutish, smooth, half as long as the 
corolla, widely spreading in fruit ; corolla white, purple in the throat ; cap- 
sule globose ; seeds smooth. — South Florida. July - Oct. % — Leaves 4' - 
6' wide. Corolla l^ long. 

2. JACQUEMONTIA, Chois. 

Sepals 5, unequal. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-plated. Style single : stigmas 2, 
ovate or oblong, flattened. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 2-celled, 2-4- 
valved, 4 seeded. — Habit of Ipomoea. 

1. J. violacea, Chois. Stem smoothish, twining; leaves petioled, ob- 
long-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, the lower ones slightly 
cordate ; peduncles longer than the leaves, cymosely many-flowered ; sepals 
ovate, acuminate, the 2 outer ones larger ; corolla small, purple ; stigmas ob- 
long, diverging ; capsule smooth, 4-valved, shorter than the calyx. — South 
Florida. — Stem l°-3° long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla ^' long. Seeds 
roughisli. 

2. J. tamnif Olia, Griseb. Hairy ; stem erect or twining ; leaves cordate- 
ovate, acuminate ; peduncles longer than the petioles ; flowers in a leafy- 
bracted head ; sepals subulate, bristly, nearly as long as the blue corolla ; 
stigmas distinct ; capsule depressed. — Cultivated ground. July - Oct. (l) — 
Stem 1°- 4° long. Corolla i' long. 

3. CONVOLVULUS, L. 

Sepals, corolla, ovary, etc. of Ipomoea. Style single ; stigmas 2, filiform 
or subulate, or broader and flat. Capsule 2 - 9-valved. 

* Calyx bractless : stigmas oblong or^ filiform. 

\. C. Havanensis, Jacq. Stems very long, woody, prostrate, canescent- 
tomentose ; leaves small, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled ; peduncles stout, 
single or by pairs, 1 - 3-flowered ; outer sepals obovate, twice as long as the 
roundish inner ones ; corolla white, sharply 5-lobed ; valves of the capsule 
6-9. — Sandy coast of South Florida ( Garher). — Stem 15° - 20° or more long. 
Leaves 6"- 10" long. Corolla 9" long. 

2. C. nodiflorus, Desr. Stem twining, woody, pubescent ; leaves cor- 
date-ovate, tomentose, short-petioled ; peduncles as long as the petioles, mostly 
many-flowered ; sepals ovate, obtuse, equal ; corolla small ; capsule 8-valved. 
— Bahia Honda Key, South Florida (Cwr^/ss). — Stems climbing over low 
bushes. Leaves 1' long. Corolla 5" long. 

3. C. arvensis, L. Stems prostrate or climbing, pubescent ; leaves ob- 
long-ovate, broadly sagittate ; peduncles 1-flowered ; corolla white; stigmas 
filiform. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

* * Calyx included in a pair of large bracts. 

4. C. sepium, L. Smooth; stem twining; leaves broadly sagittate, 
acute, the wide lateral lobes obliquely truncated and often toothed ; peduncles 
as long as the petioles ; bracts cordate-ovate or oblong ; sepals acute ; corolla 
white or rose-color. — Varies with the stem and shorter peduncles pubescent ; 
leaves smaller and narrower. — Rich soil, Florida (the var.), and northward. 



330 CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 

August -Sept. 11 — Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla li'-2' loug. Stigmas 
obloug-ovate. Stamens dilated and flattened below. 

5. C. spithamaeus, L. Pubescent ; stem erect, rarely twining at the 
summit ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, the upper ones acute ; peduncles 
longer than tlie leaves ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; corolla white. — Dry soil, 
Florida, and northward. May -Sept. ^ —Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves T- 2' 
long. Corolla 1 ^' - 2' long. 

4. EVOLVULUS, L. 

Sepals 5. Corolla bell-sliaped or somewhat wheel-shaped, mostly hairy. 
Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct, 2-cleft or 2-parted : stigma obtuse. 
Capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Small perennial herbs, with chiefly silky or hairy 
prostrate stems, entire leaves, and small flowers on axillary peduncles. Cap- 
sules nodding. 

* Common peduncle verij short or none ; the pedicels shorter than the leaves. 

1. E. sericeus, Swartz. Stem dividing at the base into numerous pros- 
trate or ascending simple filiform branches; leaves sessile, linear to oblong, 
acute at each end ; peduncle I -3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
half as long as the white wheel-shaped corolla. — Damp soil, Florida, Georgia, 
and westward. June - Oct. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 6" - 9" long. Co- 
rolla 4" - 5" in diameter. 

2. E. argenteus, Pursh. Silky-villous throughout ; stem rigid (6' high), 
very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ; sepals lance-subulate ; 
corolla blue or purple. — Pine Key, South Florida {Blodgett, ex Grai/), 
Tennessee, and westward. 

* * Peduncles longer than the leaves. 

3. E. mucronatus, Swartz. Stem creeping, simple, sprinkled with ap- 
pressed hairs ; leaves rigid, elliptical-obovate, mucrouate, nearly sessile, smooth 
above, pubescent on the veins beneath ; peduncles bristle-like, rather longer 
than the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, hairy, as long as 
the pedicel; corolla very small. — South Florida. — Stem 1° long. Leaves 
4" - 6'' long. Corolla 2" wide. 

4. E. alsinoides, L. Silky with long spreading hairs ; stems very nu- 
merous, filiform, diffuse ; leaves obovate or oblong, mucronate, short-petioled ; 
peduncles bristle-like, often by pairs, 3-4 times as long as the leaves, 1-3- 
flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the pedicels; corolla 
wheel-shaped ; styles parted nearly to the base. — South Florida. — Stems 1°- 
2° long. Leaves 4'' - 6" long. Corolla 2" wide. 

5. BKEWERIA, R. Br. (Stylisma, 1st edit.) 

Sepals .5. Corolla bell-shaped, hairy. Stamens included. Styles 2, distinct 
or united below, entire : stigmas peltate. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule 
1- 4-seeded. — Perennial prostrate pubescent herbs, with entire leaves, and 
mostly small flowers on axillary peduncles which are longer than the leaves. 

1. B. humistrata, Gray. Hairy; leaves oblong, slightly cordate vary- 
ing to narrow-linear ; peduncles filiform, 1 - 7-flowered ; sepals ovate, acute ; 



CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 331 

capsule smooth, nodding ; bracts minute ; corolla white ; filaments hairy ; 
styles united below. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. 
July - Sept. — Stems 2°- 3° long. Leaves I'-S' long. Corolla 10" long. 

2. B. aquatica, Gray. Silky-pubescent and somewhat hoary; leaves 
linear-oblong, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, short-petioled ; pedun- 
cles 1-7- (mostly 3-) flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; capsule 
erect, pubescent ; bracts subulate, as long as the pedicels ; corolla purple ; fila- 
ments smooth; styles distinct. — Margins of ponds in the lower districts. 
July - Sept. — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves i'-V long. Corolla 5" long. 

3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or villous ; leaves linear ; 
peduncles 1 - 3-fiowered ; bracts linear, as long as the flower ; sepals ovate- 
lanceolate, very hairy, longer than the pedicel ; corolla small, white ; styles 
united nearly to the apex ; stamens slightly exserted. — Sandy pine barrens. 
North Carolina, and northward. July- Sept. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 
12"- 15'' long. Corolla 5" long. 

4. B. grandiflora, Gray. Stem prostrate, tomentose (2° or more long) ; 
leaves oval, obtuse or emarginate, short-petioled (1^' long) ; peduncle mostly 
shorter than the leaf, 1 -flowered ; calyx large, the sepals acute ; corolla very 
large (2i'-3' long), purple ; capsule 4-seeded. — Sandy coast at Sarasota Bay, 

South Florida ( Garher). 

* 

6. DICHONDRA, Forst. 

Calyx 5-parted, with the lobes obovate. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 
5-parted, shorter than the calyx. Stamens included. Ovaries 2, distinct, 
2-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capitate. Utricles 2, one-seeded. — Low pubes- 
cent creeping herbs, with broadly cordate petioled leaves, and solitary bract- 
less flowers on axillary peduncles. 

1. D. repens, Forst. — Low grounds. March -Oct. % — Stems fili- 
form, 6' -12' long. Leaves i'-l|' in diameter, on petioles I'-i' long. 
Peduncles shorter than the petioles. Calyx silky. Corolla minute, greenish 
white. 

7. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Dodder. 

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or 4 - 5-sepalous. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-shaped, 
or somewhat tubular, 4 - .5-cleft. Stamens 4-5, with fimbriate mostl}^ con- 
fluent scales at the base. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles 2 : stigmas capi- 
tate (in our species). Capsule 4-seeded. Embryo filiform, coiled around 
fleshy albumen. Cotyledons none. — Twining parasites, germinating in the 
ground, but early decaying at the root. Stems filiform, yellow or reddish, 
without leaves, or with minute scales in their place. Flowers white, small, 
variously clustered. 

* Calyx 4 - ^-cleft : flowers pedicellate. 
-(- Lobes of the corolla acute. 
1. C. arvensis, BcjTich. Low ; flowers small, 5-parted, in cluster-like 
cymes ; lobes of the calyx broad and obtuse, of the corolla lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, spreading, inflexed at the point, longer than the tube; scales ovate, often 



382 CONVOLVULACEiE. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 

partly exserted ; capsule globose, thin, yellowish, ijidehiscent. — Fields and 
sterile soil, on ftinall herbs. June -July. 

2. C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low, capillary, spreading ; cymes loosely 
umbellate, few-llowered ; flowers small ; lobes of the calyx acute, of the corolla 
narrowly lanceolate, longer than the tulje, spreading ; scales oval, iucurved ; 
capsule depressed, circumscissile, covered by the corolla, r— South Florida 
{(J(nber), on low herbs. 

3. C. decora, Choisy, var. pulcherrima, Engelm. Stem branch- 
ing; flowers rather large, S-jjarted, in sniijoth umbel like cymes; lobes of the 
calyx ovate-lanceolate, acute; lobes of the corolla ovate, acuminate, crenulate, 
1 -nerved, spreading, as long as the tube ; scales ovate, incurved, as long as the 
tube. — Damp soil, Florida, and westward. May. 

4. C. inflexa, Engelm. Flowers in umbellate cymes ; sepals acute, 
keeled ; corolla fleshy, cylindrical, mostly 4-cleft, the ovate acute lobes as long 
as the tube; scales minute, slightly toothed; capsule depressed, enclosed or 
crowned with the withered corolla. — Georgia, and northward, mostly on 
shrubs. 

-t- ■»- Lobes of the corolla obtuse. 

5. C. Obtusiflora, PIBK., var. glandulosa, Engelm. Stems widely 
spreading, bright orange; flowers short-pedicelled, glandular; lobes of the 
calyx and corolla obtuse; scales inci5rved, deeply fringed; capsule large, 
depressed ; styles short and thick. — Georgia, Florida, and westward, on 
Polygonum. 

6. C. Gronovii, Willd. Stem climbing high; flowers mostly 5-cleft, in 
loose paniculate cymes ; lobes of the corolla ovate, obtuse, spreading, mostly 
shorter than the tube ; scales large, confluent at the base ; capsule globose, 
brown. — Low shady places, on coarse herbs, Florida, and northward. Au- 
gust - Oct. 

7. C. rostrata, Shuttl. Stem twining high; flowers large, 5-parted, in 
umbel-like cymes ; lobes of the calyx ovate, obtuse ; lobes of the corolla ovate, 
obtuse, spreading and at length reflexed, half as long as the tube ; scales con- 
nate at the base ; capsule large, acute. — Shaded moist places on tall herbs, 
on the mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 

* * Flowers sessile, in compact clusters : calyx of 5 separate sepals, surrounded 
hy several similar bracts: corolla persistent at the apex of the capsule. 

8. C. COmpacta, Juss. Stems climbing high; bracts and sepals orbicu- 
lar, concave, denticulate, imbricated ; tube of the corolla equalling or longer 
than the calyx, the oblong obtuse lobes spreading; scales confluent at the 
base ; capsule globose-ovate. — Damp shady places, Florida, and northward. 
July - Oct. — Clusters often continuous, and spirally coiled around herbs and 
shrubs. 

9. C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, the dense clusters' of flowers 
forming rope-like masses ; bracts and sepals recurved-spreading ; lobes of the 
corolla oblong, obtuse, much shorter than the tube ; styles longer than the 
ovary. — Tennessee, and westward, mostly on tall Compositse. 



POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 333 

Order 93. f^OLEMONIACE^^E. (Polemonium Family). 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and regular solitary 
or cymose flowers. — Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted, with membranaceous- 
margined lobes, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-lobed, convolute in 
the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 3- 
celled, with 3 to many amphitropous ovules attached to the central pla- 
centa. Style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds 
angular. Embryo straight in the axis of copious albumen. Cotyle- 
dons leafy. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

1. PHLOX. Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequally inserted on the tube. Leaves entire. 

2. GILIA. CoroUa tubular-funnel-shaped. Filaments equally inserted near the throat of 

the corolla. Leaves pinnately divided. 

3. POLEMONIUM. Corolla short-bell-shaped. Filaments inserted on the throat of the 

corolla. Leaves pinnate. 

1. PHLOX, L. 

Calyx cylindrical or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, with a long 
and slender tube, and obovate or roundish lobes. Stamens 5, included, un- 
equally inserted on the tube. Style filiform. Ovules solitary in the cells. 
Capsule ovoid, 1 - 3-seeded ; the valves at length separating from the central 
placenta. Seeds erect. — Mostly perennial herbs, Avith opposite or (the upper) 
alternate entire leaves, and showy purple or white flowers in terminal pani- 
cled cymes. 

§ 1. Stems herbaceous, erect or ascending. 

* Style long , filiform : calyx teeth lanceolate-subulate, not awn-pointed {except in 
No. 1) : lobes of the corolla entire. 

1. P. paniculata, L. Smooth; stem tall, branched above ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the upper often cordate; cymes numerous, 
close-fiowered, forming a corymbose or pyramidal panicle ; calyx teeth long, 
bristle-pointed ; lobes of the corolla round-obovate. — Var. acuminata. Leaves 
acuminate at each end, the lower surface, like the stem, pubescent ; calyx 
lobes shorter. — Rich woods in the upper districts. June -July. — Stem 
2° -4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla purple or white. 

2. P. maculata, L. Stem erect, pubescent and roughish, especially 
above, rarely branched, often spotted with purple ; leaves rather rigid, lanceo- 
late, acute; the lowest often linear and elongated, the upper broader and 
rounded at the base ; cymes closely many-flowered, lateral and terminal, 
forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; calyx lobes straight, acute ; tube of 
the corolla slender, curved ; the lobes obovate. — Low woods. June - July. — 
Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Corolla purple or occasionally white. 

3. P. ovata, L. Smooth; stem (1° high) erect or ascending, sparingly 
branched ; leaves varying from ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the 
upper often rounded or slightly cordate at the base ; panicle corymbose, few- 
flowered ; calyx lobes lanceolate, short-acuminate. — Open woods in the upper 
districts. 



334 POLEMOXIACE^. (POLEMOXIUM FAMILY.) 

4. P. glaberrima, L. Smooth or nearly so throughout; stem erect, 
mostly siinj)le; leaves thin, the lowest mostly linear, the uppermost ovate- 
lanceolate ; calyx lol)es lanceolate-subulate, very acute ; corolla pale purple. 

— Dry open woods, chiefly in tlie upper districts. July. — Stem 2°- 4° high. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. ( 'on^lla 1' long. 

Var. suffruticosa, (iray. Stem scabrous, especially above, with short 
rigid hairs; leaves narrower and more rigid; corolla lobes round-obovate. — 
With the type. 

5. P. reptans, Michx. Pubescent or smoothisli ; stem low, simple, 
stoloniforous; leaves few, distant, lanceolate; the radicle and those on the 
stolons larger, spatulate or obovate ; cyme tcrnunal, few-flowered ; calyx lobes 
linear-subulate, much shorter than the spreading or recurved pedicels ; corolla 
lobes obovate, shorter than the slender straight tube ; anthers slightly exserted. 

— Damp shady woods in the upper districts. May- June. — Stem 6'- 10' 
high. Leaves 6'' -8" long, tho radical ones l'-3' long. Corolla 1' long, 
j)urple. 

6. P. Stellaria, Gray. Minutely pubescent ; stem slender, branching ; 
leaves linear, sprea^ling or recurved ; cymes mostly 3-flowered, the pedicels 
erect ; flowers small ; calyx lobes subulate ; lobes of tho corolla wedge-shaped, 
cleft to the middle, nearly equalling the tube, — Cedar glades, Tennessee ( Gat- 
tinger). May. — Stem 6' — 8' high. Leaves V - H' long. 

* * Style short, scarcely longer than the ovary : calyx teeth linear-subulate, tapering 
into on awn-like point : lobes of the corolla often notched: stems pubescent. 

7. P. divaricata, L. Softly pubescent and more or less glandular; 
stems ascending, simple ; leaves distant, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; cymes 
corymbose, loosely-flowered ; lobes of the corolla obovate, notched or entire, 
as long as the tube, and tmce as long as the calyx. — Woods and banks. 
April-Ma}'. — Stem 1° high. Leaves V-lY long. Corolla 6"-9'" long, 
pale bluish purple. 

8. P, amoena, Sims. Softly pubescent or villous ; stem low, ascending, 
simple ; leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; the lower ones approximate, the upper 
di.stant and often alternate ; cymes terminal, compact, leafy-bracted ; corolla 
tube longer than the obovate lobes, and twice as long as the straight barely 
awned ciliate calyx teeth. — Dry gravelly hills and pine barrens. April - May. 

— Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves V long. Corolla bright purple, sometimes 
white, the tube 6"- 8" long. 

9. P. pilosa, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stem erect, mostly 
branching ; leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate, distant, acute ; cymes corym- 
bose ; calyx teeth prolonged into a long and spreading bristle-like point, 
hairy. — Dry woods. April -May. — Stem rather slender, 1°-1-|° high. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. Corolla i' long, purple. 

10. P. Ploridana, Benth. Stem erect, simple, closely pubescent ; 
leaves uniform, linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading or recurved ; cymes croAvded 
or corymbose; calyx teeth spreading, somewhat bristle-pointed, glandular- 
pubescent, a third to half as long as the tube of the large corolla. — Dry open 
woods. Middle Florida. May. — Stem H°-2° high. Leaves 2'-3' long. 
Corolla r broad, pale purple, the lobes round-obovate and entire. 



GENTIANACE^. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) 335 

§ 2. Stems shrubby, tufted, creeping : leaves subulate, rigid, leafy in the axils: 

style short. 

11. P. SUbulata, L. Pubescent ; flowering stems erect ; leaves very nu- 
merous, the upper ones linear and mostly alternate ; calyx teeth subulate, 
erect, spine-pointed ; lobes of the corolla notched or entire. (P. setacea, 
Z. ?) — Sandy pine barrens. April -May. — Stems 4'- 12' long. Leaves 
4" -6" long. Corolla i'-l' broad, purple or white. 

P. DRU3IMONDII, Hook., IS au annual species, common in gardens. 

2. GILIA, Ruiz & Pavon. 

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens inserted equally near the mouth of the corolla. Ovules commonly 
numerous in the cells. Capsule oblong or obovoid. Seeds angled or com- 
pressed. — Herbs, with finely divided leaves and showy flowers. 

1. G. COronopifolia, Pers. Stem tall, simple, pubescent; leaves pin- 
nately divided into many filiform segments ; flowers scarlet, racemose or 
panicled; corolla tubular-funnel-shaped; stamens exserted. — Dry sandy 
soil, South Carolina, and westward. July. (2) — Stem 2° - 4° high. Corolla 
1' long, yellow and spotted with red within. 

3. POLEMONIUM, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla short-bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 
declined, inserted equally on the throat of the corolla, with a hairy appendage 
at the base of the filaments. Ovules numerous in the cells. Capsule ovoid. 
Seeds angled. — Herbs, with alternate pinnately divided leaves, and blue or 
white flowers in a nearly bractless corymb. 

1. P. reptanSjL. Smooth; stem weak, diffusely branched ; leaves peti- 
oled, pinnate, with 5-13 lanceolate or elliptical entire leaflets ; corymbs pedun- 
cled, few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; calyx lobes ovate, acute ; corolla blue ; 
anthers white. — Shady woods in the upper districts. April -May. 2/ — 
Stem ^° - 1° high. Leaflets Y - W ^ong. Calyx enlarged in fruit. 



Order 94. GE]SrTIA]S"ACE^E. (Gentian Family.) 

Chiefly smooth and bitter herbs, with colorless juice, opposite en- 
tire partly sheathing exstipulate leaves, and regular often showy 
flowers. — Calyx 4 - 12-parted, or 4 - 1 2-cleft. Corolla 4 - 12-lobed, 
convolute, rarely valvate or imbricated in the bud, hypogynous. 
Stamens alternate with the lobes of the corolla, and inserted on its 
tube : anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, with numerous anatropous 
ovules. Stigmas 1-2. Capsule 1-celled, or imperfectly 2-4-celled 
by the introversion of the margins of the valves, septicidally 2-valved. 
Placentae parietal. Seeds numerous. Embryo minute, in the axis of 
fleshy albumen. 



336 GEXTIANACE.^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

* Corolla convolute, or (in Obolaria) imbricated in the bud. Testa membranaceous. — 

Leaves sessile. 

1. SABBATIA. Style conspicuous, deciduous. Stigmas linear, twi,sted. Corolla wheel- 

shaped, 5 - 1'2-parted. 

2. EUSTOMA. Style conspicuous, persistent. Stigmas roundisli, fiat. Corolla tubular, 

4 - 5-paited. 

3. GENTIANA. Stigmas sessile, flat, persistent. Corolla bell shaped or funnel-form, 

4 - H-lobed, mostly with plaited appendages between the lobes. 

4. BARTONIA. Calyx and corolla 4-lob(;d. Stigmas ses.sile. Leaves scale-like. 
r>. VOYRIA. Stigma capitate. Corolla salver-shaped. Stem white, scaly. 

G. OBOLARIA. Calyx 2-leaved. Corolla 4-lobed, imbricated in the bud. 

7. FRASERA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes with a large depressed gland in 

the middle. 

* * Corolla folded in the bud. Testa woody. Petioles elongated. 

8. LIMNANTHEMUM. Leaves floating, cordate. Flowers clustered on the petiole. 

1. SABBATIA, Adan.s. American Centaury. 

Calyx .5 - 12-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5 - 12-parted, withering-persist- 
ent. Stamens 5-12, inserted on the throat of the corolla: anthers sagittate, 
mostly recurved. Style conspicuous : stigmas linear or oblong, twisted. 
Capsule globose, 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Annual or biennial Ijrancli- 
ing lierbs, with cymose or panicled white or purple showy flowers. 
* Calyx and corolla mostly 5-parted. 

•t- Flowers in corymbose cymes, white, turning yelloivish : branches opposite. 

1. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem tall, terete below, 4-angled and 
corymbosely branched above ; leaves ovate or roundish, 3 - 5-nerved, clasping, 
the upper lanceolate ; cymes many-flowered ; lobes of the corolla (often 6) 
obovate-oblong, twice as long as the filiform calyx lobes. (S. corymbosa, 
Baldw.) — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stem 2°- 
3° high. Leaves T- H' long ; the lowest small. Corolla 10" wide. 

2. S. panieulata, Pursh. Stem virgate, wing-angled throughout, com- 
monly much branched from the base ; leaves clasping, lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
the upper and floral ones linear, the lowest tufted, oblong-obovate ; cymes 
densely few-flowered, leafy ; lobes of the corolla obovate, one third longer 
than the linear calyx lobes. — Low grassy meadows, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. August. — Stem 9'- 18' high. Leaves ^' - V long. Corolla -J' wide. 

3. S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous ; stem terete, corymbosely 
branched above ; leaves thick, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, clasping, 3-5- 
nerved ; cymes large, flat-topped ; corolla small, the lobes thrice as long as 
the very short bristle-like calyx lobes. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, and west- 
ward. July -August. — Stem rigid, hollow, 2° -2^° high. Leaves l-J'-3' 
long. Corolla 5" - 6'' wide. 

-I--1- Flowers in panicled cymes, purple: branches opposite. 

4. S. angularis, Pursh. Stem square, wing-angled, erect, paniculately 
much branched ; leaves numerous, ovate, clasping, 3 - 5-nerved, often as long 
as the joints, the upper acute ; lobes of the corolla oblong, about twice as long 



GENTIANACE.E. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 337 

as the linear calyx lobes. — Low rich groimds. August. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves V -H' long. Corolla T wide. 

5. S. braehiata, Ell. Stem erect, terete, paniculately branched near 
the summit ; leaves sessile, lanceolate, the upper linear, acnte, the lowest 
clustered ; flowers in small loose peduncled cymes, terminating the branches, 
and forming an oblong or pyramidal panicle ; lobes of the corolla narrowly 
oblong, twice as long as the linear calyx lobes. — Low grounds in the middle 
and upper districts. July -August. — Stem 2° high. Leaves T long. Co- 
rolla 1' wide. 

^_ H_ 4_ Flowers scattered, on long peduncles, ivhite or purple : branches 
alternate. 

6. S. EUiottii, Steud. Stem low, terete, paniculately much branched 
from near the base, the branches diffuse ; leaves small, sessile ; the lowest 
obovate, the upper linear ; lobes of the corolla 3-4 times as long as the short 
filiform calyx lobes. (S. paniculata. Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to 
South Carolina. August -Sept. — Stems ^°-H° high. Leaves 3"- 6" 
long. Corolla 8"- 10" wide, white. 

7. S. gracilis, Pursh. Stem slightly 4-angled, erect or reclining, diffuse, 
the branches 1 - 3-flowered ; leaves linear or oblong-linear, the uppermost 
almost filiform ; flowers terminating the short branchlets ; lobes of the corolla 
obovate-obloug, rather longer than the filiform calyx lobes. — Low grassy 
pine barrens and meadows. July -August. — Stem slender, l°-l^°long. 
Leaves T- H' long. Corolla 12'' - 15" wide, purple. 

8. S. stellaris, Pursh. Stem obscurely 4-angled, slender, paniculately 
long-branched ; leaves somewhat fleshy, the lowest lanceolate or oblong, ob- 
tuse, the upper linear, acute ; flowers on very long peduncles ; lobes of the 
corolla oblong, longer than the filiform calyx lobes. — Salt marshes. Au- 
gust-Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves V-2' long. Peduncles V-4' 
long. Corolla 1^' wide, purple. 

9. S. calycosa, Pursh. Stem low, terete; leaves thin, lanceolate or ob- 
long, obtuse, narrowed at the base, the lowest petioled ; flowers few ; corolla 
white, 5 - 7-lobed, shorter than the lanceolate leafy calyx lobes. — River 
swamps. July- August. — Stem 6'- 12' high, rigid. Leaves l'-l|' long. 
Corolla 8"- 10" wide. 

* * Cali/x and corolla 7 -l2-parted : Jloivers purple. 

10. S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem erect, terete, simple, or 1-2-forking, 
1 - 5-flowered ; leaves lanceolate, sessile, uniform, or the lowest spatulate- 
oblong and the upper linear, acute; corolla large, 8-12- (mostly 10-) parted, 
commonly more than twice as long as the linear or subulate calyx lobes. — 
Margins of pine barren ponds and swamps. July- August. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves V long. Corolla li'-3' wide. 

11. S. Boykinii, Gray. Stem mostly simple, somewhat angled; leaves 
lanceolate oljlong, or the lowest elliptical; flowers single or 3-7 in a terminal 
capitate cluster, sessile and 2-bracted; corolla 8-9-parted, much longer than 
the oblong-lanceolate calyx lobes. — Middle Georgia [Dr. Boykin). — Stem 
1° high. Leaves T- 2' long. Corolla 1|° wide, 

22 



338 GENTIANACE^. (gEXTIAX FAMILY.) 

1:^. S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem erect, simple, slemler; lowest leaves 
lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base ; the others long, linear, sessile ; 
flowers large, in axillary and terminal clusters, or terminal and solitary ; 
corolla 8 - lO-parted, 2 - ;j times as long as the subulate calyx lobes; anthers 
straight. — Low pine Ijurrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. July -Au- 
gust. — Stem l°-2'^ high. Leaves l^'-S' long. Corolhi 2' wide. 

2. EUSTOMA, Don. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 4-.'3-parted, sharply 4-5-angled; the lobes subulate, 
keeled. Corolla tubular, 4- 5-lobed, the lobes erect, acute. Stamens 4 -.5: 
antliers sagittate. Style conspicuous, erect, persistent : stigmas round-ovate. 
Capsule oblong, obtuse. l*lacentaj spongy, sutural. Seeds minute, globose, 
sessile. — IIerI>s, with oblong glaucous clasping leaves, and pauicled showy 
puride or bluo (lowers. 

1. E. exaltatum, Gri.seb. Stem (2° -.3° high) terete, glaucous, panicu- 
Ifitely forking above ; leaves mucronate, decurrent, the upper lanceolate ; 
flowers long-peduncled, terminal, blue ; calyx lobes as long as the tube of the 
corolla, dilated and membranaceous at the base. — South Florida. \l) — 
Corolla 12"- 15'' long. 

3. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gextian. 

Calyx 4 - 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 4 - .5-lobed, mostly 
with plaited toothed appendages between the lobes. Stamens 4-5. Stigmas 
2, sessile, compressed, persistent. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; 
the seeds sutural, or covering the inner face of the valves. — Flowers showy, 
solitary or clustered, axillary and terminal. 

* Annual : corolla funnel-shaped, destitute of appendages : anthers versatile: 

capsule sessile : seeds wingless. 

1. G. quinqueflora, Lam. Stem 4-angled, slender, branching ; leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, slightly clasping at the base, 3 - 5-nerved ; flowers 
3 - 5, terminating the short branches ; corolla blue, rather slender, with ovate 
bristle-pointed entire lobes, much longer than the subulate calyx lobes. — Dry 
soil along the mountains, August - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves V long. 
Corolla 1' long. 

2. G. crinita, Froel. Stemteretebelow, the upper j^ortion and branches 
4-angled ; leaves lanceolate, acute, closely sessile, the lowest narrowed into a 
petiole ; flowers terminal, on long angular peduncles ; calyx lobes 4, ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, as long as the tube of the corolla; lobes of the corolla 4, 
fimbriate, nearly as long as the tube. — Damp soil along'the mountains. 
Oct. -Nov. — Stem l°-2° high, often much branched. Leaves I' -2' long. 
Corolla blue, l^'-2' long. 

* * Perennial : corolla bell-shaped, with plaited toothed appendages between the 

lobes: anthers erect, mostly connivent: capsule stipitate: seeds commonly 
winged. 

3. G. OChroleuca, Froel. Stem low, smoothish ; leaves oblong or 
obovate-oblong, the upper narrower and acute; flowers single or clustered; 



GENTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.) 339 

corolla open, yellowish white, a third to half longer than the erect linear 
lanceolate calyx lobes ; appendages nearly entire ; seeds wingless. — Open 
woods. Sept. -Oct. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla 1^' long, striped within 
with green and purple veins. Anthers separate. 

4. G. EUiottii, Chaprn. Stem rough and slightly pubescent; leaves 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate ; flowers single or clustered ; calyx lobes linear- 
lanceolate, twice as long as the tube ; corolla large, open, blue, striped within 
with yellow and deeper blue ; appendages 2-cleft ; seeds lanceolate, narrowly 
winged, covering the entire inner face of the valves. (G. Catesbsei, Ell.) — 
Banks of streams and ditches in the lower and middle districts. Oct. — Stem 
l°-l|°high. Corolla 1^' long. 

Var. parvifolia, Chapm. Stem tall (2° high), slender; leaA^es short (i' - 
r long, sessile, ovate or oblong-uvate, rounded or cordate at the base, rigid; 
calyx lobes erect, lanceolate ; appendages of the corolla broad, unequally 
2-cleft, fimbriate. — Swamps, near the coast, Georgia and Florida. — Corolla 
2' long. 

Var.? latifolia, Chapm. Stem low (6'- 12' high), rigid; leaves (2'- 3' 
long) membranaceous, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute at each end; calyx lobes 
linear, shorter than the tube, spreading ; appendages of the corolla equally 
divided into two slender bristle pointed nearly entire lobes. — River banks, 
Middle Florida. — Corolla T- H' long. 

5. G. Saponaria, L. Stem smooth ; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the 
base ; calyx lobes linear or spatulate, about as long as the tube ; corolla light 
blue ; the lobes short and broad, obtuse, erect, or converging, barely longer 
than the 2-cleft minutely-toothed appendages ; seeds acute, narrowly winged, 
covering the valves. (G. Catesbeei, Walt.) — Moist woods in the upper dis- 
tricts. Sept. - Oct. — Flowers clustered. 

6. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Stem smooth (l°-2° high); leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, narrowed at the base ; flowers clustered, axillary and termi- 
nal; calyx lobes ovate, spreading, shorter than the tube; corolla (T long) 
club-shaped, inflated, closed ; the broad rounded lobes shorter than the slightly 
toothed appendages ; capsule at length partly exserted ; seeds broadlj' winged. 

— Mountains of North Carolina. Sept. - Oct. 

7. G. angUStif Olia, Michx. Stem low, smooth, 1-flowered ; leaves lin- 
ear, fleshy ; calyx lobes linear, erect, half as long as the corolla ; corolla large, 
bright blue, the lobes ovate, twice as long as the broad toothed appendages. 

— Varies with the corolla green without and white within. — Low pine bar- 
rens, Florida to North Carolina. Nov. -Dec. — Stem 4'- 10' high. Corolla 
2' long. Capsule long-exserted. 

4. BARTONIA, Muhl. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla 4-parteJ. Stamens 4 : anthers small. Stigmas 
sessile. Capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, septicidal. Seeds covering the inner sur- 
face of the valves. — Small annual herbs, with erect filiform stems, scale-like 
subulate leaves, and white flowers. 

1. B. verna, Muhl. Stem (2'- 6' high) simple or sparingly branched, 
succulent, few-flowered ; calyx lobes lanceolate-subulate, one third as long as 



C40 GEXTIAXACE.E. (gEXTIAX FAMILY.) 

the oljloiig or obovate ohtuse sjjrcadiiig wliite lobes of tlie corolla; antliers 
oblong ; capsule ruumlisli. — Damp pine barrens near the coast. Feb. -April. 
2. B. tenella, Muiil. iStem (6'- 12' high) branched; the branches, like 
the leaves, opposite or alternate, many-flowered ; calyx lobes subulate, as long 
as the tube of the greenish white corolla; lobes of the corolla erect, acute; 
anthers globose ; cajjsule oblong-lauceolate. — Swamps. Sept. - (Jet. — Flow- 
ers much smaller tlian in No. 1 . 

5. VOYRIA, Aubl. 

Calyx .'3-cleft. Corolla salver-iorm. Stamens included: anthers erect. 
Style persistent : stigma capitate. Capsule 2-celled. Seeds on the margin 
of the introflexed valves, usually tailed at each end. — Colorless herbs, grow- 
ing on rotten wood. Leaves scale-like. Flowers terminal. 

I. V. Mexicana, Griseh. Stem simple; scales opposite; cymes few- 
flowered ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute ; corolla small, the lobes shorter than 
the tube; seeds tailed. — Keys of South Florida (C'urtiss). — Stem 4' -6' 
high. Corolla 3" -4" long. 

6. OBOLARIA, L. 

Calyx of 2 spatulate bract-like sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-cleft, imbri- 
cated in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers round-cordate. Style short : stigma 
2-lipped. Capsule ovoid, 1-celled. Seeds numerous, covering the valves. — A 
low sparingly branched pereimial herb, with opposite wedge-obovate leaves, 
and single or clustered axillary and terminal purplish flowers. 

1 . O. Virginica, L. — Rich shady woods in the upper districts. March - 
April. — Plant smooth, purplish, 3' - 8' high. Branches generally 3-flowered. 

7. FRASERA, Walt. American Columbo. 

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, the lobes each with a de- 
pressed fringed gland on the upper face. Stamens 4 : anthers nodding. 
Style persistent : stigmas spreading. Capsule compressed. Seeds few, large, 
winged, borne on the margins of the valves. — Tall smooth perennial herbs, 
with whorled or opposite sessile leaves and branches, and cymes of greenish 
yellow flowers, disposed in a large terminal panicle. 

1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Stem (3°-8° high) erect; leaves and 
branches mostly four in a whorl, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate ; panicle 
pyramidal; corolla lobes oblong, mucronate, dotted with purple. — Rich soil 
in the upper districts. July. — Lowest leaves 1° long. Corolla 1' wide. 
Root large. 

8. LIMISTANTHEMUM, Gmel. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla Avheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes infolded in the 
bud, ciliate, and glandular-crested at the base. Stamens 5. Style short or 
none : stigma 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule 1-celled, opening irregularly. 
Seeds few or many. Testa woody. — Perennial aquatic herbs, with floating 
circular or cordate spongy leaves, and white peduncled flowers clustered near 
the summit of the long petiole. 



APOCYNACE^. (dogbane FAMILY.) 341 

1. L. laeunosum, Griseb. Leaves (r- 2' wide) cordate, entire, smooth; 
petioles (6' -12' long) filiform; seeds smooth. — Shallow ponds, Florida, and 
northward . June - July. 

2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. Leaves (3' -5' wide) circular, crenate, 
rough and pitted beneath ; petioles stout, dotted, elongated ; seeds glandular- 
roughened. — Ponds in deej) water. April - June. 



Order 95. APOCYISTACE^]. (Dogbane Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with acrid milky juice, mostly opposite entire ex- 
stipulate leaves, and regular cymose or panicled flowers. — Calyx free, 
5-parted, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Corolla bell-shaped, fun- 
nel-shaped, or salver-form, 5-lobed, convolute in the bud. Stamens 5, 
distinct, inserted on the tube of the corolla: anthers mostly sagittate, 
erect, introrse. Pollen granular. Ovaries 2, distinct, their styles 
united. Fruit few -many-seeded. Seeds an atropous or amphitropous, 
naked, or bearing a tuft of down at the apex {comose). Embryo 
straight in scarce albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Fruit a many-seeded follicle. 
•I- Seeds comose. Leaves opposite. 

1. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, with scale-like appendages at the base of the lobes. 

Herbs. 

2. ECHITES. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Stamens inserted above the base of the 

corolla. 

•f- •<- Seeds naked. Leaves opposite or alternate. 

3. AMSONIA. Corolla funnel-shaped. Flowers panicled. Leaves alternate. 

4. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped. Flowers axillary. Leaves opposite. 

* * Fruit a few-seeded drupe. 

5. VALLESIA. CoroUa salver-shaped. Leaves alternate. Flowers in cjTnes. 

1. APOCYWITM, Tourn. Indian Hemp. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, with scale-like appendages at 
the base of the lobes. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla : anthers 
sagittate. Stigma sessile, 2-lobed. Follicles long and slender. Seeds nu- 
merous, obovoid, comose. — Perennial erect branching herbs, with opposite 
oval or oblong mucronate petioled leaves, and small white flowers in lateral 
and terminal cymes. 

1. A. eannabinum, L. Stem smooth, with erect branches ; leaves oval 
or oblong, mucronate, pubescent beneath ; cymes terminal, close-flowered, 
shorter than the leaves ; calyx lobes lanceolate ; lobes of the greenish white 
corolla erect. — Var. glaberrimum. Smooth throughout ; leaves narrower, 
often acute at each end. — Dry or damp soil. July - August. — Stem 2°- 3° 
high. Leaves 2^-3' long. Corolla 2'' long. 

2. A. androssemifolium, L. Stem smooth, with spreading branches ; 
leaves oval or ovate, smooth, or pubescent beneath ; cymes axillary and termi- 



342 APOCYNACE^. (dogbane FAMILY.) 

nal, long-peduiicled, commouly exceeding the leaves, loose-flowered; calvx 
lobes ovate ; lobes of the white or pale rose-colored corolla spreading or revo- 
lute. — liicb soil, North Carolina, and northward. June- July. — ISteni 2° -3° 
higii. Corolla twice as large as in No. 1. 

2. ECHITES, V. lirowne. 

Calyx 5-])artod, with 3-5 glands at the base witliin. Corolla salver- or 
funiiel-shai)ed, 5-lobed ; the tube dilated aljove the in.sertion of the stamens. 
Filaments very short: antliers sagittate, bearing the pollen, and adhering to 
the stigma in the middle. Nectary of 5 distinct or partly united glands. 
Style simple : stigma thick, with a spreading membranous appendage at the 
base. Follicles long and slender. Seeds linear-oblong, como.se or pluiuose. 
— Mostly woody vines, with opposite leaves, and cymose axillary and ter- 
minal flowers. 

1. E. umbellata, Jac(j. Smooth; stem twining; leaves distant, oval, 
mucronate, slightly cordate; peduncles 3-7-flowered; calyx lobes ovate, 
acuminate ; corolla cylindrical, pubescent within ; anthers awnless; stan)ens 
inserted near the middle of tiie tube ; follicles divaricate. — South Florida. — 
Leaves 1^-'- 2' long, recurved and folded. Flowers white, 2' long. 

2. E. Andrewsii, Chapm. Smooth ; stem low, erect or twining ; leaves 
approximate, oval or oblong, the margins revolute ; peduncles 3 - 5-flowered ; 
calyx lobes lanceolate-subulate ; corolla bell-sliaped ; anthers awned ; glands 
of the nectary 5, rounded, as long as the ovaries ; follicles incurved. (E. sub- 
erecta, ^nc^r.) — Sandy shores, South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 
1^'- 2' long. Corolla 2' long, yellow. 

3. E. paludosa, Vahl. Smooth, twining or floating, leaves oblong or 
lanceolate, thick, short-petioled ; peduncles as long as the leaves, 1 - 3-flowered ; 
calyx lobes oblong, acute ; corolla 2' long, funnel-shaped, white ; follicles fusi- 
form ; seeds linear, plumose. — Muddy islets of the Caloosa River, South 
Florida. Oct. — Stem long. Leaves 3' -4' long. 

4. E. Sagrsei, A. DC. Smooth, erect, very leafy ; leaves from oval to 
linear-lanceolate, acute, rigid, the margins revolute ; peduncles much longer 
than the leaves, racemosely several-flowered, the long pedicels single or by 
pairs ; calyx lobes acuminate ; corolla yellow, bell-shaped, with spreading 
lobes ; anthers obtuse ; seeds plumose. — Rocky places, Miami, South Florida 
(Garher). — Stem 1° high. Leaves and corolla T long. 

5. E. difformis, Walt. Leaves ovate lanceolate to linear, acuminate, 
narrowed into a petiole, smooth, or, like the branchlets, pubescent w^hen 
young; cymes spreading, as long as the leaves; flowers greenish. (Tra- 
chelospermum, Grai/. Forsteronia, A. DC ) —River banks, Florida to North 
Carolina. May- August. — Stem twining, 10°-15°high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 
Corolla 4" long. Follicles linear, 6'- 9' long. 

3. AMSONIA, Walt. 

Calyx small, 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, bearded within. Sta- 
mens inserted above the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, obtuse. Stigma 



ASCLEPIADACE^. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 343 

globose, surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane. Follicles slender. Seeds 
iu a single row, terete, truncated at each end, naked. — Erect branching 
perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small pale blue flowers in a ter- 
' niinal panicle. 

1. A. Tabernsemontana, Walt. Stem smooth, branching above; 
leaves ovate, ovate lanceolate, or lanceolate, glaucous beneath, short-petioled ; 
tube of tlie corolla slender, smooth, or woolly above ; follicles spreading. — 
Swamps and wet banks. May -June. — Stem 2° high. Leaves T- 4' long, 
often slightly pubescent beneath. Panicle open or contracted. Follicles 
4' -6'' long. 

2. A. ciliata, Walt. Stem hairy, at length much branched above ; leaves 
very numerous, linear or linear-lanceolate, fringed on the margins ; corolla 
smooth. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. April - May. — Stem 
at length 2° -3° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla pale blue or white. 

4. VINCA, L. Periwinkle. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed, thickened or angular at the 
throat, the narrow tube hairy within. Anthers oblong, longer than the fila- 
ments. Glands 2, alternating with the ovaries. Style slender : stigma thick, 
with an inverted cup-shaped membrane at the base. Follicles 2, linear, erect. 
Seeds oblong, rough, naked. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with opposite short- 
petioled leaves, and axillary mostly solitary showy flowers. 

1. V. rosea, L. Shrubby, pubescent; stem erect, branching; leaves 
oblong ; flowers solitary or in pairs ; corolla white or pale rose-color. — 
Waste ground. Introduced. 

5. VALLESIA, Ruiz & Pavon. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens inserted on the 
throat of the corolla : anthers cordate-ovate, longer than the slender filaments. 
Nectary none. Ovaries 4-ovuled. Stigma club-shaped., Drupe mostly soli- 
tary, obovoid, 1 - 2-seeded. Seeds naked, club-shaped, furrowed. Radicle 
thick, inferior. — Shrubs. Leaves alternate. Cymes long-peduncled, oppo- 
site the leaves. 

1. V. glabra, Cdv. Smooth; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute at each end, 
short-petioled ; cymes as long as the leaves, many-flowered ; lobes of the 
corolla linear, shorter than the tube, hairy within ; style slender ; stigma 2- 
lobed, globose below the apex. — South Florida. — Leaves li'-2' long. 
Corolla 3''^ long. Drupe 4" long, 1-seeded. 



Order 96. ASCLEPIADACE^E. (Milkweed Family.) 

Erect or twining herbs or shrubs, with milky juice, entire commonly 
opposite leaves without stipules, and umbellate or cymose flowers. — 
Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-parted, mostly valvate in the 
bud, hypogynous, deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the 



344 A SCLEPI ADAGES. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 

corolla, the filanieiits united in a tube (gynosteglum) which encloses 
the ovaries, and bears appendages of various forms, which are collect- 
ively termed the stamlneal crown. Anthers erect, 2-4-celled, expand- 
ing above into a thin membrane. Pollen united in flattened waxy 
pear-shaped masses, which are equal in number to the cells of the 
anthers, and fixed to the five angular processes of the st'igma by a 
slender stalk, pendulous or horizontal. Styles 2, the thick and fleshy 
stigma common to both. Fruit a follicle. Seeds anatropous, imbri- 
cated on the thick at length free placenta, and commonly bearing at 
the hilum a tuft of hairs (coma). Embryo straight in thin allmmen. 
Cotyledons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe I. ASCIiEPIADE^. Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs to the cleft processes 
of the flat or conical stigma, pendulous. 

* Stamineal crown single, 5-leaved. 
+- Lobes of the corolla reflexed. 

1. ASCLEPIAS. Leaves of the crown enclosing a horn-like appendage. 

2. ACERATES. Leaves of the crown without appendages. 

1- •)- Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading. 
++ Stem erect. 

3. PODOSTIGMA. Lobes of the corolla erect. Stigma long-pedicelled. 

4. ANANTHERIX. Lobes of the corolla spreading. Crown arching over the stigma. 

5. ASCLEPIODORA. Lobes of the corolla spreading. Crown ascending. 

■H- ++ Stem twining. 
= Herbaceous. 

6. ENSLENIA. Leaves of the crown deeply cleft. 

7. METASTELMA. Leaves of the crown entire. 

= = Woody or fruticose. 

8. SEUTERA. Stem fruticose. Stigma conical. 

9. AMPHISTELMA. Stems woody. Stigma flat. 

* * Stamineal crown double. 
10. PHILIBERTIA. Exterior crown annular ; the interior 5-leaved. 

Tribe IT. GONOLOBE^. Pollen-masses 10, fixed by pairs at the angles of the 
depressed stigma, horizontal. 
U. GONOLOBUS. Crown simple, annular. Stems twining. Leaves cordate. 

1. ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed, Silkweed. 

Calyx .5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, deeply 5-parted, reflexed. Crown 
composed of 5 hooded leaves, each containing an incurved horn-like appendage. 
Pollen-masses 10, by pairs, each pair occupying the contiguous cells of ad- 
jacent anthers, and suspended by a slender stalk from the projecting angles 
of the stigma. Follicle many-seeded. Seeds obovate, flat, usnally comose. — 
Perennial herbs, with mostly simple (not twining) stems, and opposite alter- 
nate or whorled leaves. Flowers in lateral (between the leaves) and terminal 
umbels. 



ASCLEPI ADAGES. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 345 

* Leaves opposite. 
-t- Cordate. 

1. A. Cornuti, Decaisne. Softly pubescent; stem stout, erect; leaves 
oval-oblong ; umbels numerous, many-liowered, loug-peduncled ; corolla green- 
ish purple ; leaves of the crown pale purple, ovate, obtuse, longer than the 
incurved horn ; follicle ovate-oblong, woolly, armed with soft spines. — Fields 
and roadsides. North Carolina ( Croom), and northward. June - July. — Stem 
3° - 4° high. Leaves 4' - 8' long. Corolla Y wide. 

2. A. rubra, L. Smooth ; stem naked at the summit ; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; umbels single, or 1 - 3 in a terminal cluster, few- 
flowered ; corolla reddish purple ; leaves of the crown oblong, acute, purplish, 
barely longer than the subulate incurved horn, twice as long as the short- 
stalked gynostegium ; follicle smooth. — Wet pine barrens, Georgia, and 
northward. June - July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

3. A. obtusifolia, Michx. Smooth and somewhat glaucous; stem 
erect; leaves oblong, undulate, partly clasping; umbels 1-3, long-peduncled, 
many -flowered ; corolla greenish purple; leaves of the crown truncated and 
somewhat toothed at the apex, rather longer than the gynostegium, much 
shorter than the subulate incurved horn ; follicle smooth. — Sandy soil. 
June - July. — Stem 2° - 3" high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Corolla lobes 3'' long. 

4. A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Smooth and glaucous ; stem decumbent, 
very leafy ; leaves large, fleshy, ovate, clasping, white-veined ; umbels 3-6, 
many-flowered ; corolla ash-color ; leaves of the crown oval, obtuse, white, 
longer than the gynostegium, and the nearly straight horn. — Dry sandy pine 
barrens in the lower districts. April -May. — Stems several, l°-2° Jong. 
Leaves 4' - 5' long. 

-1- 4- Leaves contracted into a petiole. 

+-I- Oval, oblong, or obovate. 
.5. A. phytolaceoid.es, Pursh. Stem tall, smooth; leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, tapering at each end, paler beneath, membranaceous ; um- 
bels 2-4, long-peduncled, many-flowered; pedicels drooping; corolla pale 
greenish ; leaves of the crown white, truncated, 2-toothed, shorter than the 
subulate incurved horn. — Low grounds along the mountains. June - July. — 
Stem 3° - 5° high. Leaves 6' - 9' long. Pedicels 2' - 3' long. 

6. A. purpurascens, L. Stem smooth; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, 
short-petioled, paler and pubescent beneath ; umbels 1-2, many-flowered ; 
corolla dark purple ; leaves of the crown oblong, abruptly contracted above, 
twice as long as the incurved horn and nearly sessile gynostegium. — Thickets 
and borders of woods, Tennessee, North Carolina, and northward. June- 
July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 4' -7' long. Pedicels 9'' -15'' long, 
pubescent. 

7. A. variegata, L. Stem stout, leafless below, pubescent in lines; 
leaves oval, oblong, or obovate, smooth ; umbels 3-5, pubescent, closely flow- 
ered, the upper ones corymbose; corolla white ; leaves of the crown roundish, 
longer than the purplish gynostegium, equalling the thick awl-pointed incurved 
horn. — Dry open Avoods and borders of fields. May -June. — Stem 2° -3° 
high, purplish. Leaves rather thick, 2' -3' long. Peduncles 9''- 12" long. 



346 ASCLEPIADACEzE. (MILKWEED FAMILY.) 

8. A- incarnata, L., var. pulchra, Peis. Haiiy; stem erect, branch- 
iij^; le;i\(s uljloiiy or obloug-laiicecjlaU;, acute, uearly se.ssile; umbels uuiner- 
ous, somewljat corymbose, loiig-jjeduiicled, ofteu compound; corolla small, 
reddish i>urple; leaves of tlie.crowu fiesh-color, ovate, as loug as the sleuder 
incurved horns, and twice as long as tlie short-stalked gynostegium. — Swamps 
in the upper districts. June- July. — Stem 3° -4*^ high. Loaves 4' -6' long. 

*.). A. tomentosa, I'^ll. Tubescent or villous; stem stout, very leaiy ; 
leaves oblong or ol)long-lanceolate, undulate, al)ruptly short-j>etioled ; umbels 
4-10, alternate, nearly sessile, many-flowered ; pedicels three times as long as 
the large greenish corolla; leaves of the crown obovate, truncated, shorter 
than the gynostegium and the broad abruptly pointed erect horn. — Dry sandy 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. — Stem l°-4° high. 
Leaves 2' - 3' long. Pedicels T long. Corolla ^' wide. Follicles lanceolate, 
tomeutose, 4' -6' long. 

10. A. obovata, Kll. Tomeutose; stem stout, very leafy ; leaves uearly 
sessile, thick, oblong-oval or obovate, undulate; umbels nearly sessile, closely 
10-14-flowered ; corolla yellowisli green; leaves of the crown purplish, twice 
as long as the gynostegium, and equalling the incurved horn ; follicle tomen- 
tose. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June- 
July. — Stem l°-2° high. 

11. A. Curtissii, Gray. Stem puberulous (l°-3°high) ; leaves smooth, 
oval, 1^' long ; umbel solitary, terminal, short-peduucled, loosely few-flowered ; 
flowers yellowish green ; leaves of the crown somewhat hastate-lanceolate, 
erect, more thau twice as long as the gynostegium and the incurved horn ; 
anther wings very broad. — Eastern part of South Florida (Curtiss). 

■^ -M- Leaves lanceolate or linear. 

12. A. Simpsoni, Chapm. Stem pubescent ; leaves filiform ; umbels 2, 
few-flowered, the peduncles longer than the leaves; corolla T' long, Avhitish ; 
leaves of the crown obliquely truncate, as long as the slender-stiped gyno- 
stegium, and half as long as the filiform incurved horns ; anthers membrana- 
ceous. — Low pine barrens, Manatee, South Florida. 

13. A. cinerea, Walt. Stems erect, slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves 
narrowly linear; umbels 3-6, 5-7-flowered, the drooping pedicels longer 
than the peduncle ; floAvers ash-color ; leaves of the crown obliquely truncated, 
2-toothed at the inner angle, shorter than the gynostegium, longer than the 
thick horn; follicle smooth, linear. — Flat pine barrens, Florida to South 
Carolina. June -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla 
S'' - 4'' wide. Follicle 3' - 4' long. 

■ 14. A. viridula, Chapm. Stem slender, pubescent in lines ; leaves lin- 
ear, erect ; umbels shorter than the leaves, 6-1 2-flowered, the erect or spread- 
ing pedicels as long as the peduncle.; corolla yellowish green ; leaves of the 
crown oblong, spreading at the apex, rather longer than the erect subulate 
horn, and twice as long as the gynostegium ; follicle smooth, linear. — Pine 
barren swamps, West Florida. June -July. — Stem 10' -1.5' high. Leaves 
2' long. Corolla 3" wide. Follicle 3' long. Juice not milky. 

15. A. pauperCTlla, Michx. Stem smooth, tall; leaves elongated, lin- 
ear or linear-lanceolate, the upper small and remote ; umbels 2-5, corymbose, 



ASCLEPJADACE^ (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 347 

6- 10-flowered; corolla red; leaves of the crown oblong, erect, bright orange, 
more than twice as long as the subulate incurved horn, and the short-stalked 
gynostegium ; follicle lanceolate, minutely pubescent. — Marshes, Florida, and 
northward. June - July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Corolla 
3'' -4" long. 

16. A. Curassavica, L. Stem somewhat shrubby, branching, slightly 
pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, smooth ; umbels corymbose, long- 
peduncled, 8— 10-flowered, pubescent; corolla scarlet; leaves of the crown 
bright orange, oblong, erect, longer than the stalked gynostegium, shorter 
than the thick incurved horn ; follicle ovate-lanceolate, velvety. — South 
Florida. April -Nov. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla 
3" long. 

17. A. perennis, Walt. Stem branched, pubescent in lines, shrubby at 
the base; leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at each end; 
umbels 5-7, loug-peduncled, pubescent, the upper corymbose ; corolla small, 
white ; leaves of the crown spreading, half as long as the needle-shaped, erect 
horn; follicle ovate-lanceolate, smooth. — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida to 
South Carolina. June- August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2'— 4' long. 

+- ^- -1- -1- Upper and lower leaves mostly opposite, the middle ones whorled. 

18. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. Somewhat pubescent ; stem slender, simple ; 
leaves thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; umbels 2 — 5, many-flowered ; corolla 
pale pink ; leaves of the crown white, oblong, obtuse, twice as long as the 
gynostegium and stout horn. — Mountains of Carolina and Georgia. June - 
August. — Stem 1°- H° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

19. A. vertieillata, L. Stem slender, branching, pubescent; leaves 
narrowly linear, with the margins revolute, 4-5 in a whorl; umbels several; 
corolla greenish; leaves of the crown white, roundish, half as long as the 
slender incurved horn. — Open woods and fence-rows. July - Sept. — Stem 
2°-3°high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Follicle smooth. 

-f- -1- H— -1- -t- Leaves alternate, or the lowest opposite. 

20. A. tuberosa, L. Hirsute; stem erect or declining, widely branched 
above, very leafy; leaves from linear to oblong, short-petioled ; umbels nu- 
merous, corymbose; corolla yellowish orange; leaves of the crown bright 
orange, erect, oblong-lanceolate, twice as long as the gynostegium, and rather 
longer than the slender incurved horn. — Light dry soil, common. June- 
July. — Stem 1°- 2° long. 

21. A. angustifolia, Ell. Pubescent; stems several, prostrate ; leaves 
linear, erect, the lower ones mostly opposite ; umbels 1-3, terminal ; flowers 
gray and purple ; leaves of the crown ovate, spreading, as long as the subu- 
late horn, and longer than the gynostegium ; follicle long, linear-lanceolate,- 
tomentose. — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. April - 
May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Follicle 4' - 5' long. Flow- 
ers fragrant. 

2. ACERATES, Ell. 

Leaves of the crown destitute of a horn-like appendage. Otherwise like 
Asclepias. 



348 ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 

1. A. viridiflora, Kll. Pubescent ; stem stout, simple ; leaves from oval 
or oljuvaLc Li> lanceolate, uudulate ; umbels lateral and terminal, nearly ses- 
sile, densely many-flowered ; flowers small, greenish ; leaves of the crown 
oblong, erect, as long as the sessile gynostegium. — Dry sterile soil. June- 
July. — Stem 1"^ - 1 ^° high. Leaves 1^' - 2^' long. 

2. A. longifolia, Kll. Pubescent; stem terete; leaves linear and linear- 
lanceolate ; umljels slender-peduncled, many-flowered ; flowers small, pale 
purple; leaves of the crown deep purple, oval, shorter tlian the gynostegium, 
and adnate to its stalk ; follicle lanceolate, tonientose. — Low pine barrens. 
July. — IStem l°-\^° high. Leaves 3' - G' long. Cc^rolla 4'' wide. 

3. PODOSTIGMA, Kll. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, -with tlie lobes erect. Leaves of the 
crown destitute of a horn, ascending, incurved-beaked at the apex, united 
with the base of the long and slender gynostegium. Stigma small, depressed. 
Seeds comose. — A low pubescent simple-stemmed perennial herb, with op- 
posite lance(jlate .se.<sile leaves, and few-flowered umbels on lateral peduncles. 

1. P. pubescens, Kll. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
Juue-Oct. — Root tuberous. Stem 6'-12'liigli. Leaves erect, l'-2'long. 
Umbels of 4- 6 orange-colored flowers. Corolla 4" -5" long, the oblong lobes 
wavy on the margins. Follicles linear-lanceolate, tomentose, 4' - 6' long. Seeds 
oval, winged. 

4. ANANTHERIX, Kutt. 

Leaves of the crown longer than the corolla, oblong-clavate, obtuse, arching 
over the sessile gynostegium, slightly crested. Anther-wings not thickened. 
Pollen-mass oblong, half the length of the very slender stalk. Otherwise 
like Asclepias. 

1. A. eonnivens, Gray. Stem stout, simple, pubescent above; leaves 
oblong or oblong-obovate, the upper smaller and lanceolate; umbels 3-6, 
6-9-flowered, pubescent; flowers large, greenish; leaves of the crown twice 
as long as the gynostegium. — Wet pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. June - 
July. — Stem 1 o - 2° high. Leaves 1 ' - 2' long. Corolla 8'' - 10" wide. 

5. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate. Leaves of the crown spreading, longi- 
tudinally crested within. Anthers with thickened margins, membranous at 
the summit. Gynostegium sessile. Pollen-grains pear-shaped, longer than 
the stalk. 

* Crown leaves arcuate-spreading, crested above the middle, incurved at the point : 
anthers rounded at the base, as long as the gynostegium. 
1. A. viridis, Gray. Closely pubescent; stem angular, often branching; 
leaves alternate, oblong, short-petioled ; umbels corymbose, often compound ; 
corolla large, greenish ; leaves of the crown oblong, shorter than the nearly 
sessile gynostegium. — Dry soil, Florida to South Carolina. July. — Stem 
1°- 1|° high, leafy to the summit. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla V wide. 



ASCLEPIADACE.E. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 349 

* * Crown leaves spreading, open above, crested below the middle, obtuse : anthers 
sagittate, membranous above, curving over the gjnostegium. 
2. A. Feayi. Stem slender, 6'- 18' high ; leaves opposite, almost filiform, 
2' -3' long; umbels 2-3, approximate, few-flowered, the pedicels longer than 
the peduncle ; flowers white, 3" - 4'' long ; crown as long as the sessile gyno- 
steo-iura. (Aselepias, Gray.) — South Florida, near the coast. 

6. EWSLENIA, Nutt. 

Calvx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-parted : crown inserted on the 
base of the gyuostegium, 5-leaved, each leaf deeply cleft, with the lobes pro- 
lono-ed into a slender flexuous point. Stigma subconical. Follicle fusiform. 
Seeds comose, flat. — A perennial twining vine, with opposite cordate-ovate 
acuminate leaves, and small white fragrant flowers in axillary umbels or 
corymbs. 

1. E. albida, Nutt. — River banks, Georgia, Alabama, and northward. 
July. 

7. METASTELMA, R. Brown. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bell-shaped, the lobes mostly hoary-pubescent 
within. Crown 5-leaved, inserted on the base or on the summit of the gyuoste- 
gium. Stigma flat. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Twining 
shrubs, with smooth leaves. Umbels few-flowered. Flowers small, white. 

1. M. Bahamense, Griseb. Branches pubescent; leaves oblong or 
obovate, cuspidate, on slender petioles ; peduncles 3 - 6-flowered, as long as the 
petiole, shorter than the pedicels ; sepals obtuse, ciliate ; lobes of the corolla 
ovate-lanceolate, incurved ; leaves of the crown ol)long, inserted on the sum- 
mit of the slender gyuostegium, as long as the stigma. — South Florida. — 
Leaves ^'- 1^' long, the margins revolute. Corolla 2" long. Gyuostegium 
5-winged at the base. 

2. M. Blodgettii, Gray. Herbaceous ? stem very slender, pubescent 
in lines ; leaves smooth, linear-lanceolate, falcate, acuminate, short-petioled, 
drooping; umbels sessile or short-peduncled, 4 - 6-flowered ; sepals smooth, 
acute ; lobes of the corolla linear, incurved at the apex ; leaves of the crown 
inserted on the base of the sessile gynostegium, linear, erect, exceeding the 
stigma. — South Florida. — Leaves 6'''' -8^' long. Corolla \" long. 

8. SEUTERA, Reich. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat wheel-shaped, 5-parted, with narrow 
acute smooth lobes. Crown siujple, deeply 5-parted, inserted on the base of 
the sessile conical gynostegium ; the lobes ovate. Follicles smooth. Seeds 
comose. — A slender partly shrubby twining vine, with fleshy linear drooping 
leaves, and long-peduncled umbels of greenish flowers. 

\. S. maritima, Decaisne. — Salt marshes. July -August. — Stem 
shrubby at the base ; the branches twining around rushes and saline grasses. 
Leaves 2' long. Peduncles commonly longer than the leaves, many-flowered. 
Lobes of the corolla lanceolate, of the crown ohtuse. 



350 ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 

9. AMPHISTELMA, (iiiseb. 

Calyx 5-parted, Corolla minute, rotate; crown oljtusely 5-parte(l. I'ollen- 
masses ovoid. Gynostegiiini sessile, shorter thau the crown, liat. Follicles 
divaricate, linear. Seeds comose. — A woody viue. 

1. A. filiforme, Griseb. Steins nuich-ljranched, jjiihesceut in lines; 
leaves thin, linear, smoothish ; umbels nearly sessile, few-fiowered ; calyx 
lobes ovate ; corolla smooth, the spreading lobes lanceolate, obtuse ; crown 
shorter than the gynostegiuin ; follicles very slender ; seeds linear, wingless. 
— Dry rich soil near the coast, Florida. — Leaves V - T long. Flowers green, 
less than a line long. Follicles T long. 

10. PHILIBERTIA, IIBK. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted. Crown double ; the ex- 
terior forming a ring at the base of the corolla ; the interior longer, 5-leaved. 
Stigma pointed, notched. Follicles slender, smooth. Seeds comose. — Erect 
or twining herbs. Leaves often cordate. Flowers yellow or white, in lateral 
umbels. 

1. P. viminalis, Gray. Stem smooth and twining; leaves nearly ses- 
sile, oblong, mucronate, rounded at the base; peduncles stout, 8- 12-flowered, 
2-3 times as long as the leaves and pedicels ; lobes of the corolla ovate, ob- 
tuse, spreading ; the outer surface, like the calyx and pedicels, pubescent ; 
leaves of the inner crown oval, rather exceeding the stigma and anthers. — 
South Florida. — Leaves somewhat fleshy, 9''-12'Mong. Corolla 3'' wide. 
Ovary villous. 

11. GONOLOBUS, Michx. 

Calyx 5-parted, spreading. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the lobes spread- 
ing, twisted in the bud. Crown a wavy-lobed ring at the throat of the corolla. 
Gynostegium flattened, depressed. Anthers opening transversely. Pollen- 
masses horizontal. Follicles inflated, angled, and often armed with soft 
spines. Seeds comose. — Twining herbs, with opposite petiolate cordate 
leaves, and yellowish or purplish flowers, in lateral corymbs or umbels. 

* Follicles spineless, ribbed. 

1. G. macrophyllus, Michx. Hairy; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate, 
abruptly acuminate ; umbels peduncled, several-flowered ; pedicels spreading, 
unequal, shorter than the petioles ; corolla dull purplish, conical in the bud ; 
the lanceolate obtuse lobes more or less pubescent within, green at the apex ; 
follicle strongly ribbed. — Low thickets. July -August. — Leaves 2' -6' 
long. 

2. G. suberosus, R. Br. Leaves cordate, acuminate, minutely pubes- 
cent or smoothish ; umbels 3 - 9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole ; 
corolla broadly conical in the bud, twisted, the lobes triangular -lanceolate, 
dusky, minutely pubescent within, but sometimes smooth, hardly double the 
length of the calyx lobes; crown 10-crenate (Gray). — Near the coast, Vir- 
ginia to Florida. 



OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.) 351 

* * Follicles spin}/. 

3. G. Shortii, Gray. Hirsute and downy; leaves broadly cordate, 4' -6' 
long ; umbels mostly compound and many-flowered long-ped'uncled ; corolla 
rwide, dull purplish brown, the oblong-linear lobes obtuse; crown nearly 
equally 10-lobed ; follicle fusiform, spiny, 4' - 5' long. — Low woodlands, North 
Georgia and Tennessee. June. — Odor of decaying fish. 

4. G. hirsutus, Michx. Pubescent and hirsute ; leaves ovate, cordate 
acuminate; peduncle of the 6-8-flowered umbel equalling or shorter than 
the petiole ; corolla dark purple, ovate in the bud, the oval or oblong lobes 
smooth within; margins of the crown 10-crenate; "follicle muricate." — 
Woods, Florida, and northward. 

5. G. Obliquus, R. Br. Leaves broadly cordate, short-acuminate, or 
mucronate-pointed ; umbel simple or compound, loug-peduncled ; corolla 
crimson-purple, long-conical in the bud, the linear lobes smoothish within ; 
margins of the crown 10-crenate; follicle terete, muricate. — Rockv woods. 
North Georgia, and northward. July. 

6. G. Carolinensis, R. Br. Leaves cordate, acuminate; peduncle 
rather longer than the petiole ; corolla brownish purple, oblong in the bud, 
the oblong lobes smooth within ; crown obtusely 5-lobed, and with a longer 
bifid process in the sinuses. — South Carolina, and westward. 

7. G. Baldwinianus, Sweet. Stem and cordate leaves pubescent and 
hairy ; peduncles mostly longer than the petioles ; umbel simple or compound ; 
flowers oblong-oval in the bud, white, the lobes somewhat spatulate ; crown 
5-crenate, with a pair of subulate processes in the sinuses. — Calcareous soil, 
Florida and Alabama. July. 

8. G. flavidulus, Chapm. Hirsute ; leaves round-ovate, cordate, abruptly 
acute ; umbels about as long as the petioles; corolla yellowish green, ovate in 
the bud, the ovate obtuse lobes pubescent without ; follicles armed with soft 
spines. — Light rich soil, Middle Florida. — Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

9. G. pubiflorus, Fngelm. Stem dividing at the base into many divari- 
cate branches, 6'- 12' long, hairy; lower leaves round-cordate, the upper 
acute, all slightly hairy on botli sides, and ciliate ; umbels axillary, 3-5- 
flowered ; corolla small, purplish, villous within, the lobes ovate, obtuse ; 
follicles oval, spiny. — Sand-hills near the Altamaha River, Georgia. Orange 
County, Florida [Fred. L. Lewton). 



Order 97. OLEACE^. (Olive Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with opposite entire or pinnate exstipulate leaves, 
and perfect polygamous or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 4-toothed. 
Corolla 4-lobed or 4-petalous, valvate or imbricate in the bud, some- 
times wanting. Stamens 2-4. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended 
anatropous ovules in each cell. Style single or none. Fruit 1-2- 
seeded. Embryo straight, in hard albumen. 



352 OLEACE.^. (olive family.) 

Synopsis. 

TitiBE I. OLKINE^. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers vvitli both calyx and corolla. 
Leaves biiuple, entire. 

1. OSMANTHUS. Flowers polygamous. Corolla salver-shaped, with short lobes. 

2. CHIONANTHUS. Flowers perfect. Corolla wheel-shaped, with elongated lobes. 

Tribe II. FliAXINE/E. Fruit a samara. Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Leaves 
piiniate. 

3. FRAXINUS. Flowers in lateral and terminal panicles. Calyx minute or rarely want- 

ing. Trees. 

Tribe III. FOKKSTIEKEiE. Fruit a drupe. Flowers dioecious or perfect, apeta- 
lous. Leaves simple. 

4. FORESTIERA. Flowers mostly dioecious, from scaly axillary buds. Shrubs. 

1. OSMANTHUS, Louieiro. 

Calyx 4-tootlied. Corolla short-salver-form, 4-lobed. Stamens 2. Style 
short. Stigma globose or 2-lobed. Drupe mostly 1-seeded, oily. — Trees or 
shrubs, with opposite coriaceous entire leaves, and small white fragrant 
flowers, in axillary racemes or panicles. 

1. O. Americanus, Benth. & Hook. Smooth; leaves oblong or obo- 
vate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes compound, shorter than the 
leaves ; flowers polygarao-dioecious, bracted ; drupe ovoid, dark purple. — 
Light soil, near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. March -April. — A 
shrub or small tree, with whitish bark and evergreen leaves. Drupe as large 
as a pea, bitter and astringent. 

2. O. Floridanus, Chapm. Inflorescence more or less pubescent ; style 
sigmoid; stigma nearly as broad as the ovary; drupe ovoid, yellowish-green, 
g//_g// iQjjg Otherwise like the preceding. — Sandy pine barrens. Manatee, 
South Florida (/. H. Simpson). — A low shrub. 

2. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe Tree. 

Calyx small, 4-cleft. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4-parted, with long and linear 
lobes. Stamens 2-4, included. Style very short: stigma notched. Drupe 
fleshly, 1-seeded. — A shrub, with oblong entire deciduous leaves, and deli- 
cate white flowers in slender axillary panicles, appearing with the leaves. 

1. C. Virginica, L. — Light soil, Florida, and northward. April -May. 
— Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves smooth or pubescent, narrowed into a petiole. 
Panicles longer than the leaves, leafy-bracted. Flowers on slender drooping 
pedicels. Corolla lobes 1' long. Drupe ovoid, purple. 

3. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Ash. 

Flowers dioecious and (in ours) apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed or toothed, 
minute, sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 4 : filaments shorter than the 
large anthers. Stigma 2-cleft. Fruit (samara ) dry, winged above, 1-2- 
seeded. Cotyledons elliptical. Radicle slender. — Trees. Leaves petioled, 
odd-pinnate, deciduous. 



OLEACE.E. (olive FAMILY.) 353 

* Fruit naked and terete or barely margined and 2-edged at the base, winged 

above : leaflets 7-9, stalked. 

1. F. Americana, L. (White Ash.) Branches and petioles smooth ; 
leaflets ovate-obloug or lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrate 
above, smooth on the upper surface, pubescent or glaucous beneath ; fruit 
terete, striate, dilated at the apex into a cuneatelinear or lanceolate obtuse 
or notched wing. — Low woods. April. — A large tree. Leaflets 2' - 4' long. 
Fruit 1 1' long. 

2. F. pubescens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety- 
pabescent ; leaflets obloug-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, 
bright green above, pale and more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at 
the base, flattish, and somewhat 2-edged, gradually dilated upwards into a 
long lanceolate often notched wing. — Swamps, Florida, and northward. 
March- April. — A small or middle-sized tree. 

3. F. viridis, Michx. (Green Ash.) Glabrous throughout; leaflets 
ovate or oblong-ovate, more or less toothed, smooth and green both sides ; 
fruit as in No. 2, of which it may be a variety. — Swamps. March- April. — 
A large tree. 

* * Fruit winged all round the seed-hearing portion : leaflets 5-9, short-stalked. 

4. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, 
smooth ; leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, when 
young pubescent beneath; fruit linear-oblong, obtuse at both ends. — Ten- 
nessee, and northward. May. 

5. F. platycarpa, Michx. (Water Ash.) Branchlets terete, smooth 
or pul)escent ; leaflets ovate or elliptical, serrate or almost entire, often 
pubescent beneath; fruit broadly wiuged, oblong-obovate or oblong with a 
tapering acute base, sometimes 3-winged. — Deep river swamps in the lower 
districts. March - April. — A small tree. 

6. F. pauoiflora, Nutt. Branches terete, glabrous ; leaflets 5-7, oblong, 
acuminate at both ends, sharply serrulate, l'-2' long, the slender petioles 
long and spreading; racemes few-flowered; fruit \^' long, oblong-obovate, 
acute, broadly Avinged. — Miry river banks, Georgia and Florida. — A shrub 
or small tree. 

4. FORESTIERA, Poir. (Adelta, Michx.) 

Flowers dioecious or polygamous, from axillary scaly buds. Corolla none. 
Calyx minute, 4-lobed. Sterile flowers single or 3 together in the axils of 
imbricated scaly bracts. Stamens 3-7. Fertile flowers peduncled. Styles 
slender. Stigma capitate. Ovary 2-celled. Drupe ovoid, 1-seeded, black or 
blue. — Shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled, serrulate. Flowers minute, green- 
ish, preceding the leaves. 

1. F. porulosa, Poir. Leaves coriaceous, smooth at maturity, nearly 
sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, punctate underneath, the 
margins revolute ; drupe short ovoid. — Coast of East Florida. 

2. F« ligUStrina, Poir. More or le.ss pubescent ; the branchlets rougli- 
ened with fine tubercles ; leaves rather membranaceous, obovate or obovate- 

23 



354 hydrophyllace.t:. (watekleaf family.) 

oblong, mostly ohtuso, serrulate (1' long), contracted at the base into a distinct 
petiole ; drupe oval-oblong. — Rocky banks, Florida, Georgia, and westward. 

3. F. pubescens, Nutt. Differs from the last only in its denser pulies- 
cence. Ioniser pcdiccllc<i drupe, and striate nut. — Witli the preceding. 

4. F. acuminata, Toir. Ohibrous or Klightly pubescent when young; 
branchlets sometimes spinescent ; leaves (2' -3' long) ovate-lanoeolate or ovate 
and tapering-acuAiinate at Ijoth ends, somewhat serrulate, slendcr-petioled ; 
drupe elongated-oblong, mostly pointed when young. — Wet grounds, Georgia 
to Tennessee, and nortliwestward. 



Okdek 98. HYDROPHYLT.ACE^. (Watehleaf 
Family.) 

Herbs, with alternate or (the lowest) opposite leaves, and regular 
flowers, either solitary in the axils, or in 1-sided recurved spikes or 
racemes. — Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla 5-loljed, convolute or 
imbricate in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, 
and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 1-ceIled, with 2 parietal placentae, 
or 2-celled by the introversion of the placentae, each bearing 2 or more 
ovules. Styles 2, separate or more or less united. Capsule 2-valved. 
Seed reticulated. Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. HYDKOPHYL.'LE^. Capsule 1-celled. Styles partly united. Albumen 
cartilaginous. Leaves pinnately or palmately lobed. 

* Lobes of the coroUa convolute in the bud. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx without appendages. Stamens exserted. Stems erect. 

2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx appendaged at the sinuses. Stamens included. Stems prostrate. 

* * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud. 

3. PHACELTA. Calyx without appendages. Capsule 4 - many-seeded. 

Teibe II. HYDROIiE^. Capsule 2-celled. Styles separate. Albumen fleshy. 
Leaves entire. 

4. HYDRO LEA. Corolla rotate. Capsule globose. 

5. NAMA. Corolla funnel- or salver-shaped. Capsule oblong. 

1. HYDHOPHYLLUM, L. Waterleaf. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate ; without appendages. Corolla broadly 
tubular, 5-cleft, with 5 linear appendages opposite the lobes. Stamens and 
style exserted : anthers linear. Ovary hispid. Placenta^ thick and fleshy, 
connected with the pericarp at the base and apex; each 2-ovuled. Style fili- 
form, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, 2-valved, 1-4-seeded. — Erect perennial 
mostly hairy herbs, with long-petioled pinnately or palmately divided leaves, 
and white or blue flowers in peduncled cymes, without bracts. 

1. H. Virginicum, L. Stem leafless below, sprinkled, like the leaves, 
with rigid hairs ; leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 ovate cleft or toothed 
lobes, paler beneath; peduncles forking, longer than the petioles; cymes 



HYDKOPHYLLACEiE. (wATERLEAF FAMILY.) 355 

dense ; calyx lobes linear, hispid ; filaments slightly hairy. — Low woods 
along the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem l°-2° high. 

2. H. Canadense, L. Smoothish ; leaves orbicular-cordate, palmately 
5 - 7-lobed, sliarply toothed ; cymes dense, on forking peduncles Avhich are 
shorter than the petioles; calyx lobes sparingly hispid; filaments densely 
bearded. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. June. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves 3' -5' in diameter. Corolla white. 

3. H. macrophylluni, Nutt. Hirsute; stem stout (l°-2°high); 
leaves long (6' -10'), piunatifid, with distinct oval toothed lobes, the upper 
lobes confluent; peduncle shorter than the petiole; cyme compact; calyx 
lobes lanceolate-subulate ; corolla white. — Rich woods, Northern Alabama 
and Mississippi, and northward. 

4. H. appendieulatum, Michx. Hirsute, erect, branching (1° high), 
lowest leaves pinnately divided, with toothed lobes, the others palmately 5- 
lobed ; peduncles longer than the leaves, the cyme loosely flowered ; calyx 
with short reflexed appendages between the subulate lobes ; corolla blue. — 
Damp woods, mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. May. 

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. 

Calyx 5-parted, with reflexed appendages in the sinuses. Corolla tubular 
or short bell-shaped, with 10 scale-like appendages at the base of the filaments. 
Stamens included: anthers ovoid. Ovary hispid, 2-12-ovuled. Placentse 
large, lining the walls of the pericarp. Style 2-parted. Capsule globose, 1 -' 
2-seeded. — Tender prostrate annual herbs, with divided leaves, and solitary 
long-peduncled flowers opposite the leaves. 

!• "N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Pubescent, or at length smoothish ; 
stem filiform, diffuse ; leaves thin, long-petioled, 3-lobed ; the lowest mostly 
opposite, and 3-5-lobed; flowers minute, white; ovary 4-ovuled ; capsule 1- 
2 seeded. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and westward. April -June. — 
Stem 3'- 1° long. Leaves ^'- I'long. Corolla 1" long. Seeds bony. 

3. PHACELIA, Juss. 

Calyx 5-parted, not appendaged in the sinuses. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens included or exserted : anthers ovoid or ob- 
long. Ovary 2 - many-ovuled ; the 2 narrow placentae often projecting imvards, 
and forming an imperfect partition in fruit. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 2-valved, 
4 - many-seeded. — Low chiefly annual herbs, with alternate mostly pinnately 
divided leaves, and white or blue flowers in one-sided racemes. 

§ 1. Phacelia. ^ — Ovules and seeds 4: corolla variousli/ appendaged within, 
the lobes entire. 
1. P. bipinnatifida, Michx. Plairy ; stem erect, much branched ; leaves 
long-petioled, 3 - 5-lobed, with the lobes oblong-ovate, acutely toothed ; the 
lower ones short-stalked, the upper confluent; racemes loosely many-flowered, 
glandular ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; calyx lobes linear, hispid ; sta- 
mens bearded below, longer than the corolla. — Shaded banks in tlie upper 
districts. May- June. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla blue, |' wide. 



35C lIYDliOPHYLLACE/T:. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 

Var. brevistylis, Gray. Flowers smaller ; stamens and style not longer 
than the (■(jnjlhi. — Ahihama {BucUei/}. 

§2. CoSMANTiiLS. — Ocules and seeds A: corolla not appendaged within, the 
lobes Jimbri ate: filaments hairtj below. 

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Stems erect or ascending, clustered, smooth 
or hairy, liranchod ; leaves hirsute; the lower ones petioled, almost pinnate, 
the upper clasping, pinnatifid, witli the lobes acute ; racemes niauy-flowered ; 
calyx lobes lance(^late-linear, bristly ciliate; corolla blue. (P. fimbriata, 
Purs/i.) — Sliiuly banks in tlie npper districts. May -June. — Stem 8'- 12' 
higli. (.'orolhi y wide. 

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Smootliish or slightly hairy ; stems spreading 
or ascending; leaves few, tiie lowest petioled, with 3-5 roundish leaflets; the 
u[)per ones pinuately 5-7-lobed, with the lobes obtuse; racemes 3-10-flow- 
ered; calyx lobes linear-oblong, ol)tuse ; corolla white. — High mountains of 
North Carolina. May. — Stems 5' - 8' long. 

Var. ? Boykini, Gray. " More robust ; racemes rather many-flowered, 
at length strict, with fruiting pedicels erect and not longer than the calyx; 
corolla far less fimbriate, bluish." — Upper Georgia (Bo/jkin). 
§ 3. CoMANTHOiDES. — Ovules commonli/ more than 4 : corolla usually with 
minute appendages within, the lobes entire. 

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Pubescent ; stems several, spreading, branch- 
ing ; leaves petioled ; the lowest 3 - 7-lobed, the upper 3-parted ; racemes 
loosely 5- 1.5-flowered; pedicels slender, much longer than the calyx; calyx 
lobes linear-oblong, hristly-ciliate ; corolla small, pale blue or white. — Shady 
banks, Georgia, and northward. April -May. — Stems 3' -8' high. Corolla 
3'' -4'' wide. Capsule few-seeded. 

Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute, with stouter stems, and larger (5''- 
1" wide) corolla. — Stone Mountain, Georgia. 

4. HYDROLEA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, bell-shaped, .5-cleft; the lobes spreading. 
Stamens somewhat exserted, with the filaments dilated at the base ; anthers 
sagittate. Styles 2 (rarely 3), separate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or imper- 
fectly 4-celled by the introversion of the placentae, 2-valved. — Herbs, growing 
in water or muddy places, with entire leaves, often with spines in their axils, 
and blue axillary or corymbose flowers. 

1. H. COrymbosa, Ell. Spineless; stem erect, hirsute and branching 
above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers in a close terminal corymb ; 
calyx lobes lanceolate, one tliird as long as the corolla. — Pine barren ponds, 
Florida to South Carolina. July- August. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves T- 
\Y long. Corolla " azAire, with yellowish veins and 5 white spots near the base." 

2. H. quadrivalvis, Walt. Spiny; stem ascending from a creeping 
base, hispid, mostly simple ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a petiole ; flowers 
axillary, the lower ones clustered, short-peduncled ; calyx lobes linear, nearly 
as long as the corolla; stamens included; capsule almost 4-celled by the in- 
troversion of the placentas. — Pools and muddy banks. July -August. — 
Stem 1 ° - 3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. 



BOERAGINACE.E. (bORAGE FAMILY.) 357 

3. H. affinis, Gray. Stem glabrous ; lobes of the calyx ovate. Other- 
wise like the last, and growing in similar situations. — Mississippi, and 
westward. 

4. H. ovata, Nutt. Spiny, closely pubescent ; stem branching near the 
summit ; leaves short (I'-lY long), ovate ; flowers crowded at the end of the 
branches ; calyx lobes lanceolate, villous, shorter than the corolla ; stamens 
exserted. — Central Georgia, and westward. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Corolla V 
wide. 

5. NAM A, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Stamens included, 
the filaments equal : anthers reniform. Ovules numerous, pendulous. Styles 
2, distinct. Capsule oblong, many-seeded, seemingly 2 celled by the 'meeting 
of the placentee at the axis, 2- or at length 4-valved. Seeds pitted. — Diffuse 
hairy herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and axillary and terminal single, 
clustered, or cymose purple or white flowers. 

1. W. Jamaicensis, L. Pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely branched, 
angled or slightly winged ; leaves spatulate-obovate, tapering into a petiole ; 
flowers solitary or 2-3 together, short peduncled ; calyx lobes linear, ciliate, 
as long as the corolla; capsule oblong. — South Florida. — Stem 12'- 18' 
long. Leaves i' - V long. Corolla small, purple. 



Order 99. BORRAGIN'ACEZE. (Borage Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with terete or irregularly angled stems, and alter- 
nate entire exstipulate mostly rough-hairy leaves. Flowers usually in 
1-sided spikes or racemes, which are coiled in the bud. — Calyx free, 
5-cleft or 5-parted, valvate in the bud, persistent. Corolla regular 
(except No. 6), hypogynous, 5-lobed, imbricated or (in Myosotis) con- 
volute in the bud. Stamens 5, equal, inserted on the tube of the 
corolla and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 4-celled, witii a single 
ovule in each cell. Style single. Fruit various. Albumen scarce or 
none. Cotyledons flat or folded. Radicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe T. C0RI>IE.<E. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, twice 2-lobed at the apex. 
Fruit a 4-celled drupe. Cotyledons folded. Albumen none. — Shrubs. Flowers in 
heads or cymes. 

1. CORDIA. Calyx opening regularly, not circumscissile. 

Tribe II. EHRETIE^. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, 2-lobed at the apex. 
Fruit a 4-seeded berry. Cotyledons flat. Albumen scanty. — Shrubs. 

2. BOURRERIA. Style slender. Flowers corymbose. 

3. TOURNEFORTIA. Style short. Flowers cymose or spiked. 

Tribe III. HEIilOTROPE^. Ovary undivided. Style terminal, simple. Fruit 
separating into 2 or 4 nutlets. — Chiefly herbs. 

4. HELIOTROPIUM. Fruit separating into four 1-seeded, or Into two 2-seeded nutlets. 



ouS borhagixace.^. (borage family.) 

Tribe. IV. IJOKBAGEiE. Ovary deeply 4-parted, enclosing the base of the simple 
style. P'ruit of 1 -4 oue-seeded nutlets. — Herbs. 

* Throat of the corolla naked. Nutlets not hi.spid. 

■t- Corolla irregular. 

5. ECHIUM. Corolla funnel-shaped, unequally lobed. 

+- -t- Corolla regular. 
(J. ONOSMODIUM. Lobes of the corolla erect, acute. Nutlets smooth and stony. 

7. LITHOSPERMUM. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets smooth or rugose. 

8. MKRTENSIA. Lobes of the corolla rounded. Nutlets somewhat fleshy, 

D. MYOSOTIS. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. Nutlets smooth. • 

* * Throat of the corolla closed with scales. Nutlets hispid. 

10. CYNOGLOSSUM. Corolla funnel-shajjed. Nutlets depressed, spreading. 

11. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets erect, hispid on the back or margins. 

1. CORDIA, riurn. 

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 4 - .5-toothed, not circumsei.ssile. Corolla fuunel- 
or salver-form, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Style ter- 
minal, twice 2-cleft, mostly exserted. Drupe ovate or globose, pulpy, 1-4- 
seeded, commonly enclosed in the enlarged calyx. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves 
toothed or entire. Flowers cymose or capitate. 

1. C. bullata, L. Rough throughout with wliite bristly hairs ; leaves 
oblong-ovate, serrate-toothed, rugose, abruptly petioled ; flowers capitate, on 
peduncles which are shorter than the leaves, and nearW terminal, but elon- 
gated and lateral in fruit ; calyx ovoid, the subulate bristly teeth spreading ; 
corolla short, hairy in the throat; stigmas club-shaped; drupe 1 -seeded. — 
South Florida. — Leaves Y-^i long. Heads 4'' - 5'' in diameter. 

2. C. Sebestena, L. (Geiger Tree.) Rough-pubescent ; leaves large 
(4' -8' long), ovate; cyme loose, many-flowered ; calyx cylindrical, 2-5- 
toothed, half as long as the tube of the large red corolla ; stamens 5-8. — 
Keys of South Florida. — A large shrub. 

2. BOURRERIA, P.Browne. 

Calyx ovoid or* globular, 2 - 5-toothed. Corolla bell-shaped, 4 - 5-lobed. 
Fruit drupaceous, composed of four more or less separable 1-seeded nutlets. — 
Tropical shrubs, with entire leaves, and corymbose white flowers. 

1. B. Havanensis, Miers. Smooth; leaves obovate or oblong-obovate ; 
corymb many-flowered, divaricate ; calyx leathery, the teeth acute, pubescent 
on the margins; stigmas depressed; nutlets 4, 1-seeded, finely furrowed on 
the back. — South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves H'-S' long. Flowers 
fragrant. 

2. B. Badula, Don. Stem smooth ; leaves obovate, very rough, and at 
length tubercular-hispid above ; cor3''mb few-flowered ; calyx 4 - 5-toothed ; 
lobes of the corolla rounded, wavy ; drupe ovate, separable into four 1-seeded 
nutlets. — South Florida — Leaves T- H' long. Corolla 6'' long. 



BORKAGINACE.^. (bOKAGE FAMILY.) 359 

3. TOURNEFORTIA, L. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form or wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, 
included. Style short, terminal; stigma conical. Drupe composed of two 
2-seeded nutlets, which are either united or separable, or by abortion 1 - 2- 
seeded. — Erect or twining shrubs, with entire leaves, and white or yellowish 
flowers, in 1-sided bractless often cyinose spikes. 

* Fruit ocate, separable into two 2-seeded nutlets: corolla lobes ovate, plicate. 

1. T. gnaphalodes, R. Br. White-silky throughout ; stem thick, erect ; 
leaves very numerous and imbricated, linear, obtuse, fleshy, tapering to the 
base ; peduncles axillary ; spikes 2 - 4-parted, dense, recurved ; calyx lobes 
oblong, obtuse ; corolla fleshy ; anthers ovate ; drupe deeply excavated at the 
base. — Sea-shore, South Florida. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves 3' long. 
Corolla small, Avhite. 

* * Fruit globose, more or less lobed, composed of 1-4: nutlets, each l-seeded : 
corolla lobes narrow, acute. 

2. T. volubilis, L. Stem twining, and, like the lower surface of tlie 
leaves and spikes, tomentose ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, petioled, roughish 
above^ paler beneath ; spikes lateral and terminal, very slender, cymose, short- 
peduucled, spreading ; tube of the corolla contracted in the middle, the lobes 
linear -subulate ; anthers connivent ; drupe small, 1 -3-seeded. — South Florida. 
— Leaves 1'- 1^' long. Corolla 2" long. 

4. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. 

Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salver-form, folded between the 5 lobes. 
Filaments and style very short. Stigma somewhat conical. Fruit separable 
into four l-seeded, or into two 2-seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubby plants. 
Leaves rarely opposite. Spikes 1-sided. Flowers white or blue. 
* Throat of the corolla open. Nutlets 4, each l-seeded. 

1. H. polyphylluin, Lehm. Rough, wiLli short appressed white liairs ; 
stems (1° long) spreading from a woody root, very leafy; leaves nearly 
sessile, lanceolate ; spikes leafy ; nutlets 4, hairy ; corolla \vliite, or, in var. 
Leavenworthii, Grarj, bright yellow. — South Florida, the variety near Miami 
( Garber). 

2. H. tenellum, Torr. Annual, rough-hairy; stem erect (6'- 12' In'gh), 
slender, branching; leaves linear; racemes leafy or naked, remotely few- 
flowered, calyx lobes linear, unequal ; corolla white. — Alabama, West Ten- 
nessee, and westward. 

3. H. Curassavicum, L. Annual, smooth, fleshy ; stems at length 
prostrate and diffuse ; leaves alternate or opposite, lanceolate or linear, ob- 
tuse, narrowed at the base; spikes peduncled, simple or 2-parted, coiled in the 
bud ; flowers small, sessile, white, bractless ; nutlets smooth. — Saline marshes, 
Florida to North Carolina. June - August. — Stem 6'- 18' long. Leaves 
l'-2' long. — Plant dries black. 

4. H. phyllostachyum, Torr. Annual ; stem erect, branched, rough 
with rigid white appressed hairs ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse, hispid, 



3G0 BORRAGINACEiE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

tlie lower opposite ; spikes filiform, 1-sided > flowers short-pedicelled, some of 
them leary-bracted, others bractless; corolla {}" long), white; mtlets united, 
his}>id at the apex, witli tlie sides concave. — South Florida. — Stem 4' -6' 
high. Leaves V long. Cor(dIa slightly liispid. 

f). H. Europseum, L. Tuhescent ; leaves ohlong-oval, obtuse, long- 
petioled ; sj)ik('s bractless, lateral and terminal, single or in pairs; flowers 
white. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

* * Throat of the corolla dosed or bearded. NalLtts 2, each 2-seeded. 

6. H. Indicum, L. Annual; stem erect, rough-hairy ; leaves olilong- 
ovate, often cordate, toothed or wavy on the margins, rugose, decui-rent into 
a long petiole ; spikes hairy, colled, at length elongated; corolla blue ; imt- 
lets spreading. — Waste phaces. June -Oct. — Stem l°-2'^ high. Leaves 
2' - 4' long. Fruiting spike 6' - 9' long. 

7. H. parviflorum, L. Perennial, hirsute; stem erect, branching; 
leaves lanceolate or obh^ng, obtuse, entire, tapering into a slender jjetiole, the 
lower ones mostly opposite; spikes slender; corolla white, bearded in the 
throat; nutlets uneven, united. — South Florida. — Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves 
V-2' long. Corolla 1" long. Spikes 2' -4' long. 

8. H. anchussefolium, I'oir. Stem villous, simple ; leaves lanceolate ; 
cyme compact, at length spreading; flowers violet-blue. — Waste ground. 
Introduced. 

5. ECHIUM, Tourn. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, unequally .5-lol)ed, naked at the 
throat. Stamens 5, unequal, mostly exserted. St3le filiform. Kutlets 4, 
closed at tlie base, uneven or rough. — Herl)s, with alternate leaves, and blue 
or purple flowers in spiked often panicled racemes. 

I. E. vulgare, L. Hispid; stem simple, erect (l°-2° high); leaves 
linear-lanceolate, sessile; flowers large, in short axillary racemose spikes; 
corolla purple, pubescent, twice as long as the lanceolate calyx teeth, shorter 
than the stamens and style. — Fields, North Carolina. Introduced. June- 
Aug. (2). 

6. OWOSMODIUM, Michx. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes linear and acute. Corolla ovate-tuhular, naked in 
the tliroat, with five acute, connivent lobes. Anthers nearly sessile, sagittate, 
included. Ovary 4-parted. Style smooth, exserted. Nutlets 1-4, ovoid, 
shining. — Erect hispid herbs, with entire somewhat ribbed sessile leaves, and 
greenish flowers in a terminal bracted raceme or spike. 

1. O. Carolinianum, DC. Rough with spreading white rigid hairs; 
stem stout, branched ; leaves oblong-ovate ; lobes of the corolla ovate, hairy ; 
calyx lobes scarcely twice as long as the dull white nutlets. — Drv soil in the 
upper districts. June. 2/ — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

2. O. Virginianum, DC. Eough with appressed bristly hairs ; stem 
slender, sparingly branched; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; lobes of 
the corolla lanceolate-subulate, bristly ; calyx lobes 3-4 times as long as the 
white polished nutlets. — Dry pine barrens. May- June. 21 — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 2' long. Corolla twice as long as the calyx. 



BORKAGINACE^. (bOKAGE FAMILY.) 361 

7. LITHOSPERMUM, L. Gromwell. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes equal. Corolla funnel- or salver-form, obtusely 
5-lobed, smooth, gibbous or hairy in the throat. Anthers oblong, nearly ses- 
sile, included. Stigma capitate, somewhat 2-lobed. Nutlets 1-4, ovate, stony, 
truncate at the base, — Chiefly rough-hairy herbs, with red roots, alternate 
entire leaves, and variously colored flowers in leafy-bracted racemes or 
spikes. 

* Annual : nutlets roughened. 

1 . L. arvense, L. Kough with appressed hairs ; stem branching from 
the base ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers scattered ; corolla yellowish white, about 
as long as the linear-subulate lobes of the calj^x ; nutlets 4. — Waste places. 
March - April. Introduced. — Stem 6' - 18' high. Leaves V - 2' long. 

* * Perennials : nutlets smooth, white. 

2. L. tuberosum, Rugel. Hispid with scattered rigid hairs ; stem erect, 
branching above; leaves somewhat 3-nerved ; radical ones large (4^-6' long), 
obovate-oblong, narrowed into a petiole tubercular-hispid above ; the others 
oblong, sessile ; calyx lobes linear, as long as the tube of the small yellowish 
white corolla, and twice as long as the mostly solitary polished nutlet. — 
Rocky woods. West Florida. April -May. — Plant 6'- 10' high, increasing 
in fruit to 2° or more. Roots bearing oblong tubers. 

3. L. latifoliuni, Michx. Softly pubescent ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate ; root fibrous ; otherwise like the preceding. — Tennessee, 
and northward. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 

4. L. hirtum, Lehm. Hispid with rigid glossy hairs ; stem mostly sim- 
ple, erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile ; the lowest scale-like ; the 
floral ones ovate-lanceolate ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube rather longer than 
the linear calyx lobes ; nutlets ovate, polished. — Dry pine barrens. April - 
May. — Stem 1 ° - U° high. Leaves r - 2' long. Corolla 6'' - 8'' long. R oot 
very long. 

5. L. canescens, Lehm. Stem villous, erect, nearly simple; leaves lan- 
ceolate, sessile, obtuse, somewhat silky with appressed glossy hairs; the lowest 
small and scale-like ; corolla large, yellow ; the tube 2-3 times as long as the 
calyx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. April - May. — Stem 6' - 12' high. 
Corolla smaller than in the preceding. 

6. L. angustifolium, MIchx. Strigose; stems 6' -12' high, single or 
clustered; leaves l'-2' long, linear; flowers dimorphous, one form with 
bright yellow corollas, 1' long, salver-form, with round denticulate lobes, and 
a 5-toothed crest at the throat, 2-3 times longer than the calyx, the other 
small and pale, enclosed in the calyx, and crestless; seed pitted. — Tennessee, 
and westward. June. 

8. MERTENSIA, Roth. Lungwort. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed, naked, or with 5 folds in 
the throat. Stamens partly exserted. Style filiform. Nutlets somewhat 
fleshy, not flattened at the base. — Smooth or soft hairy perennial herbs, with 



362 BOIlKAGIXACEiE. (BORAGE FAMILY.) 

eutire leaves, aud showy purplifeh blue flowers in coiymbecl or paiiicied racemes, 
the upper ones bractless. 

I. M. Virginica, DC. Suiooth ; stern erect, simple ; leaves membrana- 
ceous, elliptical or obovate-oblong, the lower oues narrowed into a petiole; 
racemes corymbose ; corolla lar«^e, naked aud expanding at the throat, 
slightly lobed ; filaments longer tliau the anthers. — Kiver banks and along 
streams in the upper districts. May. — Stem l'^-2^ liigii. Leaves 2' -3', 
or the lowest -i'-C long. Corolla I' long. 

9. MYOSOTIS, L. Fouget-mi:-not. 

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-form, r)-lobed, convolute in the bud ; the tube 
as long as the calyx, with 5 oljtuse appendages in the throat. Stamens very 
short, included. Nutlets 4, ellii^tical, compressed, smooth, witli a minute scar 
at the base. — Low hairy herbs, with entire alternate leaves, and small white 
or blue ilo^vers in terminal bractless racemes. 

1. M. palustriS, With. Smooth, or slightly rougliened with appressed 
scattered hairs ; stem weak, slender, creeping at the base, brandling ; leaves 
lanceolate, obtuse, the lowest spatulate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; flowers 
distant, on widely spreading pedicels ; calyx hispid, tlie teeth equal and ob- 
tuse ; corolla pale blue. — Low grounds. Introduced. May. M — Stem 1° 
high. Leaves T-U-'long. 

2. M. verna, Xutt. Hirsute ; stem erect (4' -8' high), branching above ; 
leaves lanceolate, sessile ; the lower ones spatulate, obtuse ; calyx longer than 
the appressed pedicel, hispid, with the hairs near the base hooked ; the teeth 
unequal, acute. — Var. macrosperma is every way larger (l°-li° high) ; 
calyx witli all the hairs hooked, the lower teeth tAvice as long as the upper 
ones. — Dry ])laces in the upper districts ; the variety, Florida, and westward. 
March -April. (i\ — Corolla white or pale blue. 

10. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Holnd's-tongue. 

Calyx .5-parted. Corolla funnel-form, witli the throat closed with 5 obtuse 
scales. Stamens included. Nutlets 4, spreading, fixed near the apex to the 
base of the central column, covered all over with barbed or hooked bristles. 
— Racemes with the lower flowers commonly bracted, the upper bractless. 

1. C. officinale, L. Villous; stem leafy, branched above ; leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong, acute ; the upper sessile, the lowest tapering into a long peti- 
ole ; racemes hoary, nearly bractless ; nutlets flattened anteriorly and slightly 
margined ; . corolla reddish violet. — Waste grounds. Introduced. — Stem 
H°-2^ liigh. 

2. C. Virginicum., L. Hispid; stem simple, stout, naked above ; leaves 
oval or oblong; the lowest petioled, the upper auriculate and clasping; 
racemes single or corymbose, bractless ; pedicels slender, recurved in fruit ; 
nutlets rounded anteriorly ; corolla pale blue. — Dry soil, chiefly in the upper 
districts. May -June. — Stem 2°- 3° high. Lowest leaves 6'- 9' long. Nut- 
lets 1 - 4. 



ACANTHACE.E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 363 

11, ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Stickseed. 

Calyx, corolla, etc. of the preceding. Nutlets fixed to tlie side of the cen- 
tral column, the back or margins only armed with barbed bristles. 

1. E. Virginicum, Lehm. Hairy; stem erect, rather slender, widely 
branched ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute ; the lowest tapering into a petiole ; 
racemes numerous, slender, villous, bracted ; pedicels short, recurved in fruit; 
corolla small, about as long as the calyx, white or pale blue. — Dry woods in 
the upper districts. June - July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

2. E. Lappula, L. Stem erect, branched above, l°-2° high, hirsute ; 
leaves lanceolate; racemes bracted; pedicels of the (blue) flowers erect; 
margins of the nutlets bristly. — Waste ground, Tennessee. Introduced. 



Oeder 100. ACAKTHACE^:. (Acanthus Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with opposite (rarely alternate or clustered) undiA^ided 
exstipulate leaves, and bracted, often showy flowers. — Calyx 5-parted. 
Corolla more or less bilabiate, 5-lobed, twisted in the bud. Fertile 
stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. 
Ovary free. Style single : stigma entire or 2-lobed. Capsule loculi- 
cidally 2-valved, 2-celled, 4 - several-seeded, opening elastically. Seeds 
anatropous, flat, rounded, without albumen (except Elytraria), mostly 
supported by curved appendages of the jDlacentae. Radicle inferior. 
— Stems commonly sw^oUen between the joints. 

Synopsis. 

* Capsule oblong, bearing the seeds at the base. Appendages of the placentae none. 

1. ELYTRARIA. Spike borne on a closely-bracted scape. Leaves radical. 

2. HYGROPHILA. Stem leafy. Flowers axillary. Corolla 2-lipped. 

* * Capsule club-shaped. Seeds supported by an appendage, 
-f- Corolla convolute in the bud. 

3. RUELLIA. Corolla regular. Anther cells pointless. Capsule several-seeded. 

4. CALOPHANES. Corolla slightly 2-lipped. Anther cells pointed at the base. Capsule 

2-4-seeded. 

•I- -f- Corolla imbricate in the bud. 

++ Stamens 4. 

5 STENANPRIUM. Corolla regular. Anthers 1-celled. Stem scape-Uke. 

++ ^^• stamens 2. 

G. GATESIA. Corolla regular. Anther cells oblong, one lower than the other. 

7. DIANTHERA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers pla(fed one lower 

than the other. Flowers in long-peduncled axillary spikes. 

8. DICLIPTERA. Corolla bilabiate, resupinate. Stamens 2. Cells of the anthers placed 

one behind the other. Flowers in leafy-bracted heads or clusters. 

1. ELYTRARIA, Vahl. 

Calyx 4 -.5-parted, the lateral lobes narrower. Corolla salver-shaped or bi- 
labiate, 5-lol)ed. Fertile stamens 2, the 2 anterior sterile : anther cells parallel. 
Stigma 2-cleft. Capsule sessile, about 8-seeded ; the seeds fixed near the base of 



3G4 ACANTHACE^. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 

the capsule, without appendages. — Low herbs. Leaves all radical, clustered. 
Scape covered with alternate imbricated bracts. Flowers sjjiked, 2-bracted. 

L E. virgata, Michx. Leaves oval or otdong, narrowed downward; 
bracts ri<i,id, lancecdate, acuminate, clasping; corolla white, salver-shaped, the 
lobes nearly e(|ual; capsule cylindrical. — Low ground, Florida to South Car- 
olina. August. 11 — Scapes 6' -12' iiigli. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes 
rarely clustered. 

2. HYGROPHILA, K.Br. 

Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla 2-lip]jcd, the lower lip .3-lobed. Stamens 4, 
didynamous: anther cells parallel, spreading at tlie base. Stigma simple. 
Capsule narrow, nearly terete, bearing the numerous orbicular seeds at its 
base. — Aquatic herbs. Flowers axillary, in cymose clusters. 

1. H. lacustris, Nees. Stem long (2^-4°), erect from a procumbent' 
base, 4-angled ; leaves sessile, lanceolate ; cymes opposite, few-flowered; calyx 
smooth ; flowers white. — Muddy banks of rivers, Florida, and westward. 

3. RUELLIA, Plum, 

Calvx 2-bracted, 5-parted, with linear or lu-istle-like loljes. Corolla funnel- 
shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes equal, rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous, included : 
anthers sagittate. Style simple, or 2-cleft at the apex. Capsule narrowed 
below the middle, flattened contrary to the partition, 8-12-seeded. Seeds 
borne above the middle, supported by curved appendages of the placentae. — 
Perennial herbs, with tumid joints, entire opposite leaves, and axillary soli- 
tary or clustered nearly sessile flowers. Corolla white, blue, or purple, 
nocturnal. 

1. R. ciliosa, Pursh. Stem simple or branched, pubescent, 1°- 2° high; 
leaves sessile or short-petioled, ovate, oblong, or wedge-shaped, denticulate or 
entire, l'-5' long, long-ciliate ; flowers single or clustered; calyx lobes fili- 
form or setaceous, ciliate, mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla. — Dry 
soil. March -Sept. — Corolla blue, 1^-2' long. — Very variable; the ex- 
tremes are a low (1'- 12' high) villous form of the lower districts, with oboA'ate 
or wedge-shaped obtuse sessile leaves, and a taller and smoother mountain 
form, with larger (3' -5' long) ovate-oblong short-petioled leaves, resembling 
the next, 

2. R. strepens, L. Stem smooth or puberulent, l°-3° high, leaves ob- 
long or ovate-oblong, short-petioled, 3' -6' long ; earliest floAvers single, with 
a large (2' long) blue corolla, the later cleistogamous, clustered; calyx lobes 
linear-lanceolate, mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla. — Dry soil chiefly 
in the upper districts. May - Sept. 

3. R. nOCtiflora, Gray. Closely pubescent ; stem simple, rigid ; leaves 
oblong or lanceolate, sessile, entire or slightly toothed ; flowers solitary, pedun- 
cled ; corolla large ; the elongated tube twice as long as the linear hairy calyx 
lobes ; capsule pubescent. — Low grassy pine barrens. Florida, Georgia, and 
westward, July -August. — Stem 1° high. Corolla 2' -4' long, white. 



ACANTHACE.E. (ACANTHUS FAMILY.) 365 

4. CALOPHANES, (Don.) 

Calyx lobes setaceous. Corolla fuuBel-shaped, regular, or 2-lipped. Anther 
cells mucron ate at the base. Capsule 2 - 4-seeded. Otherwise like the pre- 
ceding. — Perennial erect herbs from a creeping base. 

1. C. oblongifolia, Bon. Pubescent and somewhat hoary; stem 4- 
angled, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves nearly sessile, oval or obovate, 
obtuse, the upper narrower and often acute; flowers solitary or 2-3 in a 
cluster ; calyx lobes subulate-setaceous, as long as the oblong bracts and tube 
of the spotted purple corolla. — Dry sandy pine barrens. June -August. — 
Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves ^'-V long. Corolla V long. 

Var. angUSta, Gray. Smaller (6' high), rough-pubescent, diffuse, very 
leafy; leaves oblong-linear, 4" -6'' long; flowers smaller. — South Florida. 

2. C. humistrata, Nees. Stem minutely pubescent, simple; leaves 
smooth, membranaceous, oblong, obtuse, slightly crenate, tapering into a slen- 
der petiole ; flowers clustered, sessile ; calyx lobes subulate-setaceous, shorter 
than the spatulate-oblong bracts ; corolla white. — Shady banks, Georgia and 
Florida. June- July. — Stems -^^-l^^ high. Leaves ^'-1 -J' long. Corolla 

¥ lODg. 

5. STENAWDRIUM, Nees. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla salver-form, equally 5'lobed. Stamens 4 : anthers 
1-celled. Stigma truncate. Cells of the ovary 2ovuled. — Low perennial 
herbs, with a scape-like stem, clustered radical leaves, and purplish flowers in 
a terminal spike. 

1. S. dulce, Nees. Smooth or hirsute ; leaves oval or oblong, long-peti- 
oled ; spike capitate, few-flowered, the bracts ciliate ; tube of the corolla longer 
than the calyx ; capsule club-shaped. — South Florida. — Scape 6' high. 
Leaves V-3' long. Corolla Y wide. 

6. GATESIA, Gray. 

Calyx 5-parted, the lobes subulate. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens 2. Anther cells alike, one lower and oblique. Stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule 2 -4-seeded. 

1. G. Isetevirens, Gray. Stem tomentose, mostly simple ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, acuminate, tapering into a petiole; the lower smaller and obtuse; 
spikes axillary and terminal, short-peduncled, leafy at the base, compact, few- 
flowered ; bracts oblong, ciliate ; capsule oval, 4-seeded. — Shady banks, Geor- 
gia, Florida, and westward. June -Sept. — Stem ^°-2° high. Leaves 2^-4" 
long. Corolla 4'' - 5"" long, white. 

7. DIANTHERA, Gronov. 

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip emarginate ; the lower 
3-lobed, rugose or veiny in the middle, spreading. Stamens 2 : anther cells 
separated, one lower than the other. Stigma simple, acute. Capsule flat- 
tened, narrowed downward, bearing the seeds above the middle. Seeds 
mostly 4, supported by the appendages of the placentae. — Perennial smooth 



3G6 ACANTHACEiE. (aCAXTHUS FAMILY.) 

li("rl).s, with ojtposite entire leaves, and short-ljracted mostly alternate flowers 
in l(Hi<i,-|jeduij(k;(l axillai'v spikes. 

1 . D. Americana, L. Stem tall, angled ; leaves long, linear-lanceolate ; 
spikes oblong, dense or somewhat capitate, on peduncles as long as the leaves. 

— In slow-tlowing streams. July- August. — Stem 2° liigli. Leaves and 
peduncles 4'- 6' loiig. Spike h' h>n^. llowers pale purple. 

2. D. OVata, Walt. Stem low (4' -8' high),4-angled ; leaves ovate-lance- 
olate, rather acute, narrowed info a sliort petiole ; the lowest small, lanceolate; 
spikes 3- 4-tlowered, on simjilc jicduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla 
small, pale purple, the lower lip striped with deeper lines. (Justicia humilis, 
Midix.) — Muddy banks of streams, Florida to South Carolina. — Leaves 
2' -4' long, r- H' wide. 

Var. lanceolata, Chapm. Stem taller (1°- 1^^) ; leaves smaller, lance- 
olate, acuminate, nearly sessile ; ])eduncles longer than the leaves ; spikes 
many-flowered, 1-sided, often branching. — River l^anks, Florida. July. 

Var. ? angusta, Chapm. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, reflexed, the 
lower ones very remote; peduncles as long as the leaves; spikes several- 
flowered, the lower flowers often opposite. — Pine barren ponds, Florida. 
May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves V-2' long. Corolla 4''-5'' long. 

3. D. crassifolia, Chapm. Stem rigid, angled ; leaves fleshy, linear, 
channelled ; the lower distant, small and obtuse ; peduncles stout, erect, longer 
than the leaves, exceeding the stem ; spike few-flowered ; corolla large, bright 
purple ; the lower lip striped with deeper lines ; capsule 2-seeded ; seeds cir- 
cular, smooth. — Wet pine barrens, Florida. April -May. — Stem 6'- 12' 
high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Peduncles 4' -9' long. Corolla and capsule 1' 
long. 

8. DICLIPTERA, Juss. 

Calyx 5-parted, mostly leafy-bracted. Corolla bilabiate, mostly reversed ; 
the lower lip 3-lobed ; the upper 2- cleft or entire. Stamens 2: anther cells 
equal, one placed behind the other. Capsule oblong or oval, bearing 2 or 4 
seeds below the middle ; the partitions at length free from the valves. — Herbs, 
with branching stem, and purple, scarlet, or white flowers in axillary and ter- 
minal heads or spike-like cymes. 

1. D. brachiata, Sprang. Smooth or nearly so ; stem 6-angled ; leaves 
thin, oblong-ovate, acuminate, abruptly contracted into a long and slender 
petiole ; spikes solitary or 2 -3 together, interrupted, unequal ; bracts oblong, 
mucronate, narrowed at the base, at length inflated ; corolla small, purple. — 

— Eiver banks, Florida to North Carolina. July -August. — Stem l°-2° 
high. 

2. D. assurgens, Juss. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; stem angled ; 
leaves elliptical, acute, on slender petioles ; flowers mostly single, scattered in 
1 -sided spike-like cymes ; bracts small ; calyx lobes subulate, unequal ; corolla 
(scarlet) curved, nearly equalh^ 2-lipped; anthers slightly exserted ; style 
elongated. — South Florida. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves V-2' long. Co- 
rolla 9" -12'' long. 



VEKBENACE.^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 367 

Order 101. VEKBENACE.<E. (Yeryaix Family.) 

Chiefly herbs or shrubs, with tt-angied mostly rough stems, 
and opposite and exstipulate leaves. Flowers spiked, capitate, or 
cymose. — Calyx 4-5-cleft or parted, free. Corolla regular and 
salver-shaped, or more or less bilabiate, 4-5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, 
inserted on the tube of the corolla : anthers 2-celled. Ovary entire, 
1-8-celled, with 1 or (in Avicennia) 2 ovules in each cell. Style 
simple, terminal. Fruit dry or baccate, 1 - 8-celled, commonly sep- 
arable into as many 1-seeded indehiscent nutlets. Albumen scarce 
or none. Embryo straight. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe I. VEKBENE^. Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the cell, anatropous. 
Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in spikes or heads. 

* Herbs. Fruit dry. 

1. PRIYA. Stamens 4. Fruit of two nutlets, enclosed in the inflated calyx. 

2. VERBENA. Stamens 4. Fruit of four nutlets. Frviiting calyx not inflated. 

3. STACHYTARPHA. Stamens 2. Fruit of two nutlets, embedded in excavations of 

the thickened rachis. 

4. LIPPIA. Stamens 4. Fruit of two nutlets. Flowers capitate. 

* * Shrubs. Fruit fleshy or pulpy. 

5. LANTANA. Fruit of two nutlets. Flowers capitate. 

6. CITHAREXYLUM. Fruit of two nutlets surrounded by the cup-shaped calyx. Flow- 

ers spiked. 

7. DURANTA. Fruit of four nutlets enclosed in the beaked calyx. 

Tribe II. VITE^. Ovule solitary, suspended from the inner angle of the cell, 
amphitropous. Radical pointing downward. Flowers in cymes. Fruit baccate. 

8. CALLICARPA. Fruit of four nutlets. Shrubs. 

Tribe III. AVICENNIA. Ovules by pairs, suspended from the apex of the cell, 
amphitropous. Radicle pointing downward. Flowers in imbricated spikes or heads. 
Fruit capsular. 

9. AVICENNIA. Embryo large, germinating within the capsule. Trees. 

Tribe IY. PHKYME^. Ovule solitary, erect from the base of the 1-celled ovary, 
orthotropous. Radicle pointing upward. Cotyledons convolute around their axis. 
Flowers in elongated slender spikes. Fruit a caryopsis. 

10. PHRYMA. Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 4, didynamous. Fruit reflexed. 

1. PRIVA, Adans. 

Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, Stamens 4, di- 
dynamous, included. Ovary 4-celled. Style persistent. Fruit dry, separating 
into two 2-celled spiny-angled nutlets, and included in the inflated membrana- 
ceous calyx. — Perennial herbs, with serrate petioled undivided leaves, and 
minute flowers in a loose slender spike. 

1. P. echinata, Juss. Smooth or hispid ; stem branching; leaves cor- 
date-ovate, acute, coarsely serrate ; flowers alternate ; fruiting calyx bristly 



368 VERBEXACEiE. (VERVAlN FAMILY.) 

with hooked hairs, ovoid ; fruit ovate, 4-angled, the angles armed with tuber- 
cular spines, pointed by the persistent bent style. — South Florida. — Leaves 
r-2' long, i-'.pikes 6'- 9' long, terminal and in tlie forks of the stem. 

2. VERBENA, L. Vervain. 

Calyx tubular, .5-ril)bed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, bearded in the 
throat; the limb somewhat bilabiate, .'i-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, in- 
cluded. Stigma 2-lol)ed. Ovary 4-celled. Fruit of four separate 1 -seeded 
nutlets. — Herbs, with serrate or pinuately divided leaves, and mostly small 
flowers in lengthening slender spikes. 

* Anthers of the longer stamens tipped with a (/land-like appendage : flowers 

showij. 

1. V. Aubletia, L. Hairy; stem creeping at the l)ase, ascending, fork- 
ing ; leaves ovate-oblong, 3-cleft, with the lol)es toothed, narrowed into a 
slender petiole ; spikes terminal and in the forks of the stem, long-peduncled, 
closely flowered ; calyx slender, the unequal teeth subulate ; corolla showy, 
purple. — Dry light soil, Florida to South Carolina, and westward. May- 
August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Corolla ^/ long. 

* * Anthers without appendages : flowers small. 
•1- Leaves undivided. 

2. V. urticifolia, L. Rough-hairy ; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate- 
oblong, acute or acuminate, mucronate-serrate, contracted at the base into a 
long petiole ; spikes very long,.filiform, axillary and terminal ; flowers minute, 
white or pale blue. — Low ground. August -Oct. — Stem 2° -5° high. 
Leaves very rough, 2' -6' long. 

.3. V. hastata, L. Rough-hairy; stem branching; leaves cblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, tapering into a long petiole ; the 
lowest broader, and sometimes hastate-lobed at the base ; spikes linear, short, 
close-flowered; flowers violet. — Low ground, in the upper districts. July- 
Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Flowers larger than in No. 2. 

4. V. Stricta, Vent. Softly pubescent ; stem mostly simple ; leaves ses- 
sile, oblong, serrate ; spikes thick, densely flowered ; flowers rather large, blue. 

— Barrens of Tennessee, and westward. — Stem l°-2° high. 

5. v. BonariensiS, L. Pubescent and scabrous ; stem much branched 
(2°-3°high); leaves lanceolate, serrate, auriculate-clasping ; panicle dense, 
cymose, the spikes short ; tube of the purple corolla twice as long as the calyx. 

— Roadsides near Charleston ( Curtiss). Introduced. 

6. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Rough-hairy ; stem simple, or branched 
above ; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, coarsely serrate, 
tapering from near the apex to the sessile base ; spikes linear, terminal, close- 
flowered ; flowers purple. — Dry woods. July- Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Flowering spikes 2' -6' long. 

7. V. Caroliniana, Michx. Rough with short rigid hairs; stem ascend- 
ing ; leaves oblong, or the lowest oblong-obovate, sharply and doubly ser- 
rate, entire toward the narrowed base, sessile ; spikes 1-3, elongated; 



VERBENACE^. (VERVAIN FAMILY.) 369 

flowers flesh-color. — Drv pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina, and west 
ward. August — Stem 4' -6' high, shorter than the spikes. Leaves V-2' 
long. Nutlets tardily separating. 

H- -t- Leaves pinnatijid. 

8. V. oflS-Cinalis, L. Stem smoothish, erect, branching ; leaves lanceo- 
late or oblong, pinnately lobed or toothed, narrowed and entire near the base, 
sessile, pubescent beneath ; spikes linear or filiform, panicled ; bracts shorter 
than the calyx ; flowers purple. — Waste ground, chiefly in the upper dis- 
tricts. Introduced, July- August, — Stem 1°- 3° high. 

9. V. braeteosa, Michx. Hirsute and hoary ; stems numerous, pros- 
trate, diffuse ; leaves small, pinnately toothed or lobed, oblong, narrowed into 
a petiole ; spikes terminal, dense ; bracts linear, entire, spreading, much longer 
than the flowers, the lower ones recurved ; flowers purple. — Waste ground, 
and along roads. August. — Stems 4' - 6' long. Spikes 3' - 6' long. Leaves 
6" -9'' long. 

10. V. XUtha, Lehm. Hirsute; stem 1^-2° high; leaves oblong-ovate, 
coarsely toothed, or some 3-parted ; spikes long, filiform, densely flowered, the 
subulate bracts little exceeding the calyx ; corolla blue. — Roadsides, Georgia, 
and westward. 

3. STACHYTARPHA, Vahl. 

Calyx tubular, compressed, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-cleft, hairy 
in the throat. Stamens 4, didynamous, the upper pair sterile. Ovary 2-celled. 
Stigma capitate, Eruit of two 1-celled 1 -seeded nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs, with 
4-angled forking stems, and opposite undivided leaves. Flowers in straight 
and rigid spikes, sunk in excavations of the thickened rachis, and covered by 
the imbricated bracts. 

1. S. Jamaicensis, Vahl. Herbaceous, smoothish; stems ascending; 
leaves oblong, coarsely serrate, tapering into a slender margined petiole ; 
spikes linear, terete, elongated ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, appressed, with 
scarious rough margins ; flowers small, blue. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' - 4' 
long. Spikes 8'- 12' long. 

4. LIPPIA, L. 

Calyx tubular, membranaceous, 2-4-toothed. Corolla tubular- funnel- 
shaped, somewhat bilabiate, 5-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 
2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style short : stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit of two 1 - 
seeded separable nutlets. — Herbs, with 4-angled stems, opposite or whorled 
simple leaves, and small flowers in dense spikes or heads. 

1. L. nodiflora, Michx. Stem creeping, finely pubescent, the flowering 
branches erect; leaves obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, rough, tapering and 
entire below the middle, serrate above ; heads dense, globose in flower, oblong 
or cylindrical in fruit, on axillary peduncles which are 2-3 times as long as 
the leaves; flowers white or purple. — Damp soil, chiefly near the coast. 
May- Sept. — Flowering stems 6' - 12' high. Leaves 1^-2' long, 

24 



370 VERBEXACEiE. (VERVAIX FAMILY.) 

5. LAIS TANA, L. 

Calyx minute, slightly 4-tootiied. Corolla bilaljiate ; the upper lip notched 
or entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynanious, included. Style short : 
stigma oblique. Fruit fleshy or berry-like, of two mostly rugose or tubercu- 
late 1-seeded nutlets, enclosed in the enlarged membranaceous calyx. — Shrubs, 
with simple rugose serrate leaves, and axillary peduncled cajntate bracted 
flowers. 

1. L. involuerata, L., var. Floridana, Chapm. Stem much 
branched, pubescent; leaves small (Y - 1'). <Jval or obovate, crenate, rounded 
at the apex, contracted into a slender petiole ; peduncles 2-3 times as long as 
the leaves, the upper ones corymbose ; heads small ; bracts ovate, as long as 
the tube of the small (2'' -3") white corolla; the outer ones iuvolucrate. — 
South Florida. 

2. L. Camara, L. Stem pubescent, hirsute, or prickly ; leaves ovate- 
oblong, acuminate, crenate, short-petioled, very rough above, pubescent be- 
neath ; peduncles as long as the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, half as long as the 
tube of the yellow corolla; involucre none. — Around homesteads, escaped 
from cultivation. June - Nov. — Shrub 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' long. Fruit 
juicy. 

6. CITHAREXYLUM, L. 

Calyx cup-shaped or somewhat tubular, slightly 5-toothed. Corolla salver- 
shaped, 5-lobed, the throat pubescent. Stamens 4-5, included: anthers 
sagittate. Ovary 4-celled. Style thickened upward : stigma notched. Drupe 
juicy, of two 2-seeded bony nutlets, partly included in the enlarged indurated 
calyx. — Trees or shrubs, with entire mostly gland ular-petioled leaves, and 
small flowers in slender spikes or racemes. 

1. C. villosum, Jacq. Pubescent or glabrous; leaves somewhat coria- 
ceous, oblong, entire, roughened and shining above, short-petioled ; spikes 
declining, lax-flowered ; corolla smooth, the lobes rounded or notched ; sta- 
mens 4 ; drupe globose, half included in the enlarged calyx. — South Florida. 
— Leaves 2' -5' long. Sj)ikes 2' -4' long. Corolla 2" long. Drupe 4'' in 
diameter. 

7. DURANTA, L. 

Calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed. Corolla somewhat bilabiate, pubescent 
in the throat ; the upper lip 2-lobed ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, included. 
Ovary 8-celled. wStyle short : stigma oblique. Drupe baccate, of four 2-seeded 
bony nutlets, included in the enlarged beak-pointed calyx. — Shrubs. Leaves 
opposite or Avhorled, entire, dotted. Flowers showy, in axillary and terminal 
racemes. 

1. D. Plumieri, Jacq. Spineless or spiny; branches and racemes pu- 
bescent ; leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse, entire, or serrate near the apex, 
tapering into a slender petiole ; racemes curving, lax-flowered ; lower bracts 
leafy; drupe globose. — South Florida. — Leaves l'-2' long. Corolla 5'^ 
long, lilac. Drupe yellow. 



VERBENACE^. (VERVAiN FAMILY.) 371 

8. CALLICARPA, L. French Mulberry. 

Calyx small, cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Sta- 
mens 4, equal, exserted. Ovary 4-celled. Style slender ; stigma capitate. 
Drupe baccate, of four separate 1-seeded nutlets. — Shrubs, with a glandular 
or scurfy mostly stellate pubescence. Leaves opposite, undivided, serrate, 
petioled. Flowers in axillary forked cymes. 

1. C. Americana, L. Branches and leaves scurfy ; leaves ovate-oblong, 
acute at each end, crenate-serrate, rough above, hoary beneath, becoming 
smoothish ; cymes many-flowered, as long as the petioles ; corolla blue ; drupes 
purple, clustered. — Dry open woods. June -July. — Shrub 3° -8° high. 
Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

9. AVICENNIA, L. 

Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Sta- 
mens 4, equal, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, with two collateral 
amphitropous suspended ovules in each cell. Style short or none. Capsule 
ovate, coriaceous, indehiscent. Embryo large, naked, germinating within the 
capsule. — Low evergreen trees, with extensively creeping roots, forming im- 
penetrable thickets on the muddy shores of the sea. Leaves opposite, entire, 
smooth above, hoary and velvety beneath. Flowers in dense heads, on axil- 
lary and terminal peduncles. 

1. A. nitida, Jacq. Tomentose throughout, except the upper surface of 
the rigid oblong obtuse short-petioled leaves ; peduncles three together, ter- 
minal, shorter than the leaves ; heads oval ; sepals and bracts orbicular ;. co- 
rolla tomentose on both sides ; style exserted. — Coast of Florida. Oct. — 
Branches terete. Leaves 2'- SMong. Peduncles 4-angled. Heads ^ long. 
Corolla 3'' long. 

10. PHRYMA, L. LopsEED. 

Calyx tubular, bilabiate ; the upper lip of 3 bristle-pointed teeth ; the lower 
shorter, 2-cleft. Corolla bilabiate ; the upper lip notched, the lower longer, 
3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, included. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style 
slender: stigma 2-cleft. Fruit oblong, pointed by the persistent style. — A 
perennial branching, pubescent herb, with opposite ovate or oblong coarsely 
serrate long-petioled leaves, and small opposite purplish flowers in a slender 
terminal spike. Fruit reflexed. 

1. P. leptOStachya, L. — Rich shaded soil, chiefly in the upper dis- 
tricts. July - August. — Stem 1°- 3° high, tumid above the joints. Leaves 
3'- 5' long. 



Order 102. LABIAT.^. (Mint Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite 4-angled branches, and opposite ex- 
stipulate leaves. Flowers opposite, solitary, or oftener in close 
axillary spiked or capitate cymes (whorls). Calyx 3-10-cleft or 
toothed. Corolla more or less bilabiate, 4 - 5-lobed. Stamens in- 



372 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 

serted on the tube of the corolla, diandrous or didynamous. Ovary 
4-cleft or 4-parted, the lobes surrounding tlie base of the single style. 
Ovule solitary, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 1 - 4 one-seeded nutlets. 
Albumen scarce or none. Embryo straight or (in Scutellaria) curved. 
Radicle short, infei-ior. — Plants commonly dotted with minute 
glands, which are filled with an aromatic volatile oil. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. OCIMOIDE^. Stamens 4, didynamous ; the lower pair longer, reclining 
on the lower lobe of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets smootli, distinct. 

1. OCIMUM. Upper lobe of the calyx broad, decurrent. Lobes of the corolla nearly 

equal. 

2. HYPTIS. Calyx teeth nearly equal. Lowest lobe of the corolla longest, saccate, bent 

downward. 

Tribb II. SATUREIE^. Stamens 2 or 4, straight and spreading, or connivent 
under the upper lip ; the upper pair shorter, or abortive. Anthers 2-celled. Nutlets 
smooth, distinct. 

* Corolla lobes nearly equal. Stamens distant. 

3. MENTHA. Fertile stamens 4. Whorls spiked. Nutlets obtuse. 

4. LYCOPUS. Fertile stamens 2. Whorls axillary. Nutlets truncate. 

* * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens straight, distant, spreading. 
6. CUNILA. Stamens 2, Calyx equally 5-toothed, hairy in the throat. 

6. PYCNANTHEMUM. Stamens 4. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed, naked in the throat. 

7. COLLINSONIA. Stamens 2 or 4. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip truncate, 3-toothed. 

Corolla fimbriate. 

* * * Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens ascending and spreading above, or connivent under the 

upper lip. 

-I- Fertile stamens 2 ; the two sterile ones small. 

8. HEDEOMA. Calyx 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the lower lip hispid. 

-t- -I- Fertile stamens 4. Calyx 13-nerved. 

9. SATUREIA. Flowers capitate : low shrub. 

10. MICROMERIA. Calyx teeth nearly equal. Flowers solitary. Low herbs. 

11. CALAMINTHA. Calyx 2-lipped. Flowers in cymes. Anthers avraless. Chiefly shrubs. 

12. CONRADINA. Corolla ringent, bent backwards. Flowers mostly axillary and single. 

13. CERANTHERA. Calyx 2-lipped. Anther cells awned. Branching annuals. 

14. MELISSA. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, flattened on the upper side. Tube of the corolla 

curved upward. 

Tribe III. MONARDE^. Stamens 2, ascending and parallel. Anthers 1-celled, or 
with 2 confluent cells. Calyx and corolla 2-lipped. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 

15. SALVIA. Connective of the anther elongated, oblique ; the upper cell fertile ; the lower 

abortive or wanting. 

16. MONARDA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx teeth equal. 

17. BLEPHILIA. Anther 2-celled, the cells confluent. Calyx 2-lipped ; the upper teeth 

awned. 

Tribe IV. NEPETE.aE. Stamens 4, the upper pair longer. Nutlets smooth, distinct. 

18. LOPHANTHUS. Upper stamens curving downward; the lower ascending. Anther 

cells parallel. 

19. NEPETA. Stamens all ascending. Anther cells diverging. 

20. CEDRONELLA. Stamens all ascending. Anther cells parallel. 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 373 

Tribe V. STACHYDE^. Stamens 4 ; the lower pair longer, parallel, ascending. 

Upper lip of the corolla concave or keeled. Calyx 3 - 10-toothed or lobed. Nutlets 

smooth, distinct. 

* Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit. 

21. BRUNELLA. Lips of the calyx toothed. Flowers 3 in a cluster, spiked. 

22. SCUTELLARIA. Lips of the calyx entire ; the upper one appendaged. Flowers single, 

opposite. 

* * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth or lobes spineless. 

23. MACBRIDEA. Calyx 3-lobed. Flowers capitate, in crowded 4-flowered whorls, 

24. SYNANDRA. Calyx 4-toothed. Sterile anther cells connate. 

25. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers opposite, spiked. Nutlets 3-angled. 

26. LAMIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Flowers in axUlary cymes. Nutlets truncated. 

* * * Calyx not 2-lipped ; the teeth rigid or spiny. 

27. MARRUBIUM. Calyx teeth 10, nearly equal. Stamens included. Herbs woolly. 

28. LEONOTIS. Calyx teeth 8 - 10, very unequal. Stamens exserted. Whorls globose. 

29. LEONURUS. Calyx teeth 5. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. Leaves iucisely lobed. 

30. STACHYS. Calyx teeth 5. Nutlets truncate, sharp-angled. Leaves undivided. 
Teibe VL AJUGE^. Stamens 4, ascending, parallel, exserted. Nutlets reticulated 

and pitted, their bases partially united within. 

* Stamens barely exserted, nearly equal. 

31. ISANTHUS. Lobes of the coroUa and calyx nearly equal. Peduncles 1 -3-flowered. 

* * Stamens long-exserted, didynamous. 

32. TRICHOSTEMA. Lobes of the coroUa nearly equal. Calyx 5-cleft. Flowers solitary. 

33. TEUCRIUM. Lower lobe of the corolla longest. Calyx 5-toothed. Whorls crowded. 

1. OCIMUM, L. Basil. 

Calyx ovate or bell-shaped, 5-tootlied, angled, deflexed in fruit ; the upper 
tooth roundish, with the margins decurrent. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; 
the upper lip 4-cleft ; the lower entire, flat. Stamens 4, didynamous ; the 
lower pair longer, resting upon the lower lip of the corolla. Style 2- cleft at 
the apex. Glands of the disk 1-4. Nutlets smooth, ovoid or globular. — 
Chiefly tropical herbs or shrubs. Whorls 6-flowered, in a terminal bracted 
spike or raceme. 

1. O. micranthum, Willd. Stem branched, pubescent ; leaves ovate 
and ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, slender-petioled ; raceme many-flowered, 
pubescent ; bracts ovate ; calyx hispid on the nerves, the lower teeth awned ; 
corolla small, slightly exserted ; stamens smooth. — South Florida. — Stem 
6' -12' high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers purple. 

2. HYPTIS, Jacq. 

Calyx tubular, with 5 equal, subulate teeth. Corolla 5-lobed; the four up- 
per lobes short, spreading or reflexed; the lowest longer, saccate, abruptly 
deflexed, thickened at the base. Stamens 4, didynamous, included in the bud 
in the lower lobe of the corolla. Nutlets smooth, ovoid. 

1. H. radiata, Willd. Perennial; stem mostly simple, pubescent above; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate or toothed, tapering into a petiole ; flowers cap- 
itate, surrounded by an involucre of several lanceolate whitish bracts ; corolla 
small, white, dotted with purple. — Low ground, Florida to North Carolina, 
and westward. July - Sept. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 



374 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 

2. H. spicata, Poit. Auuual, closely pubescent; stem obtusely 4-aug-led, 
muricate ; leaves ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, long-petioled ; whorls short- 
peduncled, 3 - 6-flowered, interruptedly racemose; calyx teeth spiue-like, 
spreading; corolla small, purple. — Tampa and Jacksonville, Florida. Intro- 
duced. — Stem 2° -5° high. 

3. H. pectinata, Poit. Annual 1 pubescent ; stem often muricate ; 
leaves ovate, acute, serrate, twice as long as the petiole, the uppermost ones 
bract-like: whorls packed in dense one-sided pectinate spikes; calyx villous 
at the throat; corolla minute, pale purple. — South Florida. — Stems 2° -6° 
high. 

3. MENTHA, L. Mint. 

Calyx tu])ular, nearly equally 5-toothed. Corolla equally 4-lobed, the upper 
lobe notched or entire. Stamens 4, equal, distant, straiglit: anther cells par- 
allel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth, obtuse. — Aromatic herbs. 
Whorls axillary, or forming a dense or interrupted terminal spike. 
* Whorls approximate, spicule. 

1. M. viridis, L. (Spearmint.) Stem and leaves smooth ; leaves ovate- 
lanceolate, unequally serrate, nearly sessile ; bracts leafy, and, like the calyx, 
smooth or haiiy; spike cylindrical, interrupted below; calyx teeth linear- 
subulate. — Damp soils. Introduced, and sparingly naturalized. July - Sept. 
— Stem l°-2° high. Flowers pale blue. 

2. M. rotundifolia, L. Soft-hairy; stem erect; leaves roundish, ru- 
gose, crenate, sessile, hoary beneath ; spikes oblong, interrupted ; bracts lance- 
olate ; fruiting calyx roundish, the teeth short and acute. — Waste ground. 
Sparingly introduced. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Corolla white. 

3. M. piperita, L. (Peppermint.) Smooth; stem creeping at the 
base, ascending, branched ; leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, rounded 
at the base, short-petioled ; spikes slender, interrupted ; bracts mostly longer 
than the whorls, the upper ones linear ; calyx teeth hairy. — Low ground. 
Introduced. July- Sept. — Stems l°-2° high. Flowers white or blue. 

* * Whorls axillary. 

4. M. Canadensis, L. Hirsute or glabrous ; stem 1° high, branching; 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, serrate, acute ; whorls peduncled, densely many- 
flowered ; calyx teeth short, acute ; corolla pale purple. — Low ground, Ten- 
nessee, and northward. 

5. M. arvensis, L. (Corn Mint.) Downy and somewhat canescent ; 
leaves oblong or ovate ; whorls dense, globose ; calyx teeth lanceolate. — 
Georgia. Introduced. 

6. M. aquatiea, L., var. glabrata, Benth. (Bergamot Mint. ) Smooth ; 
leaves ovate, sharply serrate ; whorls loose, peduncled, single or racemose ; 
calyx teeth subulate. — Manatee, South Florida ( Garher). Introduced. 

4. LYCOPUS, L. 

Calyx bell-shaped, equally 4 - 5-toothed, naked at the throat. Corolla bell- 
shaped, exserted, equally 4-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, exserted ; the upper pair 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 375 

sterile, included or wanting : anther cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. 
Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex, narrowed at the base. — Marsh or 
aquatic mostly stolouiferous herbs. Leaves mostly toothed or pinnatifid. 
Whorls dense, axillary. Flowers small, sessile, white. 

1. L. Virginicus, L. Stem smoothish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed- 
serrate, acute or acuminate at each end ; calyx teeth 4, ovate, obtuse ; corolla 
small, exserted; sterile stamens minute. — Ponds and ditches. Sept. — Stem 
l°-2° high. Leaves V-2' long. 

2. L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem 2° - 4° high, smooth, much branched ; leaves 
pinnatifid-toothed, ovate-oblong, tapering at each end ; the upper ones nar- 
rower ; calyx teeth 5, lanceolate-subulate, acute ; corolla twice as long as the 
calyx ; sterile stamens minute or none. — Ponds and wet grounds. August - 
Sept. 

3. L. rubellus, Moench. Closely pubescent ortomentose; stem l°-2° 
high, simple or branched, very leafy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at 
each end, coarsely serrate ; whorls dense ; calyx teeth subulate, pubescent, 
nearly as long as the corolla ; seeds pitted. — Wet banks, mostly in the upper 
districts. August - Sept. 

4. L. sessilifolius, Gray. Pubescent; stem simple or spariugly 
branched ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, toothed, serrate, or entire, resi- 
nous-dotted ; calyx teeth subulate, — Ponds and ditches in the lower districts. 
August - Oct. — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

5. CUNILA, L. Dittany. 

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, equally .5-toothed, hairy in the throat. Corolla 
2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft, Stamens 2, dis- 
tant, exserted : anther cells parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets 
smooth. — Perennial herbs. Flowers small, in corymbose or crowded whorls. 

L C. Mariana, L. Smooth; stem slender, much branched ; leaves ovate, 
serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, subsessile ; cymes loose, axillary 
and terminal, peduncled, mostly shorter than the leaves, corymbose; calyx 
teeth lanceolate, acute. — Dry soil along the mountains, Georgia, and north- 
ward. July- Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves V long. Flowers purple. 

6. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Horse-mint. 

Calyx tubular, 13 nerved, naked in the throat, equally .5-toothed, or slightly 
2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-cleft. 
Stamens 4, nearly equal, straight, spreading, commonly exserted : anther cells 
parallel. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Nutlets smooth. — Perennial mostly pu- 
bescent or hoary herbs, with erect branching stems. Floral leaves often white, 
tomentose. Cymes mostly terminal, bracted. Corolla small, white or pur- 
plish. — Plants aromatic and pungent. 
* Calyx more or less 2-lipped, the subulate teeth often bearded with weak jointed 

hairs: cymes mostly terminal, widely spreading in fruit: bracts longer than 

the flowers : leaves pubescent, the uppermost whitened. 
1. P. incanum, Michx. Stem densely pubescent and hoary; leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, short-petioled, hoary-tomentose 



376 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 

beneath; calyx teeth subulate, and, like the bracts, commonly bearded.— 
Woods and fence-rows. August -Sept. — Stem 2°-4° higli. Leaves 2' -3' 
long. Flowers wliite. 

2. P. albescens, ray. Smootlier ; leaves smaller ; calyx teeth shorter 
and broader, obtuse, beardless ; otherwise like the preceding. —With the 
last. August- Sept. 

3. P. Tullia, Benth. Villous-jjubescent ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute or 
acuminate, the upper canescent ; whorls large, loose, axillary and terminal; 
calyx teeth sul)ulate, long-bearded like the bracts; the 2 lower as long as the 
tube. — Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. August - Sejit. — Stem 2° -3^ 
high. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

Var. dubium, Gray. Green throughout; calyx teeth shorter. — Ashe 
County, North Carolina {Graij Sf Caseij). 

* * Calijx teeth nearlij equal. 

-i- Cahjx as long as the corolla; the teeth subulate and awn-pointed, like the rirjld 
bracts: cijmes dense-flowered. 

4. P. aristatum, Michx. Tomentose and hoary, or sometimes hairy ; 
stem branched ; leaves ovate or oblong, acute, sparingly serrate, rounded at 
the base, short-petioled, the uppermost somewhat whitened; cymes mostly 
terminal; ovary bearded. — Var. hyssopifolium, G'm//. Stem simple or 
corymbose above; leaves rigid, linear-oblong, obtuse, entire. — Low ground. 
August - Sept. — Stem li° - 3° high. Leaves V- 2' long. 

.^ ^_ Calyx teeth beardless and awnless : cymes capitate, mostly terminal : bracts 
shorter than the flowers: leaves subsessile. 

5. P. pilosum, Nutt. Softly pubescent or villous ; branches short, erect ; 
leaves lanceolate, entire, acute at each end, none of them whitened ; cymes 
small, compact, corymbose ; calyx teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and, like the 
bracts, hoary-tomentose. — Upper districts of Georgia, and northward. Au- 
gust - Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

6. P. muticum, Pers. Smooth or tomentose; stem corymbosely 
branched ; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded or slightly 
cordate at the base, sessile or short-petioled, the uppermost whitened ; cymes 
small, compact, corymbose, minutely hoary-tomentose ; calyx teeth short, 
triangular-ovate, obtuse. — Dry soil. August -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves V -2' long. 

7. P. leptodon, Benth. Stem 2° -3° high, slightly pubescent; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, serrate, smooth and green on both sides, the floral ones 
faintly whitened ; cymes compact ; calyx teeth subulate, shorter than the tube, 
hirsute, like the slender-pointed bracts. — Mountains of North Carolina. 
August. 

8. P. Torreyi, Benth. Stem more or less pubescent, nearly simple ; 
leaves (not whitened) linear-lanceolate, acute at both ends, nearly sessile and 
entire ; calyx teeth subulate. — Tennessee ( Dr. Gattinger), and northward. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' long. 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 377 

•i- -i- -i- Cymes capitate, in compact corymbose clusters : bracts shorter than the 
flowers : stem and rigid entire leaves smoothish. 

9. P. laneeolatum, Pursh. Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base ; cymes numerous, pubescent ; bracts 
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx teeth short, triangular. — Dry soil in the upper dis- 
tricts. August - Sept. — Stem 2° high. Leaves V - 2' long. 

10. P. linifolium, Pursh, Stem branched ; leaves very numerous, linear, 
sessile; cymes smoothish ; bracts linear, acute ; calyx teeth lanceolate-subu- 
late, rigid, acute. — Dry soil. August - Sept. — Stem 2° high. 

11. P. nucLum, Nutt. Smooth; stem simple or corymbose at the sum- 
mit, straight ; leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, rounded at the base ; cymes 
smooth ; exterior bracts narrow-lanceolate, the inner short, subulate ; calyx 
teeth short, triangular-lanceolate, and, like the corolla, pubescent. — Low 
]3ine barrens, Alabama and Florida. August -Sept. Stem 2° high. Leaves 
^-'-l-'long. 

-i— -I- -i- -i- Cymes axillary and terminal, large, dense-flowered : bracts ciliate. 

12. P. montanum, Michx. Stem slender, smooth, simple or branched ; 
leaves smooth, ovate-lanceolate, serrate, acute, tapering into a short petiole, 
the lowest rounded at the base ; cymes globose, the upper ones closely sessile ; 
bracts numerous, ciliate ; the exterior ovate, very acute, as long as the flowers, 
the inner ones linear; calyx teeth short, acute ; ovary bearded. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. July- August. — Stem 1°- 3° high. Leaves 2^-3' long. 



7. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse Balm. 

Calyx obovate, enlarged and deflexed in fruit, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat- 
tened, truncate, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, 
dilated at the throat ; the four upper lobes equal, the lowest larger, declining, 
toothed or fimbriate. Stamens 2 or 4, long-exserted, spreading: anther cells 
diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Strong:-scented perennial herbs. Leaves large, 
coarsely serrate, dotted beneath. Flowers yellowish, opposite, in racemes or 
panicles. Petioles tumid at the base. 

* Fertile stamens 2. 

1. C Canadensis, L. Nearly smooth ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acuminate, sharply serrate, acute, rounded or cordate at the base, long-peti- 
oled, the uppermost smaller, sessile ; panicle elongated ; bracts minute, very 
acute ; flowering calyx very small, the upper lip much shorter than the lower, 
with subulate teeth ; corolla 4 times as long as the calyx, yellowish. — Rich 
shaded soil. Sept. — Stem 2°- 4° high. Leaves 4^-9' long. Corolla 3'' - 5" 
long. 

Var. punctata, Gray. Generally larger, and more pubescent ; leaves ob- 
tusely serrate and more plainly dotted beneath ; inflorescence glandular. — 
Georgia to North Carolina, near the coast. Sept. 

2. C. scabriuscula, Ait. Stem slender, branching, glandular-pubescent 
above, 1°- 2° high; leaves small (1^-2'' long), ovate, acute or round at the 
base, coarsely serrate, smooth, or slightly scabrous above ; inflorescence gland- 



378 LABIAT.E. (mIXT FAMILY.) 

ular-pubescent ; corolla yellow, the lowest lobe purple. — Rich shady woods, 
in the upper districts. Sept. 

* * Fertile stamens 4. 

3. C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem simple, smooth below ; leaves 4, mem- 
branaceous, elliptical, acute, rather finely serrate, acute or obtuse at the base, 
short-petiolcd, approximate, the lower surface, like the simple long-peduncled 
raceme, viscid-pube.scent; lower flowers whorled, the upper opposite; bracts 
minute ; calyx teeth linear-subulate, half as long as the corolla. — Light 
shaded soil, cliiefly in the upper districts, Georgia, and westward. May. 

— Stem 1° high. Corolla yellow or purplish. 

4. C. anisata, Pursh. Viscid-pubescent ; stem stout, sim])le or branched ; 
leaves large, oval or ovate, acute, mucronate-crenate, mostly rounded or cor- 
date at the base, the uppermost sessile ; panicle many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; 
calyx lobes large, ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal; corolla large, yellow. — Dry 
shaded soil in the middle and lower districts. August- Sept, — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 4'- 8' long. Corolla i'-f long. 

8. HEDEOMA, Ters. 

Calyx tubular, somewhat gibbous under the base, equally 5-toothed or bi- 
labiate, with the upper lip 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft, hairy in the throat. 
Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip notched or entire, the low^er 3-cleft. Stamens 
2, ascending: anther cells diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with small 
leaves, and axillary few-flowered cymes. 

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (Pennyroyal.) Annual, pubescent, much 
branched ; leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, pale beneath, con- 
tracted into a slender petiole ; whorls 6-flowered, shorter than the leaves ; 
lower lip of the calyx hispid. — Dry hills in the upper districts. June -Sept. 

— Stem 1° high. Leaves V long. Corolla small, pale blue. 

2. H. graveolens, Chapm. Stems clustered, woody at the base, pu- 
bescent (l°-li° high) ; leaves ovate, cordate, the lowest short-petioled, spar- 
ingly serrate ; flowers single, opposite, racemose ; the bracts and 2 opposite 
bractlets oblong, nearly equal ; calyx teeth ciliate ; sterile anther manifest ; 
leaves ovoid. — Low pine barrens near Apalachicola, Florida. July. 

9. SATUREIA, L. Savory. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, .5-toothed. Corolla 2-Hpped, the lower lip 
3-lobed. Stamens 4, spreading or connivent; anthers 2-celled. Style un- 
equally 2-cleft. 

1. S. rigida, Bartram. Shrubby, villous ; stem as.surgent (1°- 1 i° long) ; 
leaves rigid, lanceolate, entire ; spikes capitate, oblong ; calyx minute ; corolla 
pale purple. — Low sandy pine barrens. South Florida. 

10. MICROMERIA, Benth. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equally .5 toothed, mostly hairy in the 
throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip flat, notched or entire, the lower 
spreading, 3-lobed; the straight tube commonly shorter than the calyx. 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 379 

Stamens 4, didynamous, arching inward : anther cells parallel, or at length 
diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with the small white or purple flowers 
solitary, or few in a whorl, chiefly axillary. 

1. M. Brownei, Benth. Smooth; stem prostrate or ascending, mostly 
simple ; leases round-ovate, obtuse, crenate or entire, short-petioled ; flowers 
solitary, opposite, on widely spreading peduncles, exceeding the leaves, erect, 
purple. — River banks, Florida. July - August. — Stem 6' - 1 2' long. Leaves 
4'' - 6" long. 

11. CALAMINTHA, Benth. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped; the upper lip spreading, 3-toothed, the 
lower 2-cleft, bearded or naked in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped, open at the 
throat ; the upper lip notched or entire, the lower 3-lobed, the tube commonly 
exserted. Stamens 4, didynamous, arching inward: anther cells at length 
diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs or shrubby plants, with white, scarlet, 
or purple flowers. 

§ I. Calamintha. Herbs: cymes peduncled, compound, small-hracted ; the 
upper ones forming a l-sided compound raceme : flowers small, 

1. C. Nepeta, Link. Villous; stem much branched, ascending ; leaves 
small, ovate, obtuse, serrate, petioled ; cymes numerous, dichotomous, loose- 
flowered ; calyx bearded in the throat, half as long as the purple corolla. — 
Waste places and roadsides. Introduced. July -Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° long. 
Leaves ^'*long. 

§2. Calomelissa. Shrubs: cymes nearli/ sessile, ax iUari/, few-flowered, often 
leafy-bracted : pedicels elongated : throat of the calyx bearded : flowers showy. 

2. C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Stem much branched, closely pubescent; 
leaves rigid, smooth, oval or oblong, obtuse, crenate, finely dotted, narrowed 
into a slender petiole ; axillary leaves small and clustered ; cymes 6-flowered, 
the lower bracts leafy ; corolla white or purple, spotted. — Sandy or rocky 
banks, Florida to North Carolina. August -Sept. — Shrub 1°- 2° high, the 
flowering branches simple. Leaves I'-l^' long. Corolla 1^ long. 

3. C. COCCinea, Benth, Smooth or minutely pubescent ; leaves obovate- 
oblong, obtuse, entire or obscurely crenate, tapering into a short petiole ; 
flowers solitary or in 3-flowered bracted cymes ; corolla scarlet. — Middle dis- 
tricts of Georgia, and westward. Oct. -Nov. — Stem 2° high, the outer bark 
loose and shreddy. Leaves ^' long. Corolla 1^' long. 

4. C. dentata, Chapm. Densely tomentose ; stem diffusely branched ; 
leaves small, obovate or wedge-shaped, entire, or 2-4-toothed at tlie apex, 
nearly sessile ; flowers solitary or 3 together ; calyx smooth, the upper lip 
emarginate or obscurely 3-toothed, much shorter than the lower; corolla 
white or purplish, ^ long. — Dry pine barrens, Bristol, Florida. May - Sept. 
— Stem l°-2° high. Leaves very numerous, Y long. 

5. C. glabella, Benth. Herbaceous, smooth ; stems slender (l*^- 2° high) ; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, sparingly serrate, short-petioled ; whorls mostly 
6-flowered, sessile, the spreading pedicels twice as long as the calyx, and com- 
monly longer than the lanceolate acute bracts ; corolla pale purple. — Rocky 
banks, Tennessee. 



380 LABIATE. (mIXT FAMILY.) 

12. CONRADINA, Gray. 

Characters chiefly of the preceding, but the corolla abruptly bent upward 
at the throat, widely 2-lii)ped, the upper erect, the lower 3-lobed and depend- 
ent. — A canescent branching shrub, with linear persistent leaves, and purple 
flowers. 

1. C. canescens, Gray. Hoary-tomentose ; stem diffusely branched; 
leaves linear, entire, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; cymes very numerous, 
1 -3-tiowered ; calyx smooth or hairy, the upper lip obtusely 3-toothed ; corolla 
hairy, white or purple, dotted in the throat ; anthers hairy. — Dry sands along 
the coast of Florida, flowering throughout the year. — Stem 1^-2° high. 
Leaves Y - ¥ long. Corolla }/ long. 

13. CERANTHERA, Ell. 

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire or minutely 3-toothed, 
the lower scarcely longer, 2-cleft, the throat bearded. Corolla 2-lipped ; the 
upper lip erect, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, didynamous, spread- 
ing, exserted: anther cells distinct, diverging, awned at the apex. Nutlets 
smooth. — Smooth annuals, with narrow leaves. Cymes loose, spreading, 
several-flowered, forming a leafy terminal raceme. Flowers purple. 

1. C. linearifolia, Ell- Stem mostly branching, erect; leaves linear 
or lanceolate, serrate or entire, obtuse, sessile ; cymes peduncled, 3 - 9-flowered ; 
calyx purple, declined in fruit. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida, Georgia, 
and westward. Oct. -Nov. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' long. Flowers very 
numerous, purple, dotted. Style hairy. 

2. C. densiflora, Gray. Stem loosely branched ; leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, or the uppermost linear; cymes .sessile, 5- 10-flowered. — East Florida 
(Bentham). — Cymes more compact, calyx smaller, and the awns of the an- 
thers shorter, than in No. 1. 

14. MELISSA, L. Balm. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 13-nerved, 2-lipped ; the upper lip flattish, 3- 
toothed, the lower 2-cleft, beardless in the throat. Corolla tube recurved- 
ascending, 2-lipped ; upper lip erect, the lower 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, 
curved and connivent under the upper lip : anther cells at length diverging. 
Nutlets smooth. — Herbs, with few-flowered 1 -sided axillary cymes, and white 
or yellow flowers. 

1. M. officinalis, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves ovate, crenate, 
truncate or cordate at the base ; cymes 3 - 6-flowered, with ovate bracts. — 
North Carolina, and northward. Introduced. 

15. SALVIA, L. Sage. 
Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 2 -lipped ; the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, 
the loY/er 2-cleft, heardless in the throat. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip en- 
tire or notched, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe larger, entire 
or notched. Stamens 2, short : anther cells linear, widely separated by the 
elongated oblique connective ; the upper one fertile, the lower imperfect or 
wanting. — Cymes in spikes, racemes, or panicles. 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 381 

* Upper lip of the cahjx ovate, entire or 3-toothed : lower anther cell wanting. 

1. S. azurea, Lam. Smooth; stem simple or branched; leaves lanceo- 
late or linear, obtuse, entire, or the lower ones serrate, tapering at the base ; 
racemes elongated; whorls nearly sessile, 6- 12-flowered; calyx longer than 
the pedicel, the teeth ovate, acute ; corolla 2-3 times as long as the calyx, 
white or blue; style bearded. — Dry light or sandy soil, Florida to South 
Carolina, and westward . July - August, — Stem 2° - 4° high. Leaves 1 i' - 3' 
long. Corolla 6" -8'' long. 

2. S. urticifolia, L, Stem (1°- 2°) mostly simple, villous-pubescent and 
somewhat viscid ; leaves thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, serrate, abruptly con- 
tracted into a winged petiole, the upper surface and veins beneath sparse- 
hairy; racemes terminal; bracts ovate, acuminate, caducous; whorls 6- 12- 
flowered, remote ; calyx bell-shaped, longer than the pedicel, broadly 3-toothed, 
about half as long as the blue and white corolla; style bearded. — Eich soil 
in the upper districts. April- May. 

3. S. Chapmani, Gray. Tomentose; stem tall, branching; leaves thick, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, contracted into a broadly winged petiole ; racemes 
axillary and terminal, the cordate bracts deciduous ; whorls 2 - 6-flowered. — 
Dry soil, Middle Florida. May - June. — Stem 3° - 5° high. Corolla pale blue. 

4. S. COCCinea, L. Pubescent; stem branching, l°-2° high; leaves 
slender-petioled, cordate-ovate, acute, 1'- 2' long; racemes loose, many-flow- 
ered ; calyx teeth ovate, acute ; corolla scarlet. — Waste ground, escaped from 
cultivation. July - Sept, 

5. S. serotina, L. Stem tomentose, branching; leaves ovate, mostly 
acute, crenate-serrate, tomentose, cordate or truncate at the base, petioled ; 
racemes short, many-flowered ; whorls mostly 6-flowered, the upper much 
crowded ; calyx glandular, longer than the pedicel ; corolla small, twice as 
long as the calyx ; style beardless ; the lower lobe spatulate, acute, the upper 
short, subulate, reflexed. — South Florida. Nov. — Stem 1° high. Leaves V 
long, twice as long as the petiole. Corolla blue and white, 3'' -4" long. 

6. S. Blodgettii, Chapm. Stem much branched; branches erect, fili- 
form, pubescent ; leaves small, thin, oval or ovate, slightly crenate, rounded 
at the apex, acute at the base, about as long as the very slender petiole ; ra- 
cemes filiform, few-flowered; whorls distant, 2 -6-flowered; calyx somewhat 
glandular, acutely toothed, slightly inflated in fruit ; corolla very small; lower 
lobe of the style spatulate, obtuse, — South Florida. — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Leaves 6^' - 9'^ long. Flowers blue. 

7. S. lanceolata, Willd. Steralow(6'-12'high),smooth, the branches 
pubescent; leaves lanceolate-linear, obtuse, obscurely serrate (H'- 2' long), 
narrowed to a petiole, the floral ones subulate ; whorls distant, mostly 2-flow- 
ered ; corolla blue, scarcely longer than the smooth calyx. — East Florida 
{Gray), and far west. 

8. S. OCCidentalis, Swartz. Stem long (2° -6°), creeping, retrorsely 
pubescent, the internodes swollen ; leaves short-petioled, ovate, acute, serrate ; 
racemes spike-like, many-flowered ; whorls distant, mostly 6-flowered, as long 
as the ovate acuminate bracts ; calyx glandular-villous, half as long as the 



382 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) 

blue corolla, the teeth obtuse; lobes of the style Hat, roniided. — Miami, 
South Florida ( (Jarber). 

<». S. privoides, Benth., var. Garberi, C'hapui. Chiefly like t)ie pre- 
ceding, hut the whorls less crowded and more distant, the calyx larger, in 
fruit (3'" -4" long), the broad teeth abruptly contracted into an awn-like 
point, and both lobes of the style rounded. — Manatee, South FloritUi {(Jarber) 
* * Upper I if) oflhc. r(tlijx brodd, 3-toothcd : luwer ant/icr cell sterile. 

H). S. lyrata, L. Hairy; St cjii erect, sparingly branched ; leaves chiefly 
radical, lyrate-pinnatifid, mostly discolored ; stem leaves 2 or 4, tli(^ ujjper pair 
lanceolate and entire; raceme many-flowered; uj)per lij) ol the l)ill-slia])ed 
calyx truncate, with short erect teeth; corolla tube elongated. — Var. oiio- 
VATA is le.ss hairy, with the obovate leaves merely toothed or wavy on the 
margins. (S. obovata, 7^://.) — Sandy .soil. April -May. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves 3' -6' long, ccmimonly purple beneath. Corolla 9"- 12" long, l)lue. 

11. S. verbenacea, L. Stem pubescent, l°-2° liigh ; leaves ovjite or 
oblong, pinnatifid ; tl)c ujjper cordate, sessile ; calyx half as long as the small 
blue corolla, the upper lip roundish, spreading, tlie small tcetli connivent. — 
Dry sandy soil, Heaufort, South Carolina {Elliott). Introduced. 

16. MONARDA, L. House Mint. 

Calyx tubular, elongated, l.'i-nerved, nearly equally .'')-toothed, bearded in 
the throat. Corolla nearly equally 2-lipped ; the upper lip notched or entire, 
the lower 3-toothed. Stamens 2, ascending under tlie upper lip, and ofteuer 
exserted : anther cells linear, diverging. Nutlets smooth. — Herbs. Leaves 
uudivided. Whorls large, dense-flowered. Bracts colored. 
* Upper lip of the corolla linear, acute. 

1. M. didyma, L. Stem smootliish ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
serrate, rounded at the base, petioled, smooth or hispid ; wliorls mostly soli- 
tary, terminal ; calyx smooth, incurved ; corolla large, bright red. — Mountains 
of North Carolina, and northward. August -Sc])t. — Stem erect, 2° high. 
Leaves 2' -3' long. Bracts lanceolate, red. Corolla 1' long. 

2. M. fistulosa, L. Stem branching, more or less pubescent, commonly 
hairy at the joints ; leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, 
mostly rounded or truncate at the base ; whorls terminal ; calyx slightly in- 
curved, densely hispid in the throat ; corolla slender, rose-color. — Dry wood- 
lauds in the upper districts. August -Sept. — Stem 2°-.')° high. Leaves 
smoothish, tomentose, or his])id, l'-3' long. Bracts pale purple. 

3. M. clinopodia, L. " Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent ; leaves 
ovate and ovate-lanceolate ; bracts whitish ; calyx moderately hirsute in the 
throat; corolla slightly pubescent (Tlong), dull white or flesh-colored." — 
Mountains of Georgia (Gray). 

4. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Smooth or hairy ; stem simple, slender, 3° 
high ; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cordate 
at the base ; heads solitary ; bracts white or purple ; calyx hirsute, its teeth 
long and spreading ; corolla purplish. — North Alabama, Tennessee, and west- 
ward. June. 



LABI AT JE. (mint FAMILY.) 383 

* * Upper Up of the corolla broader, notched. 
5. M. punctata, L. Closely and finely pubescent ; stem much branched ; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, acutish, slightly serrate, narrowed into a petiole ; 
whorls lateral and terminal ; bracts ovate or oblong, purple ; corolla yellowish ; 
the lower lip dotted with brown, the upper keeled ; stamens not exserted. — 
Dry soil. August - Oct. — Stem 1° - 3° high. Leaves Y - 2' long. 

17. BLEPHILIA, Kaf. 

Calyx ovate-tubular, 13-nerved, beardless in the throat, 2-lipped; the upper 
lip with three awned teeth, the lower 2-cleft, awnless or short-awued. Anthers 
1-celled. Otherwise like Monarda. — Stem erect. Whorls several, lateral and 
terminal, the upper ones crowded. 

1. B. Ciliata, Tiaf. Stem hirsute; leaves nearly sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 
finely serrate, smoothish above, paler and tomentose beneath ; whorls globose, 
crowded, or the lower ones distinct ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, long-ciliate ; calyx 
and corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata, L.) — Dry soil, in the upper districts. 
July -August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Corolla i' long, 
blue. 

2. B. hirsuta, Benth. Stem hirsute ; leaves long-petioled, oblong-ovate, 
serrate, smooth or hirsute ; whorls globose, distinct, or the upper ones crowded, 
the lower axillary ; bracts linear-subulate, long-ciliate ; corolla slightly pubes- 
cent. (Monarda hirsuta, Pw/'sA.) — Low ground on the mountains of North 
Carolina. July -August. — Stem 2° -3° high, branching. Leaves thin, 
3' - 4' long. Corolla pale blue. 

18. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. 

Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, slightly incurved, with the mouth oblique, and 
unequally 5-toothed, Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip deeply notched, the 
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, distant or 
spreading, the upper pair longer : anther cells parallel. Nutlets smooth. — 
Erect perennial herbs. Whorls numerous, crowded in a cylindrical spike. 

1. L. serophularisefolius, Benth. Stem pubescent; leaves petioled, 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, hairy beneath ; spike interrupted 
at the base ; calyx teeth whitish, lanceolate, acute. — Mountains of Georgia, 
and northward. August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Spikes 4' -1.5' long. Bracts 
ovate. Corolla purplish. 

2. L. nepetoides, Benth. Smooth ; leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, 
acute, serrate ; spike interrupted at the base ; calyx teeth green, ovate, barely 
acute. — Woods, North Carolina, and northward. August. — Stem 4° -6° 
high. Bracts ovate. Corolla greenish yellow. 

19. NEPETA, L. Catnip. 

Lower lip of the corolla 2-cleft or entire. Stamens ascending : anthers 
approximate by pairs, the cells diverging. Otherwise like Lophanthus. — 
Corolla blue or white. 

1 . N. Cataria, L. Erect, hoary-pubescent ; leaves cordate-ovate, coarsely 
serrate ; w^horls many-flowered, the upper ones crowded, the lower axillary ; 



384 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 

calyx teetli lanceolate-subulate ; corolla small, white. — Waste grouuds. lu- 
troduced. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Stem prostrate or creeping, pubescent ; leaves 
rouiid-cordatc, oljtuse, serrate ; wliorls in nearly all the axil.s, few-flowered ; 
corolla blue. — Low shady places, near dwellings. Introduced. — Stem 4' - 12" 
long. Leaves Y - V long. Anthers forming a cross. 

20. CEDRONELLA, Moench. 

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly equally .O-toothed ; the mouth ohli(iue. Corolla 
dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip straight, 2-(leri, the lower 3-cleft, 
witli the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending, the ujjjjcr pair longest : 
anther cells ])arallel. Nutlets smooth. — lUowers in a terminal sjnke or 
raceme. 

1. C. cordata, Benth. Stem low, pubescent, stoloniferous ; leaves long- 
petioled, cordate, crenate, smoothish ; the floral ones ovate ; raceme few- 
flowered, 1-sided ; cymes 1 -3-fiowered ; calyx and pale blue corolla lai-ge. — 
Shady banks, on the mountains of North Carolina. May -June. — Stem 6' 
high, creeping at the base. Leaves V long. Corolla l^ long. Plant pleas- 
ant-scented. 

21. BRUNELLA, Tourn. Self-heal. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 2-lipped; upper lip broad, truncated, 
3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip roundish, entire, 
the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe rounded, concave, crenate. Stamens 4, 
exserted, the smooth filament prolonged above the anther : anther cells spread- 
ing. — Herbs, with 6-flowered densely-spiked whorls. Floral leaves orbicular, 
imbricated, persistent. 

1. B. vulgaris, L. Pubescent or smoothish ; stem erect, mostly simple ; 
leaves ovate or oblong, serrate, petioled; spikes oblong or cylindrical; flowers 
purple. — Low grounds. Introduced. — Stem 6' -12' high. Spikes thick, 
lateral and terminal. 

22. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped, entire and closed after flowering ; the upper 
lip furnished with a helmet-shaped appendage on the back, and falling away 
at maturity, the lower persistent. Corolla-tube dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; 
the upper lip arching, with the small lateral lobes united with its sides, the 
lowest lobe large and spreading. Stamens 4, ascending : anthers ciliate, ap- 
proximate by pairs, those on the shorter filaments 1 -celled, on the longer ones 
2-celled, cordate. — Perennial mostly inodorous herbs. Flowers opposite, 
solitary, in the axils of the upper, mostly bract-like leaves, rarely in lateral 
racemes. Corolla blue or white. 

* Flowers in terminal racemes. 

H- Leaves cordate, ovate, or oblong, crenate, petioled ; the floral ones shorter than 

the flowers, entire. 

1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Softly pubescent ; stem stout, branched above ; 
leaves large, long-petioled, all broadly cordate, rugose and reticulate ; the 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 385 

floral ones ovate, sessile ; racemes terminal and axillary, many-flowered, viscid ; 
calyx hairy ; lateral lobes of the corolla conspicuous. — Dry open woods in 
the upper districts. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 
Racemes 3'- 6' long. Corolla G''- 8'' long, blue and white. 

Var. minor. Small (6'- 12') ; leaves tomentose, finely crenate ; the lowest 
orbicular, the upper ovate-lanceolate, truncated at the base (i'- 1' long), the 
floral ones narrower. — Dry woods in the upper districts. August. 

2. S. saxatilis, Riddell. Smooth or nearly so; stem ascending, slender, 
8' - 12' high ; leaves 1'- 2' long, thin, the lower cordate-ovate, coarsely crenate, 
obtuse, long-petioled, the floral ones oblong, entire ; racemes loose ; flowers 
small, blue. (S. arguta, Bucki, a pubescent form.) — Mountains of North 
Carolina. July - x\ugust. 

3. S. eanescens, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, branching above; leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, smoothish, paler and puncticulate beneath, short- 
petioled, the lower ones cordate, the upper lanceolate ; racemes axillary and 
terminal, pubescent, many-flowered ; corolla blue and white. — Dry open 
woods, Florida and Georgia. July -August. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 
2' - 3' long. Corolla 8" - 9" long. 

4. S. serrata, Andr. Smooth , stem erect, branched ; leaves ovate, acute, 
smooth and green on both sides, decurrent into the margined petiole ; the 
floral ones small, lanceolate; racemes short, simple, few-flowered, 1-sided; 
calyx mostly hairy ; corolla large, blue. — Dry woods, North Carolina. — 
Stem 2° -3° high Leaves I'-H' long. Corolla V long. 

5. S. montana, Chapm Softly pubescent; stem mostly simple (l^°-2° 
high) ; leaves of the stem, and lowest floral ones, ovate or oblong-ovate, 
coarsely serrate, acute at each end, the lowest cordate ; racemes few-flowered; 
corolla large (I'-l^ long), blue, the ample lower lip nearly as long as the 
upper one. — Dry woods, and margins of fields, on the mountains of Georgia. 
July- August. 

6. S. pilosa, Michx. Hirsute or closely pubescent ; stem simple or spar- 
ingly branched ; leaves distant, ovate, obtuse, coarsely crenate ; the lowest 
rounded at the base, the upper ones abruptly short-petioled ; racemes short, 
few-flowered; corolla pale blue. — Dry soil. July- August. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 1'- 2' long. Corolla 8"- 9" long, the tube slender. 

7. S. villosa, Ell. Stem erect, branching, villous ; leaves large, lanceo- 
late, acute at each end, coarsely toothed, villous beneath, hispid above ; ra- 
cemes paniculate, with the flowers crowded. — Georgia, between theOcmulgee 
and Flint Rivers {Elliott). May- July. — Stem 20-3° high. Leaves 3'-4i' 
long, on petioles -|' long. 

+- -t- Upper and floral leaves alike, entire, nearly sessile ; the lower broader, 
petioled, and wosthj crenate. 

8. S. brevifolia, Gray'? Pubescent ; stem mostly simple (6'- 12' high) ; 
leaves small {^'-1' long), rigid, lanceolate, obtuse, entire, tapering down- 
ward, sessile ; the lowest ovate or obovate, short-petioled, crenate or entire, 
the lower floral ones sometimes longer than the flowers ; racemes leafy, few- 
many floAvered. — Dry sandy soil, Georsfia and Florida. May- June. 

'2b 



386 LABIATiE. (mint FAMILY.) 

9. S. integrifolia, L. Softly pubescent ; stem simple or branching, 
6' -2^ lii^li ; le;i\es i' - H' long, obtuse, the lower ovate or cordate, cre- 
nate, long-petioled, the upper lanceolate, mostly entire ; racemes leafy ; 
corolla 8"- 10"' long, dilated upward, the ample lower lip longer than the 
upper one. — Low ground. May - July. 

-f- H- -1- Leaves all linear and entire ; the lowest bract-like. 

10. S. Floridana, Chapm. Minutely pubescent ; stem slender, branch- 
ing ; leaves obtuse, se.ssile, with revolute margins ; the floral ones shorter than 
the flowers ; racemes loose, few-flowered ; corolla large, much dilated at the 
throat; the nearly equal lips broad and obtuse ; filaments hairy at the base. — 
Pine barren swamps near the coast, West Florida. July. — Stem 1° high. 
Leaves 1' long, ^" - I" wide. Corolla 1' long, deep blue, the lower lip white 

in the middle. 

* * Flowers small, in axillary racemes 

11. S. lateriflora, L. Smooth; stem elongated, diffusely branched; 
leaves petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, the lower rounded 
at the base ; racemes slender, 1-sided ; corolla blue. — Shady swamps. July- 
Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves membranaceous, 2' -• 3' long. Corolla 2" 

long. 

* * * Floicers solitary in the axils of the upper leaves. 

12. S. galericulata, L. Stem erect or ascending, simple or branched, 
smooth or pubescent ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, slightly 
crenate, rounded or subcordate at the base, paler and pubescent beneath ; 
flowers nearly sessile, turned to one side. — Wet shaded places, North Caro- 
lina, and northward. July -August. — Stem \°-2° high. Leaves I'-l^' 
long. Corolla 7" -8" long, blue, the lower lip white in the middle, spotted 
with blue. 

13. S. parvula, Michx. Stem low, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong, 
obtuse, mostly entire, nearly sessile, strongly veined ; flowers small. — Dry 
ground. May - June. — Fibres of the root often bearing small tubers. Stem 
6' -9' high. Leaves 4''- 6'' long. Corolla blue, 2" -3" long. 

14. S. nervosa, Pursh. Nearly glabrous ; stem slender, mostly simple, 
the angles acute, 1°-1^° high; leaves thin, obtuse, prominently nerved, the 
lowest ovate, cordate, coarsely serrate ; the upper narrower and sessile ; flowers 
small, blue; seed winged. — Low shady woods, Tennessee, and northward, 
July. 

23. MACBEIDEA, Ell. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 3-lobed ; the upper lobe lanceolate, entire, the 
two lower ones oblong, notched or entire. Corolla inflated, 2-lipped ; the up- 
per lip arching, concave, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4. 
ascending under the upper lip. Filaments hairy : anthers approximate by 
pairs, the cells diverging, hairy and denticulate on the margins. Nutlets 
smooth. — Erect mostly simple perennials. Flowers opposite, crowded in a 
dense cone-like terminal head. Corolla large, white or purple. 

1. M. pulehra, Ell. Smooth or hairy; leaves lanceolate, acute, serru- 
late, dotted ; the lower ones narrowed into a petiole, the upper sessile, the 
floral ones ovate, acute ; calyx striate, the lobes entire ; corolla purple, the 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 387 

tube striped with purple and white, the upper lip entire. — Pine barren swamps, 
Georgia to North Carolina. August -Sept. — Stem l°-l^°high. Corolla 

2. M. alba, Chapm. Smooth or hirsute ; leaves wedge-lanceolate or ob- 
long, toothed, rounded at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base ; the lowest 
oblong, tapering into a slender petiole ; the floral ones ovate or orbicular, ob- 
tuse ; calyx nerveless, with the two larger lobes notched ; corolla white, the 
upper lip emarginate. — Low pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast. 
July -August. — Stem 1°-!^° high. Leaves 2' long, or the radical ones 
4' - 5' long, and, like the calyx and corolla, thick and somewhat fleshy. 

24, SYNANDRA, Nutt. 

Calyx inflated, bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip en- 
tire, the lower broadly 3-lobed, spreading. Stamens 4, ascending under the 
upper lip, hairy; anthers smooth, the contiguous cells of the upper pair 
smaller, sterile, and connate. Nutlets large, smooth, angular. 

1. S. grandiflora, Nutt. Biennial; stem simple, hairy (1°-1^° high) ; 
leaves thin, long-petioled, cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, the floral ones 
narrower, acuminate, sessile; corolla large (1^' loiig)» yellowish white; 
calyx teeth acute. — Shady woods, Tennessee, and northward. June. 

25. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, inflated in fruit, nearly equally 5-toothed. Co- 
rolla tubular-funnel-shaped, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, concave, entire or 
notched, the lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens 4, ascending under 
the upper lip : anthers approximate, with the cells parallel, ciliate. Nutlets 
smooth, acutely 3-angled. — Smooth perennial herbs, with erect mostly 
simple stems, and opposite showy purplish flowers, in terminal spikes or 
racemes. 

1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Leaves large (6' -9' long), oblong, sharply 
serrate, the lowest narrowed into a petiole ; spikes thick, dense-flowered ; 
calyx teeth acute; corolla V long. — Varies through several intermediate 
forms into var. denticulata, with lanceolate or linear denticulate or entire 
leaves, and smaller (6^'-9'' long) flowers, in a long loosely flowered spike. — 
Low ground and swamps. June -August. — Stem 2° -4° high. Racemes 
simple or compound. 

26. LAMIUM, L. Dead Nettle. 

Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, .5-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, the teeth subu- 
late, not spiny. Corolla slender, dilated at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 
ovate or oblong ; the lateral lobes small, at the margins of the tliroat ; the 
lowest large, notched, short-stalked. 'Stamens 4, ascending under the upper 
lip. Nutlets 3-angled, truncate at the apex. — Herbs. Leaves incised ; the 
lower ones petioled, the floral ones sessile, longer than the dense whorls. 

1. L. amplexieaule, L. Leaves orbicular, incisely crenate-lobed ; the 
floral ones clasping, the others petioled; tube of the corolla straight, the 



388 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 

lateral lobes truncate ; anthers hairy, — Cultivated ground and waste places, 
coininon. May. (T) — Stems 4'- 12' high. Corolla small, purple, ofteu im- 
perfectly developed. 

27. MARRUBIUM, L. Horehound. 

Calyx tubular, 5- lO-Jiorved, nearly eipially 5- 10-toothed; the teeth spiny, 
mostly spreading in fruit. Corolla-tube included in the calyx, 2-lii)ped ; the 
upper lip erect ; the lower 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, 
included : anther cells diverging. Lobes of the style short, obtuse. Nutlets 
obtuse at the apex. — Chiefly tomentose or woolly j>erennial herbs, with 
rugose leaves, and axillary whorls. 

1. M. VUlgare, L. Woolly; stems branching at the base, ascending; 
leaves petioled, ovate or roundish, crenate, the floral ones smaller, but longer 
than the capitate many-flowered whorls; calyx teeth 10, recurved-spreading ; 
corolla small, white. — Waste ground and roadsides. Introduced. — Stems 
1° -2'^ high. 

28. LEONOTIS, R. Buown. 

Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, incurved, unequally 8 - 1 0-toothed ; the teeth 
straigiit, spiny, the upper one largest. Corolla slender, 2-lipped ; the upper 
lip long, arching, entire, the lower very short, 3-cleft, spreading. Stamens 4, 
ascending under the upper lip : anther cells diverging. Nutlets 3-angled, 
truncate. — Tall herbs, with very large globose whorls in the axils of the 
upper leaves. Flowers yellow or scarlet. 

1. L. nepetaefolia, R. Br. Annual; stem tomentose, simple or 
branched ; leaves remote, long-petioled, broadly ovate, crenate, the floral 
ones lanceolate ; whorls 1 to several ; calyx 8-toothed ; corolla villous, scarlet. 
— Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. June -August. Introduced. — 
Stem l°-6° high. Whorls l'-2' in diameter. Corolla V long. 

29. LEONURUS, L. Motherwort. 

Calyx top-shaped, 5-nerved, 5-toothed, the teeth spiny and at length spread- 
ing. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip entire, the lower spreading, 3-lobed, with 
the middle lobe obcordate. Stamens 4, ascending : anther cells parallel, naked. 
Nutlets 3-angled, truncate. — Herbs, with iucisely lobed leaves ; the floral ones 
longer than the dense whorls. Bracts subulate. 

1. L. Cardiaca, L. Stem (2° -4*^ high) square, pubescent; leaves long- 
petioled, the lower ones round-cordate, palmately lobed and toothed ; the 
floral wedge-shaped, 3-cleft toward the apex; whorls distant, 6-15-flowered ; 
corolla villous, purplish, spotted with brown in the throat. — Waste places. 
Introduced. June -July. 

30. STACHYS, L. Hedge Nettle. 

Calyx tubular bell-shaped, 5- or 10-nerved, .5-toothed ; the teeth equal, or 
the upper one larger, more or less spine-pointed (in our species), spreading in 
fruit. Corolla hairy within, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, the lower spread- 
ing, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe much larger. Stamens 4, ascending : an- 



LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) 389 

thers 2-celled. Nutlets not truncate. — Chiefly hairy or hispid herbs, with 
few-flowered whorls in terminal racemes. 

1. S. aspera, Michx. Stem erect, with the angles rough with recurved 
bristly hairs, rarely smoothish ; leaves short-petioled, ovate-oblong or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, serrate, rounded at the base, smooth, or sprinkled with 
hairs above; the floral ones longer than the calyx ; whorls 6- 10-flowered, the 
lower ones distant ; calyx-teeth spine-pointed. — Swamps, South Carolina, and 
northward. June - August. — Stem 1^° - 2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. Co- 
rolla purple. 

2. S. COrdata, Riddell. Stem slender, more or less hirsute ; leaves thin, 
oblong-cordate, crenate, acuminate, long-petioled, the floral ones minute; 
calyx teeth broadly subulate. — Banks of streams on the mountains of 
Georgia and Tennessee. August. 

3. S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Smooth or nearly so ; stem erect, slender ; 
leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly serrate ; raceme 
short, of few 4 - 6-flowered whorls ; calyx smooth, with spiny spreading teeth, 
a third to half as long as the smooth violet corolla. — Wet pine barrens, in 
the middle districts of South Carolina, and northward. June - August. — Stem 
1° - 1^° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

4. S. Floridana, Shuttlw. Smooth or hirsute; stem slender, erect; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, or the upper ones sessile, acute or obtuse, 
serrate, truncate, or the lowest subcordate at the base ; whorls few or numer- 
ous, distant, 6- 10-flowered; calyx pubescent, with lanceolate-subulate rigid 
teeth ; corolla twice as long as the calyx, purple. — Low grounds, Elorida. 
July. — Stem 10'- 15' high. Leaves 1' long, the lowest shorter than the 
petiole. 

31. ISANTHUS, Michx. 

Calyx bell-shaped, 10-nerved, 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed. 
Stamens 4, incurved-ascending, exserted : anthers 2-celled. Nutlets obovoid, 
impressed-reticulated, laterally cohering at the base. — An annual pubescent 
and somewhat viscid branching herb, with lanceolate entire or sparingly 
toothed acute leaves, and small pale blue flowers on 1 - 3-flowered axillary 
peduncles. 

1. I. Coeruleus, Michx. — Dry soil in the upper districts. July -Au- 
gust. — Stem terete, 1°-1^° high. Leaves l'-l|'long, 3-nerved below the 
middle. 

32. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Blue Curls. 

Calyx short, reversed, oblique, .5-toothed ; the 3 lower teeth long, connate ; 
the 2 upper ones very short. Corolla slender, nearly equally 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 4, long-exserted, partly coiled : anther cells diverging. Nutlets pitted, 
united at the base. — Branching annuals, with entire leaves, and solitary blue 
flowers on lateral peduncles. 

1. T. dichotoniurQ, L. Pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly 
smooth ; stem much branched, obscurely 4-angled ; leaves oblong or lanceo- 
late, obtuse, narrowed into a petiole. (T. lineare, Nutt., a smoother form, 
with linear leaves.) — Dry sandy soil. August - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. 



390 PLANTAGINACEiE. (PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 

33. TEUCRIUM, L. Gekmanuer. 
Calyx tubular or bell-shai>ed, 5-tuotlied. . Corolla 5-lobed ; the 4 upper lobes 
short, the lowest large, obloug or rounded, concave. Stamens 4, didyuamous, 
the lower pair longest, exserted between the 2 upper lobes of the corolla : 
anther cells confluent. Nutlets rugose. 

1 . T. Canadeuse, L. Stem tomentose, erect, simple or branched ; leaves 
short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent above, white-velvety 
beueatli ; flowers mostly alternate, in a long hoary raceme, longer than the 
subulate bracts ; calyx bell-shaped. — Swamps and low ground. July - Sept. 
11 — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 6' long. Flowers purplisli. 



Pekilla ocymoides, L., cultivated as a foliage plant, is spontaneous along 
roads in the upper districts, and the Thyme of tlie garden (Thymus Ser- 
PYLLUM, L.) is sparingly naturalized in North Carolina. 



Order 103. PLANTAGINACE^E. (Plantain Family.) 

Chiefly stemless herbs, with radical mostly ribbed leaves, and small 
whitish spiked or capitate flowei-s, borne on a naked scape. — Calyx 
of 4 imbricated sepals, with scarious margins. Corolla salver-shaped, 
4-parted, withering. Stamens 2-4, included or exserted, inserted on 
the tube of the corolla, and alternate with its lobes : anthers 2-celled, 
deciduous. Style slender. Ovary free, 2- 4-celled. Capsule 2-celled, 
few - many-seeded, opening transversely. Seeds attached to the de- 
ciduous partition. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen. 

1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. 
Characters same as the order. 

* Flower perfect. 

1. P. major, L. Leaves ovate or oval, smooth or pubescent, 5-7-ribbed, 
mostly toothed, narrowed into a broad concave petiole ; scape pubescent; spike 
long-cylindrical, densely many-flowered ; bracts ovate ; capsule many-seeded. 
— Low ground around dwellings. Introduced. May -August. — Scape 6'- 
12' high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

2. P. cordata. Lam. Smooth ; leaves broadly ovate or cordate, toothed, 
7 - 9-ribbed, on long flat petioles ; spike long-cylindrical, rather loosely 
flowered ; bracts roundish ; capsule 2 - 4-seeded. — Low ground in the upper 
districts. April- June. % — Scape 1° high. Leaves 3' -8' long. 

3. P. Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves smooth or pubescent, oblong, entire or 
obscurely denticulate, 3-5-ribbed ; spike cylindrical, rather loosely flowered; 
bracts acute, shorter than the smooth calyx ; capsule conical, 4-seeded. — Low 
ground in the upper districts. — Plant small. Scape slender, 6'- 10' high. 

4. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Annual, villous, or sometimes smoothish ; 
leaves lanceolate or linear, shorter than the scape ; spike oblong or capitate ; 



ARISTOLOCHIACE^. (bIKTHWORT FAMILY.) 391 

bracts shorter than the flower ; lobes of the corolla rounded ; capsule 2-seeded. 
— Nashville, Tennessee {Gattinger), and westward. 

Var. aristata, Gray. Leaves linear-lanceolate ; spike linear, the filiform 
bracts 3-6 times the length of the flower. — Waste ground, Georgia, and 
westward. — Scape 1° or less high. 

5. P. lanceolata, L. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 
denticulate, 3 - 5-ribbed, long-petioled ; spikes dense, ovate or oblong ; capsule 
2-seeded. — Pastures and waste ground. Introduced. — Scape l°-2°high. 
Spikes V -2' long. 

6. P. sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves smooth, lanceolate, toothed or en- 
tire, narrowed into a long petiole ; scape much longer than the leaves, pubes- 
cent below ; spike long, loosely flowered ; bracts ovate ; calyx lobes obtuse ; 
capsule 2-seeded. — Moist pine barrens, Georgia and South Carolina. June - 
Sept. — Spikes 6'- 9' long. 

* * Flowers dicecious : annuals. 

7. P. Virginica, L. Pubescent ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, toothed 
or entire, 3 - 5-ribbed, on rather short petioles ; spike cylindrical, densely 
flowered ; stamens 4 ; capsule 2 - 4-seeded, — Low sandy soil, very common. 
April -June. — Scape 1' (and then 2-4-flowered)-l° high. Leaves ^'-6' 
long. 

8. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Smooth or pubescent ; leaves somewhat 
fleshy, linear, entire, or with scattered spreading teeth ; spikes linear, closely 
flowered ; the lower flowers scattered ; stamens 2, exserted ; capsule many- 
seeded, twice the length of the calyx. — Waste places and fields. April - 
May. — Scape 2^-6' high, commonly longer than the leaves. 

9. P. pusilla, Nutt. Small (l''-2' high), slightly pubescent; leaves 
narrow-linear, entire ; capsule ovoid, rather longer than the calyx, 4-seeded. 
— Tennessee, and northward. 



Division IIL APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Floral envelopes single, consisting of a calyx only, or 
altogether wanting. ^ 

Order 104. ARISTOLOCHIACE^. (Birthwort Family.) 

Herbs or woody vines, with alternate petioled mostly cordate and 
entire leaves, and solitary pediincled dull-colored flowers. — Calyx ad- 
herent to the 5 - 6-celled ovary, tubular, valvate in the bud. Stamens 
5-12, more or less united with the styles: anthers adnate, extrorse. 
Fruit 5 -6-celled, few - many-seeded. Seed anatropous. Embryo 
minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. 

1. AS ARUM, Tourn. Asarabacca. 
Calyx regular, 3-lobed. Stamens 12, the filaments partly united with the 
style, and usually prolonged beyond the anthers. Capsule fleshy, globose, 



392 ARISTOLOCHIACE^. (bIRTHWORT FAMILY.) 

opening irregularly. — Aromatic perennial herbs, with creeping stems, long- 
petioled cordate or kidney-shaped leaves, and axillary peduncled flowers. 
§ 1. AsAKUM. — Calyx bell-shaped, adnate to the ovarii, 3-parted : Jilaments 
free or nearli/ so : stif/rna 6-lobed. — Leaves deciduous. 

1. A. Canadense, L. (Wild Ginger-hoot.) Pubescent; leaves 2, 
kidney-shaped; culyx lobes acuminate; filaments as long as the style. — 
Mountains of Nortli Carolina, and northward. April - May. — Flowers short- 
peduncled, purple witliin. 

§ 2. Heterotropa. — Ca/ijx injiated, nearly free from the orary, 3-cleft : Jila- 
ments united with the ovary: styles 6: stigma 2-c.left. — Leaves evergreen, 
smooth, mottled. 

2. A. Virginicum, L. Leaves round-cordate; calyx inflated-bell- 
shaped, with rounded lobes ; stigmas deeply 2-cleft. — Kich shady woods in 
the upper districts. April -May. — Leaves single or 2-3 together, 2' long. 
Calyx 8" -9'' long, nearly sessile at the base of the petioles, greenisli with- 
out, dull purple within. 

3. A. arif Olium, Michx. Leaves oblong-cordate or hastate ; calyx pitcher- 
shaped, with rounded lobes ; stigmas slightly 2-cleft. — Shady woods. March - 
April. — Leaves 3' -4' long, auriculate at the base, long-petioled. Calyx V 
long, distinctly peduncled, contracted above the middle, dark purple within. 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. 
Calyx tubular, commonly bent and inflated above the ovary. Anthers 5-6, 
sessile, adnate to the 3 - 6-lobed or angled stigma. Capsule 5 - 6-valved. — 
Erect or twining herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, cordate at the base. 
Flowers long-peduncled, axillary, or near the base of the stem. 

* Stamens 6. 
-t- Low herbs. 

1. A. Serpentaria, L. (Snakeroot.) Stems single or clustered, pu- 
bescent, zigzag and leafy above ; leaves short-petioled, varying from ovate to 
linear-lanceolate, cordate or hastate at the base ; flowers near the base of the 
stem, on bracted spreading peduncles ; calyx tortuous, 3-lobed, dull purple. — 
Shady woods. June -August. — Stem 8'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 
Calyx shaped like the letter S. 

•1- -I- Woody vines: capsule oblong, 6-angled, 3' -4' long. 

2. A. Sipho, L'Her. Stem smoothish ; leaves large, orbicular-cordate, 
slightly pubescent beneath ; peduncles slender, solitary, with a roundish clasp- 
ing bract near the base ; calyx curving upward, with the broad spreading 
brownish purple border obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich woods along the mountains. 
May, — Stem climbing high. Leaves 6' - 12' broad. Calyx shaped like a Dutch 
pipe, lY long. 

3. A. tomentosa, Sims. Hoary-pubescent; leaves cordate; peduncles 
opposite the leaves, bractless, woolly ; calyx bent in the middle, the greenish 
rugose unequally 3-lobed border reflexed, thickened and dark brown at the 
nearly closed throat. — River banks, chiefly in the upper districts. May. — 
Stem very long. Leaves 3' -5' long. Calyx similar in shape to the preced- 
ing, but smaller. 



NYCTAGINACE^. (fOUR-O'cLOCK FAMILY.) 393 

* * Stamens 5. 
4. A. pentandra, L. Perennial, herbaceous, smoothish ; stem pros- 
trate or twining ; leaves ovate, cordate ; flowers axillary ; limb of the calyx 
lanceolate, acuminate, deep green, much longer than the 5-angled tube. — 
Miami, South Florida [Garber). 



Order 105. NYCTAGINACE^:. (Four-o'clock Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs with tumid joints. Leaves mostly opposite, simple, 
petioled, without stipules. — Calyx colored and resembling a corolla, 
tubular-bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, free from the 1-celled and 1- 
ovuled ovary, plaited in the bud, contracted in the middle, with the 
upper portion deciduous. Stamens 1- several, hypogynous: anthers 
2-celled, roundish. Ovule erect. Style simple : stigma simple or 
branched. Achenium enclosed in the indurated, mostly ribbed, often 
glandular base of the calyx. Embryo coiled or folded around copious 
mealy albumen. Cotyledons leafy. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers surrounded by a calyx-like involucre. 

1. OXYBAPHUS. Involucre open, membranaceous, 5-lobed. Herbs. 

* * Flowers without an involucre. 

2. BOERHAAVIA. Flowers perfect. Embryo coiled. Herbs. 

3. PISONIA. Flowers dioecious. Embryo straight. Shrubs. 

1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. 

Flowers perfect, 1-5 in a cluster, surrounded by an open cup-shaped 5-lobed 
involucre. Calyx tube very short ; the bell-shaped limb 5-lobed, deciduous. 
Stamens 3, exserted. Style slender: stigma capitate. Achenium enclosed in 
the indurated ribbed persistent base of the calyx. — Erect herbs, from thick 
perennial roots. Leaves opposite. Flowers terminal, purple or rose-color. 

1. O. angUStifolius, Sweet. Stem smoothish, branching above ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, smooth, obtuse at the sessile base; the upper ones distant, 
acute ; flowers loosely panicled ; involucre with rounded hairy lobes, at length 
enlarged and strongly nerved, 3-flowered ; base of the calyx villous. — South 
Carolina, and westward. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Leaves 2' long. Calyx 4'' - b" 
long, whitish, veiny. 

2. O. albidus, Sweet. Stem erect, 4-angled, furrowed, glandular-pu- 
bescent ; branches opposite ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, roughish ; peduncles 
opposite, the lower ones solitary, the upper clustered ; involucre hairy ; base 
of the calyx 5-6-angled, almost hispid. (Allionia, Ell.) — Near Columbia, 
South Carolina {Elliott). 

3. O. nyctagineus, Sweet. Stem smoothish, 4-angled, forking ; leaves 
petioled, deltoid-ovate; flowers clustered, terminal; involucre 3-5-flowered, 
becoming large and veiny. — West Tennessee, and westward. July- August. 
— Stem 1°- 2° high. 



394 NYCTAGINACEiE. (FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.) 

2. BOERHAAVIA, L. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx tube cylindrical or obconical, 5-ribbecl ; the limb 
colored, fuuuel-shaped, 5-lobed, deciduous. Stameii.s 1-4: authers miuute, 
roundish. Style sleuder : stigma obtuse. Embryo I'ulded. — Anuual herbs, 
witli diffuse branching stems, and opposite ovate or rounded leaves. Flowers 
small, in solitary or panicled clusters. 

1. B. erecta L. Stems ascending, branched from the base, smooth; 
branches alternate; leaves ovate or roundish,^ acute or mucrouate, often more 
or less cordate, wavy along the margins, whitened and minutely dotted with 
black beneath; clusters 3 - 5-flowered, in ample panicles; stamens 2; fruit 
smooth, obconical, truncate, strongly ribbed. — Cultivated ground, Florida to 
South Carolina. July- Sept. — Stem l°-.3° long. Leaves rather thick, 2' -3' 
long. Flowers small, purple. 

2. B. hirsuta, Willd. Stem diffuse, alternately branched, minutely 
pubescent, hirsute above ; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, mucronate, obtuse at 
the base, undulate, smooth, and similarly colored on both sides, ciliate on the 
margins; clusters 3 -6-flowered, forming a loose spreading panicle; flowers 
minute ; calyx limb hairy at the apex ; fruit obconical, rounded at the apex, 
with the ribs glandular-viscid. — Soutli Florida. — Stem stout, 2° -3° long. 
Leaves V-2' long. 

3. B. viscosa, Lag. Viscid or minutely pubescent ; stem terete, 
straight ; branches opposite ; leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, mucro- 
nate, acute at the base, smooth, whitish beneath, slender-petioled ; peduncles 
solitary, axillary, 2-cleft, mostly shorter than the leaves; flowers capitate, 
minute ; stamens 3 ; fruit club-shaped, acutish, with the ribs glandular. — 
South Florida. — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaves 1 ' - 1 ^' long. 

3. PISONIA, Plum. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5- or 10-toothed, funnel-shaped in the sterile flow- 
ers, tubular and persistent in the fertile. Stamens 6-10, exserted : anther 
cells distinct. Style mostly lateral: stigma many-cleft. Fruit terete or 
ribbed, smooth or glandular. Embryo straight. Cotyledons folded around 
the albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate leaves, and mostly 
rose-colored flowers in corymbose cymes. 

1. P. aculGata, L. Spiny; stem smooth; branches widely spreading ; 
leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, acute or obtuse, smooth ; cymes terminal, 
peduncled, pubescent, many-flowered; calyx of the sterile flower 10-toothed; 
stamens 7 ; fruit club-shaped, 10-striate, and beset with 5 rows of shining vis- 
cid glands. — South Florida. — Shrub 5° high ; the spines short and recurved. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 

2. P. obtusata, Swartz. Smooth, spineless; leaves obovate-oblong, 
revolute on the margins, rigid ; cymes long-peduncled, many-flowered, the 
branches horizontal ,• fertile calyx 5-cleft, with the lobes narrow and acute ; 
stamens 7 ; fruit oblong, many-furrowed, glandless ; capsule truncate. — 
South Florida. — Leaves opposite, l'-2' long. Flowers V'-2" long. 



PHYT0LACCACEJ5. (POKEWEED FAMILY.) 395 

3. P. rotundata, Griseb. Spineless ; leaves obovate, rounded at the base, 
short-petioled (T long) ; cymes divaricate, sessile or short-peduncled ; flowers 
clustered; sterile calyx 5-toothed, the fertile clavate-oblong, obtuse-angled, 
glandular above the middle, the glands stipitate. — Keys of South Florida 
(Curtiss). 



Order 106. PHYTOLACCACE^. (Pokeweed Family.) 

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and apetalous 3- 
bracted racemed or spiked flowers. — Calyx composed of 4 - 5 nearly 
equal sepals, more or less united at the base, unchanged in fruit. 
Stamens hypogyuous, as many as the sepals and alternate with them, 
or numerous, free, or united at the base ; sterile ones none : anthers 
2-celled, introrse. Ovary simple or compound. Ovules amphitropous 
or campylotropous, solitary, erect. Styles as many as the ovaries. 
Fruit of 1 - many carpels. Albumen copious or none. Embryo an- 
nular, rarely straight. Radicle inferior. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. PETIVERIE^. Fruit simple. Cotyledons convolute. 
Leaves stipulate. 

1. PETIVERIA. Fruit an achenium with reflexed spines at the apex. Embryo straight 

in scanty albumen. 

2. RIVINA. Fruit a berry. Embryo forming a ring around the albumen. 

Suborder II. PHYTOLACCE^. Fruit compound. Cotyledons flat. 
Leaves exstipulate. 

3. PHYTOLACCA. Fruit a berry, composed of numerous carpels arranged in a circle. 

1. PETIVERIA, Plum. 

Calyx 3-bracted, 4-parted, herbaceous. Stamens 4 - 8 : anthers linear. 
Ovary simple, 1 -celled. Ovule single, erect, amphitropous. Stigma many- 
cleft. Achenium wedge-shaped, compressed, 2-lobed at the apex, each lobe 
armed with 2-3 reflexed spines. Albumen almost none. Embryo straight. 
Cotyledons unequal, convolute. — Shrubby tropical plants, with entire stipu- 
late leaves, and small greenish flowers in an elongated and slender spike. 

1. P. alliacea, L. — South Florida. — Stem 2° -3° high, closely pubes- 
cent. Leaves 3' -4' long, oblong or obovate, obtuse, narrowed into a short 
petiole, pubescent beneath. Spikes filiform, single or by pairs, 6' -12' long. 
Calyx lobes linear, incurved at the apex. Stamens 4-5. Achenia erect, 
appressed to the rachis, with two spines at each lobe. Stipules subulate, 
minute. 

2. RIVINA, Plum. 

Calyx remotely 3-bracted, 4-parted, colored. Stamens 4 - 8 : anthers ovate 
or oblong. Ovary simple. Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma capitate 



396 ILLECEBRACE^. (kNOTWORT FAMILY.) 

or many-cleft. Berry nearly globose, at length dry. Embryo forming a ring 
around the copious albumen. Cotyledons somewhat leafy, convolute. — 
Shrubs, with alternate minutely stipulate petioled leaves, and small white or 
rose-colored flowers in axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts deciduous. 

1. B. humilis, L. Closely pubescent or glabrous; stem with spreading 
branches; leaves oblong-ovate, rounded at the base, tapering but obtuse 
at the summit, on long filiform petioles ; racemes slender, longer tlian the 
leaves; calyx lobes obovate, pale rose-color; berry rounded, compressed. 
— South Florida. — Shrub l°-2° high. Leaves I'-S' long. Flowers and 
berries V'-l}/' long. 

3. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed. 

Calyx 3-bracted, 5-parted ; the lobes petal-like, rounded. Stamens 5-25: 
anthers elliptical. Ovary compound. Styles 5-12, short, distinct, recurved at 
the apex, stigmatic within. Fruit a depressed globose berry, containing 5 - 
12 one-seeded indehiscent carpels united in a circle. Embryo forming a ring 
around the central albumen. Cotyledons linear. — Erect branching herbs, 
with entire petioled leaves. Flowers in racemes opposite the leaves. 

1. P. decandra, L. Smooth; stem very stout (2° -12° high) ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, acute ; racemes many-flowered, as long as the leaves ; flowers 
white, turning purplish ; stamens, styles, and carpels 10. — Margins of fields 
and uncultivated ground, July- Sept, ^ — Root large. Berry black. 



Order 107. ILLECEBRACE.3E. (Knotwort Family.) 

Herbs with opposite entire leaves, dry scarious stipules, and small 
cymose or clustered flowers. — Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals. 
Stamens 2-5, inserted on the calyx, and often with bristle-like sterile 
ones interposed. Styles 2, separate or united. Fruit a 1-seeded utricle. 
Embryo circular, enclosing mealy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. PARONYCHIA. Sepals united at the base. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. 

Style long. Utricle included. 

2. ANYCHIA. Sepals distinct. Stamens inserted on the base of the sepals. Style very 

short. Utricle partly exserted. 

3. SIPHONYCHIA. Sepals united into a tube below the middle. Stamens inserted on the 

tube of the calyx. Style long. 

1. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. 

Sepals 5, united at the base, concave and mucronate or awued at the apex. 
Sterile stamens bristle-like or tooth-like, alternate with the 5 fertile ones and 
inserted vi^ith them on the base of the calyx. Style long, 2-cleft. Utricle 
included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior or ascending. — Low herbs, 
with conspicuous silvery stipules, and minute flowers in loose or compact 
cymes. 



ILLECEBKACE^. (kNOTWORT FAMILY.) 397 

1. P. dichotoma, Nutt. Smooth; stems slender, erect ; leaves linear- 
subulate ; those of the barren stems imbricated; cymes fastigiate, diffuse; 
sepals linear, 3-ribbed, slender-pointed. —Rocks on the mountains of North 
Carolina, and westward. July - Nov. y. — Stems 6' - 12' high. 

2. P. argyrOCOma, Nutt. Minutely pubescent; stems tufted, ascend- 
ing ; leaves linear, acute ; cymes capitate, the flowers concealed by the large 
silvery stipules ; sepals lanceolate, hairy, slender-pointed. — Mountains of 
Georgia and North Carolina. July - Sept. 2/ — Stems 6' -10' high. 
Stipules nearly as long as the leaves. 

3. P. herniarioides, Nutt. Rough- pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely 
branched ; leaves oval or oblong, mucrouate ; flowers axillary, solitary, sessile ; 
sepals subulate, with a short and spreading point. — Dry sand ridges in the 
middle districts, Georgia to North Carolina. July -Oct. (l) — Stems 4' -6' 
long. Leaves 3" - 4" long. 

4. P. Baldwinii, Chapm. Finely pubescent ; stems prostrate, diffusely 
branched ; branches alternate, one-sided, filiform ; leaves lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, narrowed into a petiole ; cymes diffuse, naked ; sepals ob- 
long, 3-ribbed, ciliate, short-pointed ; utricle equalling or rather longer than 
the sepals; style 2-cleft to the middle. (Anychia, Torr. ^^ Gray.) — Dry 
sandy soil, Florida and Georgia. July -Oct. (l) and © — Stems \°-l° 
long. Upper leaves sometimes alternate. 

5. P. riparia, Chapm. Smooth or nearly so ; perennial ; stems several, 
spreading, branched ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute ; stipules very short ; sep- 
als smoothish ; otherwise like the preceding. — Banks of Flint River, Georgia. 

— Stems 1^-3° long. Leaves ^' long. 

6. P. Rugelii, Shuttlw. Annual, pubescent ; stem erect, successively 
forking ; leaves oblanceolate, abruptly pointed, shorter than the internodes, 
the upper linear ; stipules a fourth to a third as long as the leaves, soon 2-4- 
parted ; cymes numerous, terminal, rather loosely flowered ; calyx tube short, 
pubescent, the linear-lanceolate divisions conspicuously mucronate, white ; 
style included. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. — Stems 1° high, at 
length diffuse. 

2. ANYCHIA, Michx. 

Sepals 5, distinct, slightly mucronate at the apex. Stamens 2-3. inserted 
on the base of the calyx. Style very short. Stigmas spreading. Utricle 
exserted. Seed erect. Radicle inferior. — An erect slender annual, with 
forking branches. Leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base. Flowers 
minute, solitary or clustered in the forks of the branches, greenish. 

1. A. dichotoma, Michx. Pubescent; stem 6' -9' high ; leaves 3"- 6'' 
long, linear-oblong, approximate, like the flowers, on the short erect branches. 

— Open ground in the upper districts. 

Var. capillaeea, Torr. Glabrous, taller ; leaves larger and thinner, ob- 
long, distant on the setaceous spreading branches. — Shady woods in the 
upper districts. June - July. 



398 AMARAXTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

3. SIPHONYCHIA, Torr. & Gray. 
Sepals 5, united to the middle, concave and petal-like above, obtuse or mu- 
crouate. Stamens inserted on the throat of the calyx. Style slender, 2-cleft. 
Utricle included. Seed resupinate. Radicle superior. — Erect or diffusely 
prostrate herl)S. Cymes dense-flowered. Flowers white. 

1. S. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Stems prostrate, diffuse, pubescent in 
lines; leaves lanceolate, narrowed at the base; the radical ones larger and 
crowded ; flowers obovate, solitary in the forks of the stem, and clustered at 
the end of the branches; sepals rounded and incurved at the apex, the tube 
bristly with hooked hairs. — Sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, and west- 
ward. June - Oct. (l) or (2) — Stems 1° - 2° long. Stipules small. 

2. S. diffusa, Chapm. Fubescent; stems prostrate, diffusely branched; 
leaves lanceolate, obtuse; flowers in compact, rectangular terminal cymes; 
sepals linear, slightly concave and mucronate at the apex, the tube bristly 
with hooked hairs. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Florida. June — Oct. (T) — 
Stems 1° long. Stipules conspicuous, on young plants half as long as the 
leaves, at length 2-parted. Cymes very numerous. 

3. S. ereeta, Chapm. Stems smooth, clustered, erect, mostly simple; 
leaves erect, linear; those of the barren stems imbricated; cyirie compound, 
rectangular, compact ; sepals lanceolate, smooth, acutish, or obscurely mucro- 
nate at the apex, the tube smooth and furrowed. — Sands along the west coast 
of Florida. June -Nov. 2/ — Root woody. Stems 6' -12' high. Stipules 
half as long as the leaves. 



Order 108. AMARANTACE^gE. (Amaranth Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with simple exstipulate leaves, and inconspicuous 
scarious-bracted flowers, which are commonly crowded in spikes or 
heads. — Sepals 3-5, free, or united at the base, imbricated in the 
bud. Stamens 3-5, hypogynous, opposite the sepals, free, or united 
below, often with sterile filaments interposed : anthers 1 - 2-celled, 
introrse. Ovary single, ovate, 1-many-ovuled. Stigmas 1-5. Utri- 
cle closed or circumscissile. Embryo coiled into a ring around the 

central albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe L CEL,OSIE^. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary many-ovuled. 

1. CELOSIA. Stamens united at the base. Utricle circumscissile. 

Tribe IL ACHYKANTHEJE. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. — Leaves alter- 
nate. Stamens free. Sterile filaments none. 

* Utricle circumscissile. 

2. AMARANTUS. Flovrers monoecious. Sepals 3 -5. 

* * Utricle indehiscent. 

3. EUXOLUS. Flowers all alike, monoecious, sessile. Sepals 3-5. 

4. AMBLOGYNA. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the staminate flower 3-sepalous, of the 

pistillate flower 5-parted, funnel-shaped. 

5. SCLEROPUS. Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5. Stamens 3, Fruiting pedicels indu- 

rated and deciduous with the fruit. 



AMAKANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 399 

6. ACNIDA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals of the staminate flower 5, of the pistillate none. 

Stamens 5. 

Tribe III. GOMPHRENE^. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary 1-ovuled. Leaves opposite. 
Stamens united below. 

7. IRESINE. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a short cup. Sterile filaments none. 

8. ALTERNANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a cup. Sterile filaments 

tooth-like, entire. 

9. TELANTHERA. Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens united into a tube. Sterile filaments cleft 

or fimbriate at the apex. 
10. FRCELICHIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens wholly united. Anthers sessile. Sterile fila- 
ments entire. 

1. CELOSIA, L. 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united at the base into 
a cup. Sterile filaments none. Anthers 2-celled. Style short or elongated. 
Stigmas 2-3, recurved. Utricle many-seeded, circumscissile. — Smooth herbs 
or shrubs, with alternate petioled leaves, and glossy flowers crowded in axillary 
and terminal spikes or panicles. 

1. C. paniculata, L. Stem shrubby, erect ; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, 
abruptly petioled ; spikes cylindrical, simple or branched, mostly shorter than 
the leaves ; sepals oblong, rigid, several times longer than the bracts ; stigmas 
3. — South Florida. — Leaves 2' long. Seeds minute, lenticular, shining. 

2. AMARANTUS, Tourn. Amaranth. 

Flowers polygamo-monoecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 3 -5. Stamens 3-5, free. 
Sterile filaments none. Anthers oblong, 2-celled. Stigmas 2-3, slender, 
spreading. Utricle 1-seeded, ovate, 2-3-toothed at the apex, circumscissile, 
commonly included in the calyx. Radicle inferior. — Unsightly annual herbs, 
with erect or diffuse stems, alternate mostly petioled entire mucronate leaves, 
and greenish or purplish flowers, crowded in axillary and terminal spikes or 
clusters. Bracts longer than the sepals. 

* Flowers in small axillary clusters : sepals and stamens 3. 

1. A. albus, L. Stem erect, branching from the base, smooth; leaves 
small, long-petioled, oblong-obovate, very obtuse or emarginate, wavy at the 
margins ; clusters shorter than the petioles ; sepals awl-pointed, much shorter 
than the subulate spine-pointed spreading bracts, and half as long as the ru- 
gose utricle. — Cultivated grounds. May -Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 
Y-V long. 

* * Flowers (green) crowded in terminal and axillary spikes : sepals and 
stamens 5 : leaves long-petioled. 

2. A. chlorostachys, Willd. Stem erect, furrowed, pubescent ; leaves 
ovate or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, the veins beneath pubescent ; spikes very nu- 
merous, forming a long leafy and more or less dense panicle ; sepals lanceolate, 
acute, scarcely half as long as the subulate bracts, shorter than the rugose 
utricle. — Cultivated ground, common. August -Sept. — Stem 2° -4° high. 
Leaves 2' -4' long, twice as long as the petiole. 

3. A. hybridus, L. Smooth or nearly so; stem erect, branching; 
leaves thin, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, the pale veins prominent beneath ; 



400 AMARANTACE.E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

Spikes numerous, panic-led, the terminal one elongated, the lower axillary ones 
short and roundisli ; sepals oblong, acuminate, rather shorter than the subu- 
late bracts, and equalling the slightly rugose utricle. — Cultivated ground. 
August - Sept. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. 

4. A. spinosus, L. Smooth; stem stout, succulent, often purplisli ; 
leaves ovate; or ovate-oblong, obtuse or euiarginate, long-petioled, often 
blotched witli purple, the axils spiny; terminal spike elongated, bending, tlie 
lower axillary ones short and roundish; sepals, bracts, and rugose utricle 
nearly equal. — Fields and waste places. July -Oct. — Stem 1^-3° high. 

3. EUXOLUS, Kaf. 

Characters chiefly of Amarantus ; but the somewhat fleshy utricle indehis- 
cent, and the (green) sepals longer than the bracts. 

1. E. lividus, Moquin. Stem erect, branched; leaves long-petioled, 
ovate, obtuse; spikes dense-flowered; the terminal one longest, with several 
shorter ones crowded near its base, the lowest axillary ones much shorter 
than the petiole ; sepals 3, shorter than the roundish acute rugose utricle, and 
3 times as long as the bracts. — Waste ground, July- Sept. (l) — Stem l°- 
3° high. Leaves, with the petiole, 3' - 6' long. 

2. E. deflexus, Raf. Stems decumbent, widely branched ; leaves ovate 
or rhombic-lanceolate, obtuse ; spikes mostly single, thick, the clusters oblong ; 
utricle ovate, smooth; margins of the seed acute. — Waste ground. Intro- 
duced. — Stems 1°- 1^° long. Leaves I'- IJ' long. Spikes 2' -3' long. 

3. E. pumilus, Eaf. Stem low, somev/hat fleshy ; leaves small, mo.stly 
crowded near the end of the branches, ovate, obtuse, short-petioled ; flowers 
in small axillary clusters ; sepals 5, half as long as the ovate obscurely 5-ribbed 
utricle. — Sandy sea-shore. South Carolina, and northward. August - Sept. 

4. AMBLOGYNA, Raf. 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate floAvers 3-sepalous, triandrous. Pistillate 
calyx round-funnel-shaped, 5 cleft, with spreading spatulate scarious lobes, 
enclosing the indehiscent utricle. Otherwise like Amarantus. 

1. A. polygonoides, Raf. Stem slightly pubescent, branching ; leaves 
small, rhombic-ovate or obovate ; flowers crowded in axillary clusters ; bracts 
subulate ; calyx of the pistillate flowers twice as long as the bracts, with a 
spreading white border; utricle ovate, rugose above, 3-cleft at the apex. — 
South Ilorida. (J)— Stem 1°- H° long. Leaves Y- V long. 

5. SCLEROPUS, Schrad. 

Flowers moncecious, 3-bracted, triandrous. Calyx 5-sepalous. L'tricle in- 
dehiscent. Staminate flowers solitary, sessile in the upper axils. Pistillate 
flowers clustered in the lower axils, on flattened pedicels, which become indu- 
rated and fall away with the mature fruit. Otherwise like Amarantus and 
Euxolus. 



AMARANTACE^. (aMAKANTH FAMILY.) 401 

1. S. crassipes, Moquin. Smooth; stem erect, branching ; leaves obo- 
vate, obtuse ; clusters shorter than the petiole ; sepals much longer than the 
strongly keeled bracts, spatulate, obtuse, enclosing the granular-roughened 
utricle. — South Florida, (l) — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves ] '' long. 

6. ACNIDA, Mitchell. 

Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted. Calyx of the staminate floAver 5-sepalous, of 
the pistillate none. Stamens 5, free. Anther cells united only in the middle. 
Stigmas 3-5, spreading. Utricle 3 - 5-angied. Seed obovate. — Tall gla- 
brous marsh annuals, with alternate entire long-petioled leaves, and scarious 
flowers clustered in axillary and terminal spikes. 

* Utricle somewhat fleshy , indehiscent, longer than the bracts, 

1. A. cannabina, L. Stem branching above, 4° -8° high; leaves lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3' - 5' long ; spikes slender, loosely flowered ; 
stigmas long, plumose ; utricle ovate or obovate, acutely 3 -5-angled, V long; 
seed compressed. — Marshes along the coast, Georgia, and northward. Oct, - 
Nov. 

2. A. rusocarpa, Michx. Stigmas shorter; utricle larger (H''-2" 
long) and more fleshy, with the angles obtuse and often rugulose ; otherwise 
like the preceding, and same range. 

* * Utricle thin, equalling or shorter than the bracts, mostlij dehiscent. 

3. A. australis, Gray. Stem very tall (6° -20° or more high), branch- 
ing above ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 6' -12' long, the margins un- 
dulate ; fertile spikes numerous, short, densely flowered ; utricle smooth and 
even, acutely 3-angled, equalling the bracts ; seed compressed. — Marshes near 
the coast, Florida, and westward. Oct. -Nov. 

4. A. Floridana, Watson. Stem slender, simple or sparingly branched, 
2°-4° high; leaves linear, or the lowest lanceolate, 2' -4' long; spikes single, 
terminating the stem and branches, loosely flowered ; utricle rugulose, shorter 
than the bracts ; seed turgidly lenticular. — Sandy coast, Florida. Nov. 

7. IRESINE, Browne. 

Flowers perfect or dioecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5. Stamens 5, united into 
a cup at the base. Sterile filaments none : anthers 1-celled, ovate. Style very 
short : stigmas 2-3, slender. Utricle roundish, 1-seeded, indehiscent, included 
in the calyx. Seed A^ertical, lenticular. Eadicle ascending. — Chiefly herbs, 
with opposite petioled leaves, and scarious glossy flowers, disposed in single 
or panicled spikes or heads. 

§ 1 . Philoxerus. Flowers perfect, crowded in axillary and terminal heads. 
1. I. vermicularis, Moquin. Smooth ; stem much branched, prostrate 
or creeping ; leaves club-shaped, fleshy, semi-terete ; heads mostly sessile, 
ovate or globose, at length oblong or cylindrical, obtuse • flowers white ; sep- 
als obtuse, longer than bracts, the two exterior ones woolly at the base. — 
Sandy coast. South Florida. — Stems l°-2^1ong. Leaves ^'-1' long. Heads 
S"-%" long, mostly terminal and solitary. 

26 



402 AMAKANTACEJE. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 

§ 2. luESiNASTia'M. Flowers dioicious, disposed in looselij panided spikes. 

2. I. celosioides, L- Stem erect, smootli ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
acute or aciuuinate at eacli end ; panicle oblong, nearly leafless ; spikes ob- 
long, lengthening, white, tlie pistillate woolly. — Dry soil, Florida, and north- 
ward. July -Sept. (ij — Stem 2° -.'3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. I'anicle 
8'- 12' long. 

8. ALTERNANTHERA, Mart. 

Flowers perfect or di(ecious, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, smooth or villous. Sta- 
mens 5', united into a short cup at the base. Sterile filaments tooth-like : 
anthers 1-celled. Style short: stigma capitate or 2-lobed. Utricle indehiscent, 
1 -seeded. Seed vertical, lenticular. Kadicle ascending. — Herbs. Leaves 
opp(jsite. Flowers capitate. 

1. A. Achyrantha, R. Br. Stems forking, pubescent ; leaves smooth- 
isli, o\al or obovate, narrowed into a ])etiole ; heads dense, oval, white; sepals 
lanceolate, spine-pointed, woolly with barbed hairs on the back, the two inner 
ones much smaller; sterile filaments sul)ulate from a dilated and obscurely 
denticuliite base, as long as the fertile ones. — Along roads and places much 
trodden, Florida to South Carolina. June -Oct. y. — Stem 6'- 12' long. 
Leaves 1' long. 

9. TEL ANTHER A, E. BroAvn. 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Sepals 5, erect. Stamens 5, united into a tube 
below the middle. Sterile filaments elongated, flattened, fimbriate at the 
apex : anthers 1-celled, oblong. Style short : stigma capitate. Utricle inde- 
hiscent, 1-seeded, included in the calyx. Seed vertical. Eadicle ascending. 
— Herbs or shrubs, with opposite leaves. Flowers capitate. 

* Calijx sessile, the 3 exterior sepals longer : heads sessile or nearly so. 

1. T. polygonoides, Moquin. Stem erect or prostrate, pubescent; 
leaves oblong-obovate, hairy; heads sessile, roundish, single or 2-3 together, 
axillary and terminal ; sepals thin, ovate-lanceolate, twice as long as the 
bracts, the outer ones 3-nerved, woolly at the base ; sterile filaments as long 
as the fertile ones, 3-4-cleft at the apex. — On the coast of South Carolina, 
Moquin. 

2. T. maritima, Moquin. Smooth and fleshy ; stem prostrate, branch- 
ing, angled ; leaves wedge-obovate, very obtuse, mucronate ; heads roundish 
or oblong, axillary and terminal, dull straw-color ; flowers crowded, 3-angled; 
sepals smooth, rigid, ovate, acuminate, 5-ribbed, Avith the margins mem- 
branaceous, one third longer than the ovate keeled bracts; sterile filaments 
longer than the fertile ones, 4 - 6-cleft at the apex. — South Florida. — Leaves 
1 ' - 2' long. Heads 4" - 6" long. 

* * Calyx raised on a short ^-angled pedicel, cylindrical ; the sepals nearly 
equal, hairy : heads long-peduncled. — Mogiphanes. 

3. T. Floridana, Chapm. Shrubby ; stem slender, elongated, forking, 
remotely jointed ; sparsely pubescent, like the distant oblong or obovate 
leaves; peduncles terminal and in the forks, 4-6 times as long as the leaves ; 
heads white, ovate ; sepals acute, 3 - 5-nerved, hairy, longer than the ovate 



CHEXOFODIACE^ (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 403 

acute bracts ; sterile filaments longer than the fertile, 5 - 6-cleft ; utricle 
crowned with a narrow toothed margin. — South Florida, along the coast. 
— Stem 2° -4° long. Leaves 1' long. 

4. T. Brasiliana, Moquin. Herbaceous, rough-hairy; the young leaves 
, and branchlets hoary ; stem erect, forking ; leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, tapering into a short petiole, longer than the internodes, rather shorter 
than the slender peduncles ; heads and flowers as in No. 3 ; utricle crowned 
with a narrow entire margin. — South Florida. — Stem apparently tall. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

10. FRCELICHIA, Moench. 

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft, indurated and spiny- 
crested in fruit. Stamens 5, united into a long tube. Sterile filaments en- 
tire. Anthers sessile. Stigma capitate or many-cleft. Utricle indehiscent, 
1-seeded, included in the calyx. Seed vertical. Eadicle ascending. — Woolly 
or hairy annuals. Leaves opposite. Spikes opposite, and terminating the 
naked peduncle-like summit of the stem. 

1. F. Floridana, Moquin. White-tomentose or woolly; stem erect, 
simple or branched ; leaves linear to oblong ; spikes ovate or oblong, length- 
ening with age ; bracts mostly blackish, shorter than the calyx ; style short ; 
stigma capitate ; fruiting calyx round-ovate, compressed, toothed along the 
margins, and minutely tubercled at the base. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia, 
Florida, and westward. July - Sept. — Stem i° - 3° high. Spikes solitary. 



Order 109. CHEIN'OPODIACE^^. (Goosefoot Family.) 

Unsightly herbs, with exstipulate leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and 
the characters mostly of the preceding family ; but the green calyx 
often becoming succulent in fruit, 5 (rarely 1-2) stamens opposite 
the sepals, a solitary ovary forming an achenium or utricle in fruit, 
two short and spreading styles, a horizontal or vertical lenticular seed, 
and the embryo forming a ring around the albumen, or spirally coiled, 
with little or no albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CYCLOIiOBE^. Embryo curved like a ring around the albumen. 

L CHENOPODIUM. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the lobes commonly keeled in fruit. Seed hori- 
zontal, rarely vertical. 

2. ATRIPLEX. Flowers monoecious. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted, of the fertile 

flower none. Ovary enclosed in a pair of separate at length coriaceous bracts. 
Radicle inferior. 

3. OBIONE. Bracts of the fertile flower united. Radicle superior. 

4. SALIC ORNIA. Flowers 3 together, lodged in excavations of the thickened joints of the 

leafless stem. 

Tribe II. SPIROLOBE^. Embryo spirally coiled, with little or no albumen. 
Seed horizontal. 

5. SUiEDA. Calyx 5-parted, not keeled. Leaves terete, fleshy. 

6. SALSOLA. Calyx at length transversely winged. Leaves spiny. 



404 ciiExoroDiACEiE. (goosefoot family.) 

1. CHENOPODIUM, L. Pigweed, Goosefoot. 

Calyx 5- (rarely 3 -4-) parted, l^ractless, the lubes mostly keeled. Stamens 
5, the filaments tiliforui. Styles 2 -.3, distinct, or united at the base. Utri- 
cle depressed, enclosed in the globose or .'j-augled calyx. Seed horizontal 
(rarely vertical), lenticular. Embryo forming a more or less perfect ring 
around the copious mealy albumen. — Glandular or powdery-coated herbs, 
with alternate leaves, and clusters of small greenish flowers disposed in 
panicled sj)ikes. 

* Annuals. 

1. C. Boseianum, Mo(|uin. Stem erect, with slender branches; leaves 
oblong to Luic<'<)late-]iii(;ar, entire, or the lower somewhat toothed, more or 
less mealy and wliitened Ijeneath ; spikes very pleink-r; clusters few-flowered ; 
seed slightly roughened, sliining, enclosed in the acute-angled calyx. — Waste 
places. North Carolina, and westward. — Stem slender, 2" liigh. Leaves 1'- 
2' long. 

2. C. album, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves rhombic-ovate, toothed, 
the upi)er lanceolate and entire; spikes panicled; seed enclosed in the 5- 
angied calyx, smooth and shining. — Varies (C. viride, L.) with nearly entire 
and less mealy leaves, and the larger clusters more scattered. — Cultivated 
grounds. July - Sept. — Stem 2°- 6° high. Petioles long and slender. 

3. C. murale, L. Stem ascending, branched ; leaves long-petioled, ovate- 
rhombic, acute, unequally and sharply toothed, bright green on both sides; 
spikes slender, spreading, corymbose, scarcely exceeding the leaves ; seed dull, 
nearly enclosed in the slightly angled calyx. — Waste places. — Stem 6'- 18' 
high. 

4. C. Botrys, L. Stem erect, branched ; leaves oblong, somew^hat pin- 
natifid-lobed, with the lobes obtuse, glandular-pubescent, the upper minute; 
racemes numerous, axillary, spreading, cymose ; seeds with rounded margins, 
not wholly included in the open and even calyx. — Waste places. — Plant 
aromatic, 6' -12' high. 

* * Perennial. 

5. C. Anthelminticum, L, (Wormseed.) Stem stout, erect, 
branching ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute at each end, sharply toothed ; 
flowers in narrow panicles terminating the branches; seeds with obtuse mar- 
gins, smooth and shining, included in the even calyx. — Waste grounds. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. 

2. ATBIPLEX, L. Orache. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, either similar to those of Chenopodium, or 
the fertile flower destitute of a calyx, and enclosed in two ovate or rhombic 
separate or partially united bracts. Seed vertical, lenticular. Embryo form- 
ing a ring around the copious meal v albumen. Radicle inferior. — Herbs, 
commonly coated with scurfy or silvery scales. Leaves alternate or opposite, 
oftener hastate or angled. Flowers in dense spikes. 

I. A. hastata, L. Stem angled, diffusely branched; leaves petioled, 
commonly nearly opposite, hastate or triangular, somewhat toothed, and, like 



CHENOPODIACE^. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 405 

the branches, more or less scurfy ; fruiting bracts triangular-ovate or rhom- 
boidal, entire or toothed below, smooth or muricate within. — Sea-shore, South 
Carolina [Elliott). June- Sept. — Stems l°-2° long. 

3. OBIONE, Giertn. 

Chiefly as Atriplex, both in character and habit ; but the two indurated 
bracts more or less united, often toothed on the edges and crested on the sides, 
and the radical superior. 

1. O. arenaria, Moquiu. Plant coated with silvery scales ; stem branch- 
ing from the base, ascending ; lowest leaves opposite, obovate, entire, petioled, 
the others alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate or oblong, acute, wavy and 
slightly toothed ; sterile flowers in close terminal spikes ; the fertile in axil- 
lary clusters ; bracts 3-toothed at the summit, and with two mostly toothed 
knobs at the sides. — Drifting sands along the coast. July - Sept. (T) — 
Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1'- l^-'' long. 

2, O. eristata, Moquin. Plant scurfy, green ; stems diffusely branched ; 
leaves oblong, mucronate, petioled, denticulate, green above, paler beneath; 
bracts roundish, acute, somewhat spiny-toothed on the margins, and with 2-4 
roundish knobs at the sides. — Sandy coast. South Florida. — Stem 1°-1|° 
high. Leaves ^'-1' long. Flowers clustered. 

4. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Glass^vort. 

Flowers perfect, lodged in excavations of the thickened upper joints of the 
stem, spiked ; calyx thin, with a denticulate border, at length spongy, and 
surrounded at the apex by a circular wing. Stamens 1-2. Styles united 
below. Utricle included in the calyx. Embryo coiled, or bent into a ring. — 
Smooth and succulent saline plants, with jointed leafless stems. Flowers 
three together ; the lateral ones sometimes sterile, minute. 

1. S. herbacea, L. Annual; stem erect, much branched; the joints 
thickened upward, obtusely 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes long, tapering to 
the summit. — Salt marshes along the coast, Georgia, and northward. August. 

— Stem 6'- 12' high. 

2. S. mucronata, Bigel. Aimual; stem erect, branching, 1° high, tlie 
joints 2-toothed at the apex ; spikes rather short and thick ; seed round-oval. 

— Coast of North Carolina, and northward. Sept. 

3. S. ambigua, Michx. Stem shrubby, prostrate or creeping; the 
branches herbaceous, erect ; joints . truncate, dilated upward, slightly 2- 
toothed ; spikes cylindrical, obtuse, the uppermost approximate, sessile, the 
lateral ones peduncled. — Sandy marshes along the coast. August. — Stem 
2° -3° long, the branches 4' -6' high. 

5. SU^DA, Forskal. 

Flowers perfect, bracted. Calyx .5-parted, fleshy, inflated and berry-like in 
fruit. Stamens 5. Stigmas 2-3, spreading. Utricle depressed, enclosed in 
the calyx. Seed horizontal, lenticular. Embryo flat-spiral, dividing the 
scanty albumen into 2 portions. — Smooth saline plants, with fleshy terete 
alternate leaves, and axillarv clustered flowers. 



406 POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

1 . S. linearis, Moquiu. Annual ; stem diffusely much branched ; leaves 
Ihiciir, uciiLe; ciilyx loUes obtuse, keeled; stamens exserted. — Low sandy 
places along tbe coast. Sept. — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 1^-2' long. 
Howcrs minute. 

6. SALSOLA, L. Saltwort. 

Flowers perfect, 2-l)racto(l. ('alyx .5-pai'ted, tlie lobes at lengtb transversely 
winged. Stamens 5, slightly united at the base. Style slender: stigmas 2. 
Utricle flattened at the ajjcx, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo coni- 
cal-spiral. All>urneu none. — Saline plants, with alternate and fleshy leaves, 
and axillary flowers. 

1. S. Kali, L. Smooth; stem spreading, ascending; leaves subulate, 
spine-pointed like the ovate bracts; flowers solitary; calyx lobes connivent, 
Avith the dilated, membranaceous wing rose-colored. — Sandy coast, Georgia, 
and northward. August. (T) — Stem 1°- U"^ high. 



Order 110. POLYGONACE.^. (Buckwheat Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or (tropical) trees, with simple mostly alternate and 
stipulate leaves, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx 3 - 6-cleft, or 
3 - 6-sepalous, persistent. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 
calyx : anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, 1-celled, with the solitary or- 
thotropous ovule erect from the base of the cell. Styles 2 - 3, distinct 
or partly united. Fruit (achenium) lenticular or 3-angled, rarely ovoid. 
Embryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen. Radicle pointing 
upward. — Stipules sheathing, annular, or wanting. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder L POLYGONE^. Involucre none. Calyx 5 - 6-cleft, or 5 - 
6-sepalous. Stamens 4-9 (mostly 5-8). Ovules sessile. Embryo curved on 
the outside of the albumen, rarely straight in its centre. Stipules sheathing. 

* Calyx 5 - 6-sepalous, the inner sepals erect, mostly enlarged in fruit. 

1. RUMEX. Calyx green, often grain-bearing. Stigmas many-cleft. 

2. POLYGONELLA. Calyx coroUa-like. Stigma entire. 

* * Calyx 5-sepalous, the sepals all erect, unchanged in fruit, free from the acheniimi. 

3. POLYGONUM. Sepals entire. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. 

4. THYSANELLA. Inner sepals fimbriate. Embryo straight at the side of the albumen. 

* * * Calyx 5-parted, the tube enlarged and fleshy in fruit, and partly united with the 

achenium. 

5. COCCOLOBA. Achenium ovoid or globose. Trees. 

Suborder IL BRUNNICHIE^. Involucre none. Calyx 5-parted, the 
tube enlarged and indurated in fruit. Stamens 8. Ovule borne on a slender 
stalk. Embryo at the margin of the albumen. Stipules none. 

6. BRUNNICHIA. Pedicels winged in fruit. Climbing shrubs. 



POLYGONACE^. (buckwheat FAMILY.) 407 

Suborder III. EKIOGONEiE. Flowers surrounded by au involucre. 
Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Ovule sessile. Embryo included in scarce albu- 
men. Stijiules none. 
7. ERIOGONUM. Involucre 5-toothed. Woolly or silky herbs. 

1. RUMEX, L. Dock. 

Flowers perfect or dioecious. Calyx herbaceous, 6-parted, the 3 outer lobes 
spreatliuf^ or recurved, the inner ones (valves) mostly enlarged in fruit, and 
enclosing the 3-angled achenium, often bearing grain-like prominences on the 
outside. Stamens 6 : anthers erect. Styles 3 : stigmas many-cleft. Ache- 
nium 3-angled. Embryo curved on the outside of the albumen. — Herbs, 
witli alternate leaves, smooth truncated sheaths, and small green flowers in 
racemed or panicled clusters. 

* Flowers perfect or polygamous. 
-1- Valves entire. 

1. R. crispus, L. Smooth; leaves lanceolate, wavy-crisped, acute at 
both ends, or the lowest truncate or slightly cordate at the base, and long- 
petioled, the uppermost linear; panicle leafy at the base; whorls crowded 
in fruit ; valves broadly cordate, obtuse, one or all grain-bearing. — Waste 
ground around dwellings. June - July. 2/ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest 
leaves 1° long. 

2. R. verticillatus, L. Smooth ; lowest leaves oblong, obtuse or cor- 
date at the base, flat, the others lanceolate, acute at each end; panicle naked, 
loose-flowered ; pedicels slender, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves 
ovate, obtuse, rugose-veined, each bearing a large grain, half as wide as the 
valve. — Swamps and ditches, Florida, and northward. May - June. 2/ — 
Stem 1°- ^° high. Lowest leaves 1° - li° long. 

3. R. Floridanus, Meisner. Smooth; stem stout, branching; leaves 
lanceolate, acute at each end ; panicle naked, dense-flowered ; pedicels about 
twice as long as the valves, thickened upward, reflexed in fruit ; valves del- 
toid-ovate, obtusely pointed, each bearing a narrow grain, which is much nar- 
rower than the reticulate valve! — Deep river swamps, Florida, and west- 
ward. June. 21 — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves i° - li° long. 

4. R. sanguineus, L. Lowest leaves oblong, cordate, acute or obtuse, 
the upper lanceolate, wavy-margined; panicle leafless; lower whorls distant; 
valves oblong, longer than the pedicel, one only prominently grain-bearing. — 
Waste ground. Introduced. June -July. 2/ — Stem 2° - 3° high. Lowest 
leaves large, variegated with red veins. 

-1— -t- Valves toothed or bristly on the margins. 

5. R. obtusifolius, L. Stem roughish ; lowest leaves large, ovate-ob- 
long, cordate, mostly obtuse, the uppermost lanceolate, acute at each end ; 
panicle large, leafy below; lowest whorls scattered, the upper somewhat 
crowded ; valves triangular-ovate, toothed near the base, nearly as long as the 
slender recurved pedicels, one or all more or less prominently grain-bearing. 
— Waste ground. Introduced. June -Aug. ;^ — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest 
leaves 1°-H° loner. 



408 POLYGOXACEiE. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

6. R. pulcher, J.. Brandies ri^id, spreadinj^; lowest leaves cordate- 
oblong, somewhat fiddle-shaped, the upper lanceolate, acute ; whorls remote ; 
valves longer thau the thick pedicels, ovate-oblong, rigid, strongly toothed, 
more or less promiueutly grain-bearing. — Around Charleston {Elliott). In- 
troduced. June - July. 

7. R. persicarioides, L. Tuljcscent; stem low, diffusely l)raiiched ; 
leaves lanceolate, wavy-margined, the lower ones somewhat cordate or has- 
tate at the base, the upjjcr linear; whorls compactly crowded in leafy spikes; 
valves small, bristly on the margins, nearly covered by tlie large grain. — 
Coast of North Carolina, and nortliward. August - Sept, (l) — Stems 6' - 12' 
high. Spikes yellowish. 

* * Flowers dujecious. Herbs with sour juice. 
+- Calyx not enlarged in fruit. 

8. R. Acetosella, L. Root creeping; stems low, erect or ascending; 
leaves oblong, lanceolate, or linear, entire or hastate-loljed ; panicle slender, 
leafless ; whorls scattered, few-flowered ; valves ovate, grainless, appressed to 
the achenium. — Old fields and sterile soil, common. June -July. 21 — 
Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves and flowers small. 

-*- -1- Inner cahjx lobes dilated in fruit. 

9. R. hastatulus, Baldw. Stems clustered, erect; leaves glaucous, 
lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong, entire or hastate-lobed ; whorls few- 
flowered, scattered, or the upper ones crowded ; valves round-cordate, entire, 
membranaceous, reticulated, red or white, grainless. — Dry sands along the 
coast and in the middle districts, Florida to South Carolina. May- June. — 
Stem 1°- 1^° high. Leaves V -2' long, the upper ones mostly entire. 

2. POLYGONELLA, Michx. 

Flowers perfect or dioeciously polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5- 
parted or 5-sepalous ; the three inner sepals mostly enlarging and enclosing 
the 3-angled achenium. Stamens 8 : anthers roundish. Stigmas 3, capitate. 
Embryo straight, or nearly so, in the centre, or at one side of the mealy albu- 
men. — Smooth and commonly glaucous herbs or shrubs, with slender branch- 
ing stems, small alternate leaves, and small flowers in slender racemes. — 
Sheaths smooth. Bracts imbricated, top-shaped, mostly 1-floAvered. Pedicels 
nodding in fruit. 

§ 1. EurOLYGONELLA. — Filaments all alike, subulate : stigmas nearly sessile : 
flowers dioeciously polygamous: embryo in the centre of the albumen. 

1. P. parvifolia, Michx. Shrubby and diffusely branched at the base; 
leaves wedge-shaped or linear-spatulate, vertical ; racemes short, cor^^mbose- 
panicled ; bracts truncate ; flowers white, yellowish, or red ; exterior sepals 
recurved ; valves orbicular, equal, longer than the ovate achenium. — Dry 
sandy soil, near the coast. August - Sept. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Leaves i' - T 
long. Racemes Y -V long. 

2. P. gracilis, Meisner. Annual ; stem tall and slender, paniculately 
branched above ; leaves remote, wedge-oblong ; racemes slender, panicled ; 



POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 409 

flowers white or pale rose-color, the fertile greenish ; sepals all erect ; valves 
oval or elliptical, unequal, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate acuminate ache- 
nium. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. Oct. -Nov. — Stem 
2° -5° high. Leaves 1' long. Eacemes linear, I'-S' long. 

3. P. braehystachya, Meisuer. Shrubby; branches slender; leaves 
linear, tapering from the obtuse apex to the base ; panicle compound, leafy ; 
racemes short, oblong, nearly sessile ; exterior sepals keeled, reflexed ; valves 
oval, strongly 1 -nerved, longer than the rhomboidal achenium, nearly equal. 
— South Florida. — Branches straight, 1°-!^° long. Leaves 3'" -5" long. 
Racemes i' long. 

4. P. ciliata, Meisner. Stem herbaceous, nearly simple ; leaves subu- 
late, very acute ; sheaths fringed at the throat with few long bristles ; panicle 
simple, short, leafy at the base ; spikes nearly sessile, filiform ; bracts minute, 
pointed ; pedicels very short ; sepals oblong, obtuse, spreading longer than 
the achenium. — South Florida. — Stem 2^ high, slender. Leaves L-l-J' 
long. 

§ 2. GoNOPTRUM. — Filaments unlike, the 3 interior dilated at the base: styles 
manifest: Jloicers perfect: embryo at one side of the albumen. 

5. P. Meisneriana, Shuttlw. Stem shrubby, much branched ; leaves 
small, filiform, obtuse ; racemes long, forming small terminal panicles ; bracts 
loose, oblique, with the points spreading ; exterior sepals recurved ; valves 
equal, roundish, longer than the ovate acuminate achenium ; three interior 
filaments inversely sagittate below the middle. — Middle districts of Georgia 
and Alabama. — Stem l°-2°high. Leaves numerous, 2" -3" long. Fruit- 
ing spikes rigid, V-2' long. Valves largest of all. 

6. P. articillata, Meisner. Annual ; stem much branched, slender ; leaves 
narrowly linear, obtuse ; racemes numerous, erect, slender ; bracts truncate ; 
flowers bright rose-color ; sepals oval or roundish, nearly equal, unchanged 
in fruit ; interior filaments rhombic-ovate at the base. — Dry sandy soil, 
Georgia, and northward. August. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4^ - 8' long. 
Racemes 1' - 3' long. 

3. POLYGONUM, L. Knotweeb. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) parted, corolla-like, the lobes nearly 
equal, erect and unchanged in fruit. Stamens 3 - 9 : anthers roundish. 
Styles 2-3, distinct or partly united : stigmas entire. Achenium 3-angled or 
lenticular, enclosed in the persistent calyx. Embryo curved on the outside 
of the albumen. Radicle slender. — Herbs, with alternate, simple leaves, 
and sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly white or rose-color, variously 
disposed. 

§ I. Amblyogonox. — Flowers in closely-bracted spikes: stamens 7: style 2- 
cleft : achenium lenticular : cotyledons incumbent : albumen mealy . 

\. P. orientale, L. Hairy; stem tall, branching ; leaves ovate, acumi- 
nate, petioled ; sheaths loose, salver-form ; spikes panicled, cylindrical, dense, 
nodding ; bracts ovate ; flowers large, bright rose-color. — Around dwellings. 



410 POLYGOXACE.E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 

escaped from cultivation. June - Sept. — Stem 3° -5'^ lii<3di. Spikes 2' -3' 

loug. 

§ 2. I'kusicakia. — Flowers in close! //-bracted spikes: slamens 4-8: sti/les 

2-:i,or 2-3-cle/t: acheniiim 3-cmijled or lenticular : cotjledons accumbent: 

albumen hurnij : sheaths cjlindrical, truncate. 

* Sheaths naked : stjle 2-cleJ't or ^-parted : achenium lenticular. 

2. P. incarnatum, Ell. Stem smooth below, the summit of tlie 
branches, peduncles, aud calyx sprinkled with glandular dots; leaves lance- 
olate, long-acuniinate, petioled; spikes racemed, linear, nodding; bracts 
longer than the pedicels ; flowers small, llesh-color ; stamens 6; style 2-parted ; 
achenium ovate, with the sides concave. — Tonds, ditches, etc., South Caro- ■ 
lina, and westward. July -Oct. (ij — Stem 2° -3^ high. Leaves G'-8 
long. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 

3. P. densiflorum, Meisner. Stem stout, smooth, branching above; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; sjnkes racemed or some- 
what paniclcd, linear, erect, dense-flowered, the peduncles minutely glandular; 
bracts shorter than the pedicels ; stamens mostly 6 ; style 2-clef t ; achenium 
round-ovate, black and shining, with the sides convex. — Muddy banks, 
Florida, and Avestward. Sept. -Oct. (l) — Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves 6'- 
10' long. Spikes 2' -4' long. Flowers white. 

4. P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. Stem stout, pubescent above ; leaves 
3'- 6' long, broadly lanceolate, acuminate ; spikes erect, racemose or in pairs, 
linear-cylindrical, close-flowered, V-2' long; flowers large, rose-colored; 
achenia compressed. — Muddy banks, Florida, aud northward. 

5. P. Pennsylvanicura, L. Stem smooth beloAV, the branches and 
peduncles glandular ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate ; spikes erect, oblong, 
obtuse, close-flowered ; flowers large, rose-color ; stamens mostly 8 ; style 2- 
cleft ; achenium orbicular, with the sides concave. — Wet places. July - Sept. 
© — Stem l°-3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes V -l^ long. 

* -* Sheaths fringed with bristlt/ hairs : achenia 3-angled, or {in Nos. 6 and 8) 
sometimes lenticular : stamens mostlij 8. 

6. P. Persicaria, L. Stem smooth, branching from the base, erect or 
diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or oblong , sheaths short, nearly smooth, fringed 
with a few short bristles ; spikes short, oblong ; flowers rose-color ; stamens 
6 - 7 ; achenium lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shining. — Waste places. 
Introduced. July. (T) — Stem 1°- 1|° high. Leaves 2'- 4' long, often with 
a dark triangular spot in the middle. Spikes Y - f ' long. 

7. P. acre, Kunth. Stem slender, smooth, creeping at the base ; leaves 
lanceolate, and, like the white calyx, dotted M^ith pellucid glands ; sheaths 
smoothish, long-fringed at the throat; spikes 1-3, filiform, loose-flowered ; 
stamens 8 ; style 3-parted ; achenium 3-angled. (P. punctatum, Ell.) — Ditches 
and margins of ponds, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. 2/ — Stem 
1° -3° long. Leaves 2^-4' long, very acrid. Spikes 2'- 3' long. 

8. P. Hydropiper, L. (Common Smartaveed.) Annual, smooth ; 
leaves lanceolate, punctate, acrid ; spikes slender, interrupted, nodding 



POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 411 

flowers greenisli ; stamens 6 ; style 2 - S-parted ; aclieuium flat or triangular. 
— Roadsides in the ujjper districts. — Stem l°-2° high. 

9. P. hydropiperoides, Miclix. Stem slender, smooth, ascending 
from a floating or creepmg base ; leaves linear or lanceolate, scabrous ; sheaths 
hispid, long-fringed ; spikes 2-3, linear, rather close-flowered ; calyx pale 
rose color, glaudless ; stamens 8 ; style 3-clef t ; achenium 3-angled. — Ditches 
and muddy banks. July - Sept. 2/ — Stem 2° - 3° long. Leaves 2' - 4' long, 
not acrid. Spikes V -2' long. 

10. P. setaceum, Baldw. Stem erect, sparingly branched, smooth be- 
low, the upper portion, like the peduncles and lanceolate glandless leaves, 
rough with appressed hairs ; stipules appressed, hirsute, copiously fringed 
with long bristles ; spikes filiform, by pairs, loose-flowered ; flowers white, 
glaudless ; stamens 8 ; style 3-clef t ; achenium 3-augied. — Low ground, 
Georgia and Florida. July -Sept. 2/ — Stem 2*^ - 3° high. Leaves 3' -5' 
long. Spikes 1'- 2' long. 

11. P. hirsutum, Walt. Stem erect, densely hirsute with spreading 
fulvous hairs ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, rounded at the base, hirsute, 
particularly on the veins and margins ; sheaths hirsute, copiously fringed ; 
spikes 2-3, linear, erect, rather close-flowered; peduncles smooth above; 
bracts naked ; flowers white, glandless ; stamens 8 ; aclienium 3-angled. — 
Pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July- Sept. 2/ — Stem 
2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Spikes L long. 

§ 3. AvicuLAKiA. — Flowei's axillary, single or 2-3 together: stamens 8, 
rarely fewer • stigmas 3, nearly sessile : achenium 3-angled : cotyledons in- 
cumbent : albumen horny: sheaths scarious, 2-3-parted, lacerated: leaves 
small, 

12. P. aviculare,' L. stem prostrate, diffuse, short-jointed ; leaves ses- 
sile (I' long), oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse, longer than the 3-cleft 
sheaths ; flowers clustered, nearly sessile, greenish white, longer than the dull 
achenium ; stamens mostly 5. — Waste places and along roads, common. — 
Var. ERECTUM. (P. erectura, L.) Stem stouter, erect or ascending, leaves 
larger {V-lY long), oblong. — With the preceding. — Var. littorale. 
(P. maritimum, L.) Stem l°-2° long, prostrate, rigid, short-jointed; leaves 
small (4"'- 6'0, oblong-linear, glaucous ; the uppermost imbricated and scarcely 
longer than the conspicuous silvery sheaths ; calyx reddish white, shorter 
than the smooth achenium. — Seacoast sands, Georgia, and northward. 

13. P. tenue, Michx. Smooth ; stem erect, branched, sharply angled, 
slender; leaves scattered, linear, acute ; sheaths small, fringed; flowers mostly 
solitary, greenish white ; aclienium smooth and shining. — Dry rocks in the 
upper districts. July - Sept. (l) — Stem 6' - 8' high. Leaves 6" - 1 2'' long. 
§ 4. TovARiA. — Floivers scattered. in a long and slender spike : calyx 4-parted : 

stamens 5, included: styles 2, exserted, persistent: achenium lenticular: 
cotyledons accumbent. 

14. P. Virginianum, L. Stem erect, smooth below ; the upper portion, 
like the leaves and spikes, more or less hairy ; leaves large, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute at each end ; sheaths cylindrical, hairy, fringed ; flowers 



412 poLYGOXACEJi:. (buckwheat family.) 

greenish, curved ; styles at length liooked at the apex. — Dry rich soil. Au- 
gust-Sept. 2/ — Plant 2°-4^ liigli. Leaves 3'-5' long, 1^'- 2^' wide. 
Spike G'-12' long. 

§ 5. EcillNOCAULON. — Fluivers in terminal clmiers: ai/ijx 4- 6-jmrted : sta- 
mens G or 8 : stifles 2-3 : achenium lenticular or Z-awjled ; coti/leduns accum- 
ient. — Stems weak, hranduMj, armed on the amjles, /jetioles, etc. with recurved 
jyrickles. 

1.5. P. arifolium, L. Leaves hastate, acununutc, juenihrailaceous, mi- 
nutely dotted and hail y, long-petioled, the lobes acute; peduncles rather short, 
bristly; flowers wiiite, somewhat spiked; stamens <; ; styles 2; achenium 
lenticular. — Rice fields and wet places, South Cui-olina, and iiorthward. 
June -Oct. © — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 3' -4' long. 

16. P. sagittatum, L. Leaves small, sagittate, acute, short-petioled, 
smooth ; peduncles elongated, smooth ; flowers white, capitate ; stamens 8 ; 
styles 3 ; achenium 3-angled. — Wet places. June - Oct. (ij, — Stem 1°- 3° 
long. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 

§ 6. TiNiAKiA. — Flowers in axillari/ clusters or racemes: calijx greenish 
white, 5-parted, the outer lobes keeled or winged on the hack: stamms 8 : styles 
3, verij short: achenium Z- angled : cotyledons accumhent. — Annuals, with 
twining stems and cordate leaves. 

17. P. Convolvulus, L. Stem roughish, when small erect; leaves 
long-petioled, sagittate-cordate, acuminate ; sheaths naked ; flowers in axillary 
clusters, or in long interrupted leafless racemes ; fruiting calyx ovate, closely 
investing the dull black achenium, the outer lobes keeled. — Cultivated ground. 
Introduced. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 3° long. 

18. P. cilinode, Michx. Minutely pubescent ; leaves ovate, acuminate ; 
sheatlis bearded at the base ; flowers in loose simple axillary and panicled 
racemes ; fruiting calyx nearly including the smooth and shining achenium, 
the outer lobes slightly keeled. — Dry rocks on the mountains of North Caro- 
lina, and nortliward. July- Sept. — Stem 3° -9° long. 

19. P. dumetorum, L. Smooth; leaves ovate, acuminate, long-peti- 
oled ; sheaths naked ; flowers in long axillary more or less leafy racemes ; 
fruiting calyx somewhat spatulate, emarginate, much longer than the smooth 
and shining achenium, the outer lobes winged, and decurrent on the pedicel. 
— Low margins of fields and thickets. June - Sept. — Stem 6" - 12° long. 

4. THYSANELLA, Gray. 

Flowers polygamous. Calyx corolla-like, deeply 5-parted, unchanged in 
fruit ; lobes erect, unequal ; the 2 outer ones cordate at the base ; the inner 
smaller, pectinate fimbriate. Stamens 8. Styles 3. Achenium ovate, 3 
angled, nearly included in the persistent calyx. Cotyledons on the outside of 
the albumen. — An erect smooth and branching annual, with long linear 
acute leaves, truncate cylindrical sheaths, fringed with long bristles, and 
white or rose-colored flowers in closely bracted spikes. 

1. T. fimbriata, Gray. (Polygonum fimbriatum, Ell.) — Dry pine bar- 
rens, Georgia and Florida. Sept, -Oct. — Stem branching above, 1^-2° 
high. Leaves r - 2' long. 



POLYGONACE^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 413 

5. COCCOLOBA, Jacq. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, the tube enlarged and more 
or less fleshy in fruit. Stamens 8. Filaments subulate. Styles 3 : stigmas 
entire. Achenium nearly globose, included in and partly united with the per- 
sistent calyx. Embryo straight in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or 
shrubs, with alternate leaves, truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers in 
axillary and terminal racemes. 

1. C. UVifera, Jacq. (Sea Grape.) Smooth; leaves short-petioled, 
coriaceous, orbicular-cordate or reniform ; racemes terminal, rigid, erect; 
pedicels single ; stamens included; achenium ovate, acute. — South Florida, 
along the coast. — A small tree, with rigid spreading branches. Leaves 3' - 5' 
wide, very thick. Eacemes 6' long. 

2. C. Floridana, Meisuer, Smooth ; leaves petioled, somewhat coria- 
ceous, elliptical, obtuse at each end; racemes slender, terminal and on short 
lateral branches, recurved ; pedicels 2-3 together, about the length of the 
calyx ; stamens exserted ; achenium ovoid, obtuse. — South Florida. — A 
small tree. Leaves 2^-3'' long. Sheaths loose, brown Racemes 2' - 3' long. 
Achenium 4"- 5" long. 

6. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 parted, the tube enlarged in fruit 
and enclosing the free achenium. Stamens 8 or 10. Styles 3, slender: stig- 
mas entire. Ovule borne on a slender cord from the base of the ovary, pen- 
dulous. Achenium obtusely 3-angled. Seed 6-furrowed. Embryo in one of 
the angles of the mealy albumen. — A smooth vine, climbing by terminal 
tendrils. Leaves ovate or cordate-ovate, petioled, acute, deciduous. Sheaths 
obsolete. Flowers greenish, in axillary and terminal racemes, on slender 
pedicels, which become indurated and flattened in fruit. 

1. B. dirrhosa, Banks. River banks, Florida to South Carolina. April - 
May. — Stem shrubby, 10°- 20° long. Leaves 2' -3' long. Racemes 3' -6' 
long. Bracts ovate, acuminate, 3 - 5-flowered. Fruiting pedicels curved. 

7. ERIOGONUM, Michx. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous, surrounded by an involucre. Calyx deeply 
6-cleft. Stamens 9. Ovary free, 3-sided. Styles 3: stigmas capitate. Ache- 
nium 3-angled or 3-winged. Embryo straight in the axis of the albumen, or 
more or less curved. — Downy or woolly herbs. Leaves alternate, opposite or 
whorled. Sheaths none. Inflorescence various, 

1. E. longifoliura, Nutt. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, 
leafy below ; lowest leaves clustered, oblong-linear, long-tapering at the base, 
the upper scattered, the uppermost bract-like ; involucre stalked ; calyx her- 
baceous, equal. — Sand ridges, East Florida. 2/ — Stem 2° -3° high. Low- 
est leaves 3' - 5' long. 

2. E. toraentosum, Michx. Stem erect, tomentose, corymbose above, 
leafy throughout ; lowest leaves clustered, obovate-oblong, long-petioled, the 
others in whorls of 3 - 4, elliptical, sessile ; involucre sessile ; calyx white, un- 



414 LAURACE.7E. (lAUREL FAMILY.) 

equal. — Dry pine barrens, Florida to Soutli Carolina. July -Sept. Jl — 
Stem 2° -3° hi^h. Lowest leave.s 4'-G' long. Flowers very numerous, 
secund. 

Order 111. LAUKACE^. (Laurel Family.) 

Aromatic trees or slirubs (except Cassyta), with alternate simple 
minutely dotted leaves, without stipules, and perfect or polygamous 
clustered flowers. — Calyx 6 - 9-parted, imbricated in 2 rows. Stamens 
6 or more, in 1- 4 rows: anthers adnate, 2-4-celled, opening by lid- 
like valves. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary anatropous suspended 
ovule. Style simple, thick : stigma obtuse. Fi-iiit a drupe or berry. 
Seed without albumen. Embryo large. Radicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

Teibe I. LAURINE^. Fruit naked. — Trees or slirubs. 

* Flowers perfect. Stamens 12, tlie 3 inner ones sterile. 

1. PERSEA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Calyx persistent. 

2. NECTANDRA. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved. Calyx lobes deciduous. 

* * Flowers dioecious. Stamens 9, all fertile. 

3. SASSAFRAS. Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled. 

4. LINDERA. Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled. 

5. LITSEA. Involucre 2 - 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celled. 

Tribe II. CASSYTE^. Fruit enclosed in the fleshy calyx. — Leafless twining par- 
asites. 

6. CASSYTA. Flowers perfect. Stamens 9. Anthers 2-celled. 

1. PERSEA, Gaertn. Red Bay. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx deeply 6-parted, persistent. Stamens 12, in 4 rows, 
the inner ones sterile and gland-like. Filaments pubescent, the inner fertile 
ones biglandular. Anthers 4-celled, those of the two outer rows introrse, of 
the inner row extrorse. Stigma disk-like. Drupe ovoid. — Trees or shrubs, 
with evergreen entire petioled leaves, and greenish or white flowers, in axil- 
lary peduncled clusters or panicles. 

1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. Branchlets smoothish; leaves oblong or 
lanceolate-oblong, smooth and deep green above, glaucous beneath, obscurely 
veined ; flowers silky, in cymose clusters, on peduncles shorter than the peti- 
oles ; calyx lobes unequal, persistent ; drupe blue. ( Laurus, L.) — Rich shady 
woods, Florida to North Carolina. July. — A tree 20° -40° high. Leaves 
2' -3' long. 

Var. palustris, Chapm. Shrubby ; the branchlets, lower surface of the 
leaves, and flowers densely tomentose ; leaves strongly veined, pale green, va- 
rying from oval to lanceolate; peduncles longer than the petioles. — Ponds 
and pine barren swamps. July. — Shrub 4°-lQ° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. 
Flowers larger. 

2. NECTANDRA, Rottb. 

Calyx rotate, 6-parted, the lobes deciduous. Anthers nearly sessile, 4-celled. 
Drupe with its base enclosed in the cup-like persistent calyx tube. Otherwise 
like the preceding. 






LAURACEyE. (lAUREL FAMILY.) 415 

1. N. Willdenoviana, Nees. Smooth; leaves lanceolate-obloDg, retic- 
ulate, shilling, on short margined petioles ; flowers minute in narrow axillary 
panicles which are commonly shorter than the leaves; calyx white, pubescent 
within, the nearly equal lobes deciduous ; filaments very short, the innermost 
bearded at the apex; drupe black. — South Florida. — Shrub 6° -9° high. 
Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruiting pedicels club-shaped. 

3. SASSAFRAS, Nees. 

Involucre none. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted, spread- 
ing. Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows, all fertile, the 3 inner ones 
biglandular at the base ; those of the fertile flowers 6, sterile : anthers linear, 
4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Style subulate : stigma disk-like. Drupes blue, 
on thick red pedicels. — Trees, with entire or 2-3-lobed deciduous leaves, and 
greenish flowers in clustered racemes, appearing before the leaves. 

1. S. officinale, Nees. Leaves ovate, entire or 2-3-lobed, smooth or 
pubescent; racemes short, silky; flowers sometimes white. (Laurus Sassa- 
fras, L.) — Dry open woods and old fields. March. — A small tree with 
spicy bark. 

4. LINDERA, Thunb. Spice-Bush. 

Involucre 4-leaved. Flowers dioeciously polygamous. Calyx 6-parted. 
Stamens of the sterile flowers 9 (more numerous and rudimentary in the fer- 
tile flowers), in 3 rows : filaments slender, the inner ones lobed and glandular 
at the base : anthers ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, introrse; Style short. Drupe 
obovoid, red, the pedicels not thickened. — Shrubs, with entire deciduous 
leaves, and dull yellow flowers in lateral sessile clusters, appearing before 
the leaves. 

1. L. Benzoin, Meisn. Branches slender, smooth; leaves oblong-obo- 
vate, acute at the base, paler and pubescent beneath, soon smooth ; clusters 
numerous, smooth. (Laurus, L. ) — Banks of streams and low woods, Florida, 
and northward. Feb. -March. — A shrub 6° -10° high, with spicy bark. 
Leaves 3^-5' long. 

2. L. melisssefolia, Blume. Leaves oblong, short-petioled, obtuse or 
slightly cordate at the base, silky on both sides, as also the branclilets and 
clusters, at length smooth above; drupes obovoid. (Laurus, Walt.) — Mar- 
gins of ponds, West Florida to North Carolina. Feb. -March. — A shrub 
2° -3° high. Leaves r - 2' long. 

5. LITSEA, Lam. 

Involucre 2 -4-leaved. Flowers dioecious. Calyx 6-parted, deciduous. 
Stamens of the sterile flowers 9, in 3 rows : those of the fertile flowers numer- 
ous and rudimenta,ry : anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, introrse. Stigma peltate. 
Drupe globose. — Trees or shrubs, with entire leaves, and small flowers in 
clustered umbels. 

1. L. geniculata, Benth. & Hook. Branchlets smooth, zigzag, spread- 
ing; leaves small, oval or oblong, soon smooth, deciduous; involucre 2-4- 
flowered ; flowers yellow, appearing before the leaves ; drupe red. (Laurus. 



416 SAXTALACEvE. (.SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 

Wa/t.) — Shallow pine barren ponds, Florida, and northward. Feb. -March. 
— A large shrub, with numerous spreading forked branches. Leaves some- 
wliat coriaceous, Y~ 1' long. 

6. CASSYTA, L. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx 6-cleft, persistent, the exterior lobes minute. Sta- 
mens 12, in 4 rows, the inner row sterile: anthers 2-celled, the inner ones ex- 
tror.sc, the outer introrse. Style very sliort : stigma disk-like. Fruit enclosed 
in the fleshy ])ersistent tube of the calyx. — A leafless parasitic plant, with 
twining filiform stems, and s]jiked flowers. 

I. C. filiformis, ^Miller. — South Florida. — Sjjikes 2-4-flowered. 
Calyx lol)es thick, triangular, acute. Anthers oval, obtuse. 



Order 112. THYMELEACE^. (Mezereum Family.) 

Shrabs with acrid juice, tough bark, simple entire dotless leaves, 
without stipules, and regular perfect flowers, with a tubular or bell- 
shaped 4-5-cleft rarely entire calyx. Stamens commonly twice as 
many as the calyx lobes, in 2 rows : anthers 2-celled, opening length- 
wise. Style simple : stigma capitate. Drupe w ith a single su.spended 
anatropous seed, containing little or no albumen. Cotyledons plano- 
convex. Radicle superior. 

1. DIRCA, L. Leatherwood. 

Calyx bell-shaped, entire, or obscurely 4-toothed. Stamens 8, unequal, ex- 
serted. Style filiform. Albumen none. — A low branching shrub, with alter- 
nate petioled oblong or obovate deciduous leaves, and light yellow flowers, 
from hairy buds, appearing before the leaves. 

1. D. palustris, L. — Shady banks of streams, Florida, and northward. 
Feb. -March. — Shrub 2° -3° high, with pale spreading jointed branches. 
Leaves 2' long, silky when young. Flowers three in a cluster, on short pedi- 
cels. Drupe small, red. 



Order 113. SA:N'TALACE^. (Sandalwood Family.) 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees (ours root parasites), with simple entire ex- 
stipulate leaves. — Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-cleft, valvate in the bud, the 
tube coherent with the ovary. Stamens 4-5, opposite the lobes, and 
inserted on the fleshy disk at their base: anthers introrse, opening 
lengthwdse. Ovary 1-celled, with 1-4 anatropous ovules suspended 
from the apex of the free central placenta. Style single. Fruit 1- 
seeded. Embryo small, at the apex of copious albumen. Cotyledons 
cylindrical. Radicle superior. — Parasitic on the roots of various 
trees or shrubs. 



SANTALACE^. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 417 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers perfect. 

1. COMANDRA. Anthers connected with the calyx lobes by a tuft of hairs. Leaves al- 

ternate. 

* * Flowers dioecious. Shrubs. 

2. DARBY A. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Anthers connected with the calyx lobes by a tuft of hairs. 

Leaves opposite. Flowers umbelled, 

3. PYRULARIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Anthers free. Albumen oily. Leaves al- 

ternate. Flowers spiked. 

4. BUCKLEY A. Calyx limb double, each 4-lobed. Stamens 4. Anthers free. Albumen 

fleshy. Leaves nearly opposite. Flowers terminal. 

1. COMANDRA, Nutt. 

Mowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, the persistent lobes alternating 
with the lobes of the disk. Stamens 5 : anthers connected witli the calyx 
lobes by a tuft of hairs. Stigma capitate. Fruit nut-like, 1-seeded. — Smooth 
perennial herbs, with alternate leaves, and small greenish white flowers, in 
axillary and terminal umbel-like peduncled clusters. 

1. C. umbellata, Nutt. Stem branching above; leaves sessile, lance- 
olate or oblong; peduncles several, corymbose, 3- 5-flowered, mostly longer 
than the leaves ; style slender, fruiting calyx urn-shaped. — Dry soil in the 
upper districts. April - May. — Stem 8' - 10' high. Leaves i'-V long. 

2. DARBY A, Gray. 

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, top-shaped, 4 - 5-cleft, the lobes ovate, spread- 
ing. Stamens 4-5, inserted in the sinuses of the crenately 4- 5-lobed disk: 
filaments short : anthers connected with the calyx lobes by a tuft of hairs. 
Style thick. Stigma 3 -4-lobed. Ovule solitary. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
— A small shrub, with opposite oval membranaceous short-petioled leaves, 
and small greenish flowers in axillary peduncled umbels. 

1. D. umbellulata, Gray. — Alabama to North Carolina, in the middle 
districts. — Shrub 1°-1^° high. Leaves 1' long, smooth. Peduncles 3-8- 
flowered, shorter than the leaves. Fertile flowers solitary. 

3. PYRULARIA, Michx. OilNut. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx 5-cleft, the lobes recurved. Disk composed of 5 
roundish glands. Stamens of the sterile flowers short, alternate with the 
glands. Fertile flower pear-shaped. Style short and thick : stigma depressed- 
capitate. Drupe pear-shaped, fleshy. Albumen oily. — A low branching 
shrub, with alternate deciduous leaves, and small greenish flowers in a short 
terminal spike. 

1. P. Oleifera, Gray. — Shady banks on the mountains, Georgia, and 
northward. May. — Leaves petioled, obovate oblong, acute at each end, pu- 
bescent, 3' - 4' long. Drupe 1' long. 

4. BUCKLEYA, Torr. 

Flowers dioecious. Calyx club-shaped, the limb double, each 4-parted ; the 
exterior lobes linear, leafy, somewhat persistent, the interior triangular-ovate, 

27 



418 PIPEKACE-^. (pepper FAMILY.) 

sliglitly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 4. Disk of the fertile 
flower 4-lobed, fleshy. Style short: stigma 4-lobed. Drupe oblong, com- 
pressed, furrowed. Embryo slender, in the axis of copious fleshy albumen. — 
An erect shrub, with straight slender branches. Leaves nearly opposite, dis- 
tichous, lanceolate, acute, pubescent. Flowers terminal, greenish, the sterile 
umbellate, the fertile solitary. 

1. B. distichophylla, Torr. — Mountains of North Carolina [Buckley). 
— Shrub 0^-7° lii<i;li. Leaves thin, V-\V long. Calyx tube 4"-5" long, 
scarcely longer than the exterior spreading lobes, much longer than the inner 
ones. Drupe ^' lo»g- 



Order 114. LORANTHACE^E. (Mistletoe Family.) 

Parasitical shrubby plants, with evergreen almost veinless leaves, 
without stipules, and perfect or dioecious flowers. — Calyx of 2-8 
sepals, distinct, or united into a tube, valvate in the bud, sometimes 
wanting. Stamens as many as the sepals and opposite them. Ovary 
1-celled, commonly with a single suspended ovule. Style simple or 
none. Fruit berry-like. Seeds anatropous. Embryo longer than the 
fleshy albumen. 

1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. Mistletoe. 

Flowers dioecious, in short jointed spikes. Calyx of the sterile flower glob- 
ular, 2 - 4-lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the lobes, transversely 2-celled. 
Calyx of the fertile flower adnate to the ovary. Stigma sessile. Berry glo- 
bose, pvilpy, 1-seeded. — Evergreen shrubs, growing on the branches of vari- 
ous trees, with brittle jointed stems, thick persistent leaves, and small flowers 
in axillary spikes. 

1. P. flavescens, Nutt. (Vlscum, Pursh.) — Florida to Mississippi, 
and northM'ard. April -May. — Plant yellowish, 2° -3'^ long. Branches op- 
posite or whorled. Leaves obovate, fleshy. Spikes shorter than the leaves. 
Berry white, glutinous. 

Order 115. PIPERACE^. (Pepper Family.) 

Chiefly herbs with jointed stems, entire leaves, and perfect achla- 
mydeous flowers in bracted spikes or racemes. — Stamens few or many, 
hypogynous : anthers opening lengthwise. Ovaries single, or 3 -5, and 
more or less united. Ovules few or solitary, orthotropous, ascending. 
Embryo minute, contained in a cavity at the apex of the albumen. 
Fruit 1- few-seeded. 

1. SAURURUS, L. Lizard's-Tail. 

Stamens 4-8, with long club-shaped filaments. Anthers introrse. Fruit 
somewhat fleshy, composed of 3 - 4 partly united 1 - 2-seeded carpels, pointed 
with as many recurved stigmas. — Flowers white. 



CERATOPHYLLACE^. (hORNWORT FAMILY.) 419 

1. S. cernuus, L. Stem erect, branching; leaves alternate, petioled, 
cordate-ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spikes white, terminal, nodding at 
the apex ; flowers numerous, each from the axil of a small bract. — Marshes 
and muddy banks, Florida, and northward. May - August. — Rhizoma creep- 
ing. Stem 1°- 2° high. Spikes 4' - 6' long. 

2. PEPEROMIA, Ruiz & Pavon. 

Stamens 2, short, lateral. Anthers extrorse. Stigma capitate. Fruit 
baccate, 1 -celled, 1 -seeded. — Herbs, with alternate or whorled leaves, and 
filiform spikes of small crowded peltate-bracted flowers, 

1. P. magnolisefolia, C. DC. Leaves mostly alternate, rigid, petioled, 
obovate, pellucid-punctate; spikes terminal, densely flowered, longer than the 
leaves; peduncles as long as the petiole; bracts rounded. — East Florida. — 
Leaves 1^'- 3' long. 

2. P. leptOStachya, Chapm. Leaves opposite or whorled, very thin, 
smaller (1' or less long), 3-nerved ; spikes very slender, rather loosely flowered ; 
otherwise much like the preceding. (Piper leptostachyon, iVwi^.) — Islands 
at the mouth of the St. John's River, Florida {Curtiss). 



Order 116. CERATOPHYLLACE^E. (Hornwort 
Family.) 

Submerged aquatic herbs, with filiform jointed branching stems, 
finely dissected whorled leaves, and small axillary monoecious flowers, 
destitute of floral envelopes, but surrounded by an involucre of 8-12 
linear leaves. Anthers 12-24, oblong, 2- 3-toothed, sessile. Ovary 
solitary, simple, wdth a single suspended orthotropous ovule. Ache- 
nium compressed, pointed with the slender persistent style. Albumen 
none. Cotyledons 4. Plumule conspicuous. — Consisting of the 
single genus. 

1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornwort. 

1. C demersum, L. Leaves rigid, 6-9 in a whorl, once or twice 
forking, with the lobes spiny-toothed; achenium oval, compressed, tubercular- 
roughened on the sides, and armed near the base with 2 lateral widely spread- 
ing slender spines. — In still water, Florida, and northward. Sept. - Oct. — 
Stems l°-4° long. Leaves near the end of the branches much crowded. 

2. C. echinatum, Gray? Leaves weak, 9-12 in a whorl, 3-4 times 
forking, the ultimate segments bristly-toothed ; ovaries warty ; achenium ob- 
long, tubercular-roughened on the sides, the edges margined and armed with 
5-7 strong and spreading spines. — Shallow ponds, on St. Vincent's Island, 
West Florida. May. — Stems 6' - 12' long. 

3. C. SUbmersum, L. Leaves hair-like, 3-4 times forking, bristly- 
toothed ; achenium oblong, slightly compressed, tubercular-roughened, the 
rounded margins unarmed. — South Florida Dr. Blodgett. — Stems 6'- 12' 
long. 



420 PODOSTEMACE^. (rIVERWEED FAMILY.) 

Order 117. CALLITKICHACEtE. (Water-Starwort 
Family.) 

Small aquatic annuals, with opposite entire leaves, and solitary ax- 
illary polygamous flowers without floral envelopes. Stamen mostly 
solitary, 2-bracted in the sterile flower. Filament slender: anther 
reniform, the cells confluent. Styles 2, slender: stigmas acute. Cap- 
sule 1-angled, 4-celled, with a single suspended anatropous seed in each 
cell, indehibcent. Embryo straight, in copious fleshy albumen. Rad- 
icle long, superior. — Consisting of the single genus 

1. CALLITRICHE, L. Watek-Starwort. 

1. C. heterophylla, Pursh. Floating leaves spatulate or obovate. 
crowded, tlie lower ones distant, linear ; fruit nearly sessile, 2-bracted, keeled 
on the back. — Var. terrestris. Smaller (2' -3' long); stems much 

branched, creeping on damp earth; leaves (r'-2" long) all linear. 

Ditches and shallow water, Florida, and northward. March- April. — Stems 
several, 6'- 12' long. Leaves -J' long. 

2. C. peploides, Nutt. Stems creeping; leaves uniform, obovate or 
spatulate ; fruit nearly sessile, circular, notched at the apex, the sides gibbous, 
grooved around the wingless margin, as long as the widely spreading stigmas. 
— Florida and westward, on damp earth. Feb. - March. 

3. C. Austinii, Engelm. Smaller {V or less long) ; fruit short-pedicelled, 
flattened, wider than long, notched at both ends, with narrow denticulate 
wings, longer than the spreading stigmas. — Tennessee {Dr. Gattinger), and 
northward. April. 



Order 118. PODOSTEMACE^. (River^veed Family.) 

Moss-like aquatic plants, with minute flowers, from a spathe-like in- 
volucre, and destitute of floral envelopes. — Stamens 5- 12 : anthers 
2-celled. Capsule 2-3-celled, pointed by as many persistent styles. 
Seeds numerous, on a thick central placenta, destitute of albumen. 

1. PODOSTEMON, Michx. Riverweed. 

Spathe 2-leaved. Flowers pedicelled. Filaments elongated, borne on one 
side of the stalk of the ovary, united below, and bearing only a single anther. 
Styles 2, simple. Capsule ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds imbricated. — 
Submerged aquatic plants, attached to rocks and pebbles by disk-like expan- 
sions of the stem. Leaves 2-ranked, divided into filiform segments. 

1. P. ceratophyllum, Michx. Leavesrigid, sparingly divided, sheath- 
ing at the base ; flowers solitary, on slender pedicels ; capsule oval, 8-ribbed. — 
Rocky places in rivers, Georgia, and northward. July. — Plant olive-green, 
V -4' long. 



EUPHOKBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 421 

2. P. abrotanoides, Nutt. Leaves much divided, with hair-like seg- 
ments ; flowers 2-3 together, on short pedicels; capsule oblong, 10-ribbed. — 
Gravelly places in the Chattahoochee River (Nuttall. ) —¥la,ut larger than 
the last. 



Order 119. EUPHORBIACE^:. (Spurge Family.) 

Plants commonly with acrid milky juice, and monoecious or dioe- 
cious often petaliferous flowers. — Calyx 2 - 8-lobed, mostly valvate in 
the bud, sometimes wanting. Stigmas 2 - several, simple or divided. 
Fruit of 2 -several (mostly 3) 1-2-seeded carpels united around a 
central axis, separating at maturity, rarely 1-celled or indehiscent. 
Seeds suspended, anatropous. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Cotyle- 
dons flat. 

Synopsis. 

§ 1. Ovules and seeds solitary in the ceUs. Flowers monoecious. ^ 

* Flowers without floral envelopes, enclosed in a common cup-shaped involucre. 

1. EUPHORBIA. FertUe flower solitary in the i-S-toothed involucre. Sterile flowers 

several, each reduced to a single stamen. 

* * Flowers in bracted spikes or racemes ; the upper ones sterUe, the lowest fertile. 

H- Flowers apetalous. 

■w- Stigmas and cells of the capsule 6-7. 

2. HIPPOMANE. Carpels woody, indehiscent. Spikes terminal. Staminate flowers 

clustered. 

■H- -H- Stigmas and cells of the dehiscent capsule 3. 

3. SEBASTIANIA. Fruit dry. Receptacle with a central column. Seed carunculate. 

4. STILLINGIA. Fruit dry. Receptacle 3-horned. Seed carunculate. 

5. EXCOECARIA. Fruit fleshy. Receptacle with a central column. Seed not carunculate. 

6. ACALYPHA. Stigmas many-parted. Flowers spiked. Bracts of the pistillate flowers 

leafy, toothed. 

7. TRAGIA. Stigmas 3, simple. Flowers racemed. Bracts small, entire. 

8. MERCURIALIS. Stigmas 2. Calyx 3-parted. Capsule 2-celled. 

■h- -i- Staminate flowers (except No. 2 in Croton), or the pistillate also furnished with 

petals. 

9. CROTON". Pistillate flowers apetalous, or with minute petals. Stamens 6 or more, 

distinct. 

10. CROTONOPSIS. Pistillate flowers apetalous. Capsule 1-celled. Stamens 5, distinct. 

11. ARGYROTHAMNIA. Pistillate and staminate flowers 5-petalled. Capsule 3-celled. 

Stamens 10, monadelphous. 

* * * Flowers cjTnose or panicled. 

12. JATROPA. Flowers cymose. Petals scarlet. 

13. CNIDOSCOLUS. Flowers cymose. Calyx white, corolla-like. Petals none. 

14. RICINUS. Flowers in crowded panicles. Calyx herbaceous. 

§ 2. Ovules, and commonly the seeds, 2 in the cells. 
* Flowers monoecious, apetalous. Ovary 3-celled. Herbs. 

15. PHTLLANTHUS. Flowers axillary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens 3, monadelphous. 

16. PACHYSANDRA. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 4, distinct. 

* * Flowers dioecious, apetalous. Ovary 2-celled. Shrubs. 

17. DRTPETES. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 



422 EUPHORBIACE^. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge. 

Flowers monoecious, destitute of calyx aud corolla; the single pistillate, 
and several inouaudrous stainiuate ones included in a cup-sliaped or top-shaped 
4 - 5-toothed involucre, which has commonly thick aud often colored glands 
between the teeth. Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule exserted, .3-celled : carpels 2- 
valved, 1-seeded. — A polymorpiious genus, with acrid milky juice. 

§ 1. Leaves without stipules. 

* Stem erect, umhellately branched above : involucres solitary, terrrtinal and in 
the forks of the branches : leaves of the stem mostly alternate, those of the 
branches opposite or whorled. 

-t- Glands of the involucre 5, with white petal-like appendages : leaves entire : 
perennials {except No. 6). 

1. E. COrollata, L. Stem smooth or pubescent; branches 4-6, twice or 
thrice forking, mostly short and fastigiate ; leaves thick, oblong or oval, ob- 
tuse, pale and mostly hairy beneath ; involucres pedicelled ; appendages of the 
(green) glands orbicular, showy; capsule and seed smooth. — Var. angusti- 
FOLiA, Ell. Stems slender ; branches mostly 3, forking, elongated, spreading ; 
leaves varying from linear to obovate; involucres small, scattered; appen- 
dages of the glands transversely oblong. — Dry rich soil ; the var. in sandy 
pine barrens. July- Sept. — Stem 1°- 2° high. 

2. E. mercurialina, Michx. Like the preceding, but lower (^°-l° 
high) ; leaves thinner, ovate or roundish ; appendages of the glands narrower ; 
seed oval, rugulose. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. May - June. 

3. E. discoidalis, Chapm. Smooth or pubescent ; branches commonly 
2, divaricate, forking ; leaves linear, obtuse, with the margins revolute ; invo- 
lucres on slender pedicels ; glands deep red, bordered by the narrow appen- 
dage ; seeds obovate, pale, minutely pitted — Dry sandy pine barrens near the 
coast, West Florida. Aug. - Oct. — Plant 6' - 1 8' high ; the stem much shorter 
than the branches. Leaves 2' -3' long, V'' -2'^ wide. Involucres scattered. 

4. E. Curtisii, Engelm. Smooth ; stems filiform ; branches mostly 3, 
erect, sparingly divided ; leaves thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse, short- 
petioled, spreading or recurved ; involucres minute, scattered, on long capil- 
lary pedicels ; glands green, margined by the white crenate appendages ; 
capsule erect, short-stalked, round-angled ; seed globose, smooth. — Low pine 
barrens, Florida to North Carolina. August. — Plant 6' -9' high, sometimes 
branching from the base. Leaves Y-l^' lo"g- 

5. E. polyp hylla, Engelm. (ined.). Glabrous; stems erect, simple, or 
branching from the base, 3'- 6' high; leaves very numerous, linear, obtuse, 
g// _ ^// iQj^g . involucres mostly single, top-shaped ; appendages black, bordered 
with white, crenate ; flowers villous ; styles 2-3, thick, entire ; capsule round- 
ish ; seeds oval, smooth, white. — South Florida. 

6. E. marginata, Pursh. Annual; stem stout, 2° -3° high; leaves 
ovate, mucronate; sessile, r-2' long, the floral ones, like the appendages of 
the top-shaped involucre, broadly bordered with white. — North Carolina. 
Introduced from the West. 



EUPHORBIACE^. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 423 

•I- •«- Glands of the involucre 5, without appendages. 
■<-+ Annuals. 

7. E. COmmutata, Engelm. Smooth ; stems erect or ascending, umbel- 
lately or alternately branched ; leaves thin, obovate, entire, the lower peti- 
oled, those of the branches round-kidney-shaped, sessile ; involucres nearly 
sessile, shorter than the floral leaves ; glands crescent shaped or 2-horned ; 
capsule smooth, round-angled ; seeds ovoid, pitted. — Low ground, Chatta- 
hoochee, Florida. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves i'- T long. 

8. E. Obtusata, Pursh. Smooth; stem erect; branches 3-5; leaves 
sessile, serrulate, obtuse ; those of the stem wedge-oblong, of the branches 
ovate ; involucre nearly sessile ; glands oval ; capsule round-augled, warty . 
seeds smooth. (E. Helioscopia, £//.?) — Shady woods. South Carolina, and 
northward. July- Sept. — Stem 1° high. Leaves T long. 

9. E. tetrapora, Engelm. Stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves 
wedge-shaped, obtuse or emarginate, the upper ones roundish ; glands 2- 
horned ; capsule smooth, obtuse-angled ; inner face of the seed only 4-pitted. 
— Georgia, and Avestward. 

10. E. dictyosperma, Fisch. & Meyer. Smooth; stem umbellately 
branched, slender, the branches forking ; leaves spatulate-obovate, serrulate 
near the apex, of the branches cordate ; glands round ; capsule w^arty ; seeds 
reticulate. (E. Arkansana, Engelm.) — Alabama {Buckley), and westward. — 
Stem 8'- 12' high. 

11. E. Lathyris, L. Annual ; stem tall (2° -3° high), glabrous ; leaves 
closely sessile, lanceolate, the floral ones oblong-ovate, cordate ; lobes of the 
involucre longer than the 2-horned glands. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

•M- ++ Perennials ; leaves entire. 

12. E. Darlingtonii, Gray. Stem tall ; branches 5 - 8, forking ; leaves 
slightly pubescent beneath ; those of the stem oblong, of the branches oval or 
roundish, obtuse, truncate at the base ; involucres nearly sessile ; glands 
obliquely oval ; capsule obscurely warty ; seeds smooth. — Mountains of North 
Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° - 4° high. 

13. E. sphserosperma, Shuttlw. Smooth; stem erect; branches 3 -4, 
forking ; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, reflexed ; of the 
branches cordate-ovate, clasping, acute ; involucres short-pedicelled, green, 
with the ovate lobes nearly entire, much shorter than the truncate crenate 
stalked glands; capsule acute-angled ; seed roundish, smooth. — Dry pine bar- 
rens. Middle Florida. June -August. — Stem l°-2°high. Branches of the 
more sterile plants successively forking and widely spreading, like the two 
following. Leaves 1'- 2' long. 

14. E. inundata, Torr. Smooth ; stem erect, 3-branched or alternately 
branched from near the base, few-flowered ; leaves erect, lanceolate, acute, 
sessile; of the branches oblong-ovate, clasping; involucre long-pedicelled, 
reddish; the pubescent lobes 3-toothed ; glands orbicular, peltate, entire ; cap- 
sules acute-angled, smooth. — Pine barren swamps, Florida. April- June. — 
Stems 6'- 12' high, from a thick woody root. Leaves 2' -3' long. 



424 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

15. E. telephioides, Chapm. Smooth and somewliat fleshy; stem 
thick ; brauchcs a, shun, forking ; leaves large, oblong-obovate, obtuse, erect, 
with membranaceous margins ; of the branches small, ovate, clasping ; in- 
volucre purple, slender-pedicelled, the lobes ovate, entire, ciliate, incurved ; 
glands peltate, roundisJi, entire; capsule acute-angled, smooth. — Low 
sandy pine barrens near tiie coast. West Florida. May- June. — I'lant 
light green, 2' -5' high. Stem leaves 2' -3' long, often longer than the 
bi-anches. Floral leaves 4" - 6" long. 

* * Stem erect, successively foiking : leaves com/nonli/ oj)/josite : involucres iii 

the forks, d(irk jiur/ile : (jlands 5, without appendufjes : perennials. 

16. E. Ipecacuanhge, L. Stems several from a long perpendicular 
root, slender, commonly forking from near the base ; leaves of the stem and 
branches similar, opposite, or the lowest rarely alternate, entire, obtuse, vary- 
ing from linear to round-obovate, short-petioled ; peduncles slender, mostly 
longer than the leaves ; involucre small ; capsule slender-stalked, nodding, 
round-angled ; seeds minutely pitted. — Dry sandy soil. May - June. — Stem 
2'- 12' high. Leaves i'- 1' long. 

17. E. nudicaulis, Chapm. Smooth; stems slender, forking above; 
leaves minute (Y' long), oval or obovate, the lowest alternate, those of the 
branches opposite ; involucres minute, on short peduncles; glands top-shaped. 
— Low pine barrens, near St. Joseph's, West Florida. June. — Stems 1° 
high. Capsule and seeds unknown. 

* * * Branches and leaves alternate : involucres terminal, clustered or single : 

glands without appendages. 

18. E. heterophylla, L. Annual, smooth; stem erect, branching from 
the base ; branches elongated, leafy at the summit ; leaves petioled, oblong, 
fiddle-shaped, toothed or entire, the uppermost deep red at the base ; involu- 
cres clustered, short-stalked, with 5 incised lobes and a single gland ; capsule 
smooth; seeds globose, warty. — Var. graminifolia (E. graminifolia, 
Michx.) has the leaves all linear and entire. — South Florida, and around 
dwellings, apparently introduced. May -Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. LeaA'es 
2' long. 

19. E. trichotoma, HBK. Annual; stem irregularly much branched, 
very leafy ; leaves small, imbricated, oblong-obovate, acute, obscurely crenate, 
sessile ; involucre solitary, top-shaped, sessile ; glands 5, peltate ; capsule 
smooth, short-stalked. — South Florida. — Stem low. Leaves 3'' -4'' long. 

20. E. dentata, Michx. Annual, erect (1° high), irregularly branching; 
leaves distant, petioled, ovate, lanceolate, or linear, coarsely toothed, the 
lower ones alternate, the uppermost ones opposite ; involucres nearly sessile, 
with five toothed lobes, and mostly a single stalked gland ; seeds nearly glob- 
ular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Tennessee, and northward. July- 
Sept. 

§ 2. Leaves stipulate, all opposite : glands of the involucre 4. 

* Stems erect or ascending : seeds i-angled, transversely rugose : annuals. 

21. E. hypericifolia, L. Smooth throughout; stem (^°-2° high) 
erect ; branches alternate, 2-ranked ; leaves (Y- T long) petioled, lanceolate- 
oblong, oblique and obtuse or acute at the base, equally serrulate on both 



EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 425 

margins ; stipules reflexed ; involucres in dense lateral loug-peduncled cymose 
clusters ; appendages of the glands white, kidney-shaped ; capsules rather 
acutely angled, smooth ; seed minute, reddish. — South Florida. 

22. E. Preslii, Guss. Stem often pubescent, ascending (1°- 1^° high) ; 
leaves oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at the base, often blotched 
with red, sharply serrate on the lower margin, entire below the middle on 
the upper ; clusters terminal; appendages of the glands rounded, entire ; cap- 
sule round-angled, smooth ; seeds larger, nearly black. — Cultivated grounds. 
August - Sept. 

23. E, buxifolia. Lam. Stem stout, smooth, ascending, alternately 
branching or forking from the base, purple ; leaves very numerous, somewhat 
fleshy, nearly sessile, oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, entire, with the margins 
involute, the uppermost crowded ; involucres in dense terminal clusters ; 
glands peltate, orbicular, bordered by a white appendage ; capsule smooth, 
acute-angled ; seed bluish, faintly rugose. — Sandy sea-shore, South Florida. 
— Stem 1° high. Leaves 3'' - 5'' long. Stipules fringed. 

24. E. pilulifera, L. Pubescent ; stem erect or prostrate, forking from 
the base ; leaves short-petioled, oblong-ovate, oblique, acute at each end, ser- 
rate ; involucres minute, in dense terminal short-stalked clusters ; glands 
without appendages ; capsule acute-angled, hairy ; seeds faintly rugose. — 
South Florida, Mobile {Mohr). — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves b" -%" long. 

* * Stems prostrate, diffuse : leaves small: involucres small and mostly crowded 

near the summit of the branches. 

-»- Perennial. 

25. E. Garberi, Engelm. (ined.). Softly villous throughout; stems 
widelv branching ; leaves oval or obovate, oblique, entire, short-petioled ; 
stipules ciliate-laciniate ; flowers single in the upper axils ; glands narrowly 
margined; capsule acutely angled; seeds reddish-brown, transversely 2- 
ribbed. — Sandy coast, South Florida. — Stem 1° or more long. 

26. E. deltoidea, Engelm. (ined.). Stems (2' -4' long) diffuse, gla- 
brous; leaves {l^' long or less) petioled, obliquely deltoid, cordate, or reni- 
form, sprinkled with short hairs, the margins narrowly revolute ; stipules 
minute, entire ; involucre single, terminal, turbinate, pedicelled, with downy 
lobes, and transversely oblong glands without appendages ; styles very short ; 
capsule (immature) acutely 3-angled, glabrous. — South Florida (Curtiss). 

-t- -1- Annual: smooth. 

27. E. serpyllifolia, Pers. Smooth ; leaves oval or obovate, oblique 
and acute or obtuse at the base, obscurely serrulate, petioled; stipules ovate, 
entire, or sparingly short-fringed; appendages of the glands Avhite, trans- 
versely oblong ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 4-angled, granular- 
roughened and faintly wrinkled on the sides. — South Florida. May - Oct. — 
Stems 6' - 12' long. Leaves 2'' - a" long. 

28. E. serpens, HBK. Smooth, small (4' -8' long); leaves round- 
ovate, entire (^"-2'' long) ; stipules triangular, toothed; peduncles single; 
appendages of the gland minute or none ; capsule smooth, acutely angled ; 
seeds smooth and even, obtusely 4-angled. — South Florida, Mississippi, and 
westward. 



426 EUPHORBIACEiE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

29. E. ammannioides, IIBK. Smooth throughout; stems long (2° - 
3°), filiform, pi-u.strale, alternately branched; leaves oblong (2" -3" long), en- 
tire ; rounded and nmcronate at the apex, short-petioled ; stipules 2-parted ; 
flowers single, terminal, and in the forks of the branches ; glands margined 
with white ; capsule obtusely triangular ; seeds ovate, obscurely triangular, 
smooth and even. — Koberts's Key in Caximbas Bay, South Florida. 

30. E. COrdifolia, Kll- Smuotli ; leaves petioled, oval or roundish, en- 
tire, obtuse, cordate or truncate and ol)lique at the base ; stipules slender, 
deeply parted into long capillary segments ; appendages of the glands con- 
spicuous, oblong or roundish, white ; capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed 
4angled, smooth and even. — Sandy pine barrens, South Carolina, and west- 
ward. July - Sept. — Stems 6' - 18' long. Leaves 4" - G" long, pale green. 

31. E. polygonifolia, L. Smooth and somewhat fleshy ; leaves oblong 
or linear-oblong, entire, oblique, obtuse or slightly cordate at the base, peti- 
oled ; stipules by pairs, 2 - 3-parted ; glands of the involucre slightly margined 
by the narrow ap])endages, rather shorter than the subulate obtuse lobes ; 
capsule smooth, acute-angled ; seed large, obovate, not angled, smooth and 
even. — Drifting sands along the coast. July -Oct. — Stems 4' -12' long. 
Leaves ^' long. Involucres densely bearded within. Seed whitish. 

-)- -t- -H- Annual ; pubescent. 

32. E. maeulata, L. I^ubesceut ; leaves oblong, serrate, oblique at the 
base, petioled, often blotched with purple ; stipules 2-parted ; capsule acute- 
angled, hairy ; appendages of the glands transversely oblong, white ; seed 4- 
angled, smooth, faintly wrinkled or pitted on the concave sides. — Cultivated 
ground and waste places, very common. June - Oct. — Stems 6'- 12' long. 
Leaves 3" - 4" long. 

33. E. humistrata, Engelm. Prostrate, pubescent ; leaves elliptical or 
obovate, oblique at the base, serrulate near the apex (4" -9" long) ; stipules 
fimbriate ; flowers in dense lateral clusters ; involucre cleft on the back ; ap- 
pendages of the gland red or white, truncate or crenate ; capsule acutely 
3-angled; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, minutely roughened. — Eich soil, 
Tennessee, and westward. 

34. E. prostrata, Ait. Prostrate, more or less pubescent (4'- 6' long) ; 
leaves oval, slightly serrulate, smooth above (2" -3" long) ; flowers in lateral 
clusters ; involucre top-shaped ; appendages narrow ; capsule long-ciliate on 
the angles ; seeds 4-angled, strongly rugose. — Waste places, Florida, and 
westward. 

35. E. adenoptera, Bertolini. Prostrate; stems shortly villous ; leaves 
obliquely oblong, denticulate ; stipules subulate, ciliate ; involucre top-shaped, 
hirsute, deeply cleft without, the ciliate lobes lanceolate ; appendages rosy ; 
capsule hirsute, acute-angled ; seeds oblong, 4-angled, transversely furrowed. 
— South Florida ( Curtiss). 

2. HIPPOMANE, L. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in thick cylindrical spikes. Sterile flowers 
clustered in the axil of a broad entire bract. Calyx top-shaped, 2-lobed. Sta- 



EUPHOKBIACE^. (SPUKGE FAMILY.) 427 

mens 2, exserted : anther cells separate. Fertile flower solitary at the base of 
the spike. Calyx 3-parted, man y-bracted. Ovary sessile, 6- 7-celled. Style 
short and thick : stigmas 6-7, acute, spreading. Fruit fleshy, of few woody 
1-seeded indehiscent carpels. — A small tree, with milky poisonous juice, and 
short and thick branches. Leaves alternate, stipulate, petioled, ovate, serru- 
late, acute or acuminate, smooth, approximate at the summit of the branches. 
Petioles biglandular at the apex. Spikes greenish. 

1. H. Mancinella, L. — South Florida. — Branches roughened with 
the scars of the deciduous leaves. Leaves V-2' long. Spikes 2' long, ter- 
minal, solitary. Clusters of flowers with a gland-like bract on each side. 
Fruit resembles an apple. 

3. SEBASTIANIA, MUller. 
Flowers monoecious, in bracted spikes, the lowest pistillate and fertile. 
Calyx 3-toothed or lobed. Stamens 3, free or united below. Styles 3, dis- 
tinct. Capsule dry, enclosing a central column. Seed carunculate. — Trees 
or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate. 

1. S. ligustrina, Miill. Shrubby; branches alternate, slender; leaves 
petioled, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base, 
entire ; stipules ovate ; spikes short, often by pairs, shorter than the leaves, 
lateral and terminal; stamens 3; capsule and oval seed smooth. — River 
swamps, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. May -August. — Shrub 
6°-12'^high. Branches spreading. Leaves 1'- 3' long. 

2. S. lucida, Miill. Smooth; leaves coriaceous, petioled, obovate or 
oblong, obtuse or emarginate, crenate ; fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, 
long-peduncled, nodding ; capsule round-angled, smooth, like the ovoid seed. 
— South Florida. — Tree 30° - 40° high. Leaves 1' - 1^' long. 

4. STILLINGIA, Gard. 

Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Styles monadelphous near the 
base. Receptacle without a central column, strongly 3-horned. Seeds carun- 
culate. — Shrubs. 

1. S. sylvatica, L. (Queen's Delight.) Herbaceous; stems clus- 
tered, erect or ascending from a thick woody root, umbellately branched ; 
leaves somewhat crowded, nearly sessile, thickish, varying from linear-lance- 
olate to obovate, obtuse or acute, crenate-serrulate ; spikes yellowish, terminal, 
and in the forks of the stem, longer than the leaves ; glands cup-shaped ; sta- 
mens 2 ; capsule roughish ; seed globose. — Light dry soil, Florida to North 
Carolina, and westward. April-Sept. — Stems l°-3° high. Leaves l'-2' 
long. Spikes 2' -3' long. 

2. S. aquatiea, Chapm. Shrubby; stem single, erect from a fibrous 
spongy root, umbellately or alternately branched above, thickened near the 
base; leaves lanceolate, mostly acute, tapering at each end, short-petioled, 
sharply serrulate, the uppermost yellowish ; stipules bristly ; spikes mostly 
shorter than the leaves, terminal and in the forks of the stem ; glands peltate ; 
stamens 2 ; capsule smooth; seeds globose, pitted, silvery-coated. — Pine bar- 
ren ponds, Florida to South Carolina. May -Sept. — Stem 3° -6° high. 
Leaves 2' - 4' long. 



428 KUPIiOKBIACE^. (spurge FAMILY.) 

5. EXCGECARIA, L. 

Mainly like the two preceding, but the iruit fleshy or baccate, the seeds not 
carunculate, often enveloped in a spongy or fatty coat, and the sterile flowers 
diandrous. — Shrubs or trees. 

1. E. sebifera, Mull. Arljorescont; leaves long-petioled, rlioml^uidal, 
acuminate, entire ; spikes terminal, densely flowered ; sterile flowers i)edi- 
celled ; calyx 4-toothed ; stamens 2; ca])sule rougliisli ; seeds white. — Georgia 
and South Carolina, uear the coast ; introduced from China. June -July. — 
A tree 20° -40° high. 

6. ACALYPHA, L. 

Flowers moucecious, apetalous, in axillary and terminal spikes. Staminate 
flowers clustered, minutely bracted. Calyx 4-parted. Stamens 8-lG, with 
tlie filaments united at the base; anthers pendulous. IMstillate flowers at the 
base of the staminate ones, or on separate sj)ikes, surrounded by a leafy 
toothed bract. Calyx 3-parted. Styles 3, many-cleft. Capsule roundish, of 
thi-ee 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, with watery juice, and al- 
ternate serrate leaves. 

* Staminate and pistillate flowers on the same spike. 

1. A. Virginica, L. Annual, smoothish or hairy ; stem erect, branched ; 
leaves thin, long-petioled, rhombic-ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely ser- 
rate above the middle ; staminate spikes few-flowered, mostly shorter than the 
large 5 - 9-lobed bracts, with 1-3 pistillate flowers at the base ; capsule pubes- 
cent. — Fields and around dwellings. July -Sept. — Stem l°-2° high. 
Leaves, with the petiole, 4' - 5' long. 

Var. gracilens, Miill. Stem slender, 6'- 18' high; leaves smaller, lance- 
olate, obscurely serrate or entire ; staminate spikes longer than the serrate or 
toothed bracts. — Sterile soil. July - Sept. 

2. A. Chamsedrifolia, Mull. Perennial; stems several from a thick 
and woody root, prostrate, pubescent, simple or sparingly branched ; leaves 
short-petioled, ovate and oblong, obtuse, crenate, hairy; pistillate flowers nu- 
merous, crowded at the base of the slender staminate spike, each surrounded 
by a round-ovate hairy toothed bract ; capsule bristly ; seed ovoid, smooth. — 
South Florida. — Stems 4' -6' long. Leaves rigid, 6'' -8'' long. Spikes 
mostly terminal. 

* * Staminate and pistillate flowers on separate spikes. 

3. A. Lindheimeri, Mull. Stem (l°high) branching, hirsute ; leaves 
rhombic-ovate, serrate, short-petioled (1' long); spikes very slender ; bracts 
of the numerous pistillate flowers orate, deeply 5 - 7-toothed, 1 - 2-flowered ; 
ovary hirsute ; styles long, setaceously 4 - 6-cleft ; seeds minutely pitted. — 
Key West (Riddell in Herb. Mohr). 

4. A. Caroliniana, Walt. Annual ; stem erect, much branched, pubes- 
cent ; leaves thin, smooth, cordate-ovate, sharply serrate, long-petioled ; stami- 
nate spike lateral, small, the minute white flowers pedicelled ; pigtillate spike 
terminal, stout, many-flowered ; bracts cut into several subulate lobes ; capsule 
bristly; seeds silvery, pitted. — Cultivated ground. July - Sept. — Stem 1°- 
2° high. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 



EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 429 

7. TRAGIA, Plum. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in slender racemes. Sterile flowers few or 
numerous, caducous. Calyx 3-4-parted. Stamens 2-4, with short and 
separate filaments. Fertile flowers few or solitary at the base of the raceme. 
Calyx 5 - 8-parted. Style 3-cleft : stigmas entire. Capsule bristly, of three 
globose 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Pubescent or bristly herbs, with 
watery juice. Leaves alternate. Racemes opposite the leaves and terminal. 
Bracts small, entire, persistent. Flowers minute, greenish. 

1. T. innocua, Walt. Low, downy or hairy; stem at length much 
branched ; leaves nearly sessile, varying from broadly ovate, and serrate or 
toothed throughout, or only at the apex, to linear and entire ; racemes shorter 
than the leaves and few-flowered, or elongated and many-flowered. — Dry 
sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May - August. 2/ — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 

2. T. urticif Olia, Michx. Bristly, with stinging hairs ; stem erect, 
sparingly branched ; leaves petioled, deltoid-ovate or oblong, coarsely serrate, 
truncate or cordate at the broad base, pale beneath ; racemes shorter than the 
leaves, the sterile flowers somewhat crowded ; capsule very bristly. — Dry 
soil. June - Sept. 2/ — Stems 1° - 2° high. Leaves V-2' long. 

3. T. macrocarpa, Willd. Hirsute; stem twining (2° -4'^ long); 
leaves ample, thin, cordate, coarsely and sharply serrate, long-petioled ; 
racemes shorter than the leaves ; capsule large. — Florida, Tennessee, and 
westward. 

8. MERCUmALIS, Tourn. 

Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary spikes or clusters. Calyx 3-parted. 
Stamens 8-20, distinct. Styles 2, simple, united at base. Capsule 2-celled, 
2-seeded. 

1. M. annua, L. Smooth, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
crenate-toothed ; sterile spike longer than the leaves ; fertile flowers clustered ; 
capsule hispid. — Waste places, sparingly naturalized. 

9. CROTON, L. 

Flowers moncecious, in spikes or racemes. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4 ^ 
6-cleft or 4 - 6-parted. Petals 4-6 (wanting in No. 1). Stamens 5-20, dis- 
tinct : anthers erect, introrse. Glands as many as the calyx lobes and oppo- 
site them. Fertile flowers at the base of the sterile spike. Calyx 5 - 8-cleft 
or 5 - 8-parted. Petals minute or wanting. Styles 2-3, once to thrice 2-cleft. 
Capsule of 3 (rarely 1-2) 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. Glands as 
many as the calyx lobes or none. — Herbs or shrubs, with watery juice, stel- 
late pubescence, and alternate petioled leaves. Flowers terminal, and at the 
divisions of the stem. 

* Styles simple: sterile and fertile flowers 5-pet ailed : stamens numerous. 

1. C. Alabamensis, E. A. Smith. Stem tall, woody, much branched ; 
leaves thin, short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, smooth or nearly 
so above, the lower surface, like the branchlets and racemes, coated with sil- 
very scales ; racemes often unisexual, few- or many-flowered ; calyx lobes 5, 



430 EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 

acute ; petals of both sexes scarcely shorter than the calyx, woolly margined ; 
stamens 20 or more; styles simple, truncate or emurginate ; capsule much 
longer than the calyx ; seeds glabrous. — Central Alabama, flowering tlirough- 
out the year. — Stem 6°- 10° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

* * Stijles verij short: stKjinas 18-24: j)etals none: stamtus laostlj 12 : capsule 

•^-celled. 

2. C. maritimus, Walt. Herbaceous, widely branched, scurfy-pubes- 
cent ; leaves thick, ovate, obtuse, entire; spikes long-peduncled, capitate, 
few-flowered, the sterile and fertile ones mostly separate ; calyx 5-cleft, with 
ovate-obtuse lobes ; capsule much longer than the calyx ; seeds ovoid, mottled. 
— Drifting sands along the coast. July -Oct. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 
2' -3' long. 

3. C. Texensis, Miiller. Annual, dioecious, stellate-tomentose ; stem 
dichotomous (l°-2° high) ; leaves lanceolate, short-petioled ; sterile racemes 
short ; petals none ; fertile flowers axillary, solitary ; cajjsule nearly globose, 
covered with tufts of deciduous down ; seed biconvex. — Alabama (Mohr), and 
westward. 

* * * Sti/Ies 3, twice 2-parted or 2-cIeft : stigmas 12 : petals of the sterile flowers 

5-6, of the fertile mostly none : stamens 8-30 : capsule ^-celled. 

4. C. Elliottii, Chapm. Annual, stellate-tomentose throughout; stem 
slender, erect, umbellately nmch branched ; leaves short-petioled, lanceolate 
or oblong, obtuse at each end ; sterile flowers few, minute ; calyx 5-parted, 
unequal, longer than the petals; stamens 8- 10 ; 'fertile flowers several, clus- 
tered ; calyx 5 - 8-parted, as long as the capsule ; seed oval, smooth. (C. ellip- 
txcnm, Ell.) — Pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July- Sept. — Stem 
2° - 3° high. Leaves H' - 2' long. 

5. C. capitatUS, Michx. Annual, woolly ; stem umbellately branched ; 
leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, rounded at the base ; sterile flowers numer- 
ous, the petals fimbriate; fertile flowers crowded; calyx 7- lO-parted, Avith 
the lobes obtuse ; seed smooth. — Georgia, along railroads, and westward. — 
Stem 2° -4° high. 

6. C. humilis, L. Low (1*^ high), shrubby, stellate-tomentose; leaves 
long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acuminate; racemes densely 10- 15-flowered ; 
calyx woolly, 5-parted; petals of the sterile flower oblong; stamens 20-30; 
petals of the fertile flower narrow-linear ; capsule downy. — Florida ( Cabanis). 

7. C. Betulinus, Vahl. Stellate-tomentose; stem low (1°-1J° high), 
with slender branches ; leaves small (1' or less long), triangular-ovate, trun- 
cate at the base, coarsely toothed, rough above, twice as long as the petiole ; 
racemes bisexual ; stamens 10- 11 ; capsule subglobose. — Rocky pine woods, 
South Florida [Curtiss). 

B.C. argyranthemus, Michx. Herbaceous, perennial, covered through- 
out with stellate silvery scales ; stem erect, umbellately branched ; leaves obo- 
vate or oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed into a petiole ; racemes sessile, oblong, 
obtuse ; the fertile flowers numerous and crowded ; calyx 5 - 6-parted, with the 
lobes acute; stamens 10-12, hairy; styles long and slender; capsule much 



EUPHOKBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 431 

longer than the calyx. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. 
June - Sept. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves V - 1^' long. 

* * * * Styles 3, 2-cleft : stigmas 6 : petals of the sterile flowers longer than the 
calyx, of the fertile ones minute, subulate: stamens 8 : capsule 3-celled. 

9. C. glandulosus, L. Annual, rough with bristly hairs; stem umbel- 
lately branched ; leaves oblong, obtuse, coarsely serrate, mostly crowded at the 
divisions of the stem and summit of the branches ; the slender petiole biglandu- 
lar at the apex ; racemes small ; sterile flowers minute, white ; calyx 4-parted ; 
petals 4 ; fertile tiowers few, with the calyx 5-parted. — Dry waste places. 
July - Sept. — Stem 6' - 18' high. 

10. C. linearis, Jacq. Shrubby, canescent-tomentose ; stem slender, 
branching (3° -4° high); leaves short-petioled, linear-lanceolate, obtuse; 
racemes unisexual, the sterile slender, longer than the leaves, minutely many- 
flowered, the fertile short, few-flowered ; styles 2-parted ; capsule roundish. — 
Miami, South Florida { Garber). 

***** Styles 2, 2-parted : stigmas 4 : petals 5 in the sterile flowers, none in 
the fertile : stamens 5- 10 : capsule 1 -2-celled. 

11. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, stellate-tomentose ; stem 
erect, twice or thrice umbellately branched ; leaves on slender petioles, ovate 
or oblong, entire, obtuse, whitish beneath ; racemes in the forks of the 
branches, few-flowered ; the sterile flowers corymbose ; the fertile (1-2) nod- 
ding. — Dry sterile soil, Florida to North Carolina. June -Sept. — Stem 1° 
high. Leaves 1' long. 

10. CROTOWOPSIS, Michx. 

Flowers monoecious, pentamerous in terminal and axillary clusters. Ovary 
1-celled, 1-ovuled. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. Fruit globose, indehiscent, 1- 
seeded ; otherwise like Croton. — A low slender branching annual. Leaves 
linear or lanceolate, the lower surface, like the branches, coated with silvery 
scales. Flowers minute. 

1. C. linearis, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
August- Sept. — Stem 6'- 12' high, alternately branched or forking. Leaves 
•|'-1' long, alternate or opposite. 

11. ARGYROTHAMNIA, Mull. 

Flowers monoecious, in axillary spikes. Sterile flowers few. Calyx 5- 
parted. Corolla of 5 spatulate petals alternating with 5 flattened glands, as 
long as the calyx. Stamens 10- 12, in 2 whorls of 5-6 each, monadelphous 
below. Fertile flowers like the sterile, but the petals shorter than the calyx. 
Style 3-parted, the divisions 2-cleft. Capsule of three 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2- 
valved carpels. — Shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice. 

1. A. Blodgettii, (Torr.). Branches smoothish ; leaves alternate, oval 
or oblong, mostly acute, sharply serrulate, smooth, or sprinkled with simple 
appressed hairs, abruptly short-petioled ; sterile flowers 3 - .5, fertile mostly 
solitary ; calyx lobes lanceolate, acute ; petals greenish white ; capsule rough- 
hairy ; seed globose, wrinkled. — South Florida. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Leaves 
1'- 2' long. 



432 EUPHORBIACEiE. (sPURGE FAMILY.) 

12. JATROPHA, L. 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals 5, mostly united. Petals 5, or none. Glands 
of the disk 5, opposite the calyx lobes. Stamens mouadelphous. Styles 3-4, 
2 - 3-cleft, capsule 2 -4-seeded. — Herbs or slirubs. Leaves mostly palmateiy 
lobed. 

1. J. gOSSypiifolia, L. Shrubby (2^ hio-h) ; leaves roundish, 3 - 5-lobed, 
serrate, tlie petiole bristly, glandular ; bracts and calyx bristly-ciliate ; petals 
3, dark red. — Key West {Curtiss), introduced. 

13. CNIDOSCOLUS, Pohl. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, cymo.se. Calyx corolla-like. Calyx of the 
sterile flower salver-shaped, .5-lobed. Stamens 10, the 5 inner ones with moua- 
delphous filaments. Fertile flowers intermingled with the sterile ones. Calyx 
of 5 sepals, convolute in the bud. Styles 3, many-parted. Capsule of three 
1 -celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves, 
and white flowers. 

1. C. Stimulosus, Gray. Herbaceous, bristly with stinging hairs ; stem 
erect, simple or branched ; leaves long-petioled, round-cordate in outline, ]>al- 
mately 3 - 5-lobed or parted, the divisions toothed, pinnatifid, or somewhat 
bipiunatifid, often discolored; calyx showy; capsule oblong; seed ol^long, 
smooth, spotted. ( Jatropha stimulosa, Michx. ) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to 
North Carolina. April - Sept. :^ — Stem i° - 2° high. Flowers sometimes 
dioecious. 

14. RICINXJS, Tourn. Castor-oil Plant. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, in a dense oblong panicle, the upper ones 
fertile. Calyx 3 - 5-parted. Corolla none. Stamens numerous ; the filaments 
much branched : anther-cells distinct, pendulous. Styles 3, 2-parted. Cap- 
sule spiny or bristly, of 3 oblong 1-celled, 1-seeded, 2-valved carpels. — Herbs, 
or (tropical) shrubs or trees, with petioled peltate lobed leaves. Panicles 
lateral and terminal. 

1. R. communis, L. Stem large, glaucous; leaves orbicular in outline, 
palmateiy 7- 9-lobed ; the lobes oblong or ovate, acuminate, unequall}^ ser- 
rate, smooth ; petioles glandular ; panicles in the forks of the stem, and op- 
posite the leaves, dense, glaucous. Capsules oblong, spiny. — Waste places. 
Introduced. June -Oct. (T) — Stem 3° -10° high. Leaves 1° in diameter. 
Stipules large, deciduous. Panicle 6'- 12^ long. 

15. PHYLLANTHUS, Swartz. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, axillary. Calyx 5-6-parted. Stamens 3, 
mouadelphous. Glands 5-6, Ovary 3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. 
Styles 3, 2-cleft. Capsule globose, of three 1-celled, 2-seeded, 2-valved car- 
pels. — Smooth herbs, with 2-ranked leaves and branches. Flowers small, 
greenish. 

1. P. Carolinensis, "Walt. Annual; branches erect-spreading ; leaves 
oblong, oval, or obovate, entire, short-petioled ; flowers mostly by pairs, one 



EUPHORBIACE.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 433 

sterile, the other fertile, on short nodding pedicels ; calyx 6-parted, the lobes 
oblong-, obtuse, strongly 1-nerved, membranous on the margins ; capsule 
smooth ; seed semicircular, 3-angled, striped with lines of minute raised points. 

— Low ground, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. — Stem 8' - 1 6' high. 
Leaves i'-r long. 

2. P. Niruri, L. Annual ? branches short, very slender, recurved ; 
leaves crowded, oval (2" -4" long); calyx 5-parted; seed white, smooth, G- 
furrowed on the back and 3-furrowed on the sides; otherwise mostly like 
No. 1 . — South Florida. — Stem 6' high. 

3. P. abnormis, Baill. Like the preceding, but stouter, and somewhat 
woody at the base, 6'- 12' high, the branches spreading; leaves closer, larger 
(2" -3" long), elliptical, rounded or subcordate at the base; calyx lobes ellip- 
tical ; glands of the fertile flower lorate, entire or 2-parted. — Sandy coast of 
South Florida {Michaux, Canby). 

16. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. 

Flowers monoecious, apetalous, spiked. Calyx bract-like, 4-parted. Sterile 
flowers numerous. Stamens 4, with club-shaped exserted filaments. Fertile 
flowers few, at the base of the sterile spike. Ovary 3-celled, Avith two ovules 
in each cell. Styles 3, thick, recurved. Capsule of three 1 -celled, 2-seeded, 2- 
valved carpels. — A pubescent creeping perennial herb, with erect simple 
branches, bearing at the summit several large ovate toothed alternate ab- 
ruptly long-petioled leaves, and near the base several thick bracted spikes. 

L P. prOCUmbenS, Michx. — West Florida, and westward, in rich 
shady Avoods. Feb. - March. — Flowering stems 1° high. Leaves 3' - 4' long, 
often discolored. Flowers odorous. 

17. DBYPETES, Vahl. 

FloAvers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary clusters. Calyx 4 - 6-parted, lined 
in the centre with a wavy-lobed disk. Stamens 4-10, inserted under the disk : 
anther cells distinct. Ovary resting upon the disk, 2-celled, the cells 2-ovuled. 
Styles 2, short, spreading. Fruit drupaceous, 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-seeded. — Trop- 
ical trees or shrubs, Avith alternate coriaceous entire smooth petioled leaves, 
and minute many-bracted floAvers. 

L D. crocea, Poit. Branches smooth ; leaves oblong, acute at each end, 
someAvhat coriaceous, finely veined ; clusters many-floAvered, shorter than the 
petioles; calyx 4-parted, and, like the OA-ary and slightly 4-angled 1-seeded 
drupe, tomentose ; stamens 4, exserted ; styles thick, obtuse. — South Florida. 

— A small tree. Leaves 3' -4' long, smooth and shining. FloAvers greenish 
Avhite. 

2. D. glauca, Vahl. Branches Avhitish, warty ; leaves glaucous, oblong, 
obtuse or gland-pointed, coriaceous ; clusters few-floAA^ered, as long as the peti- 
oles; calyx 5-parted; stamens 10; drupes oval, tomentose. — South Florida. 

— Leaves 2' - 3' long. 



434 uRTicACE^. (nettle family.) 

Order 120. EMPETRACE^E. (Crowberry Family.) 

Shrubs, with evergreen linear alternate or whorled leaves, without 
stipules, and small dioecious or polygamous flowers. — Calyx bract- 
like, of 2 -3 sepals, imbricated. Corolla of 2-3 petals similar to the 
calyx, hypogynous. Stamens 2-3, alternate with the petals, exserted : 
anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Ovary 2-9-celled, the cells 1-ovuled. 
Style short or none : stigma lobed or incised. Drupe berry-likCj glo- 
bose, of 2-9 one-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect. Embryo in the axis 
of copious fleshy albumen. 

1. CERATIOLA, Michx. 

Calyx bractecl, of two fringed sei)al,s. Corolla 2-petalled. Stamens 2 : an- 
ther cells globose. Ovary resting on a fleshy disk, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Style 
short : stigma many-cleft. Drupe 2-seeded. — A heatli-like erect verticillately 
much branched shrub, with small linear shining whorled leaves, and axillary 
(whorled) reddish flowei-s. 

1. C. ericoides, Michx. — Dry barren sands, Florida to South Caro- 
lina. Nov. — Shrub 2° -5° high, the young branches pubescent. Leaves 3 
in a whorl, 4'' -6'^ long> the margins revolute. Petioles yellowish, appressed. 
Drupe yellowish, somewhat persistent. 

Order 121. BATIDACE.E. (Batis Family.) 

Represented only by 

1. BATIS, P. Browne. 

Flowers dioecious, in axillary fleshy conical spikes. Bracts of the sterile 
flowers round-cordate, persistent. Calyx cup-shaped, somewhat compressed, 
unequally 2-lipped. Petals 4, rhombic-ovate, clawed. Stamens 4, alternate 
with the petals, partly exserted : anthers oblong, introrse. Fertile flowers 
consolidated. Bracts deciduous. Calyx and corolla none. Ovary 4-celled, 
with a single erect anatropous ovule in each cell. Stigma sessile, broad, ob- 
scurely 2-lobed. Drupe 4-seeded. Seed oblong, w-ithout albumen. Cotyle- 
dons fleshy. Eadicle inferior. — A smooth maritime shrub, with the habit of 
Salicornia. Leaves opposite, fleshy, club-shaped, semi-terete. Stipules none. 
Petals white. 

1. B. maritima, L. — Salt marshes, Florida, and westward. June- 
Sept. — Plant pale green, strong-scented. Stems prostrate, 2° -3° long, the 
short branching flowering stems erect. Leaves 1' long. Spikes 3" -5" long. 



Order 122. URTICACE^E. (Nettle Family.) 

Herbs, with watery juice, often armed wdth stinging hairs. Leaves 
undivided, stipulate. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, apetalous. — 
Calyx of the sterile flower 4-5-parted or 4-5-sepalous. Stamens as 



URTICACE.E. (nettle FAMILY.) 435 

many as and opposite the sepals. Filaments inflexed in the bud, ex- 
panding elastically: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Calyx of the fertile 
flower 2-4-sepalous. Ovary sessile, free, 1-celled, with a single erect 
orthotropous ovule. Stigma simple or tufted. Achenium commonly 
enclosed in the dry persistent calyx. Embryo straight, in the axis of 
fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 
* Plants armed with stinging hairs. 

1. URTICA. Stamens 4. Stigma tufted. Achenium straight. 

2. LAPORTEA. Stamens 5. Stigma subulate. Achenium oblique. 

* * Plants destitute of stinging hairs, 
•f- Flowers in cymose clusters. 

3. PILEA. Clusters naked. Calyx lobes unequal. Leaves opposite. 

4. PARIETARIA. Clusters involucrate. Calyx lobes equal. Leaves alternate. 

■I- -t- Flowers in spiked clusters. 

5. BCEHMERIA. Stigmas subulate, leaves opposite or alternate. 

1. UIITICA, Tourn. Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 4-parted. 
Stamens 4, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flower 
4-sepalous, unequal; the inner sepals dilated in fruit, and enclosing the ache- 
nium. Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium straight, ovate, smooth, compressed. 
— Herbs, with stinging hairs, opposite leaves, and greenish flowers, in pani- 
cled spikes or close clusters. 

* Flowers in panicled or simple spikes. 

1. U. gracilis, Ait. Stem tall, 4-angled, smoothish, slender; leaves 
long-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, acute, rounded at the base, 
3-5-nerved, smoothish, the petioles bristly; spikes very slender, loosely pani- 
cled. — Low ground in the upper districts. July -August. 2/ — Stem 3°- 
4° high, mostly simple. Leaves thin, 4' -6' long. 

2. U. dioica, L. Hispid throughout ; stem 4-angled, pubescent above, 
branching; leaves rather short-petioled, ovate, cordate, acuminate, coarsely 
serrate, pubescent beneath ; spikes much branched ; flowers often dioe- 
cious. — Waste places, Carolina (PM?-s/i). Introduced. June -August. 21 — 
Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -4' long, thicker than in No. 1, and flowers 
larger. 

* * Flowers in simple clusters shorter than the petioles. 

3. U. Urens, L. Stem 4~angled, hairy; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, 
.5-nerved, hairy ; clusters by pairs in each axil, loose, peduncled. — Waste 
ground. Introduced. Dec. -Feb. (l) — Stem 1° high. 

4. U. Chamaedryoides, Pursh. Stem smooth; leaves small, nearly 
sessile, ovate, coarsely serrate, hairy beneath, hairy and bristly above ; clus- 
ters nearly sessile, globose, dense; calyx hairy. — Georgia {Elliott), and west- 
ward. Feb. - March. — Stem 4' - 12' high. 



436 URTICACEiE. (nettle FAMILY.) 

2. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. 

Flowers niouoecious or dia;eiuus. Calyx of the sterile flowers 5-parted. 
Stamens 5, inserted around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 
4-sepalous, the 2 inner sepals larger. Stigma subulate, hairy on one side. 
Aclienium oblique, tubercular-rougliened. — Herbs, with stinging liairs, alter- 
nate long-petioled serrate leaves, and minute flowers in spreading cymes. 

1. L. Canadensis, Gaudich. Stem hispid; leaves ovate, acuminate, 
rounded or cordate at tlie base; the veins and petioles hispid; cymes very 
slender, single or hy pairs, the ujjper mostly fertile, the lower sterile. — Low 
shaded places, Florida, and northward. July- Augu.st. 2/ — Stem 2° -4° 
high, 

3. PILEA, Liudl. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Calyx of the sterile flower 3-4-parted. 
Stamens 3-4. Calyx of the fertile flowers 3-lobed, the lobes unequal or nearly 
equal, commonly with an inflexed scale-like sterile stamen at the base of each. 
Stigma sessile, tufted. Achenium ovate, compressed, straight. — Low herbs, 
destitute of stinging hairs. Leaves opposite, long petioled. Flowers in axil- 
lary cymose clusters. 

1. P. pumila, Gray. Stem angular, simple, smooth, pellucid; leaves 
membranaceous, ovate or elliptical, acuminate, coarsely serrate, 3-nerved, 
slightly hairy above; cymes much shorter than the petiole. — Wet shaded 
places. July - Sept. (T) — Stem 6' - 1 2' high. Upper leaves T - 2' long, the 
lower not longer than the petiole. 

2. P. herniarioides, Lindl. Stems erect or creeping, branched, ten- 
der, pellucid ; leaves small, round-obovate, entire, opaque, transversely marked 
on the upper surface with white raised lines ; clusters shorter than the peti- 
ole; flowers minute. — Shaded moist places, Key West. Nov. — Stems 2' -4' 
long. Leaves 1''- 2'' long, rather longer than the petiole. Achenium very 
minute, oblong, terete. 

4. PARIETARIA, Tourn. Pellitort. 

Flowers polygamous, in axillary cymose clusters, supported by a bract-like 
involucre. Calyx of the sterile flowers 4 - .5-sepalous. Stamens 4-5, inserted 
around the abortive ovary. Calyx of the fertile flowers 4-parted. Stigma 
tufted. Ovary surrounded by four sterile, or sometimes perfect, stamens. 
Achenium ovoid. — Weak downy herbs, without stinging hairs. Leaves al- 
ternate, entire, long-petioled. Flowers minute, greenish. 

1. P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Pubescent with straight hairs; stem 
simple or sparingly branched ; leaves thin, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, rough- 
ened with minute elevated dots ; clusters dense ; flowers shorter than the 
involucre. — Shaded rocks in the upper districts. May -July. (T) — Stem 
4' - 1 2' high. Leaves 6'' - 9'' long. 

2. P. debilis, Forst. Pubescent with straight and hooked hairs inter- 
mixed ; stem much branched, pellucid ; leaves ovate, mostly acuminate, but 
obtuse, roughened with elevated dots ; clusters loose, spreading ; flowers as 



MORACE^. (mULBEERY FAMILY.) 437 

lono- as the involucre. — Damp shaded sandy soil near the coast, Florida to 
North Carolina. June- August, (l) — Stem ^° - 1 1° long. Leaves 6" -9'' 
long, about the length of the slender petiole. 

5. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. False Nettle. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in spiked clusters. Calyx of the sterile 
flowers 4- 5-cleft. Stamens 4-5. Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular, 4-5- 
toothed or entire. Stigma subulate, hairy. Achenium elliptical, enclosed in 
the persistent calyx. — Rough herbs with alternate or opposite petioled 
leaves. 

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Pubescent and rough with straight and hooked 
hairs ; leaves opposite and alternate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acumina,te, 
serrate, rounded and 3-nerved at the base, on long or short petioles ; spikes 
axillary, mostly leafy at the summit, the fertile ones compactly flowered, 
short ; the sterile interrupted, and sometimes longer than the leaves. — 
Swampy thickets. July -Sept. 2/ — Stem l°-3° high, mostly simple. 
Leaves 2' -5' long. 



Order 123. CANKABIlS'ACE^gE. (Hemp Family.) 

Erect or twining herbs, with opposite incised or lobed and stipu- 
late leaves, and dioecious flowers. Sterile flowers racemose or panicled. 
Calyx 5-sepalous. Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, not inflexed in the 
bud. Fertile flowers in bracted spikes. Calyx 1-leaved, embracing 
the 1-celled ovary. Ovule solitary, erect. Stigmas 2, subulate, pu- 
bescent. Fruit indehiscent. Albumen none. Embryo coiled or 
curved. 

1. HUMULUS, L. Hop. 

Sterile flowers panicled. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary 
spikes. Bracts leafy, imbricated, 2-flowered, forming in fruit a mem- 
branaceous cone. Calyx enlarged in fruit. Embryo spirally coiled. — A 
rough perennial twining herb, with cordate 3 - 5-lobed leaves, and greenish 
yellow flowers. 

1. H. Lupulus, L. — Low grounds along the mountains, Georgia, and 
northward. June -July. — Stem 6° -10° high. Leaves petioled, serrate. 
Achenium covered with resinous yellowish odorous grains. 



Order 124. MORACE.-^. (Mulberry Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice, alternate leaves, with large decid • 
uous stipules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, crowded in spikes 
or heads, or enclosed in the fleshy receptacle. — Calyx of the sterile 
flowers 3 -4-lobed. Stamens 3-4, inserted on the base of the calyx. 



438 HORACES, (mulberry family.) 

Filaments inflexed in the bud, elastic. Calyx of the fertile flowers 
o - 5-sepalous. Ovaiy 1 - 2-celled, 1 - 2-ovuled. Styles 2. Acheniuin 
1-seeded. Embryo cuivud, in fleshy albumen. 

1. MORUS, Touni. MCLHKHHY. 

Flowers monoecious, spikcil ; the sterile and Iciiih; flowers in separate 
spikes. Calyx 4-parte(l. iSLaiiu;iis 4. (Jvary 2-celled. Styles filiform. 
Achenium ovate, compressed, covered by the succulent berry-like calyx. 
— Trees, with rounded leaves, and axillary spikes. 

1. M. rubra, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acuminate, serrate, petioled, 
rough above, white tomentose beneath, on young shoots 3-5-lobed; stipules 
linear ; sterile spikes slender, drcjoping ; the fertile ones ovoid or ol>long, re- 
sembling a blackberry in fruit. — llieh wtjods. jNlarch. — A small tree. 

2. M. alba, L. Leaves cordate-ovate, acute, serrate, oblique at the base, 
smooth and shining, sometimes lobed; fruit whitish, — Around dwellings, 
lutroduceil. — A small tree. 

2. FIG US, Tourn. Fig. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, lining the inside of the fleshy closed recep- 
tacle. Calyx of the sterile flowers 3-parted. Stamens 3. Calyx of the fer- 
tile flowers 5-cleft, pedicelled. Styles lateral, slender. Achenium fragile. 
Embryo hooked. — Trees or shrubs, with entire or lobed leaves, and large 
convolute stipules. Flowers axillary. 

1. F. aurea, Nutt. Branches pale, smooth, furrowed; leaves smooth, 
coriaceous, oblong, entire, narrowed but obtuse at each end, stout-petioled ; 
receptacle orange-yellow, globose, bracted, on short and thick pedicels. — 
South Florida. — A small tree. Leaves 3' -4' long. Fruit about 4'' in 

diameter. 

2. F. pedunculata, Willd. Branches terete, uneven ; leaves ovate or 

oval, coriaceous, entire, smooth, obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate at the 
base, slender-petioled ; receptacle yellowish, globose or obovate, slightly 
bracted, as long as the slender pedicels. — South Florida. — Tree 20° -40° 
high, multiplying by means of aerial roots. Leaves 2' -2^' long, 1-^' wide, 
lleceptacle rather smaller than in No. 1. 

3. F. brevifolia, Nutt. Branches smooth ; leaves cordate- ovate, entire, 
obtuse, smooth, on short petioles ; receptacle purplish-red, depressed-globose, 
single, short-peduncled, with 2-cleft bracts. — South Florida {Dr. Blodgett). — 
A small tree. Leaves 2' long, with impressed veins. 

F. Caeica, L., is the common cultivated Fig. 



Broussonetia papyrifera. Vent., the Paper Mulberry of our yards, 
belongs to this family. 



ULMACE^. (elm family.) 439 

Order 125. ULMACE.^. (Elm Family.) 

Trees, with watery juice, alternate undivided stipulate leaves, and 
perfect or polj^garnous apetalous flowers. — Calyx 4-9-lobed. Sta- 
mens J: - 9, inserted on the base of the calyx, erect in the bud. Ovary 
1 - 2-celled. Ovules solitary, suspended. Styles 2, spreading. Fruit 
membranaceous or drupaceous. Embryo straight or curved, without 
albumen. Cotyledons leafy. 

Synopsis. 

* Frui dry. Anthers extrorse. 

1. ULMUS. Flowers perfect. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit winged. 

2. PLANERA. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Fruit wingless. 

* * Fruit a drupe. Anthers introrse. 

3. CELTIS. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-celled. Cotyledons wrinkled. 

4. TREMA. Flowers polygamous. Cotyledons incurved. Albumen fleshy. 

1. ULMUS, L. Elm. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, slender, 
exserted : anthers extrorse. Ovary 2-celled. Styles short. Fruit l-celled, 1- 
seeded, snrrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Embryo straight. — 
Trees. Leaves short-petioled, mostly oblique, doubly serrate, straight-veined. 
Stipules deciduous. Flowers greenish or purplish, clustered, appeai'ing be- 
fore the leaves. 

1. U. fulva, Michx. (Slippery Elm.) Branchlets pubescent; leaves 
thick, ovate-oblong, acuminate, broadly serrate, slightly oblique at the base, 
very rough above, pubescent beneath ; calyx and short pedicels pubescent ; 
fruit orbicular, pubescent on the sides, smooth on the margins, with the 
obtuse teeth erect ; expanding buds rusty -tomentose. — Rich woods, West 
Florida, and northward. Feb. - March. — A small tree. Leaves 4'- 8^ long. 
Fruit 8" -9'' wide. Inner bark very mucilaginous. 

2. U. Floridana, Chapm. Branchlets smooth ; leaves thick, oblong- 
ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, broadly serrate, oblique at the base, smooth 
above, more or less pubescent beneath ; pedicels very slender, somewhat race- 
mose, and, like the calyx, smooth ; fruit orbicular, fringed on the margins, 
with the sliort and broad teeth erect. — Banks of the Chipola River, at Mari- 
anna. West Florida. Feb. -March. — A tree 30° -40° high, with brittle 
branches. Leaves 3'— 4' long. Fruit 2'"' -3'' in diameter. Bud scales downy 
on the margins. 

3. U. Americana, L. (Elm.) Branchlets and buds smooth ; leaA'es 
thin, obovate-oblong, or oval, oblique at the base, sharply serrate, abruptly 
acuminate, smooth above, pubescent, or at length smooth beneath ; pedicels 
clustered, slender, smooth, like the calyx ; fruit oval or obovate, downy on 
the margins, with the sharp teeth connivent. — Low grounds, Florida, and 
northward. Feb. -March. — A large tree, with spreading branches. Leaves 
2' -4' long. Fruit 6'' long. 



440 ULMACEiE. (elm FAMILY.) 

4. U. racemosa, Thomas. Branches corky ; bud scales downy on the 
margins ; leaves ovate-oblong, or oval, obliquely cordate, sbarply serrate, 
pubescent beneath ; tiower clusters racemose ; fruit roundisli, the margins 
downy. — Kiver banks, Tennessee, and northward. 

5. U. alata, Midix. (Whahoo.) Branches corky-wiuged ; leaves 
small, ovate-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, commonly even and rounded at 
the base, rough above, pubescent beneath, nearly sessile ; flowers clustered, on 
slender pedicels; fruit oval, downy on the margins.— liich soil, Florida to 
North Carolina. — A small tree. Leaves 1'- U' long. 

2. PLANERA, Gmel. Plaxi^k Tkke. 

Flowers polygamous, clustered. Calyx bell-shaped, 4-5-cleft. Stamens 
4-5: anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles short. Fruit nut-like, cori- 
aceous, wingless. Embryo straight, without ulhumeu. — Small trees, with 
the foliage of the Elm. 

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Leaves ovate, short-petioled, acute, serrate, 
roughish; floAvers in small roundish clusters, appearing before the leaves; 
nut ovate, covered with warty scales. — River swamps in the lower districts. 
Feb. - March. — A tree 20° - 30° high. Leaves F - 1 J,' long. 

3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle Tree. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous, apetalous. Calyx of five sepals. Stamens 5 : 
anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled. Styles 2, slender, pubescent. Drupe glo- 
bose. Embryo curved around scanty gelatinous albumen. Cotyledons 
wrinkled. — Trees. Leaves petioled, commonly oblique at the base. Flowers 
axillary, solitary, or few in a cluster, greenish. 

1. C. OCCidentalis, L. Young leaves and brauchlets silky ; leaves (2' 
long) ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, abruptly contracted at the base, soon 
smooth, ferruginous beneath ; fertile floAvers mostly solitary, on drooping pe- 
duncles ; the sterile ones 2-4 in a cluster ; drupe dark purple, with a thin 
sweet pulp. — Rich soil, Georgia, and northward. March. — A tree 40° - 60° 
high. — Var. integrifolia. (C. integrifolia, iVw^L) LeaA^es ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate (2' -3' long), acuminate, entire, rounded, or the loAver ones cordate 
at the base, roughened with minute elevated points. — Sandy soil, Apalachi- 
cola, Florida (perhaps introduced), and westward. — A small tree. Branches 
and leaves 2-ranked — Var. pumila. (C. pumila, P?/r.<?/<.) Shrubby; leaves 
(F-l|'' long), ovate, acute, serrate, obtuse at the base, pale beneath, A'ery 
rough above ; drupe glaucous. — Shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. 
March- April. — Stem 5° -10° high. 

4. TREMA, Lour. 

Chiefly like Celtis, but with fleshy albumen, and thick narrow incurved 
cotyledons. — Trees or shrubs. 

1. T. micrantha, Benth. & Hook. Shrub very leafy (10° -15° high), 
the branchlets, etc. canescent ; leaves (F long) rigid, oval, serrate; flowers 
minute, in dense axillary cymose clusters ; drupe small, yelloAV, globose. 
{Celtis pallida, Torr.) — Shell-mounds in Lastero Bay, South Florida (Garber). 



JUGLANDACEiE. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 441 

Order 126. PliATANACE^^E. (Plane-tree Family.) 

Large trees, with alternate palmately lobed petioled stipulate leaves, 
and monoecious flowers, in axillary long-peduncled globose heads. — 
Calyx and corolla none. Anthers on short club-shaped filaments, nu- 
merous, 2-celled, adnate to the truncated connective. Ovaries numer- 
ous, obconical, hairy at the base. Ovules 1-2, orthotropous, pendulous. 
Style subulate. Nut 1-seeded. Seed cylindrical. Embryo in the axis 
of scarce fleshy albumen. — Flowers intermixed with copious club- 
shaped scales. — Consisting of the single genus 

1. PLATANUS, L. Plane Teee, Sycamore. 

1. P. OCCidentalis, L. Leaves (4' -9' Avide) round-cordate, angularly 
lobed and toothed, covered when young with dense whitish down, soon smooth ; 
stipules toothed; heads pendulous (8''- 12'' in diameter). — Eiver hanks, 
Florida, and northward. March -April. — A large tree, with the white bark 
separating in thin plates. 



Order 127. JUGLANDACE^. (Walnut Family.) 

Trees, with alternate odd-pinnate exstipulate leaves and monoecious 
apetalous or minutely petalled flowers. Sterile flowers in pendulous 
aments. Calyx 2-6-parted, the stamens few or numerous. Fertile 
flowers single or clustered. Calyx 3 - 5-parted, the tube adherent to 
the incompletely 2-4-celled ovary. Fruit drupaceous, with a bony 
endocarp. Seed 4-lobed, without albumen , orthotropous. Cotyledons 
oily, 2-lobed. Radicle short, superior. 

1. CARYA, Nutt. Hickory, Pignut. 

Aments of the sterile flowers mostly three together, on a common peduncle, 
lateral. Calyx uiiequally 3-parted. Stamens 3-6. Fertile flowers terminal. 
Calyx 4-parted. Petals none. ' Stigma large, 4-lobed. Kut smooth, 4-6-an- 
gled, incompletely 4-celled ; the coriaceous epicarp (husk) partly or completely 
4-valved. — Trees, mostly with scaly buds. Leaflets serrate. Fruit roundish. . 
* Epicar'p very thick, 4-valved : seed thick, edible. 

1. C. alba, Nutt. (Shell-bark Hickory.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 5), 
lanceolate-oblong, or the upper ones obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubescent 
beneath ; fruit depressed-globose ; nut roundish, thin-shelled, compressed, 4- 
angled, slightly pointed. — Rich Avoods in the upper districts, Georgia, and 
northward. March - April. — A large tree, with shaggy and scaly bark. 

2. C. sulcata, Nutt. Leaflets 7-9, obovate-oblong, acuminate, pubes- 
cent beneath ; fruit oval, 4-augled above ; nut oblong, thick-shelled, conspicu- 
ously pointed, slightly compressed. — Rich woods in the upper districts of 
Carolina [Elliott), and northward. March -April. — A large tree, with scaly 
bark. 



442 JUGLAXDACEiE. (WALNUT FAMILY.) 

3. C. olivsBformis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Leaflets 13-15, lanceolate- 
o1;lon<^, .serrau.', lakute, acuiuiuate ; uut olive-sliaped, sniootli, thin-shelled, 
somewliat 4-angied. — River bottoms, Mississippi, northward and westward. 
— A large tree with snioothish bark. 

* *- Kpicarj) partlij A-vahed : seed thin : hark not sad j. 

4. C. tomentosa, Nutt. (Hickoky.) Leaflets 7 -9 (mostly 7), large, 
oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath; sterile anients tomentose; fruit 
large, globose ; opicai'p thick, coriaceous, parted nearly to the base ; nut thick- 
slielled, oval, somewhat 6-angled. — Kich soil. March - April. — A large tree, 
witli rou_<^ii l)ark. 

5. C. glabra, Torr. (rH^xiT.) Leaflets 5-7 (mostly 7), (nate-lance- 
olate, acuminate, smooth; fruit obovate, obcordate, or pear-sliajjed ; ej^icarp 
thin, parted to the middle, coriaceous; nut thick-shelled, sometimes angled. 
(C. porcina, Nutt.) — Woods. March - A]jril. — A large tree, with smootliish 
bark. 

6. C. microcarpa, Nutt. Leaflets 5-7, oblong-lanceolate, smooth, 
glandular beneath, acuminate ; aments smooth ; fruit roundish ; epicarp thin ; 
nut thin-shelled, slightly 4-angled. — Mountains of North Carolina, and north- 
ward. April -May. — A large tree. Fruit |' in diameter. 

7. C. myristicaBformis, Nutt. " Leaflets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, smooth, the terminal one sessile ; fruit oval, rugose, rough ; nut oval, 
slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard." — South Carolina, at Goose Creek 
[Micliaux) ; Berkeley District [Ravenel). — Nuts resembling nutmegs. 

8. C. amara, Nutt. (Bitter-nut.) Leaflets 9-11, oblong-lanceolate, 
acute, smootliish ; fruit globular ; epicarp thin, parted to the middle ; nut thin- 
shelled, obcordate; seed much wrinkled. — Low ground. March -April. — 
A tree of moderate dimensions, with smooth bark, and very bitter and astrin- 
gent seeds. 

9. C. aquatica, Nutt. Leaflets 9- 13, lanceolate, acuminate, slightly 
serrate, smooth; fruit roundish, 4-ribbed ; epicarp thin, 4parted to the base; 
nut compressed, thin-shelled, 4-angled ; seed much wrinkled. — River swamps, 
Florida to South Carolina. March -April. — A small tree, with rough bark. 
Seeds very bitter and astringent, 

2. JUGLANS, L. Walnut, Butternut. 

Sterile aments lateral, solitary. Calyx 5 - 6-parted. Stamens numerous. 
Fertile flowers terminal. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4, minute. Stigmas 2, long, 
recurved. Fruit oblong or globose. Epicarp indehiscent. Nut incompletely 
4-celled, furrowed or sculptured. — Trees Avith naked buds. Leaflets serrate. 

1. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaflets 11-21, ovate-lanceolate, 
pubescent beneath, acuminate, slightly cordate at the base, or oblique ; fruit 
globose, rough-dotted ; nut furrowed. — Rich woods, chiefly in the upper dis- 
tricts. March - April. — A tree 30° - 50° high, 

2, J. cinerea, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate, 
acute, rounded at the base, pubescent; the petioles, fruit, etc. viscid; fruit 
oblong ; nut deeply sculptured, acute. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. 
March - April. — A tree 30° - 40° high. 



CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.) 443 

Order 128. CUPULIFEK^E. (Oak Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire or lobed straight- veined stipu- 
late leaves, an'd monoecious apetalous flowers. Sterile flowers in pen- 
dulous slender or capitate aments. Calyx scale-like, or regular and 
4-G-lobed. Stamens few. Fertile flowers single or clustered, fur- 
nished with an involucre which encloses the fruit, or forms a cup at 
its base. Ovary 2-7-celled, with 1-2 pendulous anatropous ovules 
in each cell. Stigmas as many as the cells. Fruit 1 -celled, 1-seeded. 
Albumen none. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Eadicle superior. 

Synopsis. 

* Fertile flowers single, or few in a cluster. 

1. QUERCUS. Nut solitary, with the base enclosed in a scaly involucre. 

2. CASTANEA. Nuts 1-3, enclosed in a 4-valved spiny involucre ; sterile aments elon- 

gated, erect. 

3. FAGUS. Nuts 2, 3-angled, enclosed in a somewhat spiny 4-valved involucre : sterile 

aments capitate, pendulous. 

4. CORYLUS. Nut solitary, bony, enclosed in a leafy lacerated involucre. 

* * Fertile flowers spiked. 

5. CARPINUS. Nuts 1-2, in the axil of an open leafy involucre. 

G. OSTRYA. Nut solitary, enclosed in a membranaceous inflated involucre. 

1. QUERCUS, L. Oak. 

Sterile ament slender, bractless, pendulous. Calyx unequally 6 - 8-parted. 
Stamens 6 - 12, slender : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers axillary, solitary, 
or few in a cluster. Calyx 6-cleft or denticulate, adnate to the 3 - 4-celled 
ovary. Ovules 2 in each cell. Stigmas obtuse. Nut (acorn) oblong or 
hemispherical, partly (rarely wholly) enclosed in the cup-shaped scaly in- 
volucre. Cotyledons very thick, plano-convex. — Trees or shrubs, with simple 
entire or lobed leaves. Stipules caducous. 

§ 1. Melanobalands. (Black Oaks). Bark dark and furrowed : wood 
porous and britde : leaves, and their lobes or teeth, bristle-pointed : nuts silkij- 
tomentose within: stamens 4-6: stijles long and spreading ; abortive ovules 
near the top of the seed. 

' * Fruit biennial, 

-t- Leaves deciduous. 
•w- Leaves entire ; those on vigorous shoots often lobed or toothed. 

1. Q. Phellos, L. (Willow Oak.) Leaves (2'-3'long) lanceolate or 
linear-lanceolate, bristle-awned, scurfy, like the branchlets, when young, be- 
coming smooth on both sides ; fruit small, sessile ; cup fiattish, enclosing the 
base of the hemispherical nut. — Margins of swamps and streams. — A tree, 
40° -50° high. 

Var. laurifolia. (Q. laurifolia, Michx.) Leaves larger (3^-4' long), 
oblong-lanceolate; cup deeper and more pointed at the base. — Light uplands, 
Florida to North Carolina. — A tree commonly larger than the preceding. 



444 cuPULiFEii.E. (oak family.) 

2. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Shingle Oak.) Leaves lanceolate-obloug, 
acute or <jl>ius(; at each end, niucroiiate, pale and downy beneath, deciduous; 
fruit middle-sized ; cup narrowed at the base, enclosing one half or cue third 
of tlie nearly lieniispherical nut, the broad and wliitisli scales closely aj)- 
pressed. — Mountains of North Carolina. — A tree 40^^-50'^ high. Leaves 
3' -5' long. 

3. Q. Cinerea, Michx. (IIigii-groijni> Willow Oak.) Leaves ]jeren- 
nial, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, niucronate, white tonientose beneath ; 
fruit small, sessile ; cup shallow, narrowed at the base, pale, enchjsiug one 
third of the lieniispherical nut. — Dry sandy pine barrens. — A small tree, 
fruiting abundantly. Leaves 2^-3'' long, scurfy, like tlie branchlets, wlieu 
young. 

■w- ++ Leaves dilated upward, mostli/ 3-lobed at (he top. 

4. Q. aquatica, Catesb. (Water Oak.) Leaves perennial, short-peti- 
oled, obovate-oblong or wedge-shaped, smooth on both sides, obtusely 3-lobed 
at the summit, often entire, or on young shoots pinnatifid-toothed or lobed, 
mostly awnless when old ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup shallow, flat, en- 
closing the base of the hemispherical downy nut. — Swamps and wet bajiks. 
— A small tree, with smooth bark. Leaves 2' -3' long, with tufts of down ii; 
the axils of the veins when young. 

5. Q. nigra, L. (Black Jack.) Leaves sliort-petioled, coriaceous, 
broadly wedge-shaped, rounded at the base, mostly 3-lobed at the summit, 
bristle-awned, smooth above, rusty-pubescent beneath, deciduous ; fruit middle- 
sized, on short and thick peduncles ; cup top-shaped, with coarse truncate 
scales, enclosing one third or one half of the oblong-ovate nut.^ — Dry gravelly 
or sandy soil. — A small tree. Leaves 4' - 9' long. Intermediate forms be- 
tween this and No. 7 are not uncommon. 

-Hi- +-(• +H- Leaves sinuate-pinnatljid , hrlslle-awned. 

= Leaves smooth or nearljj so. 

6. Q. Catesbsei, Michx. (Turkey Oak.) Leaves somewhat coria- 
ceous, broad, narrowed into a short petiole, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes very 
acute from a broad base, spreading, mostly falcate and entire ; fruit rather 
large, short-peduncled ; cup thick, turbinate, with broad obtuse scales, enclos- 
ing half of the ovoid nut ; the upper scales inflexed and lining the inner edge 
of the cup. — Dry pine barrens. — A small tree. Leaves 6' - 9' long. 

7. Q. COCeinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Leaves long-petioled, oval 
or oblong, with deep and broad sinuses, and 6-8 entire or sparingly toothed 
lobes, truncate at the base, smooth and shining on both sides ; cup top-shaped, 
with coarse scales, enclosing one half or one third of the ovoid nut. — Dry 
woods ; more abundant in the upper districts. — Leaves turning bright scarlet 
after frost. 

Var. tinctoria, Gray. (Black Oak.) Leaves obovate-oblong, with 
deep or shallow open sinuses, and abouf 6 sharply-toothed lobes, obtuse or 
truncate at the base, pubescent when young, at length only in the axils of the 
veins beneath ; cup top-shaped, with broad scales, enclosing about half of the 



CUPULIFER.E. (oak FAMILY.) 445 

roundish depressed nut. (Q. discolor, Ait ) — Dry woods, chiefly in the upper 
districts. — A h^.r^e tree, with the outer bark dark brown, the inner thick and 
yellow. Leaves turning light brown after frost. Nuts 6" - 8" long. 

8. Q. rubra, L. (Red Oak.) Leaves oblong, with open shallow sinuses, 
and 8-12 entire or sharply toothed lobes, smooth on both sides, paler be- 
neath ; fruit large, cup shallow, flat, with fine scales, enclosing the base of 
tlie ovate or oblong nut. — Rocky woods, Florida, and northward. — A large 
tree. Leaves turning dark red after frost. Nut 1' long. 

9. Q. Georgiana, M. A. Curtis. Shrubby ; leaves small, very smooth, 
somewhat obovate, wedge-shaped at the base, with deep or shallow open 
sinuses, and 3-5 triangular lanceolate entire acute or obtuse lobes ; fruit short- 
peduncled ; cup smooth and shining, saucer-shaped, enclosing one third of the 
oval-globose nut. — Stone Mountain, Georgia {Ravenel). — Shrub 6°-8° high, 
growing in clusters. Leaves 3' -4' long. Fruit abundant. Nut |' long. 

10. Q. palustris, Du Roi. (Pin Oak.) Leaves long-petioled, oval, trun- 
cate or abruptly acute at base, with broad and rounded sinuses, and 5-7 
sparingly-toothed lobes, smooth on both sides ; cup shallow, with appressed 
scales, enclosing the base of the nearly globular nut. — East Tennessee [Gat- 
tinger), and northward. — A middle-sized tree. Nut ^' long. 

= ^ Leaves tomentose beneath. 

11. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Leaves oblong, rounded at the 
base, 3 - 5-lobed ; the lobes entire or sparingly toothed at the apex, the ter- 
minal one commonly narrow and elongated ; fruit rather small ; cup some- 
what top-shaped, with coarse scales, enclosing half of the globular nut. — Var. 
PAGOBiEFOLiA, El/., has larger leaves, with 11-13 nearly opposite and spread 
ing lobes. — Dry woods. — A large tree. Leaves 4' - 5' long, entire near the 
base. Nut Y long. 

12. Q. ilieifolia, Wang. (Bear Oak.) Shrubby ; leaves obovate, with 
3-5 angular or short and broad mostly entire lobes, acute at the base, white- 
tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at length smooth and dark green 
above ; fruit short-peduncled ; cup shallow, saucer-shaped, with coarse scales, 
enclosing about one third of the ovate nut. — Barren soil in the upper dis- 
tricts. — A shrub 3°- 4*^ high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Fruit abundant. 

-f- -1- Leaves per si stent. 

13. Q. myrtifolia, Willd. Leaves rigid, ovate or obovate, acute or ob- 
tuse, V -2' long, entire, the margins revolute. Fruit nearly sessile, single or 
clustered. Cup shallow, one fourth the length of the ovate or globose nut. — 
Dry sandy soil along the coast. — Stem 4° -8° high, rarely taller. Leaves 
l'-2^ long. 

* * Fruit annual. 

14. Q, pumila, Walt. (Running Oak.) Branchlets slender, pubes- 
cent ; leaves mostly deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate, slightly undulate, nearly 
sessile, white-tomentose beneath ; fruit small, single ; cup shallow ; nut ovate. 
— Sandy pine barrens in the lower districts. — Stems 2*^-8° high, from long 
creeping roots. Leaves T-S' long. 



446 CUPULIFERiE. (oak FAMILY.) 

§2. Leccobalanus. (White Oaks.) Bark pah, and mostlij scaly: loood 
iou(jh : leaves not bristle-poitited, their lobes coinmonbj obtuse: nut smooth 
within: stamens 6-8: stigmas sessile: abortive ovules at the base of the seed: 
fruit annual. 

* Leaves deciduous. 

-t- Leaves sinuate-lobed. 

15. Q. stellata, Wang. (Post Oak.) Leaves with 5-7 broad rouiideil 
or notclied lobes separated by wide oijen sinuses, narrowed at the base into a 
short petiole, pubescent beneath ; cup hemispherical, enclosing one third or 
one half of the oval nut. — Cold clayey soil, Florida, and north waixl. — A tree 
40° - 50° feet high. Nut Y long. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

Var. parvifolia. Leaves smaller (L^' -3' long), oldong, ol)tuse, entire or 
sinuate-toothed, nearly smooth on both sides, rusty-pubescent, like the bi-anch- 
lets, when young; nut larger. — Sandy soil near tlie coast. — A shrub or 
small tree. 

16. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) Leaves oblong or obovate-oblong, with 
7-9 mostly obtuse and entire narrow lobes separated by narrow sinuses, nar- 
rowed into a petiole, densely tomentose, like the branchlets, when young, at 
length smooth or glaucous beneath ; fruit large, nearly sessile ; cup hemi- 
spherical, enclosing one third of the oblong-ovate nut. — Damp woods. — A 
large tree with wliite bark. Leaves 4' -6^ long. Nut about 1' long. 

17. Q. macrocarpa, Michx. (Mossy-cup Oak.) Leaves thin, obovate- 
oblong, pubescent or pale beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled, slightly 
or strongly few - many-lobed ; the lobes rounded, entire or obtusely-toothed ; 
fruit large ; scales of the cup thick, the upper ones produced into long awns ; 
nut ovoid, included, or half enclosed in the cup. — Woods and river banks, 
Tennessee, and westward. — A middle-sized tree. Leaves 6' - 15' long. Nut 
r-H'long. 

18. Q. lyrata, Walt. (Over-cup Oak.) Leaves croAvded at the end of 
the branchlets, obovate-oblong, acute at the base, 7 - 9-lobed, white-tomentose 
beneath, or at length smoothish, shining above, the lobes triangular, acute, 
and entire ; fruit sessile : cup round-ovate, with rugged scales, almost cover- 
ing the roundish nut. — River-swamps, Florida to North Carolina. — A large 
tree. Leaves 5^-8' long, short-petioled. Fruit T long. 

•1- -^ Leaves toothed, 
19- Q. prinus, L. (Swamp Chestnut Oak.) Leaves oblong or obo- 
vate-oblong, obtuse, with rounded teeth, smooth and shining above, pale and 
pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; fruit large, short-pedun- 
cled ; cup hemispherical, rugged with tubercular scales, enclosing the base of 
the roundish or oblong-ovate nut, — Low grounds. — A large tree. Nut about 
r long. 

20. Q. Michauxii, Nutt. Leaves rather rigid, oblong, obtuse or cor- 
date at the base, the teeth short and rounded, velvety beneath ; fruit very 
large, short-peduncled ; scales of the hemispherical cup tubercular ; nut ob- 
long-ovate. — Low ground and river swamps, chiefly in the lower districts. 
— A large tree, with flaky bark. Leaves 4' - 5' long. Nut H' long. 



CUPULIFERaE. (oak FAMILY.) 447 

21. Q. bicolor, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Leaves obovate, acute 
at the base, coarsely and obtusely toothed or somewhat lobed, dark green 
above, white-tomentose beneath ; fruit long-peduucled, cup tubercular, hemi- 
spherical ; nut oblong-ovate (T long). — Swamps along the mountains,- — A 
large tree. 

22. Q. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. (Chestnut Oak.) Leaves oblong 
varying to lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed, witli the points incurved, 
mostly acute at the base, smooth above, paler and minutely pubescent or 
glaucous beneath ; fruit small, sessile or short-peduncled ; cup hemispherical, 
with fiat scales, enclosing one third of the oblong nut. — Rocky woods, chiefly 
in the upper districts. — A large or middle-sized tree. Leaves S'-G' long. 
Nut 7" - 9'' long. 

23. Q. prinoides, Willd. (Chinquapin Oak.) Shrubby; leaves lance- 
olate-oblong, acute at each end, acutely toothed, smooth above, white-tomen- 
tose beneath ; fruit small, mostly sessile ; cup hemispherical, with flat scales, 
enclosing about one half of the round-ovate nut. (Q. Chinquapin, Purslt.) — 
Barren soil in the upper districts. — Shrub 2° -6° high. Leaves 3' -4' long. 
Nut 8" - 9" long. 

24. Q. Durandi, Buckl. l Smooth, with ash-colored brauchlets ; leaves 
oblong or wedge-oblong, entire, emarginate, or 3-lobed at the summit, taper- 
ing or abruptly contracted into a short petiole ; fruit very small, closely sessile ; 
cup shallow, flattened, enclosing the base of the ovate nut. — Rocky banks, 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. — A lofty tree. Leaves 3' -4' long. Nut 
4" - 5" long. 

* * Leaves persistent. 

25. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Branchlets tomentose ; leaves coria- 
ceous, perennial, oblong, obtuse, somewhat rugose, smooth and shining above, 
hoary-tomentose beneath, the margins revolute; fruit long-peduncled ; cup 
top-shaped, hoary, enclosing the base of the oblong chestnut-brown nut. — 
Dry or wet soil, in the lower districts. — Commonly a large tree with spread- 
ing branches. Leaves 2' - 4' long. 

Var. maritima. (Q. maritima, TF«7/(i.) Shrubby (4° - 10° high) ; leaves 
smooth, lanceolate, concave, mostly acute ; fruit larger. — Sand ridges along 
the coast, Florida to South Carolina. 

Var. dentata. (Q. nana, Willd A) Dwarf (l°-2° high) ; earliest leaves 
flat, wedge-obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronate, toothed, at length smooth, 
the others lanceolate and entire ; fruit sessile or short-peduncled, often clus- 
tered. — Flat pine barrens, Florida. — Leaves nearly sessile. 

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut. 

Sterile flowers in separate clusters, in long erect cylindrical ameuts. Calyx 
5 - 6-parted. Stamens 8 - 1.5 : anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers 1 - 3, enclosed 
in the bell-shaped, at length globose, 4-valved and very prickly involucre. 
Calyx 5-6-lobed, superior. Abortive stamens 5-12. Ovary 3-6 celled. 
Ovules single or by pairs in each cell. Stigmas 3-6, bristle-like, spreading. 
Nuts 1-3, roundish, compressed, or plano-convex. Cotyledons very thick. — 
Trees or shrubs, with oblong petioled sharply- serrate straight-veined leaves. 



448 cupuLiFER.^. (oak family.) 

1. C. vesca, L. (Chestnut.) Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
coarsely serrate, smooth ou both sides; nuts mostly 3, the middle one flat- 
tened, the 2 outer ones plano-convex, dark brown. — Dry wo«k1s, mostly in 
the u]jpcr districts. April. — A large tree. Leaves 6'- 7' long. 

2. C. pumila, Miclix. (Chinql'apin.) Leaves oblong, acute, or obtuse, 
finely sei-rato, h(Kiry-tomeutose beneath; nuts s<ditary, nearly globular. (C. 
nana, Mnhl., a form witli larger leaves and nuts.) — Dry .saudy soil, Florida, 
and nortliward. April- May. — A large shrub or small tree. Leaves, iuvo- 
lucre, and nut smaller than tliose of the jireceding. 

3. FAGUS, Tourn. Beech. 

Sterile flowers capitate, on long and drooping peduncles, with deciduous 
bracts. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 - 6 cleft. ^Stamens 8-12: anthers 2-celled. 
Fertile flowers solitary or by pairs, peduncled, surrounded with numerous 
linear bracts and a 4-lobed involucre. Calyx of 4-5 subulate lobes. Ovary 
3-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles 3, filiform. Nuts commonly 2, 
acutely 3 angled, enclosed in the soft-spiny 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons 
thick and fleshy. — Trees, with whitish bark, and straight- veined leaves ex- 
panding with the flowers. 

1. r. ferruginea, Ait. Leaves oblong-ovate or rhombic, acute, finely 
serrate, silky on both sides when young, when old only on the veins beneath ; 
spines of the involucre short, recurved. — Damp sandy soil. April. — A large 
tree, with widely spreading branches. 

4. CORYLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. 

Sterile flowers in cylindrical pendulous bracted aments. Calyx 2-cleft, 
partly united with the bract. Stamens 8: anthers 1 -celled. Fertile flowers 
clustered. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, filiform. Involucre tubular 
at the base, leafy and lacerated at the summit, enclosing a single bony (edible) 
nut. — Shrubs, with broadly cordate doubly serrate petioled leaves. Flowers 
appearing before the leaves. 

1. C. Americana, Walt. (Hazel-nut.) Branchlets glandular ; leaves 
round-cordate, coarsely serrate, acuminate, pubescent; involucre roundish at 
the base, dilated and flattened above the nut, glandular- hairy ; nut roundish, 
somewhat flattened. — Rich soil along the margins of woods and thickets, 
West Florida, and northward. Feb, - March. — Shrub 5°-6° high, tough 
and flexible. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 

2. C rostrata, Ait. (Beaked Hazel-nut.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly cordate, acuminate, flnely serrate, rather thin, 
pubescent ; involucre bristly, prolonged into a tube above the nut, 2-cleft and 
toothed at the summit; fruit nearly globular. —Rich soil in the upper dis- 
tricts. March - April. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. 

5. CARPINtJS, L. Hornbeam, 

Flowers destitute of floral envelopes, supported by scale-like bracts. Sterile 
flowers in drooping cylindrical aments. Stamens 8- 14 : filaments short ; an- 



MYEICACE^. (wax-myrtle FAMILY.) 449 

thers 1-celled, hairy at the apex. Fertile flowers spiked. Bracts 2-flowered, 
deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Stigmas 2, tiliform. Nut solitary, au- 
gular, sessile iu the axil of au open 3-lobed leaf-like involucre. — Trees, with 
simple ovate or oblong straight-veined deciduous leaves, folded in the bud. 
Flowers expanding before the leaves. 

1. C. Americana, Michx. (Hornbeam.) Branchlets smooth and slen- 
der ; leaves oblong-ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, sharply and doubly ser- 
rate, rounded at the base, more or less pubescent. Fertile spikes terminal, 
long-peduncled, 6-12-flowered ; involucre unequally 3-lobed, the middle lobe 
longer and serrate ou one side ; nut small, ovate, compressed, 8-ribbed.. — 
Kicli woods. March. — A small tree, with hard and close-grained wood. 

6. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop Hornbeam. 

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical aments, each in the axil of a scale- 
like bract, destitute of a calyx. Stamens with the filaments irregularly united. 
Fertile flowers in a short terminal crowded spike, each enclosed in a mem- 
branaceous involucre. Ovary 2-celied, 2-ovuled, bearded at the apex. Stigmas 
2, filiform. Fruiting involucre inflated, nerved, hairy or bristly at the base, 
enclosing the solitary pointed nut. — Small trees, with ovate or oblong serrate 
short-petioled deciduous leaves. Flowers appearmg with the leaves. 

1. O. Virginica, Willd. (Hop Hornbeam.) Leaves ovate-oblong, 
sharply and simply serrate, acuminate, rounded, or slightly cordate at the 
base, pubescent ; fertile spike cone-like, short-peduncled ; the imbricated in- 
volucres oblong, mucronate, bristly at the base. — Rich woods. March. — A 
small tree, with hard aud close-grained wood. 



Order 129. MYRICACl^JE. (Wax-Myrtle Family.) 

Chiefly shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, with or without stip- 
ules, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, disposed in aments, desti- 
tute of calyx or corolla, each in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 
2 - 10 ; the short filaments free or partly united : anthers 2-celled. 
Ovary solitary, 1-celled, surrounded at the base with a row of scales. 
Ovule solitary, orthotropous or amphitropous. Involucre none. 
Stigmas 1-2, elongated. Fruit a dry 1-seeded drupe. Albumen 
none. Cotyledons fleshy. Radicle superior. 

1. MYRICA, L. Wax-Myrtle. Bayberrt. 

FloAvers in short axillary aments, dioecious, each in the axil of the scale- 
like bract. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 2-10, with the filaments 
united below. Ovary enclosed in a cup of 3 - 5 rounded scales. Ovule or- 
thotropous. Stigmas 2 (rarely 4), flattened on the inner face, widely 
spreading. Nut globose, covered with waxy grains. — Shrubs or small trees 
dotted with minute resinous and odorous glands. Branches clustered. Leaves 
short-petioled, serrate or entire. Stipules none. 

29 



450 LEITXERIACE.^. (lEITNEKIA FAMILY.) 

1. M. cerifera, L. (Wax-Myrtle, BAYiiERRY.) Branchlets pubes- 
cent ; loaves lanceolate or obloiit^-lanceolate. mostly obtuse, eutire, or with a 
few sharp serratures near the a])ex, smooth, or pubescent ou the veins be- 
neath, tapering- into a petiole; sterile aments very numerous, oblong ; bracts 
wedge shaped ; stamens 4 ; fertile aments small ; bracts rounded, obscurely 3- 
lobed; scales of the ovary 4, ciliate ; stigmas 2; fruit abundant, white. — 
Margins of swamps, mostly near tlie cojist, Florida, and northward. iNIarch- 
April. — A shrub or small tree. Ix'aves })ersistent along our southern limits, 
but northwardly deciduous, l^'-4' long. 

Var. pumila, Michx. Low (l°-2° higli), much branched ; leaves smaller 
(^'-2' long), persistent, varying from wedge-obovate to wedge-lanceolate or 
linear-spatulate, coriaceous, obtuse, mostly toothed near the apex ; aments 
minute, ovoid, few-flowered. — Sandy ])iiie barrens. 

2. M. CarolinensiS, Mill. Branchlets smooth or hairy ; leaves larger, 
obovate-oblong, entire, or slightly serrate near the apex, mostly rounded or 
emarginate at the summit; aments and nuts larger; scales of the sterile 
flower roundish. — Wet pine barrens. — Shrub 2° -4° high. Leaves mostly 
deciduous. 

3. M. inodora, Bartr. Smooth ; leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong, 
obtuse, very entire, tapering into a petiole, with the margins revolute ; sterile 
aments oval or oblong, with the roundish bracts transversely ridged on the 
back ; stamens about 10, monadelphous ; fertile aments small, elongated in 
fruit ; stigmas 2 or 4 ; scales of the ovary 5 ; nuts large, black, commonl}- soli- 
tary. — Margins of pine barren ponds and swamps, Florida, near the coast. 
Feb. -March. — A shrub or small tree, Avith whitish bark. Leaves about 2' 
long, sparingly dotted. Nuts ovoid, 3" long. 

2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet Fern. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile ament cylindrical, with kidney-shaped acumi- 
nate bracts. Stamens 3, forked. Fertile ament globular, bur-like. Ovary 
surrounded by 5-6 long and slender persistent scales ; ovule orthotropous. 
Stigmas 2, spreading. Nut ovoid-oblong, smooth. — Low shrubs, with narrow 
pinnatifid leaves, and small semicordate stipules. 

1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. Leaves thin, short petioled, linear-lanceolate, 
with numerous rounded lobes, deciduous ; fertile aments at the base of the 
sterile, appearing before the leaves. — Dry woods. North Carolina, and north- 
ward. April. — Plant l°-2° high, aromatic when bruised. Leaves 3'-4' 
long, resembling those of a fern. 

Order 130. LEITNERIACE^E. (Leitnerta Family.) 

Intermediate between the Wax-Myi'tle and Willow Familieis, and 
includes only the following genus. 

1. LEITWERIA, Chapm. 

Flowers in aments, dioecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Calyx 
and corolla none. Sterile ament many-flowered, cylindrical, elongated ; bracts 



BETULACE^. (bIRCH FAMILY.) 451 

ovate, acuminate, imbricated, stamiuiferous at the base, hairy, the lower ones 
empty ; stamens 5- 10, free : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Fertile ament few- 
mauy-flowered, narrowly cylindrical, short, in fruit elongated ; bracts ovate, 
approximate, at length scattered, the lower ones empty. Ovary ovoid, nearly 
smooth, with the base surrounded by a cup of 4 minute ovate toothed scales. 
Ovule solitary, amphitropous. Stigma solitary, thick, elongated, channelled. 
Drupe oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base : epicarp thick, coriaceous, smooth : 
endocarp crustaceous. Albumen none. Embryo large, filling the cell. Coty- 
ledons oval, compressed. Kadicle superior. — A stout shrub, 2° - 6° high, Avith 
soft wood and smooth light brown bark, without resinous dots. Branches 
short and thick, hoary -pubescent when young. Leaves oblong or obovate- 
oblong (4^-6' long), acute at each end, entire, smooth and shining above, 
hoary-tomentose beneath, vStraight-veined, on long spreading or recurved hoary 
petioles, deciduous. Stipules none. Aments developed before the leaves, 
from the axils of the preceding year, the sterile ones 1'- 1|' long, the fertile 
6'^ -8" long. Drupe -|-' long, green, slightly curved. 

1. L. Floridana, Chapm. — Salt or brackish marshes, Apalachicola, 
Florida. Feb. - March. 



Order 131. BETULACE^]. (Birch Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple straight-veined leaves, de- 
ciduous stipules, and monoecious amentaceous flowers, placed 2 - 3 to- 
gether in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4 : filaments distinct. 
Ovary 2-celled, with a single suspended anatropous ovule in each cell. 
Stigmas 2, elongated. Fruit a winged or angled 1-celled 1-seeded nut, 
forming, with the imbricated persistent bracts, a cone-like spike. 

1. BETULA, Tourn. Birch. 

Sterile aments drooping. Bracts 3-flowered, 2-bracteolate, peltate. Calyx 
scale-like. Stamens short: anthers 1-celled. Fertile aments oblong or cylin- 
drical. Bracts 3-flowered. Calyx none. Stigmas filiform. Nut broadly 
winged. Cotyledons oblong. — Trees or shrubs, with the outer bark often 
separable into thin papery sheets. Leaves petioled, serrate. Fruiting bracts 
membranaceous. 

1. B. nigra, L. (Red Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, doubly 
serrate, smooth above, hoary-tomentose beneath, like tbe short petioles and 
branchlets, becoming rusty or smoothish ; sterile aments long and drooping ; 
the fertile ones oblong, short-peduncled, with the woolly bracts cleft into three 
linear-oblong nearly equal lobes. (B. rubra, iI/<cA,r.) — Banks of rivers. 
March, — A middle-sized tree, with reddish brown bark, and long spreading 
branches. 

2. B. lutea, Michx. (Yellow Birch.) Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acuminate, unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent, like the branchlets, when 
young, at length smooth on both sides, on short pubescent petioles ; fruiting 
aments oval-oblong ; lobes of the bracts nearly equal, slightly spreading and 



452 SALicACE.i<:. (will(3w family.) 

lijiiry, acute. — Muuiitaius of North Carolina. March - April. — A tree 40°- 
60° high, with yello\vi.sh Ijark. Leaves 2' -3' long. 

3. B. lenta, L. (Cmekky Bikch.) Branchlets smooth ; leaves ovate or 
obh^ng-ovate, acute, cordate, finely and doubly .serrate, silky when young, at 
length only on the ])etioles and veins Ijeneath ; fruiting anients oblong; lobes 
of the bracts widely sj)reading, acute, smooth. — Cool shady banks iu the 
upper parts of Getjrgia, and nortliward. March. — A middle-sized tree, with 
dark brown rugged bark, aud close and fine-grained wood. Youug twigs 
spicy and aromatic. 

2. ALNUS, Tourn. Alder. 

Sterile aments elongated, drooping. Bracts peltate, 5-bracteolate, 1-3- 
flowered. Calyx 4-parted or (in No. 2) scale-like. Stamens 4: anthers 
2-celled. Fertile aments short, erect. Bracts fleshy, 2-flowered. Calyx of 
four minute scales, adherent to the bracts. Bracts of the fruiting ament 
woody, persistent. Nut angled or winged. — Shrubs or small trees. Leaves 
petioled, serrate, the stalked buds covered with a single scale. Fertile aments 
racemed. 

1. A, sermlata, Ait. Leaves obovate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, serru- 
late, commonly pubescent beneath, acute at the base, short-petioled ; stipules 
oval, obtuse ; fruiting aments ovoid, short-peduncled ; fruit ovate, wingless. — 
Banks of streams. Jan. - March. — Shrub 3° - 12° high. Leaves 2' - 4' long, 
thickish, and partly persistent at its southern limits. Calyx of the sterile 
flowers 4-parted. 

2. A. viridis, DC- Leaves oval, rounded at both ends, slightly oblique 
at the base, finely aud sharply serrate, softly pubescent on the lower surface, 
or only on the veins and petiole ; stipules ovate ; calyx of the sterile flowers 
scale-like ; fruiting aments ovoid, long-peduncled ; fruit winged. High moun- 
tains of North Carolina. April. — A low much branched shrub. Leaves 
1'- 2' long. 



Order 1-32. SALICACEiE. (Willow Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with soft wood, alternate simple stipulate leaves, 
and dioecious amentaceous flowers, destitute of calyx and corolla, each 
solitary in the axil of a simple bract. Stamens 2 -many. Ovary 
1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled, with numerous erect anatropous ovules 
in each cell. Styles 2, very short, more or less united : stigmas 2- 
lobed. Fruit a 2-valved many-seeded capsule. Seeds minute, clothed 
with long silky hairs. Albumen none. Cotyledons elliptical, flat- 
tened. Radicle pointing downward. 

1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. 

Bracts of the aments entire. Flowers each with 1-2 small glands. Sta- 
mens 2-6, free, or their filaments cohering at the base. Stigmas short, 2-lobed. 
— Leaves commonly narrow, short-petioled. Stipules scale-like and deciduous, 



SALTCACEJ5. (wiLLOW FAMILY.) 453 

or leafy and persistent. Buds covered with a single scale. Aments mostly 
erect, appearing with or before the leaves, 

* Aments small, sessile: ovari/ silky : stamens 2. — Low canescent shrubs, with 
small leaves. Aments developed be/ore the leaves. 

1. S. tristis, Ait. Leaves very numerous, lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 
entire or wavy, at least on the margins, tapering at the base, nearly sessile, 
covered with a grayish down, at length smoothish above ; stipules minute, 
caducous ; flowering aments small, globular ; the oval bracts hairy on the 
margins; style short; ovary slender, long-beaked. — Dry barren soil in the 
upper districts. March - April. — Shrub 1° - 2° high. Leaves 1' - 2' long. 

2. S. humilis, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, 
narrowed into a petiole, smoothish above, grayish-pubescent beneath, often 
slightly serrate near the summit ; stipules small, semi-cordate or lunate, en- 
tire or toothed ; flowering aments ovoid or oblong, often drooping, with the 
lanceolate bracts villous; style consj)icuous ; ovary slender. — Barren soil, in 
the upper districts. March. — Shrub 2° -4° high, often bearing cone-liI<e 
excrescences. 

* * Aments large, cylindrical, sessile, silky-villous, developed before the leaves: 

ovaries woolly. — Large shrubs. 

3. S. discolor, Muhl. Branchlets pubescent ; leaves oblong, petioled, 
acute at each end, serrate in the middle, smooth and shining above, glaucous 
beneath ; stipules semi-lunar, toothed ; aments woolly, with glossy hairs ; sta- 
mens 2; ovary white-silky, sessile. — Low ground, Carolina (Pursh), and 
northward. April. — Shrub 8° - 10° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Aments 1'- 
1 J' long. 

* * * Aments large, cylindrical, on leafy peduncles or branchlets, appearing 

with the leaves : ovaries smooth, stalked. 

4. S, Floridana, Chapm. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, smooth above, 
glaucous beneath, finely serrate, rounded at the base, the petioles pubescent ; 
stipules small, caducous ; fruiting anient oblong, dense ; capsule ovate-lanceo- 
late, smooth. — Rocky banks, West Florida, fruiting in April. — Shrub 8°- 12° 
high. Leaves thin, 2''- 3' long, Fruiting aments 2' -3' long, I'in diameter, 
enveloped in the copious wool of the seeds. Flowers not seen. 

5. S. nigra, Marshall. Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, serrate, 
petioled, pubescent when young, becoming smoothish and green on both 
surfaces ; stipules small and caducous, or sometimes lunate, toothed, and per- 
sistent; aments elongated, the fertile ones slender, loose-flowered; bracts de- 
ciduous ; stamens 3-6, hairy below ; capsule ovate, acuminate, pointed by the 
conspicuous style. — Swamps and muddy banks of rivers. A shrub or small 
tree, with brittle branches. Leaves 2^-3' long, sometimes pubescent at ma- 
turity, like the branchlets. Fertile aments 3' -4' long. 

6. S. fragilis, L. Leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, finely serrate, 
white silky when young, glaucous beneath ; aments long, cylindrical ; bracts 
hairy ; stamens mostly 2 ; capsule short-pedicelled. — Tennessee, and north- 
ward. — A small tree. 



454 CASUARIXACE^. 

2. POPULUS, Tourn. CottOxNwood, Poplar, Asi'EX. 

Bracts of the ameiits toothed or lobed. Flowers from an oblicjue cup-shaped 
disk. Stamens few or numerous, with the filaments free. Stigmas elongated, 
2-2mrted. — Trees. Leaves ovate or roundish, on long and often laterally 
compressed petioles. Buds covered with imbricated, often resinous-coated 
scales. Aments slender, di-ooping, appearing before the leaves. 

1. P. angulata, Ait, ]irauclies thick, smooth, and sharply angled; 
leaves largo, smootli, deltoid-ovate, acute or slightly acumiuate, truncate at 
the base, ol)tusely serrate with incurved teeth; the conspicuous veins and 
compressed petiole yellowisii. — Banks of rivers. March -April. — A large 
tree. Leaves G'-8' long, longer than the petiole. 

2. P. grandidentata, Michx. Branches terete; leaves round-ovate, 
acute, sinuate-toothed, hoary-tomento.se when young, like the branchlets, at 
length smooth, scarcely longer than the slender compressed petiole; fruiting 
aments elongated, pubescent. — Low woods in the upper districts. March - 
April. — A middle-sized tree, Avith smooth gray bark. Leaves 3' -5' long, 
and nearly of the same width. 

3. P. heterophylla, L. Branches terete ; leaves ovate, mostly obtuse, 
serrate, witli ol)tusc, incurved teeth, rounded or with a small sinus at the base, 
hoary-tomentose on both sides when young, like the nearly terete petioles and 
branchlets, at length only on the veins beneath; fruiting aments smooth. — 
Kiver swamps in the middle and upper districts. March -April. — A large 
tree. Leaves 3' -5' long. 

4. P monilifera, Ait. Branclilets obtusely angular; leaves deltoid- 
ovate, acuminate, serrate (3'- 10' long) ; fertile aments long and slender; 
stigma large, toothed ; capsule oblong-ovate. — Kiver banks, Florida, and 
northward. — A large tree. 



Order 133. CASUARINACE^. 

Trees or shrubs, with leafless jointed furrowed branches, like Equi- 
setum. Flowers in spikes, monoecious or dioecious, the staminate ones 
in whorls at the joints, monandrous, 4-bracted, the pistillate flowers 
capitate, without floral envelopes. Ovary 1 -celled, with 1-2 or- 
thotropous ovules, forming in fruit a winged achenium. Styles 2. 
Albumen none. Radicle superior. 

1. CASUARINA, Rumph. 

Characters of the Order. 

L C. equisetifolia, Forst. Branches filiform, simple; furrows 6-8; 
teeth of the sheaths as many, keeled on the back ; staminate spike terminal, 
the pistillate lateral, short-peduncled. — Keys of South Florida {Curtiss). 



coxiFER^. (pine family.) 455 



Subclass IT. GYMNOSPERM^. 

Ovules naked (not enclosed in an ovary), commonly sup- 
ported by an open scale or leaf, and fertilized by the direct 
application of the pollen. Cotyledons often more than two. 

Order 134. CONIFER^E. (Pine Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with branching stems, composed of glandular or 
disk-bearing woody tissue without ducts, resinous juice, linear or 
needle-shaped mostly persistent leaves, and monoecious or dioecious 
amentaceous flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Ovules orthotropous. 
Fruit a cone or drupe. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Cotyle- 
dons 2 or more. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. ABIETINE^. Fertile flowers consisting of numerous 
bracted imbricated carpellary scales, bearing two collateral inverted ovules 
at their base, and forming a cone in fruit. Buds scaly. 

1. PINUS. Leaves 2- 5 in a cluster, mostly elongated, sheathed at the base. 

2. ABIES. Leaves single, short, destitute of a sheath. Cones erect, the scales deciduous. 

3. TSUGA. Leaves single, flat. Cones declined, the scales persistent. 

4. PICEA. Leaves single, 4-angled. Cones drooping. Anthers opening lengthwise. 

Suborder II. CUPRESSINE^. Fertile floAvers consisting of few bract- 
less mostly peltate carpellary scales, bearing one or several erect ovules at 
their base, becoming fleshy or indurated, and forming in fruit a drupe or 
cone. Buds naked. 

5. JUNIPERUS. Fruit a drupe. Leaves minute, imbricated. 

6. CHAMiECYPARIS. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves imbricated, 

persistent. 

7. TAXODIUM. Fruit a globular cone, with peltate scales. Leaves spreading, on slender 

deciduous branchlets. 

8. THUYA. Fruit an oblong cone, with imbricated oblong scales. Leaves minute, imbri- 

cated on the flattened branches, persistent. 

Suborder III. TAXINE^. Fertile flower solitary, without a carpellary 
scale. Fruit a drupe. Buds scaly. 

9. TAXUS. Drupe surrounded by a fleshy cup. Albumen homogeneous. 
10. TORREYA. Drupe naked. Albumen ruminated. 

1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments spiked or clustered. Stamens numer- 
ous on the axis, with very short filaments : anthers with a scale-like connective, 
2-celled, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments single or clustered. Carpellary 
scales in the axils of deciduous bracts, each bearing two collateral inverted 
ovules at the base, indurated in fruit, and forming a cone ; the apex commonly 
thickened, angular and spiny. Seeds nut-like, lodged in an excavation at the 
base of the scale, and furnished with a thin deciduous wing. Embryo in the 



456 CONIFERS, (pine family.) 

axis of oily albumen. Cotyledons 3-12, linear. — Trees. Leaves evergreen, 

ueedle-shaped, 2 - 5 in a cluster, their bases enclosed in a thin scarious sheath. 

* Leaves two in each sheath. 

1. P. pungens, Michx. (Takle-Mountain Pine.) Leaves from a 
short siieath, crowded, short and rigid ; cones large, commonly 3 - 4 in :i wiiorl, 
ovate, sessile, the thick scales pointed at the apex, and armed with a very 
stinit spine, which on the upper scales is incurved, on the lower ones recurved. 

— Mountains, rarely west of the Blue Ridge, Georgia to North Carolina. 

A tree 40° - 50° high, with rigid and irregular branches. Leaves about 2' long. 
Cones 3' long, yellowish l)rown. Buds resinous. 

2. P. inops, Ait. (Jei'.sey or ScKUJi Pine.) Branchlcts smooth and 
glaucous ; leaves from short sheaths, scattered, short and rigid, flat on the 
inner face; cones solitary, conical-oblong, mostly reflexed, short-peduncled, 
deciduous; scales armed with a straight sul)ulate rigid spine. — Dry sandy or 
gravelly ridges in the upper districts. — A tree 15° -30° high, with rough 
blackish bark, and spreading or recurved flexible branches. Leaves V-2' 
long, dark green. Cones light brown, about 2' long. 

Var. clausa, Engelm. Leaves longer and finer; cones nearly sessile, 
spreading or reflexed, mostly persistent for years; bracts 8 or 9 ; crjtyledons 
mostly 4. — Barren sandy ridges near the coast, Florida. — Tree 10° -40° high. 
Wood valueless. 

3. P. glabra, Walt. (Spruce Pine.) Branches and branchlets smooth, 
Avhitish ; leaves slender, scattered ; cones generally solitary, somewhat cylin- 
drical ; spines nearly obsolete. — In damp rich soil, Florida to South Carolina, 

— A tree 40° -60° high, with smoothish bark and soft white wood, branching 
from near the ground. Leaves 3'' - 4' long. Cones about 2' long. "Wings 
of the seed lighter colored, more tapering, longer and less gibbous than those 
of P. mitis." 

4. P. mitis, Michx. (Short-leaved Pine.) Leaves from a long 
sheath, crowded, very slender, concave on the inner face, dark green ; cones 
small, mostly solitary, oval or conical-oblong ; the thin scales flattened at the 
apex, and armed with a weak incurved spine. (P. variabilis, Pursh.) — Light 
clayey soil, Florida, and northward. — A large tree, with rough bark, and fine- 
grained valuable wood. Leaves 3' -5' long, sometimes three in a sheath. 
Cones light brown, about 1^' long, opening at maturity. Wings of the seed 
reddish. 

^ * Leaves three in each sheath. 

5. P. rigida, Miller. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves crowded, from a very short 
sheath, rigid, flattened on the inner face ; cones single or clustered, sessile, 
ovate, the scales armed with a short and rigid recurved spine. — Sandy barren 
soil in the upper districts. — A small or middle-sized tree, with thick blackish 
rugged bark, and hard resinous wood. Branches numerous, rigid, rough with 
the persistent bases of the leaf -bracts. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Cones 2'- 3' long, 
light-brown. 

6. P. serotina, Michx. (Pond Pine.) Leaves somewhat crowded, from 
a short sheath, elongated ; cones mostly opposite, round-ovate, sessile ; the 
scales rounded at the apex, and armed with a very small and weak spine. — 



CONIFERS. (pine FAMILY.) 457 

Borders of ponds and swamps in the lower districts. — A small tree, with 
rouoh bark and sappy valueless wood. Leaves 5' -8' long. Cones 2' -3' 
long. 

7. P. Taeda, L. (Loblolly or Old-Field Pine.) Branches scaly; 
leaves from a long sheath, slender, elongated ; cones large, solitary, oblong- 
conical, with the scales armed with a short and rigid straight spine. — Light 
mostlv damp soil, Florida to North Carolina. — Commonly a lofty tree, with 
very thick and furrowed bark, and valuable but sparingly resinous wood ; but 
in okl fields low, with spreading branches. Leaves 6'- 10' long, rarely 2 or 
4 in a sheath, dark green. Cones 3' - 5' long. 

8. P. Cubensis, Griseb. Leaves 2 or 3 in each sheath, crowded at the 
end of the branches, 6' - 9' long, the angles serrulate ; sterile aments clustered, 
cylindrical purple, the fertile single or whorled ; cones reddish, recurved, 
conical-oblong, 4' -6' long, armed with short stout spines. (P. Elliottii, 
Eno-elm.) — Low pine barrens, near the coast. — A middle-sized or large tree. 
Foliage dark green. 

9. P. australis, Michx. (Long-leaved or Yellow Pine.) Leaves 
very long, from long sheaths, crowded at the summit of the thick and very 
scaly branches ; cones large, cylindrical or conical-oblong, the thick scales 
armed with a short recurved spine. — Sandy soil, constituting almost the en- 
tire growth of the pine barrens. — A lofty tree, with thin-scaled bark, and 
very valuable resinous Avood, dividing near the summit into few spreading 
branches. Leaves 10'- 15' long. Leaf -bracts scarious, fimbriate. Cones 

6' -10' long. 

* * * Leaves five in each sheath. 

10. P. Strobus, L. (White Pine.) Leaves slender, from a very short 
and deciduous sheath ; cones long, cylindrical, recurved, with the loosely im- 
bricated scales neither thickened nor spiny at the apex. — A tree of moderate 
dimensions on the mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, but northward 
one of the loftiest of trees, and greatly valued for its soft white woodo Leaves 
3' - 4' long. Cones 4' - 6' long. 

2. ABIES, Link. Fir. 

Cone erect, the scales deciduous at maturity. Seed free from the wings. 
Anthers apiculate- recurved at the tip, opening transversely. — Leaves flat 
above, keeled beneath, single, short, spreading, distichous. 

1. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Silver or Balsam Fir.) Leaves someAvhat 
distichous, linear, flattened, obtuse or emarginate, whitened beneath, the lower 
ones somewhat recurved, the uppermost erect ; cone oblong-ovate ; bracts long, 
oblong-wedge-shaped, short-pointed, reflexed at the summit. — High moun- 
tains of North Carolina. — A small tree. Leaves 6" -8" long. Cones l'-2' 
long. 

3. TSUGA, Carriere. Hemlock Spruce. 

Cone drooping, the scales persistent. Seed adnate to the wing. Otherwise 
like the last. 

1. T. Canadensis, Carr. (Hemlock Spruce.) Leaves distichous, flat, 
linear, obtuse, dark green above, whitened beneath ; cones small, oval or 



458 COXIFER^. (PIXE FAMILY.) 

oblong, with the few scales smooth and entire. — High mountains of North 
Carolina. — A large tree, with the horizontal branches gradually diniini.shiug 
upward, furmiiig a i)yraiiii(hil spire. Leaves ^' long. Cones 8" -9" long. 

2. T. Caroliniana, Kngelu). Leaves larger than in the preceding, 6"- 
8" long, deeper green, and more glossy, notched at the tip ; cones larger 
(12'^- U'' long),tIie old(»ng scales widely spreading at maturity. — Mountains 
of Xorth antl !S(;uLii Car(^lina. — A small tree. 

4. PICEA, Link. Si'UL'CE. 

Cone drooping, tlie scales ])ersistent. Seed at length free from the wing. 
Sterile aments axillary, sessile. Anthers opening length\vi.se, crested at the 
tip. Leaves 4-augled, not distichous. 

1. P. nigra, Link. (Black Spruce.) Leaves scattered on all sides of 
the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, erect, dark green ; cone ovate or ovate- 
oblong ; the scales with a thin wavy or denticulate margin. — High mountains 
of North Carolina, and northward. — A tall but slender tree. Leaves |' long, 
rigid. Cones 1'- 1-^' long. 

2. P. alba, Link. (White Spkuce.) Leaves inserted on all sides of 
the branches, needle-shaped, 4-sided, incurved, light green ; cones ol>long- 
cylindrical, with the scales entire. — High mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. — A small tree, with more slender and less crowded leaves than 
those of the preceding. Cones V-2' long. 

5. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper. 

Flowers mostly dioecious. Aments lateral and terminal, small, few-flowered. 
Stamens several : anther-cells 3-6, inserted beneath the peltate scale, opening 
lengthwise. Carpellary scales 3-6, 1-3-ovuled, partly united, fleshy, and 
forming in fruit a berry-like drupe containing 1-3 erect bony seeds. Cotyle- 
dons 2, oblong. — Trees, with subulate or scale-like persistent leaves. 

1. J. Virginiana, L. (Red Cedar.) Branches terete ; leaves opposite 
or by threes, minute, rhombic-ovate, closely imbricated, depressed on the 
back ; those on young shoots subulate and spreading ; drupes small, blue, 1-2- 
seeded. — Dry, rocky, or even wet soil, Florida, and northward. March. — 
A small tree, with reddish, fine-grained, durable, and odorous Avood, and 
spreading branches. Leaves dark green. 

2. J. communis, L. (Common Juniper.) Shrubby, widely spreading; 
leaves 3 in a whorl, spreading, linear-lanceolate, white on the upper surface, 
the margins involute ; drupes large. — Aiken, South Carolina [Ravenel), and 
northward. 

6. CHAMiECYPARIS, Spach. Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious. Aments terminal, few-flowered. Anther cells 2-4, 
inserted under the lower edge of the peltate scale, opening lengthwise. Car- 
pellary scales peltate, bearing several erect ovules on their stalks, becoming 
woody in fruit, and forming a globular dehiscent cone. Seeds winged at each 
end. Cotvledons 2-3, obtuse. — Trees, with minute imbricated leaves. 



CONIFERS. (pine FAMILY.) 459 

1. C. sphseroidea, Spach. (White Cedar.) Branchlets compressed, 
crowded, distichous ; leaves ovate, imbricated in 4 rows, with a roundish giand 
on the back ; anther cells 2 under each scale ; cones small. — Swamps, 
Florida, and northward. April. — A middle-sized tree with fibrous bark, 
and light durable wood. Branches spreading. Cones 3" - 4 '' in diameter, 
borne on short scaly stalks. 

7. TAXODIUM, Richard. Cypress, Bald Cypress. 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile aments small, in a long drooping spiked pan- 
icle. Scales peltate. Anther cells 2-5, opening lengthwise. Fertile aments 
single or by pairs, with the peltate scales 2-ovuled. Cone globular. Scales 
very thick, angular, slender-stalked, separating at maturity. Seeds 3-angled, 
wingless. Cotyledons 6-9, linear. — Trees, with distichous deciduous leaves. 

1. T. distichuna, Kich. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, on very 
numerous short and slender deciduous branchlets, linear, acute, 2-ranked or 
imbricated. (Cupressus disticha, L.) — Ponds and deep swamps in the lower 
districts. Feb. - March. — A very large tree, with pale smoothish bark, light 
durable wood, and few fastigiate branches at the summit. ].eaves 4'' -6'' 
long. Cones f'-l'in diameter. Attached to the roots are hollow conical 
knobs called Cypress-Knees. 

8. THUYA, Tourn. Arbor-Vit^. 

Flowers monoecious. Aments small, terminal. Anther cells 4, with a scale- 
like connective. Carpellary scales imbricated in four rows, with two erect 
ovules at the base. Cone oblong, the few scales imbricated, expanding at 
maturity, persistent. Seed winged. Cotyledons 2, oblong. — Trees or shrubs, 
with scale-like imbricated persistent leaves. 

1. T. OCCidentalis, L. (Arbor-Vit^.) Branches flat, distichous; 
leaves ovate, obtuse, with a gland on the back, imbricated in four rows ; 
cones oblong, nodding, with the outer scales oblong, obtuse ; seeds broadly 
winged, emarginate at each end. — Rocky banks on the mountains of Caro- 
lina, and northward. — A small or middle-sized tree. Cones ^' long. 

9. TAXUS, Tourn. Yew. 

Flowers dioecious, axillary ; the sterile ones in globular few-flowered aments. 
Anther cells 3-8, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, 
scaly-bracted, consisting of a single ovule on a cup-shaped disk, which be- 
comes large and berry-like in fruit, and surrounds the nut-like seed. Embryo 
in the axis of mealy albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with scattered branches, 
linear rigid distichous leaves, and scaly buds. 

1. T. Floridana, Nutt. Leaves narrowly linear, mucronate, conspicu- 
ously petioled (about 9" long), the outer margin revolute ; fruit not abundant ; 
the fleshy disk of the seed bright red. — Low ground along the east bank of 
the Apalachicola River, Middle Florida. — A small tree 10° -20° high. 



460 CYCADACEiE. (CYCAS FAMILY.) 

10. TORREYA, Arnott. 

Flowers dicecious, axillary; tlie sterile ones in globose or oblong aments. 
Anther cells 4, inserted under the peltate scale. Fertile flowers solitary, con- 
sisting of a solitary ovule surrounded with imbricated persistent scales. Disk 
none. Seed large, ovoid, naked. Embryo at the apex of hard ruminated 
albumen. Cotyledons 2, linear. — Trees, with whorled branches. Leaves 
distichous, rigid, persistent. Buds scaly. 

1. T. taxifolia, Arn. Branclilets opposite, 2-ranked ; leaves linear, spiny- 
pointed, nearly sessile, light greeii ; sterile aments yellow, crowded ; seed 
ovoid, drupe-like. — Kich soil, along the east bank of the Apalachicola River, 
Middle Florida. March. — A middle sized tree, witii durable strong-scented 
wood, and horizontal branches. Leaves very rigid, and pungent, V long. 
Seed smooth and glaucous, similar in shape aud size to a nutmeg. 



Order 135. CYCADACE^. (Cycas Family.) 

Trees or shrubs, with simple trunks, increasing by a terminal bud, 
like the Palms, and composed of a large pith, mixed with woody 
bundles or plates, enclosed in a cylinder of woody fibre and spiral 
vessels. Leaves pinnate, coiled in the bud, like Ferns. Flowers dioe- 
cious, destitute of calyx and corolla. Sterile flowers consisting of 1- 
celled anthers inserted under the peltate scales of a cone-like ament. 
Fertile flowers consisting of naked ovules inserted under the scales 
like the sterile flowers, or on the margins of contracted leaves. Seed 
nut-like. Embryo in the axis of the albumen. Radicle ending in a 
long spiral cord. Cotyledons 2. 

1. ZAMIA, L. 

Flowers in cone-like aments, with the peltate scales inserted on all sides of 
the common rachis. Anthers numerous. Ovules by pairs, pendulous. Seed 
roundish, drupe-like. — Leaflets thickened at the base and articulated with the 
petioles, with numerous simple veins. 

1. Z. integrifolia, Willd. (Coontie.) Stem short, globular or ob- 
long ; leaves petioled, spreading, with the numerous lanceolate or linear- 
lanceolate leaflets entire, or serrate near the apex; aments oblong, obtuse, 
short-peduncled. — Low grounds, South Florida. — The stem abounds in 
starch, from which the Florida Arrowroot is obtained. 



palmte. (palms.) 461 



Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOTJS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS. 

Stems composed of cellular tissue and scattered bundles 
of woody fibre and vessels, destitute of proper pith, bark, or 
concentric layers, and increasing in diameter by the deposi- 
tion of new fibrous bundles. Leaves mostly alternate, en- 
tire, and parallel-veined, commonly sheathing at the base, 
seldom falling off by an articulation. Floral envelopes usu- 
ally by threes. Cotyledons single. 

Okder 136. PALM^. (Palms.) 

Chiefly trees, with a thick woody stem (caudex), growing by a ter- 
minal bud, pinnate or fan-shaped leaves, which are plaited in the bud, 
and a spadix of small perfect or polygajnous flowers. Sepals and 
petals 3, free or more or less united, persistent. Stamens mostly U, 
hypogynous or perigynous: anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 1-3- 
celled, commonly with a single erect orthotropous or anatropous ovule 
in each cell. Styles 1 - 3 : stigmas entire. Fi'uit a drupe or berry. 
Embryo cylindrical, placed in a cavity of the hard albumen, near the 
circumference of the seed. — Stems erect or creeping. Leaves long- 
petioled. Spadix axillary. 

Synopsis. 

* Leaves fan-shaped. 

•(- Petioles smooth. Stem simple. 

1. SABAL. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma obtuse. Flowers sessile. 

2. THRINAX. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma funnel-shaped. Flowers pedicelled. 

•I- -1- Petioles spiny or denticulate. Stem branching. 

3. SERENOA. Petioles compressed, spiny. Petals valvate. Drupe naked. 

4. RAPHIDOPHYLLUM. Petioles triangular, denticulate. Petals imbricate- Drupe 

woolly. 

* * Leaves pinnate. 

5. OREODOXA. Spadix included. Drupe single, baccate. 

6. PSEUDOPHCENIX. Spadix large, paniculate. Drupes 1-3, scarlet. 

7. COCOS. Spadix branching. Drupe very large, woody. Albumen hollow. 

1. SABAL, Adang. Palmetto, 

riower-s perfect. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-cleft. Corolla S-petalled. Stamens 6, 
liypogynous ; the filaments subulate, distinct. Anthers cordate-ovate. Ovary 
3-celled. Styles united; stigma capitate or obtuse. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe. 
Embryo dorsal. Albumen homogeneous, horny. — Stem erect or creeping. 
Leaves fan-shaped, with the divisions 2-cleft at the apex and with long thread- 
like filaments interposed. Spadix long, branching, with sheathing spathes at 



462 PALMiE. (palms.) 

the joints. Flowers rigid. Drupe globose. Sheaths of the leaves dissolved 
into a net-work ni interlaced fibres. 

1. S. Palmetto, K. «& S. (Cahbage Palmetto.) Stem erect; leaves 
cordate in onilint;, recurved at the summit, shorter than the petiole; the di- 
visions deeply cleft; spadix spreading, commonly shorter than tlie leaves; 
petals slightly united at the base ; style thick. — Low ground along the coast. 
June. — Stem 20°-40'^ high. Leaves G'^-S^long. Di'uj.e black, 4"-5"in 
diameter. 

2. S. Adansonii, Guerns. (DvirARF Palmetto.) Stem short, buried 
in the earth ; leaves circular iu outline, glaucous, longer than the petiole; the 
divisions slightly cleft at the apex ; spadix erect, much longer than the leaves ; 
petals united at the base; style thick. — Low grounds in tlie lower districts. 
June- July. — Leaves 2°-3'=' high. Spadix 3° -6° high. Drupe 4'' in diam- 
eter, black. Nut hemispherical. 

Var. ? megacarpa, Chapm. Leaves grayish green, the divisions parted 
nearly to the siimses; spadix (2" long) ascending, pro.strate in fruit; drupe 
(^' iu diameter) black; flowers not seen. — Dry rocky pine woods, Miami, 
South Florida (Garber). 

2. TnntNAX, L. f. Silver Palm. 

Flowers perfect. Calyx cup-shaped, 6-toothed. Petals none. Stamens 6 - 
12, their subulate filaments connate at the base. Anthers linear. Ovarv 1- 
celled, 1-ovuled. Stigma funnel-shaped. Drupe globose. Albumen entire, 
or lobed from the base. Embryo vertical. — Leaves fan-shaped, the divisions 
mostly destitute of interposed filaments. Spadix paniculate. 

1. T. argentea, Lodd. Stem slender; leaves circular, silvery-silky be- 
neath, the numerous divi.^ions 2-cleft, united near the base, shorter than the 
petiole ; ligule rounded; spadix much shorter than the leaves, simply panicu- 
late; flowers short-pedicelled ; stamens 9-12; drupe small; albumen 4-6- 
lobed. — Keys of South Florida. — Stem 12°- 1.5° high. Leaves 2° long. 
Spadix 1° long. Drupe 3" iu diameter. 

Var. Garberi. Stem very short; divisions of the leaves linear-strap- 
shaped, nearly entire ; drupe deep purple. — Rocky pine woods, Miami, South 
Florida. — Spadix 6' - 8' high. 

2. T. parviflora, Swartz. Stem smoothish; leaves canescent, scurfy 
beneath, glabrate, the divisions longer than the petiole, the lower third united, 
long-tapering to the 2-cleft apex ; ligule triangular ; spadix large, much 
branched ; stamens 6 ; albumen entire ; embryo nearly vertical. — Keys of 
South Florida. — Stem 10° -20° high. Leaves 2° -3° long. Drupe 2'' in 
diameter. 

3. SERENOA, Hook. f. Saw Palmetto. 

Inflorescence as in Sabal. Calyx cup-shaped, 3-toothed. Petals valvate, 
2-keeled within, connate at the base. Stamens 6. Anthers ovate, erect. 
Ovaries separate. Styles slender, united. Drupe 1 -seeded. Embryo near 
the base of homogeneous albumen. — ^^ 

1. S. serrulata, Hook. f. (Saw Palmetto.) Stem creeping, branch- 
ing; leaves circular in outline, fan-shaped, shorter than the slender spiny- 



PALM^. (palms.) 



463 



edged petiole ; the divisions slightly cleft at the apex, and without thread-like 
filaments ; spadix densely tomentose, much shorter than the leaves ; drupe 
ovoid-oblong. — Sandy soil in the lower districts. June. — Stem 4°- S'^ long. 
Leaves 2° - 4° high. Drupe black, 8" - 9" long. 

4. KAPHIDOPHYLLUM, H. Wendl. 

Flowers polygamous, crowded on the short branching spadix, sessile. Calyx 
3-parted. Petals 3, round-ovate, imbricate. Stamens 6, inserted on the base 
of the petals. Anthers linear. Ovaries 3-5. Stigma small, spreading. 
Drupes 1-3, ovoid, woolly, 1-seeded. Embryo dorsal, in homogeneous 
albumen. 

1. R. Hystrix, H. Wendl. (Blue Palmetto.) Stem short, prolifer- 
ous ; leaves circular in outline, with numerous 2 - 4-toothed divisions, on trian- 
gular rough edged petioles ; sheaths composed of oblique fibres interwoven 
with numerous erect strong spines ; spadix small, short-peduncled ; spathes 
about 4, oblong, woolly, 2-lipped ; drupe ovoid. — Loav shady woods in the 
lower districts, Florida to South Carolina. June- July. — Stem 2° -3° long, 
erect or creeping. Leaves somewhat glaucous, 3° - 4° high. Spadix 6' -12' 
long. Partial spathes none. Drupe 9''- 12" long. 

5. OREODOXA, Willd. 

Flowers monoecious, sessile, bracted. Sepals 3, imbricated, at length united. 
Petals 3, valvate. Stamens 6, 9, or 12. Ovary 3-celled. Stigmas 3, sessile. 
Drupe baccate. Embryo at the base of horny albumen. — Tall Palms, with 
long pectinate-pinnate long-sheathing leaves. 

1. O. regia, HBK. (Royal Palm.) Stem 60° -100° high; leaves 10°- 
15° long, the narroAvly lanceolate divisions acuminate, 1° long ; drupe oblong, 
dark blue. — On Roger's River, east of Caximbas Bay, and sparingly near the 
mouth of Little River, South Florida (Garber). 

6. PSEUDOPHCENIX, H. Wendl. 

Fruit stipitate, drupaceous, composed of one globose carpel, with the re- 
mains of the stigma basal, or of 2-3 carpels with the stigma lateral or cen- 
tral. Pericarp coriaceous, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed free, globular, 
erect ; hilum basal ; raphe ascending, branching ; albumen entire ; embryo 
basal. Calyx 3-toothed. Corolla 3-petalled. Stamens 6. {Wendland.) 

]. P. Sargenti, H. Wendl. Stem 20° -25° high; leaves abruptly pin- 
nate 4° - 5° long, the segments rigid, glaucous beneath, 1 2' - 1 6' long ; spadix 
branching; fruit orange-scarlet, i'-f in diameter. — -Elliott's and Long 
Keys, South Florida. 

7. COCOS, L. 

Flowers monoecious. Sepals and petals 3. Stamens of the sterile flower 
6, the filaments subulate. Sepals and petals of the fertile flower roundish. 
Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3. Nut bony, with 3 pores at the base, enclosed in 
a thick fibrous husk. Albumen hard or fleshy, hollow. Embryo basal. — 
Tall palms, with pinnate leaves, and small greenish or yellowish flowers. 



464 ARACE.E. (arum family.) 

1. C. nucifera, L. (Cocoa.) Stem 40°-G0° higli; leaves very long, the 
divisious narrowly lauceolato ; spatlie deeply grooved ; spadix long, brauch- 
iiig ; ijut very large, ovate. — South Florida, liitrqduced. 

Order 1:37. AKACE^aE. (Arum Family.) 

Chiefly acrid steniless herbs, from tuberous or creeping rootstocks, 
with entire or divided oi'ten veiny leaves, and perfect or monoecious 
flowers borne on a spadix, and commonly enclosed in a spathe. — 
Calyx and corolla wanting, or the former with scale-like sepals. 
Stamens short, hypogynous : anthers extrorse, commonly sunk in the 
thick connective. Ovary 1 - several-celled, wdth 1 - several ovules 
in each cell. ' Stigma sessile. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Embryo 
straight. Albumen mealy or fleshy, sometimes wanting. 

Synopsis. 

* Calyx and corolla none. Spadix enclosed in a spathe. Flowers monoecious. 
1- Fertile flowers numerous. Spadix free. 

1. ARIS^MA. Spadix barren above. Leaves 3 - Beveral-lobed. 

2. PELTANDRA. Spadix flowering throughout. Leaves sagittate. 

t- H- Fertile flowers solitary. Spadix adnate to the spathe. 

3. PISTIA. Free-floating aquatics. Fertile flowers solitary. 

* * Calyx manifest. Flowers perfect, 
■i- Spadix enclosed in a spathe. 

4. SYMPLOCARPUS. Spathe thick and fleshy, convolute, pointed. Spadix globular. 

Sepals and stamens 4. 

"<- -I- Spadix naked. 

5. ORONTIUM. Spadix terminating the club-shaped white-topped scape. 

6. ACORUS. Spadix attached to the side of the flattened leaf -like scape. 

1. ARIS-ffiMA, Mart. Indian Turnip. 

Spathe convolute below, dilated and commonly arched above, withering. 
Spadix covered below with monoecious or dioicious flowers (the lower ones 
fertile), elongated and naked above. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens 4 in 
a whorl, very short: anther cells 2-4, distinct, opening at the top. Ovary 
1-celled, with 5-6 erect orthotropous ovules. Stigma sessile. Fruit a 1- 
few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Hoot 
tuberous. Petioles of the commonly divided and veiny leaves elongated and 
sheathing the scape. Fruit clusters naked. 

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Wake-Robin.) Leaves two, trif ohate ; 
leaflets sessile, oblong-ovate, acuminate ; spathe tubular, dilated, and incurved 
above, acuminate, green, or variegated with white and purple, longer than the 
club-shaped obtuse often dioecious spadix. — Low rich woods. March. — 
Plant 1°- H° high. Leaflets 3' -6' long. Root depressed, rugose, intensely 
acrid. 

2. A. quinatum. Leaves single and 3-foliate, or two, and the lower 
one 3-foliate, the other subquinate ; leaflets elliptical, acute ; spathe acute ; 



ARACE^. (arum family.) 465 

spadix slender, tapering to the obtuse apex. — Shaded rich soil on the moun- 
tains of Georgia and North Carolina. May. — Plant 2° -3° high. Root 
depressed. Leaflets 4' -6' long. Mowers dioecious. 

3. A. Dracontium, Schott. (Dragon-koot.) Leaf solitary, pedately 
9 - 13-foliate ; leaflets petioled, entire, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate ; spathe 
tubular (green), concave and erect above, much shorter than the very slender 
spadix. — Rich woods. March -April. — Plant 1°-H°high. Berries numer- 
ous on the flat rachis, 1 -3-seeded. 

2. PELTANDRA, Raf. Arrow Arum. 

Spathe convolute, persistent at the base. Spadix wholly covered by the 
monoecious flowers. Calyx and corolla none. Anther cells 5-6, embedded 
in the thick peltate connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary 1 -celled, 
with several orthotropous ovules. Berry I - 3-seeded. Seed gelatinous, Avith- 
out albumen. Embryo large. Plumule conspicuous, curved. — Stemless 
marsh herbs from a tuberous rhizoma. Leaves sagittate, with the petiole 
sheathing the base of the thick scape. Fruit-clusters enclosed in the persist- 
ent base of the spathe.- 

1. P. undulata, Raf. Leaves several, oblong, acute, the lobes obtuse; 
spathe green, lanceolate, acute, convolute, longer than the cylindrical spadix ; 
berries green, in a globose cluster, 1-seeded. — Marshes and wet i)laces. 
April - May. — Plant 1° high. Spathes 2' - 4' long. 

2. P. alba, Raf. Leaves few, oblong, acuminate, glaucous, the lobes ob- 
tuse ; spathe oval, white, half convolute above the green persistent base, twice 
or thrice the length of the spadix ; berry 1-seeded, crimson. — Sphagnous bogs 
along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May -June. — Plant 12' -15' 
high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Spathe 2' - 3' long. 

3. PISTIA, L. 

Spathe tubular at the base, spreading above, united with the spadix. 
Flowers few, monoecious, the upper ones staminate and supported by a cup- 
shaped involucre ; the fertile solitary. Calyx and corolla none. Anther cells 
3-8, opening transversely. Ovary 1 -celled, with several erect orthotropous 
ovules. Style thick : stigma disk-like. Berry few -many-seeded. Embryo 
at the apex of the albumen. — Small free-floating aquatic herbs, with fibrous 
roots, and entire clustered spreading leaves, with the flowers in their axils. 

1. P. spathulata, Michx. Leaves arranged in a circle, wedge-obovate, 
abruptly contracted into a short petiole, wath the nerves projecting beneath 
(lamelliform) ; stem copiously rooting at the joint ; spathe short-peduncled, 
white. — In still water, East Florida, and westward. — Leaves V-4' long. 

4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. 

Spathe hooded-shell-form, acuminate, fleshy, early decaying. Spadix ped un- 
cled, globose, covered with the perfect flowers. Sepals 4, hooded, berry-like 
in fruit. Corolla none. Stamens 4 : anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. 
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style pyramidal, 4-angled ; stigma minute. Berries 
with the sepals united in a mass. Seeds globose, without albumen. Embryo 

30 



46G LEMXACE^. (l)UCKWEED FAMILY.) 

thick and fleshy. — Perennial garlic-scented lierbs, from a deep and thick 
rljizoina, with lai-ge stout-petioled veiny leaves, and nearly sessile spathes, ap- 
pearing befoi'c tlie leaves. 

1. S. foetidus, Salisb. Leaves iliiii, ovjil, cordate, short ])oti()l('(l ; spathe 
ovate, incurved, spotted with j)iii-]ilc ami v<-llo\v; sjtadix dull ])iii'])l(', much 
shorter than the spathe, eidarged in I'ruiL. — Bogs and swamps, Nijrth C'aro- 
lina, and northward. Feb. -March. — Leaves l°-2°long. Spathe 2' -4' 
long. Spadix in fruit 2' -3' in diameter. Seeds aljout the size of a pea. 

5. ORONTIUM, L. Golden-Clli',. 

Spathe none. Spadi.x cylindrical, co\'ered with the yellow perfect fl(jwers. 
Sepals and stamens 4-6. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1- 
celled, with a single amphitropous ovule. Stigma minute, .sessile. P>uit 
green. Seed without albumen. Embryo thick and fleshy. — A perennial 
acjuatic herb, with oblong long-petioled leaves, and a yellow erect spadix ter- 
minating the club-shaped scape. 

1. O. aquaticTim, L. Ehizoma deep, fleshy; leaves acute, nerved, on 
stout terete jjetioles ; scape terete, thickened upward, white beneath the spadix, 
sheathed below, commonly curved. — Ponds and .sloAV-flowing streams. 
March -April. — Leaves about 1° long. Scape l°-2° long. Spadix l'-2' 
long ; the upper flowers mostly tetrandrous. 

6. ACORUS, L. Calamus, Sweet Flag. 

Scape flattened, leaf-like, with the lateral sessile spadix covered with the 
perfect flowers. Spathe none. Sepals and stamens 6. Corolla none. Fila- 
ments slender : anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled, opening transversely. Ovary 
2-3-celled, with several orthotropous suspended ovules in each cell. Stigma 
minute. Fruit dry, gelatinous within, 1 -few-seeded. Embryo in the axis of 
the albumen. — Perennial herbs, from a creeping aromatic rhizoma. Leaves 
erect, long, flattened, 2-edged. Scape leaf-like, elongated above the spadix. 

1. A. Calamus, L. — Wet places, apparently introduced. April. — 
Rhizoma rather slender, pungent. Leaves l°-2° high, linear-lanceolate. 
Scape narrower than the leaves. Spadix cylindrical, yellowish, 2'' - 3' long, 
spreading. 



Order 138. LEMNACE^^E. (Duckweed Family.) 

Minute aquatic floating plants, with lenticular proliferous stems 
(fronds), and usually simple roots, pendent from beneath. Flowers 
monoecious, mostly from a marginal cleft of the stem. Spathe mem- 
branaceous, pitcher-shaped, bursting into two unequal lobes, soon van- 
ishing, commonly enclosing two sterile flowers, which are reduced to 
single slender filaments bearing a 2-celled anther, and a single sessile 
1-celled ovary, which forms in fruit a 1 - 7-seeded utricle. Embryo 
straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. 



TYPHACE^. (cat-tail FAMILY.) ' 467 

1. LEMNA, L. Duckweed. 

Spathes marginal, 3-flowered. Anthers opening transversely. Stigma 
funnel-form. Ovules erect from the base of the cell. — Stems increasing by 
lateral buds. Roots terminating in a calyptra-like appendage. — The flowers 
of these plants are seldom seen. 

§ I. Root single : ovule solitary, half anatropous, or ortJiotropous. — Lemna. 

1. L. trisulca, L. Frond thin, lanceolate-oblong, denticulate near the 
apex, slender-stiped, compoundly proliferous, mostly in threes, 1-nerved, 3"- 
9^' long ; seed half anatropous. — Mountains of North Carolina ? 

2. L. Valdiviana, Philippi. Fronds short-stiped, oblong, thin, faintly 
1-nerved, commonly in groups of 4-8, V -9/' long ; utricle long-ovate, about 
half as long as the frond, pointed by the long style ; seed orthotropous, apicu- 
late; albumen scanty. — Ponds, etc., Florida, and northward. 

3. L. minor, L. Stems pale, round-obovate, flattened, single or variously 
clustered ; root single ; ovule solitary, half anatropous ; seed horizontal. — 
Fools, ditches, etc., Florida, and northward, probably intermixed with L. per- 
pusilla, Torr. — Stems T'- 2" long. 

§ 2. Roots several, clustered : ovules 2, anatropous. — Spirodela. 

4. L, polyrhiza, L. Stems roundish or obovate, flat and j^ale above, 
convex and dark purple beneath, clustered ; roots numerous, clustered ; ovules 
2. — Ponds, Florida, and northward. — Less common than the preceding. 
Stems 2" -4" long. 

2. WOLFFIA, Horkel. 

Spathe central, 2-flowered. Anther 1-celled, opening lengthwise. Stigma 
depressed. Ovule oblique, orthotropous. Utricle globular. Albumen thin. 
— Fronds without roots or nerves, coarsely cellular, proliferous. 

1. W. Columbiana, Karsten. Very minute, roundish, lenticular, deep 
green, with a' thin appendage at the base. — Floating with Lemna on still 
water. 

2. W. gladiata, Hegelm. Frond ribbon-shaped, curved or falcate, 
gradually narrowed to the obtuse apex, thin and transparent, 2'' - 4'' long, 
\" wide. — Floating in dense mats In ponds, Cedar Keys, Florida, 



Order 139. TYPHACE^E. (Cat-tail Family.) 

Simple-stemmed marsh herbs, with elongated strap-shaped nerved 
leaves, and monoecious flowers, on a globular or cylindrical spadix, 
destitute of floral envelopes, but enveloped in copious pappus-like 
hairs or scales. Spathe bract-like or none. Anthers single or 2 - 4 
together, on long and slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, with a single 
"suspended anatropous ovule. Style slender. Fruit nut-like. Em- 
bryo straight in copious albumen. — Sterile spadix placed above the 
fertile, continuous or distant. 



468 K^AIADACEiE. (POXDWEED FAMILY.) 

1. TYPHA, Tourn. Cat-tail. 

Flowers densely crowded on a long cylindrical terminal spadix, enveloped 
in copious pappus-like hairs; the sterile ones sessile on the upper part of the 
spadix, tlie fertile on slender stalks. Style filiform : stigma lateral. — Stems 
straight, from a tliick rliizoma, clothed below with the sheathing bases of the 
elongated linear loaves. S])athes bract-like and deciduous, or none. 

1. T. latifolia, L. Stem terete, jointed below ; leaves nearly as long as 
the stem, erect, fiat, reticulated and somewhat glaucous ; sterile and fertile 
portions of the spadix contiguous, cylindrical. — Margins of ponds and rivers, 
Florida, and northward. July -August. — Stem 4° -6° high, scape-like 
above. Leaves about 1' wide. Spadix^ about 1° long. — T. angustifolia, Z., 
if found witliin our limits, may he known by narrower leaves wliich are chan- 
nelled near the base, and by the interval which separates tlie sterile and fer- 
tile portions of the spadix. 

2. SPARGANIUM, L. Bur-reed. 

Flowers densely crowded in globular lieads, surrounded by several scales 
like a calyx ; the upper heads sterile, naked, the lower fertile and commonly 
bracted. Ovary sessile, pointed by the sliort persistent .<<tyle. Stigma lateral 
— Marsh or aquatic plants, with erect stems, and long strap-shaped sessile 
leaves, the lowest sheathing. Heads of flowers scattered. 

1. S. simplex, Huds. Leaves flat, obtuse, the upper concave and clasp- 
ing, the lower sheathing ; heads scattered, the lowest larger and pistillate, the 
others staminate ; scales wedge-shaped ; stigma subulate, simple. — Ponds and 
ditches. July. — Stem 1° - 2° high. Heads 6" - 10" broad. 



Order 140. NAIADACE^E. (Poxdweed Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with slender jointed leafy immersed stems, and per- 
fect or monoecious or dioecious flowers, destitute of floral envelopes, or 
with scale-like sepals. Stamens 1 - 4 : anthers 1 - 4-celled. Ovary 1- 
celled, forming a 1-seeded achenium in fruit. Stigmas 1-4. Seed 
without albumen. Embryo straight, curved, or coiled. — Leaves 
sheathing, or with sheathing stipules. Flowers commonly enclosed 
in a spathe. 

Synopsis. 

* Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 

1. NAIAS. Stigmas 2 -4. Flowers naked. Leaves opposite or whorled. 

2. ZOSTERA. Stigmas 2. Flowers enclosed in a spathe. Leaves alternate. 

3. ZANNICHELLIA. Stigma single, peltate. Ovaries 4, from a cup-like involucre. 

4. THALASSIA. Flowers dioecious. Sepals 3 Anthers 9, sessile. 

* * Flowers perfect. 

5. RUPPTA. Fruit long-peduncled, umbellate. Calyx and corolla none. 

6. POTAMOGETON. Fruit sessile, spiked. Calyx 4-leaved. 



NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 469 

1. NAIAS, L. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, axillary, sessile, destitute of calyx and 
corolla. Sterile flower monaudrous, enclosed in a spathe. Anther 4-celled, 
opening at the apex, the filament lengthening. Fertile flower naked ; the 
sessile ovary pointed with the slender style. Stigmas 2 - 4, subulate. Ovule 
erect. Achenium minute. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior. — Stems fili- 
form, forking. Leaves opposite or whorled, linear, dilated into a short sheath 
at the base. Flowers solitary, minute. 

1. N. flexilis, Rostk, Stem immersed (l°-2° long); leaves 3 in a 
whorl, narrow-linear, membranaceous, spreading, minutely denticulate on the 
margins, the lower ones often remote ; stigmas 3 - 4 ; achenium elliptical, 
acute, smooth, yellowish. — In ponds and still water, South Carolina, and 
northward. July -August. — Leaves about V long. 

2. N. microdon, A. Braun. Stem (6'- 12' long) almost capillary, very 
leafy throughout; leaves opposite, approximate, spreading or recurved (2'^- 
4" long) ; achenium narrowly spindle-shaped, finely reticulated, brownish. — 
Fresh or brackish water along the coast. West Florida. July - August. 

3. N. maj or, All. Stem muricate ; leaves broadly linear, serrate-dentate, 
with muricate teeth, the sheaths entire ; flowers dioecious ; anthers 4-valved ; 
style very short ; stigmas 3 ; achenium elliptical, obscurely reticulate. — South 
Florida. 

2. ZOSTERA. L. Eel-geass. 

Flowers monoecious, naked ; the sterile and fertile ones alternately arranged 
on the anterior edge of a flattened membranaceous spadix, and enclosed in 
the sheath-like base of the leaves. Anthers oblong, 1-celled, filled with fine 
filaments instead of pollen grains. Ovary fixed near the apex, containing a 
single pendulous orthotropous ovule, and pointed with the subulate persistent 
style. Stigmas 2, capillary. Utricle bursting irregularly. Seeds striate. 
Cotyledons iuflexed-curved, received in a longitudinal cleft of the embryo. — 
Marine herbs, with creeping stems, and narrowly linear obtuse and elongated 
sheathing leaves. 

L Z. marina, L. Stem slender, terete, jointed ; leaves thin and tender, 
faintly 3 - .5-nerved ; flowers in two rows on the linear spadix. — Deep salt- 
water coves. West Florida, and northward. August -Sept. 

3. ZANNICHELLIA, L. 

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Sterile flower consisting of a solitary naked 
filament bearing a 2 - 4-celled anther. Fertile flower from the same axil, com- 
posed of 2-6 sessile 1-celled ovaries, surrounded by a cup-shaped involucre, 
and pointed with the slender style. Stigma obliquely peltate. Ovule sus- 
pended, orthotropous. Achenium oblong, stalked. Embryo slender, coiled. 
— Submerged aquatic plants, with filiform branching stems, and very narrow 
and entire alternate leaves, w^ith sheathing stipules. 

1. Z. palustris, L. Stems tufted; leaves acute, 1-nerved; anther 2- 
celled; achenia 3-6 in a cluster, linear-oblong, commonly short-peduncled. — 
Fresh or brackish w^ater, Florida, and northward. May -August. — Stems 
\°-3° long. Leaves r-2'long. 



470 NAIADACE^. (POXDWEED FAMILY.) 

4. THALASSIA, S<;laud. 

Flowers dioecious. Spathe of the sterile Hower terminating the scape, 
2-cleft, the lobes ol)tuse. Sepals 3, ovate-oblong, obtuse, Antliers 9, sessile, 
shorter than the calyx, connivent. Fertile flowers unknown. — ^Nlai'ine herbs, 
with linear slieathing leaves surrounding the central scape. 

1. T. testudinum, Koenig. Immersed; stem creeping; leaves 1° 
lung, the outer ones withering-pursisteut. — Shallow water along the coast 
of Florida. 

5. RXJPPIA, L. DiTcii-GUAss. 

Flowers perfect, naked, two or more on a slender spadix, enclosed in the 
spathe-like sheaths of the leaves, but soon long exserted. Stamens 2, closely 
sessile: anther-cells large, distinct. Ovaries 4, sessile, containing a single 
suspended campylotropous ovule. Stigma peltate. Achenium stalked, ob- 
licjuely ovate. Embryo pointed by the sliort plumule, — Salt-water herbs, 
with filiform branching stems, and alternate linear or bristle-like sheathing 
leaves. 

I. R. maritima, L. — In shallow water, along the coast. May- August. 
— Stems immersed, l°-3° long, mostly creeping at the base. Leaves filiform, 
T- 3' long, with dilated membranaceous sheaths. Fruiting peduncles r-4' 
long, Achenium pointed, 

6. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Pondweed. 

Flowers perfect, spiked. Sepals 4, roundish, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, 
opposite the sepals : filaments short ; anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 4, sessile. 
Ovules ascending, campylotropous. Style short or none ; stigma peltate. 
Achenia 1-4, compressed. Embryo curved or coiled. — Aquatic herbs, Avith 
immersed slender and jointed stems. Leaves stipulate, alternate and opposite, 
either all immersed and commonly membranaceous, or the upper ones floating 
and more rigid. Spikes peduncled, axillary and terminal, 

* Leaves all immersed and alike, 
-•- Leaves filiform. 

1. P. peetinatus, L. Stem flexuous; the branches diffusely forking, 
distichous; leaves long, thiekish, slightly channelled, approximate on the 
branches ; stipules small, united with the long and sheathing base of the 
leaves; spikes slender, interrupted, on long filiform peduncles; achenium 
obovate, smooth, slightly compressed, keeled on the back. — Fresh or brack- 
ish water, June - August, — Stems 2° - 3° long. Leaves 3' - 4' long. Spikes 
V -^1' long. 

2, P. pauciflorus, Pursh. Stem very slender, flattened, sparingly 
branched ; leaves scattered, thin, 3-nerved, sessile ; stipules free from the 
leaves, connate, sheathing ; spikes short-peduncled, 4 - 6-flowered, globose in 
fruit ; achenium round-obovate, short-pointed, keeled and sinuate-toothed on 
the back. — Shallow ponds, Georgia, and northward, July - August, — Stem 
l°-2°long. Leaves f- 2' long. Peduncles ^'-1' long. 



NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 471 

3. P. pusillus, L. Stem filiform, slightly compressed ; leaves narrowly 
linear, acute or acuminate, bigiaudular at the base ; stipules free ; peduncles 
half as long as the leaves, 4 - 8-flowered ; achenia obliquely obovate, turgid, 
rounded ou the back; embryo hooked at the apex. — Ponds, North Carolina, 
and northward. 

-t- -i- Leaves lanceolate or cordate: stipules free, sheathing. 

4. P. perf oliatUS, L. Stem terete, branching, very leafy ; leaves ovate, 
cordate, clasping, obtuse, many-nerved, those at the branches and peduncles 
opposite ; spikes lateral and terminal, oblong, densely many-flowered, on 
stout peduncles 2-3 times as long as the leaves ; achenium obliquely obovate, 
rounded ou the back, short-pointed. — Fresh or brackish water. West Florida, 
and northward. July - Sept. — Stems 1° - 2° long. Leaves 6"" - 8" long. 

5. P. lueens, L. Stem branching ; leaves short-petioled, oblong-lanceo- 
late, mucronate-acute ; stipules long, connate ; peduncles stout, longer than 
the leaves ; achenia roundish, compressed, slightly 3-keeled. — Lakes and 
ponds, Florida (?), and northward. 

6. P. Zizii, Mert. & Koch. '? Stems sparingly branched ; leaves lanceo- 
late, acute, contracted and sessile at the base, pellucid, 5 - 9-nerved, wavy on 
the margins; stipules (white) connate, rounded on the back; spikes cylindri- 
cal, many-flowered, on stout peduncles shorter than the leaves ; achenium 
(immature) oval, compressed, rounded on the back, short-pointed. — Fresh 
water, Apalachicola, Florida. August. — Stems 2° -3° long. Leaves 2' -3' 
long. 

* * Leaves of two forms; the immersed ones thin and pellucid, the floating ones 
long-petioled and somewhat coriaceous. 

7. P. amplifolius, Tuck. Stem simple, floating ; leaves (mostly absent) 
large, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acutish, long-petioled ; the submerged ones 
lanceolate, undulate ; stipules very long, pointed ; peduncles stout, fruit 
obliquely obovate, bluntly keeled. — Ponds on the mountains of Georgia, and 
northward, 

8. P. Pennsylvanicus, Cham. Stem slender, branching; floating 
leaves opposite, thin, elliptical or oblong-linear, on filiform petioles ; immersed 
leaves long, sessile, linear or lanceolate ; stipules connate, 2-ribbed ; peduncles 
thickened upward; spikes narrowly cylindrical; achenium smooth, slightly 
keeled on the back. — Shallow ponds. North Carolina, and northward. July. 
— Floating leaves l'-2' long. Immersed leaves 4' -6' long. 

9. P. hybridus, Michx. Small; stems very slender, branched ; float- 
ing leaves lanceolate or elliptical, commonly acute at each end, shining and 
strongly impressed-nerved, longer tlian the filiform petioles; immersed leaves 
filiform, scattered ; spikes oval or oblong, short-peduncled ; achenium nearly 
circular, concave on the sides, rugose or tuberculate, and 1 - 3-ridged on the 
back ; embryo coiled. — Shallow ponds. June - August. — Floating leaves 
6''-8'' long, commonlv 5-nerved. 



472 ALISMACEiE. (wATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 



Order 141. ALISMACE^.. (Water-Plantaix Family.) 

JVIarsh herbs, usually with creeping runners or rootstocks, nerved 
and reticulated sheathing leaves, and scape-like steins, bearing the 
perfect or monoecious flowers in spikes or whorled racemes. — Sepals 
and petals 3, or the latter sometimes wanting. Stamens few or nu- 
merous: anthers 2-celled. Ovaries 3 or many, with 1-2 anatropous 
or campylotropous erect ovules. Style short or none. Acheniuin co- 
riaceous, 1-2-seeded. Embryo straight or curved, without albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. JUNCAGINEvE. Sepals aiid petals (when present) green- 
ish. Ovule anatropous. Embryo straight. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN. Leaves rush-like. Flowers in spiked racemes. 

Suborder II. ALISMEiE. Petals white, deciduous. Ovule campylo- 
tropous. Embryo curved or hooked. 

2. ALISMA. Flowers perfect. Achenia whorled. Racemes compound. 

3. ECHINODORUS. Flowers perfect. Achenia clustered in a head. 

4. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious. Achenia clustered in a head. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. 

Flowers perfect, in a spiked raceme. Sepals 3. Petals 3, and greenish, 
like the sepals, or none. Anthers 3-6, nearly sessile, oval. Ovaries 3 - 6, 
united around a central axis, from which they separate at maturity, 1-ovuled. 
Stigmas plumose. Embryo straight. — Leaves rush-like, fleshy, 2-ranked. 
Flowers small, bractless. 

1. T. triandra, Michx. Leaves erect, hnear-subulate, semi-terete, di- 
lated at the base and sheathing the base of the terete scape ; flowers numerous, 
on short pedicels ; sepals oval, deciduous ; petals none ; anthers and ovaries 3 ; 
fruit globose-triangular, pointless, when dry 3-Aviuged by the compressed 3- 
ribbed achenia ; embryo oblong. — Salt marshes along the coast. August - 
Sept. — Scape and leaves ^°- 1° high. 

2. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain. 

FloAvers perfect in a whorled panicle. Sepals 3. Petals 3, involute in the 
bud, deciduous. Stamens 6- 12. Ovaries numerous in a simple w^horl. Style 
short. Acheuium 1-seeded, 2 -3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous. Leaves 
mostly oval or cordate, nerved, shorter than the scape. Flowers wiiite. 

1. A. PlantagO, L. Leaves long-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, 
rounded or cordate at the base, 3 - 9-nerved ; panicle large, lax, the whorled 
branches and elongated filiform pedicels bracted at the base; achenia obtuse, 
15-20 in a whorl. — Ditches and margins of ponds in the upper districts. 
July - August. — Leaves 2' -4' long. Panicle 1° -2° long. 



ALISMACE^. (water-plantain FAMILY.) 473 

3. ECHINODORUS, Ricliaid. 

Flowers perfect. Sepals 3. Petals 3, imbricated in tlie bud, witliering. 
Stanieus few or numerous. Ovaries few or many, imbricated, forming ribbed 
achenia in fruit, usually beaked with the persistent style. — Herbs, with peti- 
oled nerved leaves. Heads mostly bur-like. 

1. E. parvulus, Engelm. Small; leaves lanceolate or spatulate, com- 
monly shorter than tbe 1 - G-flowered scape ; pedicels mostly clustered, re- 
curved in fruit; stamens 9; achenia few, obovate, flattened at the sides, and 
surrounded with 5 prominent ribs, beakless. — Margins of shallow ponds, 
Florida, and westward. July- August. — Scapes r-4' high. Achenia black 
and shining. 

2. E. rostratus, Engelm. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, 
.5-nerved, about as long as the petiole ; scape rigid, longer tlian the leaves ; 
w^horls few ; pedicels erect or spreading ; sepals ovate, sliorter than the oval 
bur-like head; stamens 12; achenia numerous, strongly 3-ribbed on the back, 
beaked. — South Florida, and westward. — Scape simple, 3' - 8' high, or occa- 
sionally 2° high and paniculately branched. Leaves l''-2' long. Flowers 5" 
wide. 

3. E. radicans, Engelm. Leaves large, long-petioled, ovate, cordate or 
truncate at the base, 7 - 9-ribbed ; scape long, prostrate, rooting, and proliferous ; 
whorls several, remote ; pedicels spreading or recurved ; stamens about 20 ; 
heads globose ; achenia very numerous, short-beaked, ribbed and slightly den- 
ticulate on t^he back. — Swamps. July -Sept. — Scape 2° -4° long. Leaves 
3' -8' long. Flowers 8''- 12" wide. 

4. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-grass. 

Flowers monoecious, racemose, the upper ones sterile. Sepals 3, persistent. 
Petals 3, imbricated in the bud, withering. Stamens few or many. Ovaries 
crowded in a globular head. Achenia flat, membranaceous, winged. — Marsh 
or aquatic herbs, with scape-like stems, and variously shaped nerved and 
reticulated sheathing leaves, which are often without a blade. Flowers white, 
commonly three in a whorl from the axils of persistent bracts. 

* Filaments long and slender. 

1. S. lancifolia, L. Tall; leaves erect, rigid, from broadly to linear 
lanceolate, acute at each end, pinnately nerved, on long and stout petioles ; 
scape longer than the leaves, often brandling above; pedicels of the sterile 
flowers slender, longer than those of the fertile ones ; bracts and sepals ovate, 
obtuse, granular-roughened ; stamens numerous, with hairy filaments ; achenia 
obliquely obovate, wing-keeled, strongly beaked. — Lakes and rivers, Florida 
to South Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. — Scape 2° - 5° high. Leaves 
1°- 2° long. Flowers 1'- 1^' wide. 

2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Leaves mostly sagittate, acute or obtuse, 
varying from linear to broadly ovate, smooth, or rarely, like the scape, bracts, 
and sepals, pubescent ; bracts acute ; flowers mostly large ; pedicels of the 



474 ALISMACE^. (WATER-PLAXTAIX FAMILY.) 

sterile flowers twice as long as those of the fertile ones ; achenia obovate 
beaked ; filaments smooth. (S. sagittifulia, hastata, pubescens, etc. of authors.) 

— Marshes, ditclies, etc. July -Sept. — Scape 1° - 3° higii, angled. Leaves 
2'- 12' long. 

-* * FUaine.nts short, thickened at the base. 

3. S. heterophylla, I'ursh. Scape weak ; leaves linear or lanceolate, 
and acute at cacli end, or elliiitical, and obtuse or sagittate at the base; bracts 
obtuse; sterile flowers on long and slender pedicels; the fertile ones nearly 
sessile; aciieuia narrowly obovate, long-beaked. — Schurlock's Spring, West 
Florida, Tennessee, rare. — Leaves 2' -4' hjiig. Scape few-flowered, the low- 
est whorl only bearing fertile flowers. 

4. S. graminea, Micli.K. Scape slender, commonly prostrate in fruit, 
simple or branched ; leaves linear or lanceolate, acute at each end, 3-nerved, 
erect, the earliest mostly destitute of a blade; bracts membranaceous ; flowers 
small, all on long filiform pedicels ; stamens 10- 12, hairy at the base ; achenia 
obovate, wing-keeled, beakless. — Shallow ponds in the pine barrens, May- 
Oct. — Scape 10'- 15' high, usually longer than the leaves. 

5. S. filiformis, J. G. Smith. Leaves filiform, bladeless ; scape filiform, 
much branched, 2° -3° long; whorls 6-10, remote; fertile flowers 1-2; 
stamens 7 ; mature achenia not seen. — A(|uatic, floating in Stillwater, Florida 
and Alabama {J. G. Smith). 

6. S. macrocarpa, J. G. Smith, Leaves linear4anceolate ; scape simple, 
10'- 12' high ; whorls 3-5 ; bracts ovate, connate ; fertile flowers 1 -3 ; sta- 
mens about 12; achenia oblong-obovate, broadly winged, short-beaked, the 
sides even. — Margins of ponds. South Carolina {Curtis). 

7. S. teres, Watson, Leaves terete, mostly bladeless ; scape simple, 6'- 
15' high, few-flowered ; bracts ovate, obtuse ; fertile flowers 1 - 2 ; stamens 1 2 ; 
achenia round-obovate, short-beaked, crenately crested on the back and sides, 

— Shallow water. South Carolina {Smith), and northward. 

8. S. natans, Michx. Small ; leaves floating, ovate-oblong or elliptical, 
obtuse at each end or the lowest slightly cordate, 5- 7-nerved, about as long 
as the few-flowered scape ; bracts membranaceous, acute ; pedicels of the fer- 
tile flowers stouter than those of the sterile ones, recurved in fruit ; stamens 
7 or 8 ; achenia obovate, 3-ribbed on the back, short-beaked, — ShalloAv ponds 
and streams, Florida to South Carolina, June - Sept. — Scapes 3' - 6' long. 
Leaves l'-2' long. 

Var. lorata, Chapm. Leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, without a blade, nerve- 
less ; scapes floating or erect ; fl.owers sometimes dioecious ; achenia conspicu- 
ously beaked, pimpled. — Brackish water, along the coast. May - Sept. — 
When growing in deep water the floating scapes are 2° - 3° long ; when on 
muddy banks, only 3'- 5' high. 

Var. pusilla. Still smaller (l'-3' high) ; leaves linear or subulate, 
mostly with a short blade, longer than the 2-9-flowered scape. — With the 
preceding. 



HYDROCHAEIDACE^. (fROG'S-BIT FAMILY.) 475 



Order 142. HYDKOCHARIDACE^SE. (Frog's-bit 
Family.) 

Aquatic herbs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers, from a mem- 
branaceous spathe. Sepals and petals 3, or the latter wanting, distinct 
in the sterile flower, united into a tube in the fertile, and coherent 
with the 1 - 9-celled ovary. Stamens 3 - 12. Ovules numerous, as- 
cending, orthotropous. Stigmas 3-9. Fruit indehiscent, many- 
seeded. Embryo straight, without albumen. 

Synopsis. 

* Ovary 1-celled. Stigmas 3-5. 
L ELODEA. Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Spathe sessile. Stamens 9. Leaves short, 
opposite or whorled. 

2. VALLISNERIA. Flowers dioecious. Spathe peduucled. Stamens 3. Leaves long, 

linear. 

3. HALOPHILA. Flowers dioecious, axillary. Leaves opposite. Marine herbs. 

* * Cells of the ovary and stigmas 6-9. 

4. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers monoecious. Stamens 6-9, mouadelphous. Leaves cordate 

petioled. 

1. ELODEA, Michx. 

Flowers diceciously polygamous, enclosed in the bud in a 2-cleft axillary 
sessile spathe. Sterile flowers minute. Sepals and petals 3. Anthers 9. 
Fertile flowers pistillate or perfect. Sepals and petals united into a very 
long and slender 6-parted tube. Stamens 3-6, perfect or sterile. Ovary 1- 
celled, with three parietal placentae, few-ovuled. Style capillary, aduate to 
the tube. Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed, exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous. — 
Perennial herbs, with elongated filiform branching immersed stems, and 
small and very numerous opposite or whorled leaves. Fertilization effected 
by the sterile flowers breaking away from the stem, and expanding at the sur- 
face among the floating stigmas. 

1. E. Canadensis, Michx. Stem much branched; leaves 3-4 in a 
whorl, sessile, varying from linear to elliptical, 1 -nerved, pellucid and mi- 
nutely serrulate. — In sloAv-flowing streams and ponds. Cherokee, North 
Carolina ( Curtis), and northward. July - August. — Leaves 3'' - 6" long. 

2. VALLISNERIA, Micheli. Tape-grass. 

Flowers dioecious. Sterile flowers numerous, minute, crowded on a spadix, 
which is enclosed in an ovate 3-leaved short-stalked spathe. Cnlyx 3-parted. 
Corolla none. Stamens 3. Fertile flowers solitary, enclosed in a tubular 
spathe, and borne on a very long and mostly spiral scape. Sepals and small 
petals 3, united and coherent with the cylindrical 1-celled many-ovuled ovary. 
Stigmas 3, each 2-lobed. Seeds numerous, fixed to three parietal placentae. 
— Aquatic herbs, with creeping stems, and elongated strap-shaped leaves. 
Fertilization effected mostly as in Elodea. 



47G BURMAXNIACE/E. (bUKMAXXIA FAMILY.) 

1. V. spiralis, L. — Slow-flowing streams and pouds. July - Sept. 
2/ — Plant creeping, proliferous. Leaves obtuse, 5 - 9-nerved, sharply serru- 
late, l°-3°long, 6"- 12''' wide. Scape of the sterile flowers l''-4'lung; of 
the fertile, spiral, 2° -5° long. Fruit 1' -3' long, often curved. 

3. HALOPHILA, rii.MKirs. 

Flowers dioecious, axillary, solitary. l'(;riaiitli 2-k'a\('(l. Stamens 3, mon- 
adelphous ; anthers 1-celled. Ovaiy l-(;(!llcd, with numerous parietal ovules. 
Style long, filiform ; stigmas 3 -5, ])eiiicil]ate. Capsule indehiscent. Seeds 
glol)ular. Fml)ryo in coitions all)umen. — Marine herljs, wilh cree]jing stems, 
and opposite pellucid stipulate leaves. 

1. H. C?) Engelmannii, Ascherson. Stem filiform, much branched; 
leaves, seemingly whorled at the end of the branches, linear-oblong, 3-nerved, 
sharply serrulate (T or less long); flowers and fruit unknown. — Muddy 
coves along the west coast of Florida. 

4. LIMNOBIUM, Ricliard. 

Flowers monoecious, from a membranaceous mostly sessile spathe, peduncled. 
Sterile spathe entire, 2-3-flowered; the fertile 3-leaved, 1-flowered. Sepals 
and petals 3, united in the fertile flower, and coherent with the ovary. Sta- 
mens 6-12, monadelphous: anthers linear. Ovary 6— 9-celled, with as many 
central placentae, forming a many-seeded berry in fruit. Stigmas 6-9, each 
2-parted. — A floating aquatic herb, with copious pendent root.s, long-petioled 
round-cordate and many-nerved leaves, and small white flowers. 

1. L. Spongia, Richard. Stems extensively proliferous ; leaves purplish 
beneath, and with air-cells near the base ; sterile peduncles tender, soon van- 
ishing; the fertile commonly short and thick, recurved in fruit; petals ob- 
long, alternating in the fertile flower with a pair of minute sterile filaments. 
— Still water, Florida, and northward. July - August. % — Leaves 2' - 4' 
wide. 



Order 143. BURMAN:N'IACE^. (Burmaxxia Family.) 

Small herbs, with filiform stems, scale-like leaves, and regular per- 
fect tiowers. — Sepals and petals united to form a tubular unequally 
6-cleft corolla-like perianth, with the tube coherent with the 1- or 3- 
celled many-ovuled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6, inserted on the tube of 
the perianth : anther cells separate, 2-lobed, opening crosswise. Style 
slender : stigmas 3, dilated. Placentae 3, central or parietal. Capsule 
many-seeded. Seeds minute, with a loose or reticulated testa. 

1. BURMANNIA, L. 

Tube of the perianth mostly 3-angled or 3-winged, withering-persistent* 
the three interior lobes smaller. Stamens 3, very short. Ovarj- 3-celled, 
with three thick 2-lobed central placentae. Stigmas globose, dilated or 2- 



ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) . 477 

lobed. Capsule splitting at the apex into three valves. — Radical leaves 
crowded and grass-like, or none ; those of the stem minute, scale-like. Flow- 
ers racemose or clustered. 

1. B. biflora, L. Stem simple, or forked above, 1 - several-flowered ; 
leaves subulate, scattered ; perianth blue, broadly 3-winged ; seeds oblong, 
striate. — Grassy or mossy margins of swamps and ponds, Florida to North 
Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stem T - 5' high. In this and the following species 
the seeds escape through irregular lateral fissures. 

2. B. capitata, Chapm. Stems setaceous, simple; leaves subulate, 
scattered ; flowers several in a terminal cluster, white, tinged with blue ; peri- 
anth wingless ; seeds linear-oblong, spirally striate. — Low pine barrens, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. Sept. - Nov. — Stems 2' - 6' high. 

2. APTERIA, Nutt. 

Perianth terete, tubular-bellsliaped, with the 3 interior lobes smaller. Sta- 
mens 3, very short ; the filaments flat and orbicular at the apex : anthers 
closely adhering to the globose stigmas. Ovary 1-celled, with three 2-winged 
parietal placentae. Capsule obovate, splitting from the base into three valves, 
which remain attached to the apex of the persistent placentte. Seeds ovoid. 
— A small perennial herb, with subulate bract-like leaves, and scattered nod- 
ding flowers. 

1. A. setacea, Nutt. — Deepshady woods, along the margins of swamps, 
Florida, Georgia, and westward. Sept. -Oct. — Stem purple, simple or 
branched, 2' - 8' high. Leaves scattered. Flowers few, distant, on nodding 
pedicels. Perianth white, 5" long. 



Order 144. ORCHID ACEiE. (Orchis Family.) 

Perennial herbs, with simple stems, from thick fibrous or tuberous 
roots, nerved leaves, and irregular often showy flowers. — Perianth 6- 
parted, united below with the 1-celled ovary ; the three outer divisions 
(calyx) and commonly two of the inner ones (petals) similar in form ; 
but the third, posterior, or, by the twisting of the ovary, anterior one 
Qahellum or lip) differs from the others in form, and often bears a 
spur or prominence at the base beneath. Stamens 3, united with the 
style into a column, one or (in Cypripedium) two only bearing a 2- 
celled anther. Pollen grains cohering in 2, 4, or 8 waxy or powdery 
masses (polUnid). Capsule with three parietal placentae, splitting at 
the sides into three valves. Seeds very numerous, minute, covered 
with a loose membranaceous testa. Albumen none. — Plants mostly 
smooth and more or less .succulent. Leaves almost always alternate, 
sheathing and entire. Stems leafy or scape-like. Flowers bracted, 
solitary, spiked, or racemed, and remarkable for their various and sin- 
gular forms. 



478 ORCHTDACE^. (oilCHIS FAMILY.) 

Synopsis. 

I. Antliers solitary, fixed to the apex of the column like a lid, deciduous. 

Tribe I. MALAXlDKylC. Pollen in smooth waxy masses, without stalks or connect- 
ing tissue. — Roots tuberous. 

* Stems leafy. 

1. MICROSTYLIS. Lip cordate or sagittate. Column minute, 2-toothed at the apex. 

2. LIPARIS. Lip entire. Column elongated, incurved, margined at the apex. 

* * Stems sheatlied. 

3. CORALLORHIZA. Spur of the lip short and adnate to the ovary. Root branching, 

toothed. 

4. APLECTRUM. Lip spurless. Root of two solid connected tubers, bearing a single leaf. 

Tribe II. EPIDKNDKE^. Pollen in smooth waxy masses connected by elastic 
tissue. 

5. EPIDENDRUM. Pollen masses 4. Claw of the spurless lip adnate to the column. 
C). TIPULARIA. Pollen masses 4. Lip free, spurred. Stem sheathed. 

7. BLETIA. Pollen masses 8. Lip free, hooded, spurless. 

8. HEXALECTRIS. Pollen masses 8. Lip free, obovate, 5-G-crested, 3-lobed. Stem 

leafless. 

Tribe III. VANDE.^. Pollen in smooth waxy masses, fixed by an elastic stalk to the 
gland of the stigma. 

9. DENDROPHYLAX. Pollen masses 2. Lip with two long spreading lobes. Epiphytes. 

10. POLYSTACHYA. Pollen masses 4. Petals smaller than the sepala. Epiphytes. 

11. CYRTOPODIUM. Pollen masses 2. Petals and sepals equal. Terrestrial. 

Tribe IV. ARETHUSE JE. Pollen in loose powdery masses. Lip crested. 

12. CALOPOGON. Pollen masses 2, bipartible. Column incurved, winged at the apex. 

13. POGONIA. Pollen masses 2. Column wingless, club-shaped. 

14. ARETHUSA. Pollen masses 4. Column petal-like. Root a solid tuber. 

15. VANILLA. Pollen masses 2. Stem climbing. Flowers in axillary racemes. 

II. Anther solitary, adnate to the column, erect, persistent. 
Tribe V. OPH R YDE^^ . Anther adnate to the apex of the column, the cells separate. 
Pollen cohering in numberless waxy grains, which are collected by elastic tissue into 
a large mass, and attached to a gland of the stigma by an elastic stalk. Lip spurred. 

16. ORCHIS. Anther cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma covered with a com- 

mon hood-like fold of the stigma. 

17. GYMNADENIA. Anther cells contiguous, parallel. Glands of the stigma naked. 

18. PLATANTHERA. Anther cells diverging from the base. Glands of the stigma naked. 

19. HABENARIA. Anther cells diverging. Glands naked. Throat of the stigma furnished 

with variously shaped appendages. 

Tribe VI. NEOTTIE^. Anther attached to the back of the column, parallel with 
the stigma ; the cells approximate. Pollen powdery. 

* Pollen masses 2. 

20. SPIRANTHES. Lip nearly entire, clasping the column, obtuse. 

21. GOODYERA. Lip sessile, entire, contracted above the middle, slender-pointed. 

22. PHYSURUS. Lip sessile, dilated above. Column very short. Stem leafy. 

23. LISTERA. Lip 2-cleft. Stem with a pair of ovate opposite leaves. 

* * Pollen masses 4. 

24. PONTHIEVA. Claws of the petals and lip adnate to the column. 

III. Anthers two, fixed beneath the lateral lobes of the column. 
Tribe VII. CYPRIPEDIE^. Column appendaged by the petal-like sterile stamen. 

25. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lip large, inflated. Leaves large, plaited. 



ORCHIDACE.E. (orchis FAMILY.) 479 

1. MICROSTYLIS, Nntt. Adder's Mouth. 

Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals filiform. Lip cordate or sagittate, entire 
or nearly so, sessile. Column minute, 2-tootlied at the apex. Anther lid-like. 
Pollen masses 4, collateral, united bj pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from 
bulbous roots. Stem 1 -2-leaved, sheathed below. Plowers racemed or spiked, 
minute, greenish. 

1. M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Leaf solitary' near the middle of the 
5-angled stem, ovate, clasping ; raceme short, with the unexpauded flowers 
crowded in a globular head, elongated in fruit ; pedicels slender, much longer 
than the flowers ; lip auricled at the base, 3-toothed at the apex. — Low shady 
woods, Plorida, and northward. July- August. — Stem 4' -8' high. Leaf 
P-2' long. Flowers ^" wide. 

2. M. Floridana, Chapm. Leaves 2, near the base of the 3-angled 
stem, unequal, ovate, or elliptical, sheathing ; raceme slender, acute, elongated 
iu fruit, many-flowered ; pedicels longer than the floAvers ; sepals oblong, 
spreading, with the margins revolute; petals reflexed, twisted; lip round- 
auriculate-cordate, abruptly narrowed and entire at the apex, depressed at the 
sinus; capsule oblong or obovate. — Wet shady woods, Florida. July -Au- 
gust. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves P-4' long. Flowers 1" wide. 

2. LIPARIS, Eichard. Twayblade. 

Sepals spreading. Petals linear or filiform, spreading or reflexed. Lip 
entire, flat, often with two tubercles above the base. Column long, semi- 
terete, incurved, margined at the apex. Pollen masses 4, collateral, united 
by pairs at the apex. — Low herbs, from bulbous roots. Leaves 2, sheathing 
the base of the scape-like stem. Flowers racemed, greenish or purplish. 

I. L. liliifolia, Richard. Leaves elliptical, obtuse, sheathed at the base; 
scape 3-angled, 10-20-flowered, longer than the leaves ; sepals linear, whitish ; 
petals filiform, reflexed, yellowish ; lip large, wedge-obovate, concave, abruptly 
pointed, brownish purple. — Low shady woods and banks in the upper districts. 
June- July. — Scape 5'- 10' high. Leaves 2'- 4' long. Lip ^' long. 

• 3. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Coral-root. 

Sepals and petals alike, oblong or lanceolate, connivent. Lip clasping the 
base of the straight 2-edged column, spreading and concave above, 2-ridged 
near the base, spurless, or with the spur adnate to the ovary. Anther lid-like. 
Pollen masses 4, incumbent. — Low dull-colored leafless herbs, with coral-like 
roots, sheathed stems, and racemose flowers. 

1. C. multiflora, Nutt. Root branching, toothed; stem stout, 9'- 1.5' 
high; racemes many-flowered, the bracts small, rounded; sepals and petals 
purplish brown, 3" long, the whitish lip 3-lobed, spotted ; spur prominent, ad- 
nate. — Shady Avoods, Tennessee, and northward. July. — Raceme 1 - 30- 
flowered. 

2. C. Odontorhiza, Nutt. Root pinnately branched and toothed ; stem 
slender above; sheaths 3, elongated; racemes 10-15-flowered ; sepals and 
petals erect, lanceolate; lip entire, distinctly clawed, oval, with two rido-es in 



480 ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 

the throat, white spotted with purple; tlie margins crenulate below the mid- 
dle and involute above; capsule oval, nodding. — Shady woods. Feb. - 
March. — Stem 8'- 16' high. Lip 4" long. 

3. C. micrantha, Cliajjin. Koot tootlied ; stem low, rigid; sheaths 2, 
abruptly pointed; raceme 6- 12-flowered ; flowers very small (T'- 1^" long), 
erect ; sepals and petals nearly equal, lanceolate, erect ; lip short-clawed, en- 
tire, denticulate on the margins, without teeth or ridges, shorter than the 
sepals, white spotted with jjurple ; capsule oljovate, nodding. — Shady woods, 
Florida and Georgia. August - Sept. — Stem 3' - 6' high. 

4. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Putty-uoot. 

Sepals and i)etals alike, linear-oblong, erect. Lip spurless, short-clawed, 
3-lobed and 3 ridged at the throat. Column straightish, cylindrical. Anther 
lid-like, slightly lateral. Tollen masses 4. — Root tuberous, proliferous, very 
glutinous within, first bearing a single large plaited petioled leaf, which is 
persistent through the winter, and afterward a 3-sheathed scape, with a raceme 
of yellowish flowers at the summit. 

1. A. hiemale, Nutt. — Rich woods, chiefly in the upper districts. April - 
May. — Leaf oval, many-nerved, 4'-6' long. Scape 12'-ir)' high, 10-1.5- 
flowered. Sepals and petals tipped with brownish purple. I<ip whitish, 
spotted, the middle lobe rounded and crenulate on the margins. Capsule 
refiexed. 

5, EPIDENDRUM, L. Tree Orchis. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal and alike, widely spreading. Lip with the 
claw wholly or partly adnate to the elongated margined or winged column, 
entire or parted, mostly rigid or tubercled on the face. Spur none, or ad- 
nate to the ovary. Column prolonged at the apex into a toothed or fimbriate 
cup. Anther lid-like, somewhat 4-celled. Pollen masses 4, lenticular, stalked. 
— Stemless herbs, from a tuberous or creeping rhizoma, clinging to the bark 
of trees by thick matted roots. Leaves sheathing, rigid, perennial. Scape 
sheathed or bracted, bearing a raceme of greenish and purplish flowers. 

1. E. COnopseum, Ait. Scape few - many-flowered ; leaves 1 - 3, cori- 
aceous, lanceolate, acute, spreading ; bracts subulate, the lowest somewhat 
leafy ; sepals spatulate, obtuse, with revolute margins ; petals linear-spatulate, 
obtuse ; lip 2-tubercled at the base, 3-lobed, the lateral lobes rounded and 
crenulate, the middle one notched at the apex, the claw wholly adnate to the 
slightly margined column. — On various trees, but chiefly on ]\Iagnolias, Flor- 
ida to South Carolina. August. — Scape 2'- 8' high. Leaves V-3' long. 
Flowers 4'' - 5" long, green tinged with purple. 

2, E. Tampense, Lindl. Scape tumid at the base, 5 - 7-flowered ; 
leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, abruptly pointed ; bracts short, ovate ; sepals and 
petals spatulate-lanceolate, acute; lip 3-parted, 2-crested in the middle; the 
lateral lobes oblong, acute ; the middle one wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, 
the claw partly adnate to the 2-winged column. — South Florida — Scape 1° 
high, invested with numerous short whitish sheaths. Leaves 4' -5' long. 
Flowers 8'' long. 



ORCHIDACE.E. (orchis FAMILY.) 481 

3. E. eochleatum, L. Stem tuber-like, ovate-lauceolate, 2-edged, scaly, 
2 leaA'ecl ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, as long as the few-flowered scape ; 
flowers racemose, short-bracted ; sepals and petals greenish, broadly linear, 
recurved ; lip much shorter, purple, entire, cordate-roundish, cochleate, acute, 
2-callous at the base. — South Florida {Garber). — Stem 1° high. Leaves 1' 
wide. Flowers T - 1 ^' long. 

4. E. umbellatum, S^vartz. Stem leafy; leaves oblong, obtuse (2' - 3' 
long); flowers umbellate, greenish; bracts ovate; sepals oblong ; petals lin- 
ear; lip reniform-roundish, obscurely 3-lobed, veiny, 2-callous at the base; 
column denticulate. — Miami, South Florida (Garber). — Stem 6'- 12' high. 
Flowers e'' - 8'' long. 

5. E. nocturimin, L. Stems leafy ; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse ; 
flowers 1-2, terminal, white or yellowish, long-peduncled ; petals large, lin- 
ear, acuminate; lip 3-cleft, the lateral lobes ovate-oblong, the middle lobe 
longer, linear-setaceous. — With the preceding. — Stem 1°- 2° high. Leaves 
2' - 5' long. Flowers 1^' - 2^' long. 

6. TIPULARIA, Nutt. 

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading. Lip long-spurred, 3-lobed the lateral 
lobes short and triangular, the middle lobe linear. Spur filiform, ascending. 
Column slender, wingless. Anther lid-like. Pollen masses 4, stalked, waxy. 
— Root tuberous, proliferous, first producing a single ovate leaf, on a sheathed 
petiole, afterward a slender sheathed scape, ending in a long raceme of nu- 
merous greenish flowers. 

1. T. discolor, Nutt. — Shady banks, chiefly in the upper districts. 
August. — Scape about 1° high. Leaf l'-2' long, acute, somewhat plaited 
and many-nerved, purple beneath. Flowers small, nodding, bractless. Spur 
about V long. 

7. BLETIA, Ruiz & Pavon. 

Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, spreading. Lip spurless, jointed, 
3-lobed, crested on the face. Column free, elongated, semi-terete. Anther 
lid-like, fleshy. Pollen masses 8, by pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, 
becoming powdery. — Scape from tuberous rootstocks, sheathed or scaly, 
many-flowered. Leaves narrow, plaited. Flowers sj)icate or racemose, mostly 
showy. 

1. B. vereeunda, Swartz. Scape lateral, sheathed, many-flowered; 
leaves mostly 3, lanceolate; flowers dark green, I'wide; sepals lanceolate, 
acute, longer than the obtuse petals ; lip saccate at the base, dark brown 
within, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle one wavy-crenulate, 
purplish, crested ; column stout, half as long as the sepals ; anther appendaged 
on the back ; capsules pendulous. — Low pine barrens, South Florida. Oct. 
— Scape 2"^ high. Leaves 1 2' - 1 8' long, 

8. HEXALECTRIS, Raf. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal. Lip not saccate, 3-lobed, 5-6-crested. 
Pollen masses 8. — Scape leafless, sheathed. Flowers large, in a terminal 
»pike, purplish. 

31 



482 ORCIIIDACE.E. (orchis FAMILY.) 

1. H. aphyllus, Kaf. Scape stout, terete, tapering into the many- 
flowered spike ; sheaths several, short, tlie upper ones passing into the ovate 
acuminate bracts; flowers spreading, brownish, strijjed with purple; sepals 
and petals oblong-lanceolate, oblique; lip concave, eniargiiiate, with a6-ridged 
crest along the middle, the lateral h)I)es erect. — Kich shaded soil. July- 
August. — Root consisting of horizontal, jointed tubers. Scape 1°- H° high- 
Perianth J' long. 

9. DENDROPHYLAX, Reichenbach, f. 

Sepals and petals sj^rcading Lip erect, .3-lo])ed, the lateral lobes small 
angular, the middle one with 2 widely spreading lobes. Spur very long, fili- 
form. Column short. Pollen masses 2. — Epi]>hytes, Scape leafless, in ours 
bearing a single large white flower. 

1. D. Lindenii, Keichenl)ach, f. Scape filiform (3'-4' long); sepals 
and petals lanceolaLo ; segments of the middle lobe of the lip lanceolate curved, 
attenuate ; capsule stipitate, oval smooth. — On Oreodoxa regia. South Flor- 
ida ( Curtiss), 

10. POLYSTACHYA, Hook. 

Two upper sepals broad, gibbous, connivent. Petals small. Lip jointed, 
sessile, 3-lobed. Anthers lid-like, free. Pollen masses 4, hemispherical, 
waxy. — Epiphytes. Stem leafy near the base. Flowers small, in simple or 
compound racemes. 

1. P. luteola, Hook. Stem (1°- 2° high) tuberous at base, longer than 
the few lance-oblong rigid leaves; raceme compound; flowers greenish yel- 
low ; the lip obovate, oblong, downy within, the lateral lobes small, the middle 
one broad and recurved — On various trees, South Florida. 

11. CYRTOPODIUM, R. Br. 

Sepals and petals alike, spreading. Lip clawed, continuous with the base 
of the column, incurved, 3-lobed. Pollen masses 2 the short stalk linear. 
Gland ovate. — Terrestrial. Scape sheathed, separate from the leaves. Flow- 
ers racemose or panicled. 

1. O. punctatTim, Lindl. Scape tall; leaves broadly lanceolate, 
strongly 3-ribbed {\Y wide) ; flowers in a simple panicle (6''- 8''' long) •, bracts 
leafy, lanceolate, undulate, spreading; sepals and petals greenish Avhite, 
spotted ; middle lobe of the lip emarginate. — Miami, South Florida ( Garher). 

2. C. Woodfordii, Lindl. '? Scape more slender (2° -3° high); leaves 
rigid, linear-lanceolate (1° long); racemes rather closely flowered (2' -4' 
long) ; flowers small, shorter than the linear bracts ; sepals and petals green ; 
lip crestless, the middle lobe cuneate-oblong : capsule erect. (Bletia vere- 
cunda, 1st edit, in part.) — Low sandy pine barrens, Florida. 

12. CALOPOGON, R.Br. 

Sepals unequal, the two lateral ones broader and oblique. Lip (by the un- 
twisted ovary) brought to the upper or inner side of the flower, dilated at the 
apex, bearded on the face, and narrowed into a hinge-like claw. Column 



ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 483 

long, incurved, winged at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, sessile. Pol- 
leu masses 2, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid tuber, sheathed at the base, 
bearing below the middle a single narrow sheathing leaf, and terminated with 
a loose spike of showy flowers. 

1. C. pulehellus, R. Br. Scape 2-8-flowered; leaf linear-lanceolate ; 
flowers large, mostly approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals ovate, shorter 
than the lanceolate obtuse petals ; lip broadly obcordate ; filaments of the 
crest decurrent on the claw, the lower ones purple and united ; ovary straight, 
2-3 times as long as the lanceolate-subulate bracts. — Swamps. June. — 
Scape li° - 2° high. Leaves 6' - 12' long. Flowers T - IJ' wide. 

2. C. pallidus, Chapm. Scape IO-20-flowered; leaf linear; flowers 
scattered, white tinged with purple ; lateral sepals oblong, shorter than the 
linear-lanceolate acute petals ; lip wedge-obovate ; filaments of tlie crest mostly 
united and purple at the base ; ovary straight, scarcely longer than the subu- 
late bract. — Wet pine barrens, West Florida, near the coast, to Korth Caro- 
lina. May. —Scape 1°-H° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Flowers 9"- 12' 
wide. 

3. C. parviflorus, Lindl. Scape 3-6-flowered; leaf linear; flowers 
approximate, bright purple ; lateral sepals oblong, longer than the oblong- 
lanceolate obtuse petals ; lip wedge-obovate, emarginate, winged at the base ; 
filaments of the crest all yellow and distinct ; ovary curved, four times as 
long as the ovate-acuminate bract. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. March -April. — Scape 6'- 12' high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers 
8"- 10" wide. 

4. C. multifiorus, Lindl. Scape 7 - 14-flowered; leaves mostly two, 
linear, rigid ; flowers approximate, deep purple ; lip wedge-shaped, pointed, 
winged at tlie base, bearded in the middle with uniform filiform hairs ; sepals 
and petals ovate, acute. — South Florida. — Plant 1° high. Leaves 3' -5' 
long. Flowers of the size of the preceding. 

13. POGONIA, Juss. 

Sepals and petals alike, or the former narrower and elongated. Lip mostly 
crested and 3-lobed. Column club-shaped, wingless. Anther lid-like, stalked. 
Pollen-masses 2, powdery. — Stems erect from thick fibrous or tuberous roots, 
sheathed at the base, few-leaved, 1- or few-flowered. Leaves alternate or 
whorled. Flowers nodding, showy. 

* Sepals and petals nearhj alike, erect. 

1. P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Root fibrous; leaves 2, sessile, lanceo- 
late, the upper one terminal and smaller ; flower mostly solitary, terminal, 
sessile, pale rose-color; sepals lanceolate, as long as the oval or oblong petals ; 
lip spatulate, flat, yellow-crested, fimbriate on the margins, longer than the 
petals, and twice as long as the thick column. — Swamps. April -May. — 
Stem 6'- 12' high. Flowers Y long. 

2. P. pendula, Lindl. Root tuberous; leaves several, short, alternate, 
ovate, clasping ; flowers 3 - 7, axillary, long-peduncled, drooping, whitish ; 
sepals and petals lanceolate, acute ; lip spatulate, somewhat 3-lobed, rough- 



484 ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 

enecl but not crested, rather shorter tlian tlie petals, longer than the column. 
— Rich shady woods, Middle Florida, and northward. July -xVugust. — 
Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves 6" - 9" long. 

* * SejHils {brown) linear, spreadinf/, much hnujer titan the erect petals: lip 
crested, 3-lohed. 

3. P. divaricata, R. Br. Leaves 2, sessile, lanceolate, one near the 
middle of the stem, the other smaller and bract-like at the base of the solitary 
terminal flower; sepals purplisli brown, broadly linear, and, like the flesh- 
colored lanceolate ]jetaLs, recurved at the apex ; lip half-cylindrical, wavy and 
crenulate on the margins, 3-lobed at the apex, greenish veined with purjjle ; 
crest beardless. — Swamp.s, Florida to North Carcjlina. May. — Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 2' -5' long. Sepals 1'- 1-^' long. 

4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Leaves 5, oljovate-oljlong, abrujjtly jiointed, 
whorled at the base of the solitary reddish brown flower; sepals linear, s])read- 
ing, three times as long as the erect oblong yellowish petals, and yellowish 3- 
lobed wavy lip. — Low shady wools, rare. May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 
enlarged in fruit. Flower peduncled. Sepals 2' long. 

14. ARETHUSA, Grouov. 

Sepals and petals alike and nearly equal, cohering at the base, arching and 
connivent over the column. Lip adnate to the base of the column, dilated 
and. bent downward above the middle, crested within. Column incurved, ex- 
panded and petal-like at the apex. Anther terminal, lid-like, with the cells 
approximate. Pollen masses 4, powdery. — Scape erect from a solid globular 
tuber, sheathed, bearing a single large terminal flower. 

1. A. bulbosa, L. — Bogs on the mountains of Carolina (Michaiix),SLnd 
northward. May. — Scape 6' -9' high. Sheaths 3-4, the uppermost en- 
closing a linear late developed leaf. Flower l'-2' long, 2-bracted, bright 
purple' and fragrant. 

15. VANILLA, Swartz. 

Lip adnate to the column, convolute ; perianth jointed at the base, spread- 
ing. Column naked. Pollen masses 2. — Stem climbing by rootlets. Leaves 
jointed at the base. Flowers large, in axillary racemes. Capsule pulpy 
within. 

1. V. planifolia, Andr. Stem cylindrical ; leaves fleshy, oblong, acute, 
contracted at the base (5' - 7' long) ; bracts leafy; flowers (2' long) green, 
the sepals and petals lance-oblong ; lip serrate at the apex, thickened below, 
slightly crested in the middle; capsule cylindrical (6' long). — Borders of the 
Everglades (Curtiss). 

16. ORCHIS, L. Orchis. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, arching and connivent over the column, or 
the lateral sepals spreading. Lip adnate to the base of the column, depend- 
ing, spurred at the base. Anther terminal, erect, the cells contiguous and 
parallel. Pollen-masses 2, waxy, stalked, and, with the two distinct glands, 
enclosed in a common sac or fold of the stigma. — Stem mostly scape-like, 
leafy at the base. Flowers showy, spiked. 



ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 485 

1. O. speetabilis, L. Leaves 2, obovate-oMong, about as long as the 
3 - 5-flowered 5-angled scape ; bracts lanceolate, leafy, mostly longer than the 
flowers ; sepals and petals connivent, oblong, purple ; lip white, obovate, en- 
tire, crenulate, as long as the club-shaped spur. — Rich shady woods in the 
upper districts. May. — Root of thick clustered fibres. Scape 4'- 6' high. 
Flowers 6" - 8" long. 

17. GYMNADENIA, R. Br. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals spreading, the upper, with 
the rather shorter petals, arching and connivent over the short column. Lip 
adnate to the base of the column, spurred at the base. Anther erect, the cells 
contiguous and parallel. Pollen masses waxy, fixed by a stalk to the naked 
glands of the stigma. — Stems leafy. Flowers small, spiked. 

* Ovary twisted ; the lip anterior. 

1. G. flava, Lindl. Stem slender (l°high); lowest leaf (4' -6' long) 
lanceolate, sheathing, the others (6-8) small, the uppermost passing into 
the subulate bracts of the short (T- 2' long) oblong densely many-flowered 
spike ; flowers orange-yellow ; lip ovate, slightly crenate ; spur filiform, de" 
pending, shorter than the ovary. — Open grassy swamps, Florida, and north- 
ward. July - August. 

2. G. tridentata, Lindl. Stem (9'- 12' high) scape-like above; lowest 
leaf (4' -6' long) lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a sheathing base, obtuse, the 
others small, scattered, passing into the bracts; spike (l'-2'' long) loosely 
4- 12-flowered; flowers yellowish green ; lip truncate, 3-toothed at the apex, 
longer than the petals ; spur slender, club-shaped at the apex, curving up- 
Avard, longer than the ovary. — Low shady woods in the upper districts. 

July. 

* * Ovary straight : lip posterior. 

3. G. nivea, Gray & Engelm. Stem slender (1°-1|° high) ; leaves nu- 
merous, one or two of the lower ones linear (4' -8' long), the others small and 
bract-like; spike (2^-4' long) cylindrical, loosely many-flowered; flowers 
white ; lateral sepals ovate, slightly eared at the base ; petals and entire lip 
linear-oblong ; spur filiform, ascending, as long as the white roughish ovary. 
— Pine barren swamps, Florida, Georgia, and westward. July. 

18. PLATAWTHERA, Richard. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the lateral sepals mostly spreading or re- 
flexed. Lip entire or variously lobed or divided, spurred at the base. Column 
short. Anther cells diverging. Stigma without appendages, with the glands 
naked. — Root composed of thick fleshy fibres. Stems mostly leafy. Flowers 
spiked or racemed, commonly showy. 

* Lip entire, neither toothed nor fringed. 

1. P. orbiculata, Lindl. Leaves two, at the base of the scape-like 
bracted stem, large, orbicular, fleshy, spreading on the ground, silvery be- 
neath ; flowers greenish white, in a narrow and loose raceme, longer than the 
bracts ; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, spreading, the upper orbicular; petals 



486 OKCHIDACEvE. (OKCHIS FAMILY.) 

narrower; lip linear-spatulate, entire, recurved; spur very long, club-shaped, 
curved. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina. July - August. 
— Scai)e 1°- 1^° high. Leaves 5' -8' in diameter. 

2. P. Garberi. Root a globular tuber; stem erect (l°or more high) ; 
leaves oblong-hiiueolate, widely spreading; spike loosely many-Howered ; 
perianth greenish yellow, lateral sepals broadly ovate ; petals wedge-shaped, 
truncate ; lip linear, ol)tuse, entire ; spur as long as the ovary (Habenaria, 
Porter). — Dani]) shady woods, Manatee, South Florida (Garber). 

* * Lip 3-toothed or 3-lobed : flowers spiked : stem leafy. 

3. P. flava, (jiray. Leaves 3 -4 ; the two lower ones lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate (4' -8' long), the others small and bract-like; flowers small, brown- 
ish green, in a loose and slender many-flowered spike ; sepals and petals oval ; 
lip oblong, hastate - 3-lobed, the lateral lobes short and rounded, the middle 
one crenulate at the apex and bearing a tootli-like appendage at the tliroat; 
spur club-shaped, mostly shorter than the short ovary. — Low shady banks, 
Florida, and northward. July -August. — Stem 1° high. Flowers 2" iu 
diameter. 

4. P. braeteata, Torr. Lower leaves obovate, the others smaller, lan- 
ceolate ; flowers small, greenish ; sepals and narrow petals erect ; lip ol)long- 
linear, slightly 3-toothed at the tip, longer than the obtuse sac-like spur. 
(Orchis viridis, Pursh.) — High mountains of Carolina [Pursh). — Stem low. 
Bracts large, conspicuous. 

* * * Lip undivided, fringed : flowers spiked: stems leafj. 

5. P. eiliaris, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -12' long) 
lanceolate or oblong, the upper small and bract-like ; spikes oval or oblong, 
rather loosely flowered ; flowers large, bright yellow ; lateral sepals round- 
obovate, reflexed ; petals lanceolate, incised or slightly fringed at the apex ; 
lip clawed, roundish in outline, long-fringed ; spur filiform, commonly longer 
than the long tapering ovary. — Swamps and bogs, chiefly in the pine barrens, 
Florida, and northward. August. — Stem l|°-2° high. Spike H'-2' in 
diameter. Ovary 9''- 1.5" long. Flowers 6'' -8'' wide, 

6. p. blephariglottis. Hook. Flowers usually larger, white; fringe 
of the lip shorter and coarser ; spur much longer than the ovary ; otiierwiie 
like the preceding. — Swamps. July - August. 

7. P. cristata, Lindl. Leaves numerous, the lower ones (4' -8' long) 
lanceolate, the uppermost bract-like ; spike oblong or cylindrical, densely 
flowered ; flowers small, yellow ; lateral sepals rounded, spreading, concave ; 
petals oblong, incised at the apex ; lip sessile, ovate in outline, pinnatifid- 
fringed ; spur filiform, half as long as the tapering ovary. — Bogs and 
swamps in the lower districts. August. — Stem l°-2° high. Spike V in 
diameter. Ovary .5'' - 6'' long. Flov/ers 2'' - 3" wide. 

* * * -* Lip 3-parted, fringed or denticulate : flowers in spiked racemes : 

stem leafy. 

•i- Flowers yellowish white. 

8. P. lacera, Gray. Stem slender ; lower leaves oblong, the uppermost 
small, passing into the lanceolate bracts ; raceme oblong, loosely flowered ; 



ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 487 

petals oLlong-linear, entire; lip pendent, the wedge-shaped lobes deeply 
divided into few spreading cajiillary filaments ; spar as long as the ovary. — 
Swamps and low ground in the upper districts. July. — Stem l°-2°high. 
Lower leaves 3' - 6' long. Raceme 3' - 5' long. 

-t- -^Flowers purple : Up clawed. 
I 9. P. psycodes, Gray. Stem stout ; lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, 
the upper small, passing into the linear-subulate bracts ; flowers pale purple, 
crowded in a dense oblong raceme ; lateral sepals roundish, obtuse ; petals 
obovate, minutely denticulate at the apex ; lip nearly twice as long as the 
sepals, spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes bordered with a short fringe. — 
Swamps and shaded banks, North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 
2° high. Lower leaves 3' - 6' long. Lip 2" - S" long. 

10. P. fimbriata, Lindl. Stem stout ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, a 
few of the upper ones small and lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, 
rather loosely flowered ; flowers large, pale purple ; lateral sepals ovate, 
acutish , petals oblong, denticulate on the margins ; lip twice as long as the 
sepals, spreading, the broad wedge-shaped lobes long-fringed ; spur longer 
than the ovary. — Wet meadows. North Carolina, and northward. June. — 
Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. Lip 6" - 9" long. 

11. P. peramosna, Gray. Stem stout; lower leaves oblong, obtuse, the 
upper lanceolate like the bracts ; raceme oblong, rather loosely flowered ; 
flowers large, violet purple ; lateral sepals broad-ovate ; petals round-obovate, 
minutely denticulate ; lip spreading, the wedge-shaped lobes finely toothed, 
entire, or the middle one 2-lobed ; spur longer than the ovary. — Mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high. Lip 9'' long. 

19. HABENARIA, Willd. 

Sepals nearly equal, the lateral ones reflexed. Petals unequally 2-parted. 
Lip pendent, entire, or 3-parted, spurred. Anther cells erect, separate, di- 
verging. Stigma bearing two variously-shaped appendages. Glands naked. 
Pollen masses 2, waxy, stalked, — Herbs with tuberous roots, leafy stems, and 
spiked flowers. 

L H. repens, Nutt. Root a creeping tuber; stem very leafy; leaves 
lanceolate, 3-ribbed ; spike many-flowered ; bracts lanceolate, the lower longer 
than the flowers ; lateral sepals oblong, acute, the upper one ovate, erect ; 
lower lobe of the petals capillary, longer than the linear upper one ; lip 3- 
parted, the lateral lobes capillary, the middle one filiform; spur as long as 
the ovary. — Swamps and ditches in the lower districts. August - Sept. — 
Stem 1°- 2° long. Leaves 6' -12' long. Flowers small, greenish. 

2. H. Michauxii, Nutt. Root a globular watery tuber; leaves oval or 
oblong, the upper smaller, passing into the ovate-lanceolate clasping bracts ; 
spike loosely few-flowered ; sepals ovate ; lower lobe of the petals capillary 
and twice as long as the lanceolate upper one ; lip 3-parted, the capillary 
lateral lobes longer than the linear middle one ; spur twice as long as the 
ovary. — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Florida to South Carolina. August. — • 
Stem 6'- 18' high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Spike 3'- 5' long. Flowers white. 



488 ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 

3, H. distans, Griseb. Stern leafy at base (1° high) ; leaves elliptical- 
oblong, acute (-4' - G' long) ; racemes few-flowered ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, 

• shorter tliau the ovary ; flowers distant (4'' long) ; petals 2-parted, the upper 
lobe oblong, the lower linear ; lip 3-parted, the segments linear, spreading ; 
spur as long as the ovary. — South Florida ( Curtiss). 

4. H. macroceratitiS, Willd. Stem 1°- U° high, from a single tuber ; 
leaves oblong ; spike loosely few-flowered ; Ijracts oblong, as long as the ovary ; 
lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate, the upper ovate; lower lobe of the petals Ali- 
form, twice the length of the upper ; lateral lobes of the lip filiform, longer 
than the middle one; spur 4' -5' long. — Sumter County, Florida (F. L. 
Lewton). 

20. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Twisted Orchis. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal ; the lateral sepals diverging, dilated at the 
base, tlie upper one connivent with tlie petals. Lij) clawed, concave, fur- 
nished with two callosities near the base, clasj)ing tlie short column below. 
Stigma ovate, beaked. Anther attached to the back of the column. I'ollen 
masses 2, obovate, 2-cleft, fixed to a common gland of the stigma, powdery. 
— Root composed of few clustered tubers or fleshy fibres. Stem leafy at the 
base, sheathed above. Flowers small, wliite, in a regular 1-sided or spirally 
twisted spike. 

* Flowers on all sides of the untwisted spike. 

1. S. cernua, Richard. Stem smooth below, the upper portion and thick 
crowded spike pubescent ; lowest leaves long, linear-lanceolate, the others 
bract-like and sheathing; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the 
capsule ; flowers recurved ; lip longer than the sepals, contracted above the 
middle, wavy at the recurved obtuse apex. — Grassy swamps and meadows. 
Get. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 4' -8' long. FloAvers yellowish Avhite, 
3" - 4" long. 

Var. parvifiora. Stem more slender ; leaves shorter and broader (2'- 6' 
long, 4'' - 6'' wide) ; spikes narrower ; perianth 2'' long, white. — Low shady 
woods, near Rome, Georgia. Sept. 

2. S. Storeri, Chapm. Root of four thick fibres; leaves 3-4, ovate, 
acute, short-petioled, 1'' long; scape 6' high, pubescent above; sheaths 7, free 
and acuminate at the apex; spike 2' long, loosely 12-flowered, glandular, not 
twisted ; flowers Y long, longer than lanceolate bracts; perianth IJ'' long; lip 
oblong, not recurved nor crenulate ; anther ovate. — On decaying leaves, in a 
dense hummock. Enterprise, Florida. March. (F. A. Storer.) 

3. S. simplex, Gray. Root a single tuber; stem short (6' high), with 
withered leaves at the base ; spike not twisted ; flowers very small, white, the 
lip obovate oblong, crenulate, with slender prominences at the base. — Nash- 
ville, Tennessee {Gattinger), and northward. 

* * Spikes twisted, bringing the flowers into a single straight or spiral row. 

4. S. brevifolia, Chapm. Stem pubescent above ; leaves all bract-like 
and sheathing, or the. lowest expanding into a short (1'- 2').lanceolate or linear 
early withering blade ; flowers all on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, 
horizontal, pubescent ; bracts ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the ovary ; 



ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 489 

sepals and petals equal ; lip oblong or elliptical, entire, wavy on the margins, 
recurved at the apex. — Open grassy swamps in the pine barrens, West 
Florida. Oct. - Nov. — Root of 3 fleshy fibres. Stem 1° high. Flowers 10- 
20, S" - 4" long, white. 

5. S. odorata, Nutt, Stem stout, leafy ; lower leaves from linear to 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, the others diminishing upward and passing into the 
large lanceolate acuminate bracts ; spike thick, pubescent, densely flowered, 
spiral ; bracts much longer than the ovary, the lower ones as long as the 
recurved flowers : sepals and petals equal ; lip entire, recurved, oblong, 
dilated and crenulate at the apex. — Muddy banks of rivers. Oct. — Stem 
lo-2° high. Lowest leaves 9' -15' long. Flowers yellowish white, ^ long, 
fragrant. 

6. S. prSBCOX, Wats. Stem tall and slender, pubescent above ; lowest 
leaves linear, the upper small and bract-like ; spike slender, pubescent, spiral ; 
bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the ovary ; lip oblong, entire, 
recurved and crenulate at the apex, scarcely longer than the petals. — Low 
or marshy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May, — Stem 1° - 2° high. 
Leaves 6' - 1 0' long. Flowers 3'' long, white. 

7. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Stem very slender, smooth throughout, scape- 
like ; lowest leaves (early withering) lanceolate or elliptical, spreading ; spike 
very slender; flowers small, on one side of the rachis or sparingly spiral, 
smooth ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, clasping, shorter than the capsule ; lip 
finely crenulate on the margins, recurved and acute at the apex ; anthers 
4-cleft. — LoAv ground. April - May. — Stem sheathed, 6' - 12' high. Lowest 
leaves 1'- 2' long. Flowers 1'' long. 



21. GOODYERA, R. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. 

Sepals and petals nearly equal, the two lateral sepals including the base of 
the sessile lip, the upper one connivent with the petals. Lip concave or sac- 
like, contracted above the middle into a recurved and channelled point. An- 
ther attached to the dorsal apex of the short and free column. Pollen masses 
2, entire, powdery. — Stems scape-like, from a slender creeping rootstock, 
bearing a spike of small white flowers. 

1. G. pubescens, R. Br. Scape pubescent; radical leaves thick, 
ovate, discolored and reticulated above, contracted into a spreading petiole; 
spike lanceolate, densely many-flowered, pubescent ; bracts lanceolate ; sepals 
and petals roundish ; lip sac-like, ending in a short ovate point ; stigma 
rounded. — Deep shady woods, Florida, and northward. August. — Scape 1° 
high. Leaves 2' long. Spike 2' -4' long. 

2. G. repens, R. Br. Low; scape slender, pubescent; radical leaves 
ovate or oblong-ovate, reticulated; spike slender, loosely few-flowered, 1-sided 
or somewhat spiral ; bracts linear-lanceolate ; lip sac-like, ending in an oblong 
point ; stigma 2-toothed. — Shady woods, on the mountains of North Carolina, 
and northward. August. — Scape 5'- 8' high. Leaves 1' long. 



490 oiiCHiDACEJi:. (orchis family.) 

22. PHYSURUS, Kitlmrd. 

Sepals free, the lateral spreading, tlie middle one erect, adhering to the 
petals. Lip spurred, concave toward the base, dilated above. Column very 
short. Anther dorsal, heakiid. Pollen masses 2, entire, ])owdery. 

1. P. querceticola, Lindl. Stem ascending; leaves thin, ovate or 
oblong-ovate, acute, on slender jjetioles, which are dilated, membranaceous, 
and sheathing at the base ; spike short, oblong, densely flowered ; bracts sca- 
rious, oblong-ovate, mostly shorter than the flowers ; sepals and petals oldong, 
obtuse; lip concave, ending in a broadly ovate acuminate and recurved point; 
spur pouch-like, shorter than the ovary ; stigma 2-lobed. — Low shady woods, 
Florida, and westward. August. — Plant tender, 6'- 12' high. Leaves and 
spike r long. 

23. LISTERA, R. Br. 

Sepals and petals alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip longer than the sepals, 
2-cleft. Column short. Stigma with a rounded beak. Anther ovate, attached 
to the dorsal summit of the column. Pollen masses 2, powdery. — Stems low, 
from clustered fibres, bearing two opposite sessile leaves, and a loose raceme 
of small greenish flowers. 

1. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, closely sessile; 
racema smoothish, few - several-flowered ; bracts minute; lip linear, 3-4 
times as long as the sepals, deeply 2-cleft, the divisions filiform ; column very 
short. — Wet shady woods, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. 
Leaves i' - 1' long. 

2. L. COnvallarioides, Hook. Leaves broadly cordate or roundish; 
raceme pubescent, few-flowered ; bracts half as long as the pedicels ; lip ob- 
long-obovate, 2-lobed at the apex, and 2-toothed at the base, twice as long as 
the sepals ; column manifest. — Damp mossy woods, on the mountains of 
North Carolina. July. — Stem 4' - 8' high. Leaves ^' -V long. 

24. PONTHIEVA, K. Br. 

Sepals and petals nearly alike, the two outer sepals spreading, the upper 
one connivent with the petals. Petals, like the lip, adnate to the middle of 
the column. Lip posterior, clawed, ovate, concave, spreading. Column 2- 
lobed, beaked. Anther dorsal, linear, stalked, 4-celled. Pollen masses 4, 
linear, powdery. — Low herbs, with clustered roots, chiefly broad radical 
leaves, and greenish flowers on a pubescent scape. 

1. P. glandulosa, R. Br. Leaves many-nerved, oblong, spreading, 
narrowed into a short petiole ; scape slender, many-flowered ; bracts lanceo- 
late ; lateral sepals flat. — Low shady woods, Florida to North Carolina. 
Sept. -Oct. — Scape 1°- li° high. 

25. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. 

Sepals 3, the two loAver ones mostly united into one under the lip, spreading. 
Petals narrower. Lip large, inflated, and sac-like. Column short, 3-lobed, 
the two lateral lobes each bearing a 2-celled anther on the under side, the 



CANNACE^. (CANNA FAMILY.) 491 

middle one (sterile stamen) petal-like. Pollen granular. Stigma thick, tri- 
angular. — Root fibrous. Leaves large, plaited, sheathing, llowers large, 
mostly solitary, leafy-bracted, nodding. 

* Stem leafy : sepals and petals longer than the yellow lip, the latter linear and 

twisted. 

1. C. pubescens, Willd. Pubescent; stem sheathed at the base ; leaves 
4-6, ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate ; flowers 1 - 3 ; sepals greenish, striped 
with deeper lines, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower sometimes 2-cleft at the 
apex; petals linear, spirally twisted; lip large (1'- 1^' long), laterally flat- 
tened, spotted within ; stigma triangular, obtuse. — Rich woods in the upper 
districts. May -June. — Stem 1°-1^° high. Leaves 4' -6' long. Flowers 
inodorous. 

2. C. parviflorum, Salisb. Very near the preceding, but every way 
smaller ; lip half as large, depressed above ; stigma triangular, acute ; flowers 
fragrant. — Rich woods in the upper districts. May - June. 

* * Stem leafy : sepals and petals white, flat, obtuse, not longer than the lip. 

3. C spectabile, Swartz. Pubescent ; leaves 6-7, oval, acute ; sepals 
oval or oblong, rather longer than the lanceolate petals; lip (1^' long) much 
inflated, white tinged with purple, about as long as the sepals. — Mountains of 
North Carolina. May -June. — Stem 2° high, commonly 2-flowered. Leaves 
4' -6' long. Flowers very showy. 

* * * Scape naked, l-Jfowered, 2-leaved at the base. 

4. C. aeaule, Ait. Pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse ; sepals greenish, 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, nearly as long as the linear petals, much shorter than 
the large (2' long) obovate purple and veiny lip. — Dry woods in the upper 
districts. May- June. — Scape 8' -12' high. Leaves 6' long. 



Order 145. CANXACE^. (Canna Family.) 

Perennial herbs, destitute of aroma, with alternate sheathing leaves, 
the very numerous nerves parallel, and diverging from the strong mid- 
rib, and superior irregular monandrous flowers. Sepals 3. Corolla 
6-parted ; the three exterior divisions alike, the three interior ones 
very unequal, and often variously imperfect. Stamen and stigma 
mostly petal-like. Anther 1 -celled. Ovary 1 - 3-celled, with 1 to many 
anatropous or campylotropous ovules. Embryo straight or hooked, in 
hard albumen. — Rhizoma often tuberous, and abounding in starch. 

1. THALIA, L. 

Calyx minute. Corolla tubular ; the three exterior divisions similar and 
equal; the interior unequal; the anterior one broad and hooded, the interior 
lateral one elongated and clawed, the exterior lateral one furnished with two 
bristles on one side, and partly adnate to the slender stamen on the other. 



492 AMARYLLIDACE.E. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 

Style thick, spiral : stigma perforated, 2-lippecl, the lower lip long and pendent. 
Capsule utricular, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed ovoid, erect, cani])vlotropous. 
Embryo lio<d<ed, in hard albumen. — Stemless herbs from fibrous roots. 
Scape elongated. Petioles terete, dilated and sheathing at the base. Flow- 
ers in Ijracted jjaniclcd spikes, commonly two together, and included in a 2- 
valved spathe. 

1. T. dealbata, Koscoe. Plant dusted over with a minute white pow- 
der, otherwise smcjoth ; leaves distichous, long-petioled, cordate-ovate, acute ; 
scape terete, reed like; panicle erect, dense, smooth, the branches not longer 
tlian the lanceolate deciduous bracts at their base ; spikes erect; valves of the 
spathe unequal, ovate, coriaceous ; flowers small, purple. — Ponds and marshes, 
South Carolina, and westward. June - Sept. — Scape 3° -5° high. Leaves 
6'- 9' long, on petioles l°-2° long, 

2. T. divaricata, Chapm. Plant not powdery; leaves oblong-ovate, 
acute, rounded at the base, long-petioled; panicle large, divaricate, the 
branches much longer than the linear deciduous bracts, hairy at the joints ; 
spikes 6 - 10-tlowered, zigzag, pendulous; valves of the si)athe unequal, oblong, 
membranaceous, hairy ; flowers small, purple ; seed ovoid, enclosed in a loo.se 
membranaceous pericarp. — Ponds, Apalachicola, Florida. Sej^t.-Oct. — 
Scape 5° - 10° high. Leaves 1° - 2° long. Panicle 2° - 4° wide, purplish. 

2. CANNA, L. Indian Shot. 

Sepals 3. Corolla 6-parted ; the three exterior divisions equal ; the interior 
bilabiate, with the upper lip 2-3-parted, or sometimes wanting, the lower en- 
tire. Filaments petal like. Anther marginal. Ovary 3-celled, man^^-ovuled. 
Style petal-like. Stigma marginal. Capsule covered with a dense bristly 
coat, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. Placentae central. Seeds globose, anatro- 
pous. Embryo straight in horny albumen. — Stems leafy. Leaves narrowed 
into a sheathing petiole. Flowers spiked, showy. 

1. C. flaccida, Roscoe. Stem erect from a creeping rootstock ; leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a sheathing petiole ; spike few-flowered ; 
sepals lanceolate, half the length of the tube of the funnel-shaped corolla; 
inner divisions of the corolla obovate, flaccid ; capsule few-seeded. — Aliry 
swamps, Florida to South Carolina, near the coast. June - August. — Stem 
2° - 4° high. Leaves 9' - 1 5' long. Corolla 3' - 4' long. 



Order 146. AMARYLLIDACE^. (Amaryllis Family.) 

Chiefly stemless smooth and succulent herbs, with linear leaves, 
and smooth (not scurfy or woolly) often showy flowers. — Sepals and 
petals united to form a 6-parted corolla-like perianth, imbricated in 
the bud, the tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers 
introrse. Ovules anatropous, attached to the central placentae. Style 
single. Fruit 1 - 3-celled, valvular or indehiscent. Embryo straight 
in fleshy albumen, the radicle resting on the umbilicus. 



AMARYLLIDACEiE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 493 

Synopsis. 

* Root bulbous. 

1. ZEPHYRANTHES. Tube of the perianth short, crownless. Stigmas 3, 

2. HYMENOCALLIS. Tube of the perianth elongated. Stamens connected with a cuj)- 

shaped crown. Stigma entire. 

3. CRINUM. Tube of the perianth elongated, crownless. Stigma entire. 

-* * Root tuberous. 

4. AGAVE. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers spiked. Leaves thick and fleshy. 

5. HYPOXYS. Capsule circumscissile. Flowers umbelled. Leaves grass-like. 

1. ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. 

Perianth corolla-like, bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, 6-parted, spreading 
above, naked at the throat, the tube short or wanting. Stamens free : anthers 
versatile. Style elongated, declining : stigma 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved, many- 
seeded. Seeds black, compressed or angled. — Scape erect from a coated 
bulb, ending in a 1 - 2-leaved 1 -flowered spathe. 

1. Z. Atamasco, Herb. (Atamasco Lily.) Scape terete, somewhat 
lateral, 1 -flowered ; leaves linear, concave, fleshy; spathe 1 -leaved, 2-cleft ; 
perianth short-stalked, bell-shaped, white tinged Avith purple; style longer 
than the stamens ; seeds angled. — Rich damp soil, Florida, and northward. 
March - April. — Scape 6' - 1 2' high, commonly shorter than the glossy leaves. 
Flower 2^-3' long. 

2. Z. TreatiSB, Watson. Bulb small; leaves very narrow (1|'' wide), 
thick, semiterete, Avith rounded margins, not shining; scape 4^-12' high; 
flowers 3' long, white, the segments rather obtuse ; capsule broader than long, 
its peduncle 3''- 9'' long. — Low ground. East Florida, April - May. 

3. Z. Simpsoni, Chapm. Bulbs 1' in diameter, globose ; leaves concave, 
r'- 2'' wide; scapes 1-3, slightly compressed, 9''- 12' high ; spathe entire, 
half as long as the perianth ; perianth J -J' long, pale pink, the oblong-obovate 
divisions apiculate at the rounded apex ; stamens and style equal, included ; 
ovary short-pedicelled, many ovuled. — Low pine barrens, South Florida 
{J. H. Simpson). 

2. HYMENOCALLIS, Salisb. Spider Lilt. 

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted ; the narrow divisions spreading ; the tube 
slender and elongated. Stamens united below with a cup-shaped or funnel- 
shaped variously toothed crown, exserted : anthers versatile, linear. Style 
elongated, declining : stigma entire. Capsule membranaceous, 3-celled, burst- 
ing irregularly before the maturity of the corm-like seed. — Scape from a 
coated bulb, compressed or 2-edged, bearing the large and fragrant leafy- 
bracted white flowers in a cluster at the apex. Leaves succulent. 

* Scape 6 - 1 2-Jiowered. 

1. H. OCcidentalis, Kunth. Glaucous ; leaves erect, lanceolate, 1° long ; 

scape slightly compressed and 2-edged, l|°-2° high, mostly 6-flowered ; tube 

of the perianth 3' long, about the length of the linear-lanceolate widely 

spreading divisions ; crown about half as long, the broad truncate lobes 



494 AMARYLLTDACE^. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 

coarsely tootluid. — Along streams, often in dry soil, Middle Florida to 
Tennessee. July. 

2. H. Caribsea, Herb. Leaves erect-spreading, widening upward, 2°-3° 
long, 3' wide ; scape longer than the leaves, strongly compressed, sharply 
2-edged, T-l-^'wide, 8- 12-flowered ; tube of the perianth (V long, mostly 
longer than the linear recurved divisions; crown { the length of the divisions, 
funncl-shajjcd, truncate and slightly toothed between the stamens. — Sandy 
coast, South Florida. July -August. 

* * Scape 1 -4-Jlowered. 

3. H. coronaria, Kunth. Bulb without runners ; leaves linear-strap- 
sha])e(l, Hut alxne, half-cylindrical near the base; scape solitary, green, 2- 
edged, 4-flowered ; divisions of the perianth linear, spreading, wiiite ; crown 
large, funnel shaped, with six trnncate loV)es at the stamens, and several fine 
teeth at the sinuses. — Hocky islets in the Savannah Hiver at Augusta, and 
in the Congaree at Columbia (Leconte). — Scape and leaves 2° long. 

4. H. lacera, Salisb. Bulb stoloniferous ; leaves erect, widtming upward, 
l°-l^°long, 10"- 1.5'^ wide, as long as the slightly compressed, sharply 2- 
edged, 2- (rarely 3-4-) flowered scape ; divisions of the perianth linear, spread- 
ing or recurved ; 2' -4' long, about equalling the tube, the exterior greenish ; 
crown soon bowl shaped, lobed and coarsely toothed between the stamens. 
(Pancratium rotatum, Aucf.) — Marshes and wet banks. April -May. 

Var. minor. Widely stoloniferous ; leaves 6''- 10" wide, longer than the 
2-flowered scape. (P. rotatum, var. minor, Leconte.) — Miry river banks along 
the coast of Florida. April. 

5. H. crassif olia, Herb. Bulb large, with short stolons ; leaves erect, 
strap-shaped, 2° long; scape thick, glaucous, rather longer than the leaves, 
2-flowered ; tube of the perianth, 3' -4' long, thick, shorter than the greenish 
white broadly linear spreading divisions ; crown large, funnel-shaped, one 
third as long as the divisions, coarsely toothed between the filaments. — Wet 
pine barrens, Florida. May. 

6. H. Palmeri, Watson. Bulb small ; leaves very narrow (3" wide) ; 
scape slender (8'- 10' long), 1 -flowered ; tube of the perianth as long as the 
narrow divisions ; crown tubular-funnel-shaped, sharply toothed between the 
stamens. — Biscayne Bay, South Florida [Palmer). 

7. H. humilis, Watson, Bulb larger ; leaves broader ; scape 1 -flowered, 
nearly as long as the leaves; perianth greenish, the tube much shorter than 
the narrow divisions; crown broadly funnel-shaped (8" long), truncate be- 
tween the stamens. — -Indian River, South Florida {Palmer). 

3. CRINUM, L. 

Tube of the perianth crownless at the apex. Otherwise like the preceding 
both in character and habit. 

1. C. Amerieanum, L. Leaves strap-shaped, remotely denticulate; 
scape 2 -4-flowered; flowers large, fragrant; leaves of the perianth white, 
lanceolate, shorter than the green tube ; ovules 3 in each cell, erect ; capsule 



AMARYLLIDACEtE. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 495 

globose, indehisceut ; 1 - 6-seeded ; seed large, corm-like. — Eiver swamps, 
Florida, and westward. May -Sept. — Scape l°-2° high. Perianth 6' -8' 
long. 

4. AGAVE, L. 

Perianth corolla-like, funnel-shaped, 6-parted, persistent. Stamens exserted : 
anthers linear, versatile. St} le filiform, exserted : stigma 3-angled or 3-lobed. 
Capsule coriaceous, 3-lobed, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, manj'-seeded. 
Seeds flat, black, and shining, attached to the central placentae. — Scape 
bracted. Leaves fleshy, spiny or cartilaginous on the margins. Flowers in 
simple or panicled spikes, bracted. 

1. A. Virginica, L. Stemless; leaves lanceolate, thick and rigid, spine- 
pointed, denticulate on the margins; scape simple, smooth; flowers small, 
yellowish, scattered in a simple spike ; perianth strongly nerved ; filaments 
and style spotted. — Sterile soil. July. — Scape 3° - 5° high. Leaves 6" - 1 2" 
long. Capsule globose, 3-lobed. 

2. A. rigida, Miller, var. Sisalana, Engelm. Caulescent; leaves 
(4° -6° long) liuear-lanceolate, unarmed, the terminal spine not decurrent; 
scape leafy-bracted (15° -20° high) ; panicle horizontal, the clustered flowers 
often viviparous ; corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens and style exserted, — Sandy 
coast of South Florida. 

5. HYPOXYS, L. Star-grass. 

Perianth 6-parted, persistent, the spreading divisions colored within. Sta- 
mens short, unequal : anthers erect. Ovary 3-celled, with the amphitropous 
ovules attached to the central placentae in two rows. Style short and thick : 
stigmas 3. Capsule opening transversely near the summit, the upper portion, 
with the withered perianth, falling off like a lid. Seeds globular, with a beak- 
like projection near the base. Radicle inferior. — Low pubescent herbs, from 
a tuberous root, with grass-like leaves, and a naked scape, bearing the few 
yellow flowers in a terminal bracted raceme. 

1. H. ereeta, L, Ilairy; leaves linear, channelled ; scapes 1 -4, filiform, 
2-4-flowered; bracts subulate, much shorter than the slender unequal pedi- 
cels ; divisions of the perianth oblong, greenish and hairy without, yellow 
within. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts. March -April. — 
Scapes 2' -9' long. Leaves at length much longer than the scape. Flowers 
8'' wide, 

2. H. rigida, Chapm. Villous; leaves rigid, erect, channelled, |'' - 2" 
wide; scapes 1 -6, compressed, 1 -3-flowered; perianth 4'' -8'' wide, longer 
than the stout erect pedicel ; capsule globose, few-seeded. — Low pine barrens, 
near the coast. West Florida. May. 

3. H. decumbens, L. 1 Leaves glabrous, spreading or prostrate, Z" - 
^" wide ; scapes 3-5, filiform, sparsely villous, 2-flowered ; perianth as long 
as the erect pedicel, \' wide; capsule linear-oblong, many-seeded. — River 
banks, Florida, and westward. June. 

4. H. juncea, Smith. Sparingly hairy; leaves filiform; scapes 1-3, fili- 
form, 1- 2-flowered; bracts bristle-like, shorter than the villous pedicels; 



49G Hiii:MODORACE^. (bloodwort family.) 

divisions of the perianth oblong, hairy without ; seeds black, minutely pitted. 
— Low pine barrens, in the lower districts. March -April. — Scape 4' -9' 
long, at length j>r«>cuniljent. Flowers 9"- 12" wide. 

Order 147. H^aj:MOI>ORACE^. (Bloodwort Family.) 

Perennial fibrous-rooted herbs, with leafy or scape-like stems, 
mostly equitant and sword-shaped leaves, and regular woolly or scurfy 
flowers. — Perianth tubular, 6-clef t, more or less cohering with the 3- 
celled ovary. Stamens 3 or 6: anthers adnate, introrse, 2-celled. 
Ovules mostly few, anatropous or aniphitropous, attached to the cen- 
tral placentcE. Styles 3, united, deciduous, or persistent and separat- 
ing : stigma entire. Capsule enclosed in the persistent perianth, 
loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Embryo small, in hard albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. LACHNANTHES. Perianth woolly : stamens 3 : style deciduous : flowers cymose : 

stem leafy. 

2. LOPHIOLA. Perianth woolly : stamens 6 : style persistent : flowers corymbose : stem 

leafy. 

3. ALETRIS. Perianth scurfy : stamena 6 : style persistent : flowers spiked : stem scape- 

like. 

1. LACHNANTHES. Ell. 

Perianth woolly without, 6-lobed ; with the exterior lobes smaller ; the tube 
adnate to the ovary. Stamens 3, slender, exserted : anthers linear. Style 
filiform, declined, deciduous : stigma entire. Capsule globose, 3-angled. 
Seeds amphitropous, few, thin, orbicular, concave, fixed by the middle to the 
thick globose placentae. — A leafy-stemmed perennial, with orange colored 
juice. 

1. L. tinctoria, Ell. Root red, fibrous; stem mostly simple, villous 
above ; leaves liuear-sword-shaped, smooth, the lower ones crowded and equi- 
tant, the others smaller and remote ; flowers 2-ranked, crowded in lateral and 
terminal compound Avoolly cymes, yellow within ; exterior lobes of tlie perianth 
linear ; valves of the capsule separating from the placentas ; seeds black. — 
Ponds and ditches. July - Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high. Leaves 1°- 1|° long. 
Flowers ^' long. 

2. LOPHIOLA, Ker. 

Perianth woolly without, and at the throat within, nearly equally 6-lobed, 
spreading ; the tube adnate to the lower half of the ovary. Stamens 6, slender : 
anthers oblong. Style subulate, erect, persistent and separable : stigma entire. 
Capsule ovate, coriaceous, 3-ribbed and 3-furrowed. Seeds anatropous, few, 
linear-oblong, curved, fixed at the base. 

1. L. aurea, Ker. Stem erect, finely pubescent above, mostly simple; 
lowest leaves linear-sword-shaped, acute, equitant, the others diminishing up- 
ward, remote; flowers small, yellow within, in corymbose woolly racemes. — 
Wet pine barrens, Florida, and northward. July. — Stem 2*^ high, creeping 
at the base. Leaves 4^-12^ long. Flowers 3'" long, nodding in the bud. 



BROMELIACE^. (piNE-APPLE FAMILY.) 497 

3. ALETRIS, L. Star-grass. 

Perianth tubular, scurfy and viscid without^ smooth within, 6-cleft, the 
tube adnate to the base of the ovary. Stamens 6, very short, inchided : an- 
thers sagittate. Style subulate, erect, persistent, and separable : stigmas 3. 
Capsule ovate, coriaceous. Seeds ovate, ribbed, fixed at the base. — Peren- 
nial herbs, with slender scape-like linear-bracted stems, bearing at the base a 
cluster of flat spreading leaves, and at the summit numerous small white or 
yellow flowers in a spiked raceme. 

1. A. farinosa, L. Leaves lanceolate ; spike short (3'- 12'), rigid; peri- 
anth white or yellow, cylindrical ; style slender; capsule ovate-lanceolate. — 
Low ground. May -June. — Scape 2° -3° high. Leaves 3' -6' long. Peri- 
anth 4" long. 

2. A. aurea, Walt. Leaves ovate-lanceolate; spike elongated (l°-2°), 
slender ; perianth white or yellow, globose-ovate ; style short ; capsule ovate. 
Low sandy soil. May -June. — Scape 2° -3° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. 
Perianth 2'' -3'' long. 



Order 148. BROMELTACE.3E. (Pine-Apple Family.) 

Chiefly scurfy epiphytes, with fibrous roots, rigid leaves, and regu- 
lar conspicuously bracted mostly spiked flowers. — Perianth free, or 
more or less adnate to the S-celled ovary, 6-parted, imbricated, the 
three outer divisions calyx-like. Stamens 6: anthers 2-cened, in- 
trorse. Ovules numerous, anatropous, erect or pendulous. Placentae 
central. Style single : stigmas 3. Fruit berry-like, or 3-celled, 3- 
valved capsule. Seeds stalked. Embryo small, at the base of copious 
mealy albumen. 

1. TILLANDSIA, L. Long Moss, Air Plant. 

Sepals rigid. Petals imbricated and tube-like below, spreading above. 
Stamens filiform, hypogynous. Ovary free. Style slender. Capsule linear 
or linear-oblong, cartilaginous, septicidally 3-valved, each valve separating 
into 2 plates. Seeds erect, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long and hairy 
stalk. — Radical leaves mostly crowded, imbricated. Petals fugacious. 

* Stem rigid, erect : flowers spiked. 

■i- Floivers scattered : spiTces flexuous. 

1. T. utrieulata, Leconte. Leaves scurfy and glaucous, subulate and 
recurved at the summit, very much dilated, concave and imbricated at the 
base, shorter than the rigid mostly branching stem ; the uppermost small and 
sheathing ; sepals oblong-linear, obtuse, longer than the bracts, much shorter 
than the capsule ; petals white, twice as long as the sepals; stamens exserted. 
— South Florida. June - July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. 

2. T. flexUOSa, Swartz. Scurfy (li°-2° high) ; leaves rigid (1° long), 
very broad and spirally imbricated below the middle, and crossed with lines 

32 



498 BROMELIACEiK. (PIXE-APPLE FAMILY.) 

of gray and red, al)rnptly attenuate above, the upper ones oblong, acute ; 
stem dark red, brandling, the spikes few-flowered ; capsule twice the length 
of the briglit red sepals; petals pale red. — Miami, Soutli Florida {(Jurber). 
Sept. - Oct. 

-)- -t- Flowers contifjuoiis, or distichonsly imbricated. 

■^ Laavea broad, attenuate. 

3. T. Houzeavi, Morn-n (iii(;(l.). Scui-iy (]0'-20' liigh) ; leaves rather 
tender, lanceolate-sul)ulate, concave, sjireading (8'- \-l' h>ng), tlie upper ones 
passing into the oblong acute bracts; stem mostly simple; spikes linear, 
closely many-flowored ; capsule linear, thrice the length of the lanceolate 
sei)als ; ])etals ]>:»1(; blue. — Shady river banks. South Florida. Oct. 

4. T. fasciculata, S^vartz. Leaves scurfy, concave, gradually narrowed 
upward; tlie upixiinost reduced to ovate pointed bracts ; stem longer than 
the leaves; sjjikos 3-8, compressed, 2edged, red ; bracts ovate, chjsely im])ri- 
catcd in two rows, keeled on the back, longer than the linear acute keeled 
sepals. — Soutli Fhn-ida. — Stem 2° high. Leaves l°-li'' long. Petals 
blue. 

5. T. pruinosa, Swartz. Smnll, very scurfy; leaves Ijroad and clasj)ing 
at the base, concave, imbricated, nearly equal, shorter than the spike; spike 
simple, few-flowered; bracts oblong, iml)ricated in two rows, longer than the 
sepals, and half as long as the capsule. — South Florida. — Stem stout, 4' 
high. Spike 3' -4' long, 6 - 7-flowered. Leaves 3' -4' long. Corolla pur- 
plish blue. 

■^ -M- Leaves linear or filiform. : fioicers blue. 

6. T. angUStifolia, Swartz.? Glabrate ; stem simple, 10' -If/ high, 
leaves longer than the stem, linear-filiform, recurving, the uppermost passing 
into the bracts; spikes 1 -4, 2' -4' long; bracts erect-spreading, ovate-oblong, 
rounded on the back, ^- as long as the corolla ; calyx with two of the sepals 
partly united ; stigmas fimbriate ; capsule exserted. (T. juncea, Leconte.) — 
Along the St. John's Eiver, East Florida. 

7. T. Balbisiana, Schultes. Nearly glabrous; stem slender, 1°-H° 
high, dark red, like the bracts; leaA^es exceeding the stem, linear- filiform, 
dilated at the concave loosely imbricated, bulb-like base ; spikes 1 -2, 2' -4' 
long, few-flowered ; bracts closely imbricated, cuspidate, keeled, as long as the 
calyx, and \ as long as the linear capsule. — Shady hammocks, South Florida. 
— Petals blue. 

8. T. setaeea, L. Scurfy or glabrate, csespitose ; stem drooping, 1° long ; 
leaves spreading, linear-setaceous, as long as the stem, the upper erect; spike 
single, 2 - 4-flowered, 2' - 3' long ; bracts distichous, acute, 8' - 10' long, as long 
as the calyx, and ^ as long as the capsule. — South Florida. — Clusters turn- 
ing red in sunny exposure. 

Var. tenuifolia. Stem and leaves erect, scurfy; spikes 1-4, few-flow- 
ered. (T. Bartramii, Ell.) — River swamps, in deep shade, Georgia and 
Florida. 

* * Stem branching: spikes peduncled : flowers blue. 

9. T. recurvata, L. Stems c^spitose, 3' -6' long; leaves 2-ranked, 
recurved, filiform, scurfy, 2' - 3' long ; peduncles axillary, 1 - 2-leaved, gla- 



IRIDACEiE. (iris FAMILY.) 499 

brous, 1 -2-flowered, longer than the stem; style short; stamens included. — 
East Florida, and westward. 

* * * Stems Jiliform, pendent: flowers solitary, green. 
10. T. usneoides, L. (Long Moss.) Scurfy and hoary ; stems (1°- 2° 
long) branching, spiral ; leaves 2-ranked, linear-awlshaped, recur^-ed ; flowers 
small ; peduncles lateral, shorter than the leaves, small ; sepals longer than the 
bracts, half as long as the linear recurved green petals. — Humid situations 
in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. June - 
Sept. 

2. CATOPSIS, Griseb. 

Mostly like Tillandsia, but the stigmas nearly sessile, the stipe incurved, 
and dissolved into flexuous hairs from the base, the pappus spreading from 
the hilum, and the pendulous seed ending iu a blunt coma. 

1. C. nutans, Griseb. Not scurfy; stem usually nodding (2° -3° long) ; 
leaves thin, smooth, ovate-lanceolate, attenuate, pale (10'- 15' long) ; calyx 
ovate, sessile on the flexuous branches of the simple panicle, longer than the 
ovate bracts ; sepals oblong- oval, obtuse, enclosing the white spatulate petals; 
capsule ovate. — Miami, South Florida {Garber), mostly on low trees. 



Order 149. IRIDACEIE. (Iris Family.) 

Herbs, with linear or sword-shaped equitant nerved leaves, and 
fugacious often showy flowers from a 2-leaved spathe. — Perianth 
6-parted, the divisions spreading and equal, or the inner ones smaller, 
convolute in the bud. Stamens 3, distinct or united : anthers ex- 
trorse. Ovary adnate to the tube of the perianth, 3-celled ; the 
numerous anatropous ovules fixed to the central placentae. Style 
single : stigmas 3. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. Embryo in the 
axis of fleshy albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. IRIS. Stigmas petal-like, covering the stamens : capsule angular. 

2. SISYRINCHIUM. Stigmas filiform : capsule globular : stem flat. 

3. NEMASTYLIS. Stigmas filiform, 2-partecl : stem terete. 

1. IRIS, L. Blue Flag, Flower-de-Luce. 

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted ; the exterior divisions recurved, and often 
crested or bearded within, tlie interior mostly smaller and erect. Stamens 3, 
opposite the outer divisions of the perianth, concealed by the dilated petal- 
like 2-lipped spreading stigmas. Style 3-angled. Capsule 3-6-angied. 
Seed numerous, flattened, packed in 1-2 rows in the cells. — Perennial herbs, 
with creeping or tuberous rootstocks, simple or branched stems, linear or 
sword-shaped leaves, and showy flow^ers from a scarious spathe. 
* Stems tall, leafij: divisions of the perianth unequal. 

1. I. versicolor, L. Stem nearly terete, simple or branched; leaves 
sword-shaped ; flowers terminal, single or spiked, crestless ; perianth pale blue. 



500 IRTDACE.E. (iris FAMILY.) 

variegated with white, veHow, and purple, the inflated tube shorter than the 
obtusely 3-angled ovary ; lips of the stigmas entire or slightly crenate ; capsule 
oblong, ol)tusely 3-angled. — Wet places. April - May. — Stem H° - 2° high. 
Lowest leaves l|°-2° long, 1'- 1^' wide. Perianth 2' long. 

2. I. Caroliniana, Watson. Stem slender, 2° high ; leaves thin, bright 
green; flowers in pairs; periantli lilac, veined with purple, the tul)e shorter 
than the ovary; capsule oljlong, round-angled; seeds large (4" -.5" broad), in 
a single row in each cell. — \\'i]iiiington, Noitli Caiolina ( Waf.son). — Leaves 
3° long. J'erianth 3' long. 

3. I. hexagona, Walt. Stem terete, simple ; leaves linear-sword-shaped ; 
flowers axillary and terminal, solitary, crested ; perianth deep blue, variegated 
with white, yellow, and purple; the cylindrical angular tube longer than the 
6-angled ovary; stigmas much longer than the anthers, the large lips toothed; 
capsule oblong-cylindrical, 6-angled. — Swamps, Florida to S(;uth Carolina, 
near the coast. April. — Stem 2°-3° higli. Lowest leaves 2°-3° long. 
Flowers 4' long. 

4. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem simple, furrowed and 1-angled below; leaves 
linear-sword-shaped ; flowers axillary and terminal, single or by pairs, crest- 
less, dull yellow ; tube of the perianth somewhat inflated, as long as the 6- 
angled ovary ; stigmas scarcely longer than the anthers, the lips nearly 
entire ; capsule tumid, 6-angled. — Swamps in the lower districts of Georgia 
(Elliott), and westward. April -May. — Stem 3° high. Leaves 2° long. 
Flowers 2' long. 

5. I. tripetala, Walt. Stem terete, simple, or with peduncle-like 
branches ; leaves rather short, sword-shaped, glaucous ; flowers terminal, 
solitary, crestless, blue, variegated with yellow and purple ; inner divisions of 
the perianth very short, wedge-shaped ; stigmas toothed ; capsule oval, 3- 
angled. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to Il^orth Carolina. June -July. — 
Stem l°-2° high. Leaves 1° long. Flowers 2' -3' long. 

6. I. Virginica, L. Stem slender, simple ; leaves elongated, grass-like; 
flowers 2-6, terminal, on a long and slender peduncle, crestless, blue and 
white ; ovary 3-angled, 2-furrowed on the sides, much longer than the very 
short tube of the perianth ; capsule 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, 
North Carolina to Tennessee. June. — Stem and lower leaves 2° long. 
Flowers 1-J' long. 

* * Stejns low, with sheath-like leaves : divisions of the perianth nearly equal. 

7. I. verna, L. Stem very short, concealed by the short spathe-like 
leaves, 1 -flowered ; proper leaves linear-sword-shaped, glaucous ; perianth pale 
blue, crestless, the divisions about as long as the filiform partly concealed 
tube; capsule 3-angled. — Pine barrens of the middle districts, mostly in diy 
soil, Alabama to North Carolina. April. — Leaves 5' -8' long. Limb of the 
perianth 1' long. 

8. I. cristata, Ait. Stem l -3-flowered ; leaA'es lanceolate (3'- 5' long) ; 
outer divisions of the perianth crested, much shorter than the filiform tube ; 
capsule acutely 3-angled ; otherwise like the preceding. — Mountains of Geor- 
gia and North Carolina. May. 



DIOSCOREACE^. (yAM FAMILY.) 501 

2. SISYRIWCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Grass. 

Perianth corolla-like, 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal, spreading. Sta- 
mens 3, monadelphous : anthers sagittate. Style short : stigmas 3, simple, 
filiform and involute. Capsule and seeds roundish. — Gra.'^s-like herbs, with 
fibrous roots, and scape-like 2-edged stems. Flowers small, in an umbellate 
cluster, successively developed from a rigid 2-leaved spathe. Perianth blue, 
Avith a yellow centre. 

1. S. aneeps, Cav. Stem branching and leafy above, 10'- 15' high; 
spathes two or more, long-peduncled, its leaves nearly equal. — Damp soil, 
Florida, and northward. July - Sept, 

2. S. angustifolium, Mill. Stem simple, leafless, 6' -12' high; spathe 
solitary, terminal, sessile, its leaves very unequal ; flowers and fruit larger. — 
Mostly in dry soil in the upper districts. June - August. 

3. NEMASTYLIS, Nutt. 

Perianth 6-parted, the divisions nearly equal and spreading. Stamens 3, 
distinct, with the subulate filaments much shorter than the elongated linear 
anthers. Style short, 3-lobed, with the lobes 2-parted, each division produced 
into filiform radiating stigmas. Capsule oblong, truncated. — Herbs Avith 
coated bulbous roots, linear plicate leaves, and very fugacious flowers from a 
2-leaved spathe. 

1. N. CCElestina, Xutt. Bulb small, roundish; radical leaves few, 
elongated, sheathing; those of the stem diminishing upward, the uppermost 
bract-like ; flowers mostly solitary, terminal ; divisions of the perianth oblong- 
obovate; capsule obtusely 3-angled; seeds angular, brown. — Pine barrens, 
Florida, and westward. May -June. — Stem 1^°- 2° high. Flowers bright 
blue. 

The Blackberry-Lily of the gardens (Balamcanda, Adans.) is occasion- 
ally seen spontaneous along roads and in waste ground. 

Order 150. DIOSCOREACE^E. (Yam Family.) 

Twining herbs, with tuberous roots, ribbed and reticulated leaves, 
and small regular dioecious flowers, in axillary spikes or panicles. — 
Perianth 6-parted, the tube (in the fertile flower) adherent to the 3- 
celled ovary. Stamens 6 : anthers 2-celIed, introrse. Ovules anatro- 
pous, 1-2 in each cell. Styles 3, more or less united below. Fruit 
mostly capsular, 3-6-seeded. Embryo minute, in hard albumen. 

1. DIOSCOREA, Plum. Yam. 

Tube of the perianth 3-winged. Stamens inserted at the base of the limb. 
Capsule 6-seeded, membranaceous, 3-winged, opening septicidally through the 
wings. Seeds flat, broadly winged. — leaves ]jetioled, mostly cordate and en- 
tire. Petioles tumid at the base. 



502 SMILACE.E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 

1. D. villosa, L. Stem smooth (10°- 15° long) ; leaves alternate, oppo- 
site, or wliorled, broadly cordate, acumiuate, 7 -9-iierved, smootli, or pubescent 
beneath ; flowers very small, whitish; the sterile ones in scattered clusters on 
the very slender branches of the axillary panicles; the iertile in a simple 
spike; capsule oval or obovate, strongly 3-winged, nodding. — Margins of 
swamps. July. 



Okder 151. SMILACE^:. (Smilax Family.) 

Herbs or climbing shrubs, not essentially distinct from the Lily 
Family, but with ribbed and veiny reticulated leaves, and separate 
styles or stigmas. — Leaves not sheathing, often bearing tendrils. 
Fruit baccate. 

SuBOKDER I. EUSMILACEiE. (Smilax Family.) Flowers dioecious, 
in axillary and umbel like clusters. Anthers 1-celled. Stigmas 1 -3, sessile 
or nearly so. Ovules 1-2 in each cell of the ovary, orthotropous, suspended. 
— Tendril-bearing vines. Flowers small, leaves alternate. 

1. SMILAX. Cells of the ovary 1-ovuled. Woody vines. 

2. COPROSMANTHUS. Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. Climbing herbs. 

Suborder II. TRILLIACE^. (Trillium Family.) Flowers perfect, 
terminal. Anthers 2-celled. Styles or stigmas 3. Ovules several in each 
cell of the ovary, anatropous, horizontal. — Erect herbs. Leaves whorled. 

3. TRILLIUM. Exterior leaves of the perianth calyx-like, persistent. Stem 1-fiowered. 

Leaves 3 iu a whorl, terminal. 

4. MEDEOLA. Leaves of the perianth alike, deciduous. Stem few-flowered. Leaves 3- 

7 in a whorl, lateral and terminal. 

1. SMILAX, Tourn. China Brier. 

Flowers dioecious. Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, the leaves nearly equal 
and alike, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the perianth: an- 
thers erect, 1-celled. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 -3-celled, with a single 
orthotropous pendulous ovule in each cell. Stigmas 1-3 (mostly 3), sessile or 
nearly so, slender, spreading or recurved. Berry 1 -3-celled, 1-3-seeded. 
Seeds globular or angled. Embryo minute, in horny albumen. — Woody 
and commonly thorny or prickly vines, climbing by means of a pair of ten- 
drils attached to the petioles. Leaves alternate, ribbed, and reticulate-veined, 
mostly smooth and shining. Flowers small, greenish, in stalked axillary 
clusters. ^ 

* Peduncles longer than the petioles or pedicels. 
■^ Peduncles flattened : berry black. 

1. S. tamnoides, L. Stem scurfy when young, armed with stout sub- 
ulate prickles ; branches mostly unarmed, compressed -4-angled; leaves del- 
toid-ovate, or hastate - 3-lobed, truncate or slightly cordate, rarely acute, at 
the base, .5-7-ribbed, often discolored^; the margins, ribs, and petiole smooth, 
or fringed with fine prickles: peduncles about twice as long as the petioles, 



SMILACE^. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 503 

Stigmas 1-3, mostly solitary; berry commouly l-seeded. — Swamps aud 
thickets. May. 

2. S. Pseudo-China, L. Lower part of the stem beset with numerous 
black ueedle-sliaped prickles ; branches unarmed, slightly angled ; leaves ovate 
or round-ovate, often contracted in the middle, rounded or cordate at the base, 
abruptly pointed, more or less bristly-ciliate on the margins, 5-nerved ; peduii- 
cles three times as long as the petioles, many-flowered; stigmas 3 ; berry 3- 
seeded. (S. pauduratus, Fursh.) — Woods and thickets. April -May. 

3. S. glatica, Walt. Stem armed with few and scattered prickles, very 
slender; branches terete, unarmed; leaves ovate or oval, entire, obtuse, mu- 
cronate, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, white beneath, 3 - .5-rihbed, 
the margins entire ; peduncles very slender, 2-3 times as long as the petiole, 
few-flowered; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-seeded, glaucous. (S. caduca,, W Hid.) — 
Shady margins of swamps. May. — Leaves 2' -4' long. 

-f- -1- Peduncles terete : herrij orange-yellow. 

4. S. pumila, Walt. Softly pubescent ; stem low (1°- 3° high), terete, 
unarmed ; leaves ovate or oblong, cordate, mucronate, persistent, mostly dis- 
colored and at length smooth above, pale beneath, 5-ribbed ; peduncles about 
twice as long as the petioles, rigid, dense-flowered ; stigma single ; berry ovoid, 
l-seeded. (S. pubera, Midix.) — Dry sandy soil, Florida to South Carolina, 
in the lower districts. Oct. — Rootstock creeping. Leaves 2' -4' long. 

* * Peduncles not longer than the petioles. 
-1- Berries red. 

5. S. Walter!, Pursh. Stem low, armed with few scattered prickles 
near the base, otherwise unarmed ; branches obscurely 4-angled , leaves decid- 
uous, membranaceous, varying from oblong-lanceolate to oval, mucronate, 
acute, rounded or rarely slightly cordate at the base, .5-ribbed ; peduncles flat- 
tened, as long as the petioles and pedicels; perianth rather large (S'' long), 
brownish ; stigmas 3 ; berry globular, 3-seeded. (S. caduca, Ell.) — Pine bar- 
ren ponds and swamps. March- April. — Rhizoma creeping. Leaves 2' -4' 
long. 

•*- -1- Berries black. 

6. S. laurifolia, L. Stem stout, armed with strong prickles; branch- 
lets 1 -angled, unarmed; leaves coriaceous, varying from ovate to lanceolate, 
obtuse, mucronate, 3-nerved ; stigma solitary; berry globular, l-seeded. — 
Swamps and margins of ponds. July -August. — Stem climbing high. 
Leaves 3' -5' long. Berries maturing in the autumn of the succeeding year, 
very abundant. 

7. S. auriculata, Walt, Stem commonly low and straggling, armed 
with short prickles ; branches flexuous, 4-angled ; leaves rigid, strongly 3- 
ribbed, varying from lanceolate to ovate, entire or hastate - 3-lobed, acute at 
each end; stigmas 2-3; berry small, 2 -3-seeded. —Dry sand-ridges along 
the coast. May -June. — Stem trailing, or covering small bushes. Leaves 
l'-2' long, strongly reticulated. Flowers small, very fragrant. 

8. S. rotundifolia, L. Stem climbing high, armed with scattered 
prickles ; branchlets 4-augled ; leaves thin, ovate or round-ovate, entire, ab- 



504 SMILACE^. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 

ruptly pointed, mostly rounded or sliglitly cordate at the base; peduncles few- 
flowered, llatleued ; berry 3-seeded, blue-black. — Swamps in the middle and 
upper districts. June, — Plaut yellowish green. Leaves 2' -4' long. 

9. S. lanceolata, L. Stem tall, mostly unarmed ; brauches terete ; leaves 
evergreen, rather thin, varying from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, acute at each 
end, 5-ribbe(l, jjaler beneath ; peduncle terete, as long as the petiole, manv- 
flowered; stigmas 3; berry globular, 3-seeded. — liich woods and margins of 
swamps. August. — Stem climbing high, llootstock tuberous. Leaves 3'- 
4' long. 

10. S. Havanensis, Jac(|. Branches angular, prickly; leaves coria- 
ceous, ovate or roundish, obtuse or emarginate, li'-2' long, the thick margins 
mostly prickly ; peduncles as long as the ]>etioles ; flowers small, globose in 
the bud ; berries " purple." — Coast oi South Florida (Curtis). 

2. COPROSMANTHUS, Torr. 

Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled. — Stems lierbaceous, unarmed. Peduncles and 
petioles elongated. Berry blue-black. Otherwise like Smilax. 

1. C. ecirrhatus. Stem erect (l°-3° high), mostly simple, leafy above; 
leaves few, oblong or oval, mucronate, pubescent, 5-uerved, the upper ones 
whorled, the lower bract-like ; peduncles few (3' -4' long), below the leaves; 
berry 2 -3-seeded. (Smilax ecirrhata, Watson.) — Dry fertile soil. June. 

2. C. peduneularis, Kunth. Stems curving or climbing (3°-5° long), 
branched, leafy ; leaves alternate, round-cordate, acuminate, smooth ; peduncles 
numerous, axillary (4' -6' long); berry 6-seeded. (Smilax, Muld.) — Rich 
soil in the upper districts. June. — Flowers fetid. 

3. C. tamnifolius, Kunth. Stems erect or climbing ; leaves hastate, 
cordate, obtuse, mucronate, 5-nerved, smooth, the upper ones narrower ; pedun- 
cles longer than the petioles; berry 2 -3-seeded. (Smilax, ili^cAa:.) — Pine 
barrens. South Carolina, and northward. July. 

3. TRILLIUM, L. 

Flowers perfect. Perianth 6-leaved, the three exterior leaves calyx-like, 
persistent, the interior withering. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of the 
perianth. Filaments short : anthers adnate, linear, 2-celled. Ovary 6-ribbed, 
3-celled, with numerous anatropous horizontal ovules in each cell. Styles or 
stigmas 3, slender, stigmatic within, recurved, persistent. Fruit a roundish 
6-sided many-seeded purple berry. — Low perennial herbs, with tuberous 
rootstocks, and simple mostly solitary stems, which are sheathed at the base, 
and terminated with a whorl of three broad leaves and a single sessile or pe- 
duncled showy flower. 

* Flower sessile, erect. 

1. T. sessile, L. Eootstock horizontal ; leaves sessile, broadly oval, 
widest in the middle, abruptly short-pointed, narrowed at the base, 3-5- 
nerved, variegated above Avith paler and deeper green ; petals dark purple, 
lanceolate, erect, much longer than the lanceolate spreading sepals. — Rich 
shady woods, in the uj)per districts, and northward. March -Ajiril. — Stem 



SMILACE.E. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 505 

6' -12' high. Leaves l'-3' long. Petals 10"- 15" long, rarely green or 
yellowish. 

2. T. discolor, Wray. Kootstock tuberous, vertical ; stem stout ; leaves 
sessile, varying from ovate-lauceolate to broadly ovate, tapering from near 
the base to the apex, 3 - 7-nerved, variegated above with green and brown or 
dark purple ; petals erect, oblong, obtuse, narrowed below, dark purple vary- 
ing into green, rather longer than the lanceolate, spreading sepals ; filaments 
very short, purple. — Rich woods, in the middle and lower districts. Feb.- 
March. — Stem 6' - 12' high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. Petals U' - 2' long. 

3. T. recurvatum, Beck. Stem (1° high) erect from a horizontal tuber ; 
leaves oblong-ovate, acute, contracted into a short petiole, faintly mottled ; 
petals purplish brown, erect (1^' long), linear-spatulate, twice as long as the 
lanceolate reflexed sepals ; filaments as long as the incurved anthers and the 
spreading stigmas. — Rich valleys of the mountains of Georgia. April. 

Var. 1 laneeolatum, Watson. Leaves sessile, lanceolate ; sepals less 
strictly reflexed ; petals almost linear ; filaments longer. — Georgia and Ala- 
bama, in the upper districts. 

* * Flower on an erect or declining peduncle. 

4. T. pusillum, Michx. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 
3-nerved ; peduncle erect, shorter than the spreading flower ; petals lanceolate, 
pale flesh-color, acutish, one third longer than the lanceolate obtuse sepals ; 
filaments slender, as long as the anthers ; stigmas united below into a slender 
style, longer than the filaments. — Pine barrens in the low country of South 
and North Carolina. — Stem 6'- 8' high. Leaves 1 J'- 2' long. Flower 8"- 
10" long. 

5. T. erectum, L. Leaves sessile, broadly rhomboidal, abruptly acumi- 
nate, acute at the base ; peduncles longer than the spreading flowers (l|'-3' 
long), at length declined; petals oval or oblong, obtuse or acutish, dark purple, 
rather longer than the lanceolate-ovate acute sepals ; filaments shorter than 
the anthers, or the short and distinct stigmas. — Varies with smaller white or 
yellowish flowers. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina. May, 
— Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' - 5' long, and of the same width. Flowers 1' - 1^' 
long, fetid. 

6. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. Leaves rhombic-ovate, abruptly acumi- 
nate, nearly sessile ; peduncle longer than the erect-spreading flower, erect or 
slightly declined ; petals obovate, white, much longer and broader than the 
lanceolate acutish sepals ; filaments slender, shorter than the anthers, nearly 
equalling the short recurved stigmas. — Shady woods on the mountains of 
Carolina (-E// /oft). May. — Stem 1°-I^° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Petals 
2' long, changing to rose-color. 

7. T. erythrocarpum, Michx. Leaves ovate, long-acuminate, rounded 
at the base, short-petioled ; peduncle (r-2' long) erect, longer than the 
widely-spreading flower ; petals oblong, acutish, wavy, much longer than the 
lanceolate sepals, white, striped with purple at the base ; stigmas slender, 
longer than the anthers; berry red. — Rich shady woods in the upper dis- 
tricts. April- May. — Stem 1° high. Leaves 3' -5' long. Flowers 9" -12'' 
lone:. 



506 ROXBrKGHIACE^. (liOXBURGHIA FAMILY.) 

* * * Flower on a recurved jieduncle. 
8. T. cernuum, L. Stems clustered ; leaves broadly rhomboidal, abruptly 
acunuuate, sliort-petioled; peduncle mostly shorter than the small flower; 
petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, wavy, recurved, rather longer than the 
lanceolate sepals ; stigmas short, distinct, exceeding the short erect anthers. 
— Shady woods in the upper districts. April -May. Stems 1°- 1^° high. 
Leaves 2'- 6' long, and nearly as broad. Petals 8"- 12" long. 

1). T. stylosum, Nutt. Leaves oval or oblong, acute, short-petioletl ; 
peduncle sliorter tlian the large llower; petals rose-color, oblong, obtuse cjr 
abruptly pointed, wavy, spreading, much longer and broader than the lanceo- 
late sepals ; stigmas slender, united below the middle, much shorter than the 
long recurved anthers. — Low shady woods in the middle and upper districts, 
Georgia to North Carolina. April -May. — Stem 1'^- 1^'^ high. Leaves 4' 
long. Petals 1^'- 2' long. 

4. MEDEOLA, Gronov, 

Flow^ers perfect. Leaves of tlie perianth 6, similar, deciduous. Stamens 6, 
erect, hypogynous : anthers linear-oblong, fixed near the base, introrse. Ovary 
globose, 3-celled, with six anatropous ovules in each cell. Styles 3, slender, 
recurved, stigm.atic within. Berry globose. 

1. M. Virginica, L. Khizoma horizontal, tuberous; stem simple, slen- 
der, clothed with loose deciduous wool, bracted below, bearing above the 
middle a whorl of 6 - 8 oblong-lanceolate acute leaves, and at the summit a 
smaller whorl of 3-4 ovate leaves, which surround the 2-8 small greenish 
nodding flowers ; styles red. — Shady banks, Middle Florida, and northw^ard. 
June. — Stem 2° high. 



Order 152. ROXBURGHIACE.^. (Roxburghia 
Family.) 

Herbs or twining shrubs, with petioled parallel-nerved reticulated 
leaves, and perfect axillary racemose flowers. — Perianth 4-leaved or 
4-parted. Stamens 4, hypogynous : anthers 2-celled, introrse. Ovary 
free, or united with the base of the perianth, 1-celled. Stigma sessile. 
Ovules few or numerous, anatropous. Placenta parietal. Capsule 2- 
valved. Seeds fixed to hairy or fibril lous cords, erect or pendulous. 
Embryo minute or slender, in fleshy albumen. 

1. CROOMIA, Torr. 

Perianth deeply 4-parted, persistent. Stamens 4, opposite the lobes: an- 
thers short, oblique. Ovary globose-ovate, sessile. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 
4-6. Fruit follicular, beak-pointed, at length 2-valved. Seeds 1 -4, obovate, 
suspended from the apex of the nerve-like at length free placenta, nearly cov- 
ered by the fibres of the cord. Embryo minute. — A low perennial herb, from 
a slender creeping rhizoma. Stem simple, sheathed at the base, leafy at the 



LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 507 

summit. Leaves 4-6, alternate, oblong-cordate, 5 - 9-ribl)ed, Peduncles ax- 
illary, few-tiowered. Flowers sjnall, greenish, on jointed nodding pedicels. 

1. C. pauciflora, Torr. — Shady woods, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. 
April. — Stem G'- 12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long, thin, spreading. 



Order 153. LILIACE^E. (Lily Family.) 

Chiefly herbs, with sessile or sheathing parallel-nerved leaves, and 
perfect flowers. — Perianth corolla-like, 6- (rarely 4-) leaved or lobed, 
free from the 2-3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (rarely 4), hypogynons 
or perigynous : anthers introrse (except in No. 10). Styles united. 
Stigmas o, distinct or miited. Fruit a capsule or berry, few- many- 
seeded. Seeds anatropous or amphitropous. Embryo small, in fleshy 
or hard albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. ASPAKAGE^E. Fruit a berry. Divisions of the perianth more or less 
united (except No. 4). — Leaves broad. 

1. POLYGONATUM. Flowers axillary. Perianth tubular. Stems leafy. 

2. SMILACINA. Flowers in a terminal raceme. Perianth spreading. Stems leafy. 

3. CONVALLARIA. Flowers racemed. Perianth 6-lobed, Scape naked. 

4. CLINTONIA. Flowers umbelled. Perianth 6-leaved. Scape naked. 

Tribe II. ASPHODEIiE^^E. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth united at 
the base. — Stems scape-like. Leaves linear, rarely lanceolate. 
* Root a coated bulb. 

5. ALLIUM. Flowers umbelled, from a scarious spathe. Seeds smooth and black. 

6. NOLINA. Flowers racemed, white. Stigmas 3. Seeds roughened, brown. 

7. CAMASSIA. Flowers racemed. Style slender. Capsule few-seeded. 

* * Root a tuberous rhizoma. 

8. SCHCENOLIRION. Flowers racemed, white. Seeds smooth and black. Leaves 

equitant. 
Tribe III. TULIPACE^. Fruit a capsule. Divisions of the perianth distinct, de- 
ciduous. — Stems leafy. 

* Bulbous-rooted herbs. Seeds pale. 

9. ERYTHRONIUM. Seeds ovoid, with a membranaceous appendage ^t the apex. Stem 

2-leaved. 

10. LILIUM. Seed flat, winged, not appendaged. Stem many-leaved. 

* * Palm-like arborescent plants. Seeds black. 

11. YUCCA. Stigmas 3, nearly sessile. Capsule dry or pulpy. Leaves spmy-pointed. 

1. POLYGONATUM, Desf. Solomon's Seal. 

Perianth tubular, 6-cleft. Stamens 6, inserted on the middle of the tube, 
included : anthers sagittate, fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, with 3 - 6 ovules 
in each cell. Style slender: stigma obtuse. Berry few-seeded. — Khizoma 
creeping. Stem simple, leafy. Leaves oval or oblong. Peduncles axillary, 
1 - few-floM'ered. Flowers drooping, on bractless pedicels, greenish. 

1. P. glganteTim, Dietrich. Smooth ; stem tall (3°- 8° high), curving ; 
leaves ovate, partly clasping, many-nerved ; peduncles 3 - 5 -flowered, the lower 



508 LILIACE^. (lily family.) 

ones half as loug as the leaves ; filaments sinootli. — Rocky cliffs of the moun- 
tains of Georgia, and northward. — yiowers |' long. 

2, P. biflorum, l^U. Stem smootii, curving ahovc ; leaves 2-rauked, 
sessile or sligiitly clasping, oblong, 3 - 7-nerved, smooth, or ]>ubescent beneatli ; 
peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 1 - 4-fiowered ; filaments granular- 
rougliened; berry dark blue. — Shady banks. May. — Stem l°-2° high 
naked below. Leaves 3' -4' long. Flowers 4"-5'' long. 

2. SMILACINA, Desf. Solo.mon's Skal. 

Periantli 4- or G-])arted, spreading, deciduous. Stamens 4 or G, inserted on 
the base of the perianth: antljers ovate. Ovary 2- 'i-ccllcd, with two ovules 
in each cell. Style short and thick: stigma obscurely .'Mohcd. Tx-rry glolm- 
lar, 1 - 2-seeded. — Stems simjde, erect, leafy. Flowers sni;ill, white, in a ter- 
minal raceme or panicle. 
§ 1. Smilacina. — Divisions of Uie perianth and stamens G. Ocarij 3-ce/led. 

1. S. racemosa, Desf. Pubescent; rhizoma thick; stern fiexuous, curv- 
ing and leafy above ; leaves numerous, 2-ranked, oblong, acuminate, nearly 
sessile, strongly ribbed ; flowers immerous, in a ch^se raceme or panicle ; berry 
red, spotted. — Rich soil in the upper districts. June -July.— Stem l°-2° 
high. Leaves 3' - 5' long. 

§ 2. Maianthemum. — Divisions of the perianth and stamens 4. Ocary 

2-celled. 

2. S. bifolia, Ker. Smooth ; rhizoma slender ; stem low, erect, 2-leaved 
above ; leaves ovate, cordate, sessile or clasping, finely nerved ; raceme simple, 
few-flowered ; berry red, spotted. — High mountains of North Carolina. June. 
— Stem 3' - 6' high. Leaves T - 2' long. 

3. CONVALLARIA, L. Lily of the Valley. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-cleft, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of 
the perianth, included : anthers fixed at the base. Ovary 3-celled, tapering 
into the thick style. Ovules 4 - 6 in each cell. Stigma truncate. Berry glo- 
bose, few-seeded. — A perennial stemless herb, with a creeping rhizoma, and 
white racemose flowers. 

1. C. majalis, L. — High mountains of North Carolina. May. — 
Smooth. Rhizoma slender. Leaves two, oblong, their long petioles convo- 
lute, one within the other. Scape semi-terete, bearing a 1 -sided raceme of 
fragrant nodding flowers. Berry red. 

4. CLIWTONIA, Raf. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base 
of the perianth. Filaments filiform; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 2-3- 
celled, with two or more ovules in each cell. Style elongated : stigma obtuse. 
Berry 2 - many-seeded. — Stemless herbs, with creeping rootstocks, large rad- 
ical sheathing leaves, and an umbel of white or greenish flowers terminating 
the naked scape. Berries blue. 



LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 509 

1. C. umbellata, Torr. Leaves 2-4, oblong, ciliate on the keel and 
margins; scape pubescent ; umbel many -flowered ; flowers small (3" -4" long), 
white spotted with green or purple; ovules 2 in each cell. — Shady woods on 
the mountains, Georgia, and northward. June. — Scape 8'- 12' high, rather 
longer than the leaves. 

2. C. borealis, Kaf. Leaves obovate-oblong, ciliate on the margins, 
acute ; scape and 2 - 7-flowered umbel pubescent ; flowers (6''- 9'' long) green- 
ish yellow; ovules numerous. — Cold swamps on the high mountains of North 
Carolina. June. — Scape and leaves 8' - 10' high. 

5. ALLIUM, L. Onion. 

Perianth 6-parted, spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, inserted on the base 
of the perianth. Filaments subulate, the interior ones more or less dilated at 
the base. Ovary 3-celled. Style filiform : stigma entire. Capsule loculici- 
dally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous or campylotropous, single or few in each 
cell, angled, black. — Strong-scented stemless herbs, with bulbous roots, and a 
naked scape, ending in an umbel of small flowers, from a 1 -3-leaved spathe. 
— Flowers sometimes changed into bulblets. 

* Ovules solitary in the cells. 

1. A. tricoceum, Ait. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute, flat, long-ta- 
pering toward the base, early withering ; umbel small, dense, many -flowered, 
erect ; leaves of the perianth oblong, obtuse, longer than the stamens, — 
Mountains of North Carolina. July. — Bulbs clustered. Scape 1° high. 
Flowers white. 

* * Ovules 2 in each cell. 

2. A. cernuum, Roth. Leaves linear, channelled ; scape angled ; um- 
bel many-flowered, nodding ; leaves of the perianth acute : stamens exserted : 
ovary 6toothed. — Mountains of South Carolina. July, — Scape 1° - 1 J° high. 
Flowers rose-color, on slender pedicels. 

3. A. Canadense, Kalm. Leaves narrowly linear, concave ; scape te- 
rete; umbel erect, bearing a cluster of bulblets, intermingled with a few 
stalked rose-colored flowers ; spathe 1 - 2-leaved ; leaves of the perianth obtuse, 
as long as the stamens ; ovary 6-toothed. — Banks of rivers. June. — Scape 
1° high. Outer coats of the bulb white and scarious. 

4. A. mutabile, Michx. Leaves very narrow, concave ; scape terete ; 
umbel erect, many-floAvered ; spathe 3-leaved ; leaves of the perianth acute, 
as long as the stamens, white changing to rose-color. — Dry soil, Florida to 
North Carolina. May -June. — Scape 1° high. Outer coats of the bulb 
composed of a network of fine fibres. 

5. A. vineale, L. Scape leafy at base (l°-2'^ hig^) ; leaves terete, hol- 
low; umbel often bulb-bearing; alternate filaments 3-cleft. — North Carolina 
{Curtis). Introduced. 

* * * Ovules several in each cell. 

6. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves linear, concave ; umbel erect, 3- 10-flow- 
ered ; spathe 2-leaved ; perianth longer than the stamens, white, the exterior 



510 LILIACE^. (lily family.) 

leaves green on tlie keel. — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. 
March- Aj)ril. — Scape 6'- 12' high. Pedicels r-2' h^ng. Flowers 5" long. 
Nearly inodorous. 

6. NOLINA, Michx. 

Perianth 6-parted, withering-persistent ; the divisions ol)long-lanceolate, 1- 
nerved. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the periajith ; filaments subulate ; 
anthers cordate. Style very short, persistent: stigmas 3, recurved? Ovarv 
3-ang'led, 3-celled, with two anatropous collateral ascending ovules in each 
cell. Cai)sule obovate, wing-angled, 3-valved, mostly 1 -seeded. Seed oblong- 
obovate, longitudinally grooved on the inner face. Embryo straight, shorter 
than the fleshy albumen. — Hoot tuberous. Leaves numerous, all radical, 
very long and narrow, recurved, keeled, rough on the margins. Scape branch- 
ing above. Flowers polygamous, small, white, crowded in long bracted ra- 
cemes. Pedicels jointed, reflexed in fruit. 

I. N. Georgiana, Michx. — Dry pine barrens in the middle districts of 
Georgia and South Carolina. April - May. — Scape 2° - 3° high. Leaves 1 ° - 
2° long, dry and harsh. 

7. CAMASSIA, Lindl. 

Perianth bell-shaped, 6-leaved, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base 
of the perianth. Style filiform. Capsule 3-angled, 3-celled, loculicidally 3- 
valved, several-seeded. — Scape from a coated bulb. Leaves radical. Flowers 
racemose, blue or purple. 

L C. Fraseri, Torr. (Wild Hyacinth.) Leaves linear; scape 1° 
high ; raceme many-flowered ; flowers showy, pale blue ; cells of the ovary 6 - 
9-ovuled. — Kich valleys of the mountains of Georgia, and northward. April. 

8. SCHGENOLIRION, Torr. 

Perianth 6-parted, withering-persistent , the divisions 3 - 5-nerved. Stamens 
6, inserted on the base of the perianth : filaments subulate. Style subulate, 
persistent ; stigma minutely 3-lobed. Ovary globose, 3-celled, with two anat- 
ropous ascending ovules in each cell. Capsule coriaceous, obtusely 3-angled, 
Ljculicidally 3-valved, 1-6 seeded. Seeds globose or angular, smooth, black, 
and shining. Embryo straight, as long as the fleshy albumen. — Perennial 
herbs. Root a tuberous rhizoma. Scape simple, or branching above. Radi- 
cal leaves smooth, equitant, linear, the others small and bract-like. Flowerc 
small, white, in loose bracted racemes. Pedicels spreading, jointed. 

1. S. EUiottii, Feay. Scape often sparingly branched (l°-2° high); 
leaves concave, the upper ones small and distant ; raf^'emes loosely many- 
fiowered, bracts thick, subulate, appressed ; leaves of the perianth oblong-oval, 
5-nerved, whitish; filaments subulate. (S. Michauxii, 1st edit.) — Wet pine 
barrens, Georgia and Florida. May -June. 

2. S. croceum, Gray. Scape simple (12'- 15' high), leafless; leaves 
narrow-linear, flat, as long as the scape ; raceme 3' -4' long ; bracts thin and 
scarious, oval, obtuse ; leaves of the perianth saffron-yellow, lance-oblong, 
3-nerved, (Phalangium crocenm, Michx.) — Low ground. Southern Georgia 
to Tennessee. June. 



LILTACEiE. (lily FAMILY.) 511 

9. ERYTHRONIUM, L. Dog's-Tooth Violet. 

Perianth corolla-like, with six spreading or recurved deciduous leaves; the 
three inner ones grooved and 2-toothed at the base, rarely toothless. Stamens 
6, slender : anthers oblong-linear, erect. Style slender ; stigma 3-lobed. Cap- 
sule obovate, 3-angled, many- seeded. Seeds ovoid, with a loose membrana- 
ceous appendage at the apex. — Low herbs from a scaly bulb. Stems scape- 
like, beai'iug near the middle a pair of oblong spotted sheathing leaves, and 
at the apex a single nodding flower. 

1. E. Americanuin, Smith. Bulbs deep, the younger ones bearing 
only a single leaf ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, tapering into the sheathing 
base, variegated with pale and deep green j flowers (T long) yellow, spotted 
near the base ; style club-shaped, 3-angled ; stigma obscurely 3-lobed. — Rich 
woods, chiefly in the upper districts. Feb. - March. 

2. E. albidum, Nutt. Leaves not spotted ; flowers bluish white ; style 
slender, the three stigmas distinct, spreading. — Summit of Roan Mountain, 
North Carolina {Canbij). 

10. LILIUM, L. Lily 

Perianth corolla-like, 6-leaved, deciduous, the leaves spreading or recurved 
above, sessile or clawed, with a nectariferous groove near the base. Stamens 
6, elongated ; anthers linear, extrorse in the bud, versatile. Style filiform, 
elongated; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule oblong, many-seeded. Seeds flat, mem- 
branaceous, horizontal, croAvded in the cells. — Leafy herbs, from scaly bulbs. 
Leaves scattered or whorled, sessile. Flowers large, erect, or nodding. 
* Flowers erect: leaves of the perianth spreading, clawed. 

\. L. Philadelphicum, L. Leaves lanceolate, the upper whorled; 
flowers 1-3, reddish orange spotted with purple : leaves of the perianth 
lanceolate, abruptly pointed. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 
July. — Stem 1° - 2^ high. Flowers 2' long. 

2 L. CatesbSBi, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate, all scattered and erect ; 
flower solitary, terminal, scarlet, variegated with yellow and purple; leaves of 
the perianth lanceolate, acuminate, with the margins of the claws involute ; 
the three inner ones broader and ribbed on the back ; capsule oblong, nearly 
terete — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. August- Sept. — 
Stem l°-2° high. Leaves l'-2' long. Flowers 3' -4' long. 

* * Flowers nodding ,• leaves of the perianth recurved, sessile. 

3. L. Canadense, L. Stem commonly few-flowered ; leaves in remote 
whorls, lanceolate, 3-nerved, hairy on the nerves beneath ; flowers long- 
peduncled; leaves of the perianth yellow spotted with purple. — Mountain 
meadows, Georgia, and northward. June - July. — Stem 2° - 3° high. Leaves 
and flowers 2' - 3' long. 

4. L. STiperbum, L. Stem commonly many-flowered ; leaves smooth, 
lanceolate, 3-nerved, the loAver ones whorled, the upper scattered ; leaves of the 
perianth revolute, rather obtuse, orange spotted with purple. — Rich soil in 
the middle and upper districts, Georgia, and northward. June - July. — Stem 
3° -6° high. Flowers, when numerous, disposed in a pyramidal raceme. 



512 LILIACE^. (lily family.) 

Var. Carolinianum. (L. Caroliniaimm, Michx.) Leaves often all 
scattered, In-oadoi-, luoi-e tapering at tlie base, faiutly nerved; flowers 1-3; 
leaves of the perianth acute. — Swamps in the lower districts. July. — Stem 
2^-3° high. 

5. L. Grayi, Watson. Leaves lanceolate (2' or less long), in whorls of 
4-8, not acuminate; flowers often solitary, horizontal (1^'-2|' long), the 
segments pblauceolate, spreading but not recurved, deep reddish orange, 
purple-spotted. — Summit of Koan Mountain, North Carolina. 

11. YUCCA, L. Spanish Bayonet. 

Perianth cup-shaped, corolla-like, 6-leaved. Sepals and petals nearly alike, 
late deciduous. Stamens 6, with thick granular club-sliapcd fllsfments : an- 
thers small, oval. Ovary 3-celled, 3-sided, grooved at the angles. Stigmas 3, 
nearly sessile, oblong, concave, 2-cleft. Ovules numerous, in two rows, the 
rows separated by a false partition. Capsule oblong, 6-celled, pulpy and in- 
dehiscent, or dry and loculicidally 3-valved at the apex. Seeds numerous, 
flat, horizontal, smooth and black. — Plants with a thick palm-like leafy stem 
(caudex), numerous rigid and spine-pointed leaves, and white showy panicled 
flowers. 

* Stem short: capsule dry, 3-valred. 

1. Y. filamentosa, L. (Bear-grass.) Stem short and leafy ; leaves 
from linear to broad-lanceolate, green or glaucous, with thread-like filaments 
on the margins ; scape branching and pubescent above ; capsule with 3 rounded 
angles, at length separating at the inflexed sutures into three 2-celled carpels. 
— Light or sandy soil. June. — Stem rarely more than a foot above the 
ground. Leaves l°-2° long. Scape 4°- 6" high. 

* -*- Stem fall : capsule coriaceous or pulpy, 6-angled, indehiscent. 

2. Y. gloriosa, L. Stem mostly simple, leafy at the summit ; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, rigid, smooth on the margins ; panicle large, smooth, py- 
ramidal, short-peduncled ; flowers single or clustered ; leaves of the perianth 
white, lanceolate, acute; capsule coriaceous. — Dry sandy coast, Florida to 
North Carolina. May- June. — Stem 2° -4° high. Leaves l°-li° long. 
Panicle 2° -3° long. 

3. Y. aloifolia, L. Stem mostly branching, leafy above ,• leaves linear- 
lanceolate, very rigid, strongly spine-pointed, very rough on the margins, the 
lower ones reflexed ; panicle short, smooth, densely floAvered, nearly sessile : 
divisions of the perianth ovate-ianceolate, white tinged with purple ; capsule 
pulpy. — With the preceding. May - June. — Stem 4° - 8° high. Leaves and 
panicle 1°-1|° long. 

The Grape Hyacinth (Muscari), Star op Bethlehem (Ornithoga- 
lttm), Asparagus, and Day Lily (Hembrocallis), which have escaped 
from cultivation, are occasionally found spontaneous near homesteads, and 
along roadsides. 



MELANTIIACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 513 

Okder 154. MELANTHACE.E. (Colchicum Family.) 

Pereniiial herbs, with parallel-nerved leaves, and regular flowers. 
Perianth of 6 nearly equal divisions, free from or coherent with the 
base of the 3-celled ovary. Stamens 6 (in Pleea 9 - 12), inserted on 
the base of the perianth : anthers extrorse (except in Tofieldia and 
Pleea). Styles 3, distinct, or more or less united. Fruit a capsule or 
berry. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute, in copious albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. UVULARIE^. (The Bellvvort Family.) Perianth 
corolla-like, bell-shaped, the divisions distinct and deciduous. Styles partly or 
wholly united. Fruit a few-seeded capsule or berry. — Stems forking and 
leafy above, sheathed below. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, sessile or clasping. 
Flowers perfect, solitary, nodding. 

1. UVULARIA. Fruit a 3-lobed loculicidal capsule. Flowers on short lateral branches. 

2. PROSARTES. Fruit a 3 - 6-seeded berry. Flowers terminal, on straight peduncles, 

3. STREPTOPUS, Fruit a many-seeded berry. Flowers axillary, on bent peduncles. 

Suborder II, MELANTHIE'^. (The Colchicum Family.) Perianth 

spreading ; the divisions mostly distinct, often clawed, withering-persistent. 

Styles separate. Fruit a 3-celled capsule. — Stems leafy at the base, simple 

or branched. Flowers in racemes or panicles, sometimes polygamous or 

dioecious, 

* Anther cells confluent. 

■h- Leaves of the perianth biglandular near the base, 

4. MELANTHIUM. Flowers polygamous. Filaments partly adhering to the claws of the 

perianth. 

5. ZYGADEjSTUS. Flowers perfect. Filaments free from the perianth. 

-I- -I- Leaves of the perianth glandless. 

6. STENANTHIUM, Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acute, coherent with the base of 

the ovary, longer than the stamens. 

7. VERATRUM. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, free from the ovary, longer 

than the stamens and short styles. Flowers polygamous. 

8. AMIANTHIUM. Leaves of the perianth obovate, free, shorter than the stamens and 

slender styles. Flowers perfect, racemed. 

9. SCHCENOCAULON. Leaves of the perianth oblong, shorter than the stamens, much 

longer than the very short styles. Flowers perfect, spiked, 
* * Anther cells distinct. 
•I- Capsule loculicidal. 

10. XEROPHYLLUM. Flowers perfect. Capsule 6-seeded. Radical leaves grass-like. 

11. CHAM^ELIRIUM, Flowers dioecious. Capsule many-seeded. Radical leaves obovate. 

•I- •)- Capsule septicidal. Leaves equitant. Anthers introrse. 

12. PLEEA. Stamens 9 -12. Anthers versatile. Bracts spathe-like. 

13. TOFIELDIA. Stamens 6. Anthers erect. Bracts short. 

1. UVULAEIA, L. Bellwort. 

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, grooved at the base 
within, deciduous. Filaments short : anthers linear, adnate. Style deeply 3- 
cleft : stigmas spreading. Capsule 3-lobed or 3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved 

33 



514 MELAXTHACEiE. (COLCIIICUM FAMILY.) 

at the apex. Seeds few, obovoid, half encircled by the tumid raphe. — Low 
herl)s, from a sleuder creeping rliizoma. Leaves sessile or perfoliate. Flowers 
nodding, solitary, lateral or at tin.' apex of a 1-leaved brancii, yellow. 

* Leaves rounded at the base, perfoliate. 

1. U. perfoliata, L. Leaves ovate or oblong, glaucous Ijeneath, the 
sides rovolute when young; leaves of the pci'ianth lanceolate, acute, granular- 
roughened witliin, pale yellow ; cajtsiilc oIjon ate, truncate. — Woods and thick- 
ets. April. — Stem 8'- 12' high. I^eavos H'-2-^' I'^^S- Flowers T loiig. 

2. U. grandiflora, Smitli. Leaves oblong, pale or closely pubescent 
beneath, the young ones revolute on the margins ; leaves of the perianth linear- 
lanceolate, acute, smooth witliin, greenish yellow; anthers obtuse; capsule 
obovate. — W(j()ds niid thickets in the; ni)i)er districts of Georgia, and north- 
Avard. A])ril. — Larger tliaii the preceding. Leaves 2'-5' long. Flowers 
If long. 

* *- Leaves narrnived at /he base, sessde. 

3. U. sessilifolia, L. Smooth ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, glaucous be- 
neath ; flowers on short naked peduncle-like branches, opposite the leaves; 
leaves of the perianth lanceolate, obtuse, barely longer than the 3-cleft style ; 
anthers obtuse; capsule obovate, stalked. — Rich soil in the middle and ujjper 
districts. April. — Stem 6'- 12' high. Leaves 1'- H' long. Flowers 8" long. 

4. U. Floridana, Chapm. Smooth ; leaves olJong, slightly clasping, 
glaucous beneath ; flowers on a slender 1-leaved branch ; leaves of the perianth 
linear -lanceolate, acuminate, twice as long as the 3-cleft style ; anthers pointed. 
— Low shady woods, Middle Florida. March. — Stem 4' -6' high. Leaves 
thin, r long. Flowers 8" long, pale yellow, 

5. U. puberula, Michx. Slightly pubescent ; leaves green on both 
sides, oval, rounded at the base and someAvhat clasping, rough on the margins; 
style 3-parted nearly to the base, as long as the short-pointed anthers ; capsule 
ovate, sessile. — Mountains of North Carolina. — Flowers yellowish white. 

2. PROSARTES, Don. 
Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, the divisions distinct, deciduous. Fila- 
ments filiform, much longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. Styles 
united : stigmas spreading. Berry ovoid, acute, 3 - 6-seeded. — A low forking 
herb. Pedimcles terminal, not bent nor twisted. 

1. P. lanuginosa, Don. Leaves 2' -3' long, se.ssile, ovate-oblong, acu- 
minate, oblique or slightly cordate at the base, 5-nerved, pubescent. Pedun- 
cles 1-2, terminal, slender, pubescent. Leaves of the perianth -J' long, 
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, greenish. Style smooth. Berry red. — 
Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina. June. 

2. P. maculata, Buckley. Stem and leaves of the preceding ; flowers 
rather larger; leaves of the perianth yellowish, dotted with fine black spots, a 
third longer than the stamens. — Mountains of North Carolina. 

3. STREPTOPUS, Michx. 

Perianth bell-shaped, corolla-like, with the divisions distinct, deciduous, the 
inner ones keeled. Anthers sagittate, fixed near the base, entire, or 2-pointed 



MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICrM FAMILY.) 515 

at the apex, longer than the filaments. Styles united : stigma 3-cleft or en- 
tire. Berry nearly globose, many-seeded. — Erect herbs with spreading 
branches. Leaves clasping. Peduncles opposite the leaves, bent or twisted 
in the middle. 

1. S. roseus, Michx. Stem much branclied ; leaves ovate, or the upper- 
most lanceolate, acuminate, slightly clasping, ciliate on the margins, 5-7- 
nerved ; flowers mostly solitary, rose-color, nodding ; anthers 2-poiuted at the 
apex ; stigma 3-cleft. — Shady woods on the mountains of Georgia, and north- 
ward. May. — Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Flowers 3" -4'' long. 

2. S. amplexifolius, DC. Margins of the leaves smooth, flowers 
greenish white ; anthers entire ; style filiform ; stigma entire ; otherwise like 
the last. — Shady woods on the mountains of North Carolina. 

4. MELANTHIUM, L. 

Flowers mouoeciously polygamous. Divisions of the perianth spreading, 
long-clawed, somewhat cordate or hastate and biglandular at the base ; the 
filaments partly adhering to their claws : anthers reniform, becoming peltate, 
the cells confluent. Styles 3, subulate. Capsule membranaceous, 3-lobed, the 
cells separating and opening down the inner suture, several seeded. Seeds 
flat, winged. — Stems tumid at the base, rough-pubescent above. Leaves 
long, linear. Flowers panicled, cream-color, turning brownish. 

1. M. Virginieum, L. Stem tall, simple, the upper portion, like the 
loose panicle, pubescent and somewhat hoary ; lowest leaves long, broadly 
linear and clasping, the upper small and sessile; flowers shorter than the 
pedicels, the upper ones perfect ; leaves of the perianth oblong or roundish, 
often acute, the slender claw adnate to the lower half of the filaments ; glands 
conspicuous. — Swamps. July- August. — Stem 3° - 4° high. Lowest leaves 
l°-li°long. 

2. M. latifolium, Desrouss. Very near the preceding, but leaves 
wider, flowers smaller, the divisions 2^' -3'' long, orbicular, undulate; the 
claw bearing the stamens below the middle ; glands connivent or obscure, 
(M. hybridum, Walt.) — Open woods in the upper districts. August. 

5. ZYGADENUS, Michx. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth ovate or oblong, spreading, sessile 
or nearly so, 1 - 2-glandular at the base. Filaments free from the perianth, 
and of equal length: anthers broadly cordate, becoming peltate. Styles 3, 
slender, spreading. Capsule membranaceous, 3-angled, septicidal at the apex, 
many-seeded. Seeds oblong, wingless, or slightly margined. — Stems smooth 
and simple. Leaves linear. Flowers white, in crowded panicles. 

1. Z. glaberrimus, Michx. Stem rigid, leafy ; lowest leaves broadly 
linear, glaucous beneath, the upper small and scattered ; panicle small, rigid : 
bracts ovate ; leaves of the perianth oblong, short-elawed, often with a white 
callus on one or both sides at the base ; glands prominent ; stamens and styles 
subulate ; seeds oblong. — Pine barren swamps, Florida to North Carolina. 
June-July. — Stem 2° -3° high. Lowest leaves l°-li° long. Panicle 6'- 
12' long, commonly dense. Flowers 1' in diameter, as long as the pedicels. 



516 MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 

2. Z. leimanthoides, Gray. Stem slender, somewhat naked above; 
leaves narrowly linear, green on both sides; panicle slender; bracts lanceo- 
late ; leaves of tlie periantli oval or obovate, sessile, tlie glands obscure or 
wanting; stamens and styles filifi)rni ; seeds narrowly margined, winged at 
the apex. — Low banks in tlie upper districts. .July - August. — Stem 2°-4° 
high. Lowest leaves l°-2'^ long. Panicle 8'- 12' long. Flowers 4'" in di- 
ameter, nmch shorter llian the slender pedicels. 

6. STENANTHIUM, Gray. 

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Leaves of the perianth lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, united at the base, and adnate to the base of the ovary, longer than the 
stamens. Glands none. Anthers roundish, becoming peltate. Styles short, 
subulate: stigmas minute. Capsule ovate, membranaceous, septicidal at the 
apex, several-seeded. Seeds nearly wingless. — Stem smooth, slender, tumid 
at the base. Lowest loaves elongated, channelled. Flowers small, greenish 
Avhite, in a simple panicle. 

1. S. angustifolium, Gray. Stem 2°-.3° high; loAvest leaves l°-2° 
long; panicle 1°- 2° long, composed of simple spiked racemes; the lower 
flowers often sterile ; perianth about 4'' in diameter, nearly sessile, twice as 
long as the stamens. — Shady woods in the upper districts. June - July. 

2. S. robustum, Watson. Stem stout, leafy, 3° - .5° high; leaves 4"- 
10'' broad; panicle large, often compound; segments of the perianth 3" -4" 
long ; capsule erect, with a recurved beak, 4" long. — South Carolina and 
Tennessee ( Watson). 

7. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore. 

Flowers polygamous. Leaves of the perianth spreading, distinct, oblong or 
obovate, narrowed at the base, free from the ovary, glandless, longer than the 
stamens. Styles short, subulate. Capsule oblong, membranaceous, 3-poiuted, 
the cells opening above at the inner suture. Seeds few, flat, broadly winged. 
— Stems leafy, tumid at the base, pubescent. Leaves oval or oblong, plaited. 
Flowers in ample panicles, green or purplish brown. 

1. V. viride, L. Stem stout, leafy throughout; leaves broadly oval, 
acute, clasping, pubescent beneath ; panicle pyramidal, composed of numerous 
dense racemes ; divisions of the perianth oblong, smooth, yellowish green. — 
Mountain meadows, Georgia, and northward. April -May. — Stem 3° -7^ 
high. Lower leaves 1° long. Flowers large. 

2. V. intermediurQ, Chapm. Stem slender, feafy ; lowest leaves lance- 
olate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a long sheathing petiole, the upper small, 
lanceolate, scattered, pubescent beneath ; panicle large, composed of long and 
slender loosely -flowered racemes ; leaves of the perianth spatulate-oblong, dark 
brown within, hoary puberulent without; ovary woolly; capsule 3-winged; 
seeds linear-oblong, broadly winged. — Rich shady hummocks, Middle Florida. 
July. — Stem 3°- 5° high. Lower leaves \° long. Flowers 6"- 8" Avide. 

3. V. parviflorum, Michx. Stem slender, naked above : leaves vary- 
ing from lan(;eolate to oval, smooth, narrowed into sheathing petioles; panicle 



melanthacetE. (colchicum family.) 517 

slender, long and spreading, loosely flowered ; leaves of the perianth greenish, 
spatnlate, smooth, twice as long as the stamens; ovary smooth. — Mountains 
of North Carolina. July. — Stem 2°-5°high. Lowest leaves 9'- 12' long. 
Flowers 4'' -5''' wide. 

8. AMIANTHIUM, Gray. Fly Poison. 

Flowers .perfect. Leaves of the perianth oblong or obovate, sessile, spread- 
ing, glandless, sJiorter than the slender stamens. Anthers kidney-shaped, be- 
coming peltate. Styles slender : stigmas minute. Capsule membranaceous, 
3-lobed, the cells separating and opening down the inner suture, few-seeded. 
Seeds oblong or linear, wingless. — Stems simple, smocjth, tumid or bulbous 
at the base, scape-like above. Lowest leaves long and crowded. Flowers 
white, in a simple raceme. 

1. A. rauscsetoxicum, Gray. Stem bulbous at the base, somewhat 
angled ; lowest leaves strap-shaped, obtuse, channelled, the uppermost small 
and bract-like ; raceme cylindrical, densely flowered ; leaves of the perianth 
oblong, nearly equalling the stamens ; styles spreading ; seeds ovoid, red. — 

— Rich woods. May -June. — Stem l°-2° high. Flowers small, turning 
greenish. 

2. A. angustif olium, Gray. Stem tumid at the base, slender, terete ; 
leaves linear, acute, channelled, somewhat glaucous, the lowest very long, the 
uppermost small and bract-like ; raceme oblong, mostly densely flowered ; 
leaves of the perianth oval, shorter than the stamens ; styles erect ; seeds 
linear. — Low pine barrens. May - June. — Stem 2° high. Flowers turning- 
purple. 

3. A. '? aspericaule, Gray. Stem' and flowers pulverulent-roughened ; 
stem leaves linear-lanceolate, flat ; flowers in a small (2' long) spike-like pani- 
cle, composed of spiked racemes. — Near Columbia, South Carolina {Curtis). 

— Imperfectly known. 

9. SCHCEWOCAULOW, Gray. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth somewhat spreading, linear-oblong, 
glandless ; filaments subulate, at length twice as long as the perianth : an- 
thers kidney-shaped, becoming peltate. Ovary 6-8-ovuled. Styles very 
short : stigmas minute. Capsule oblong, obtusely 3-angled, 3-valved, the cells 
1-seeded. Seeds linear, nearly terete. — Scape very slender, bulbous at the 
base. Leaves all radical, very long and narrow, dry, channelled. Flowers 
small, pale green, crowded in a slender spike. 

1. S. graeile, Gray. — Dry sands, Georgia and Florida. April - May. 
Leaves l°-2° long, scarcely 1''' wide. Scape 2° -3° high, rush-like. Spike 
3' -10' long. 

10. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth widely spreading, sessile, oval, as 
long as the subulate filaments. Anthers round-ovate, 2-celled. Styles fili- 
form : stigmas decurrent within. Capsule roundish, 3-lobed, loculicidally 3- 
valved. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, oblong, wingless. — Stem bulbous at 



518 MELANTHACE^. (COLCHICUM FAMILY.) 

the base, simple, leafy. Leaves dry, rigid, rough on the margins, very nar- 
row, dilated at tlie base ; those of the stem very numerous and needle-shaped. 
Flowers w hite, in a simple dense raceme. 

1. X. asphodeloides, Gray. — Dry sandy soil, North Carolina, and 
northward. May -June. — Stem 8°- 5° higli. Radical leaves spreading, 
1° or more long, very slender-pointed. Flowers 2" long. Stamens dilated 
below. 

11. CHAMiELIRIUM, Willd. Blazing Star. 

Flowers dioecious. Leaves of the perianth linear-s])atulate, shorter than the 
filiform filaments. Anthers 2-cened, roundish. Styles club-shaped: stigmas 
decurrent. Capsule ovoid, .3-angled, loculicidally 3-valved, many-seeded. 
Seeds linear-oblong, winged at the ends. — Stem simple, from a thick rhizoma, 
leafy. Lowest leaves spatulate or obovate, the otliers linoai' or lanceolate. 
Flowers small, white, in a simple spiked raceme. 

1. C. Carolinianum, Willd. — Low grounds. May- June. — Stem 1°- 
2° high, furrowed. Radical leaves clustered, 2' -4' long, spreading; the up- 
permost small and bract-like. Racemes 6'- 12' long, the sterile slender and 
drooping at the summit ; the fertile rigid and erect. Perianth inconspicuous. 

12. PLEEA, Michx. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth sessile, widely spreading, lanceo- 
late, rigid. Stamens 9-12, shorter than the perianth: filaments slender: 
anthers linear, introrse, 2-cleft at the base, versatile. Styles short, subulate : 
stigmas simple. Capsule coriaceous, ovate, 3-lobed, many-seeded ; the cells 
opening down the inner suture. Seeds oblong, bristle-pointed. — Stems 
smooth and slender, from clustered rootstocks. Leaves chiefly radical, very 
narrow, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers few in a simple raceme, white. Bracts 
spathe-like, clasping. 

1. P. tenuifolia, Michx. — Fine barren swamps and bogs, Florida to 
North Carolina. Oct. — Stem rush-like, 2° high. Radical leaves erect, rigid, 
perennial, 6' - 9' long. Raceme rigid, 6 - 9-flowered, the erect pedicels enclosed 
in the rigid clasping bracts. Flowers 1' wide, greenish without. 

13. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. 

Flowers perfect. Leaves of the perianth spreading, sessile, oblong or obo- 
vate. Filaments subulate : anthers innate or introrse, 2-celled. Styles subu- 
late : stigmas terminal. Capsule 3-angled, septicidally 3-partible, many-seeded. 
Seeds oblong. • — Stems simple, scape-like, from creeping rootstocks. Leaves 
linear, 2-edged, equitant. Flowers small, whitish, in spikes or racemes. Pedi- 
cels commonly minutely 3-bracted under the flower. 

§ 1. ToFiELDiA proper. — Racemes simple, the flowers successively opening 
from the base upward {centripetal) : anthers introrse : seeds without append- 
ages, — Smooth herbs. 
1. T. glabra, Nutt. Stem leafy at the base, and sparingly above ; leaves 

linear; racemes densely flowered; stamens slightly exserted; styles very 



JUNCACE.E. (rush FAMILY.) 519 

short. — Low pine barrens, in the middle and lower districts of North and 

South Carolina. Oct. — Stem l°-2° high. Raceme 2^-4' long. Mowers 

white. 

§ 2. Triantha. — Racemes compound, the flowers successive/!/ opening from 
the apex downward (centrifugal) : anthers innate: seeds with tail-like append- 
ages at each end. — Pubescent herbs. 

2. T. pubens, Ait. Stem and pedicels rough-puberulent ; leaves long, 
linear; racemes (S'-G' long) loosely flowered; pedicels mostl^^ three in a 
cluster, longer than the greenish white flowers ; capsule as long as the peri- 
anth. — Low pine barrens. Sept. — Stem 1°-1|° high. Leaves 6'— 12' 
long. 

3. T. glutinosa, Willd. Stem and pedicels clammy-pubescent ; leaves 
short, linear-sword-shaped ; racemes {V long) dense-flowered ; pedicels 3-5 
in a cluster, shorter than the yellowish flowers ; capsule longer than the peri- 
anth. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. June. — Stem 1° - 1^° 
high. Leaves 4' - 6' long. 



Order 155. JUKCACE^aE. (Rush Family.) 

Tough grass-like herbs, with naked or leafy and jointed stems, flat 
or terete leaves, and regular cyniose-clustered or panicled flowers. — 
Perianth of six nearly equal calyx-like persistent divisions. Stamens 
3 or 6, inserted on the base of the sepals : anthers 2-celled, introrse, 
fixed at the base. Ovary free from the perianth, 1 - 3-celled, 3 - many- 
ovuled. Style single : stigmas commonly 3, hairy. Capsule loculi- 
cidally 3-valved. Seeds anatropous. Embryo minute, at the base of 
the albumen. 

Synopsis. 

1. LUZULA. Capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded. Leaves mostlj' hairy. 

2. JUNCUS. Capsule many-seeded ; the placentae separating with the partitions. Smooth 

herbs, with alternate leaves. 

1. LUZULA, DC. Wood Rush. 

Sepals flat. Stamens 6. Style very short : stigmas filiform, villous. Cap- 
sule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded. Seeds erect from the base of the cell. — 
Perennial herbs, with flat mostly hairy leaves, and umbellate or spiked 
flowers. 

1. L. campestris, DC. Stem leafy; leaves linear, hairy ; flowers in 
dense ovoid umbellate spikes • capsule roundish ; seeds witli a conical append- 
age at the base. — Dry woods and banks, Florida, and northward. March - 
April. — Stems clustered, 1° high. 

2. L. pilosa, Willd. Stem leafy; leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, hairy ; 
flowers single, umbellate ; capsule ovate, obtuse ; seeds with a curved append- 
age at the apex. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. May, — 
Plant 6' - 9' high. 



520 juNCACE^. (rush family.) 

3. L. Carolinse, Watson ? Villous ; lowest leaves broadly linear, as 
long as the stem ; stem leaves 3, short (T long), distant ; umbel nearly simple, 
the setaceous branches si)reading or drooping, 1-fiowered; sepals otate-lance- 
olate, very acute, as long as the ovate-acute capsule ; seed not appendaged. — 
Sliaded rocks on tlie mountains of Georgia. April, 

2. JUNCUS, L. Rush. 

Outer sepals keeled. Stamens 3 or 6. Style very short : stigmas villous. 
Capsule 3-celled, or imperfectly 3-celled ; the partitions adherent to the valves, 
and bearing the placentaj at their inner edges. Seeds numerous, often ap- 
pendaged, horizontal. — Chiefly perennial. Leaves alternate, often knotted 
by cross partitions. Flowers mostly green, clustered, cymose, or panicled. 

§ 1. Stems scu])e-Uke, jointless, shealherJ or Icafij at the base: stamens 6. 

* Panicles lateral: stem sheathed at the base. 

1. J. effusus, L. Stem soft and spongy ; sheaths dark brown ; panicle 
diffuse or contracted ; flowers single ; sepals lanceolate, as long as the obovate 
obtuse obscurely 3-angled light brown capsule. — Bogs and swamps; common. 
May -Sept. — Stems tufted, 2° -4° high. 

* * Panicles lateral: stem leaf// at the base: leaves terete. 

2. J. setaceus, Rostk. Stem and leaves slender ; sheaths light brown ; 
panicle simple, few-flowered ; flowers single ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-ovate, 
rather longer than the globose-pointed green capsule. — Low grounds and 
swamps. May -July. — Stems growing in small tufts, l°-3° high. Cap- 
sule coriaceous. 

3. J. Rcemerianus, Scheele. Stem and leaves stout and rigid, hard- 
pointed ; panicle compound ; flowers small, 4-8 in a cluster, dioecious ; sepals 
lanceolate, as long as the small obovate obtuse dark brown capsule. — Brack- 
ish marshes along the coast. April - May. — Stem 4° - 5° high. 

* * * Panicles terminal, forking : leaves channelled or grooved ; the upper ones 
forming an involucre under the panicle : flowers single. 

4. J. tenuis, Willd. Stems tough, not tumid at the base, several-leaved ; 
leaves narrowly linear, channelled ; involucre longer than the panicle ; sepals 
lanceolate, very acute, one third longer than the ovoid capsule. — Low grounds. 
May -June. — Stem 6^-12' high. Panicle small, the flowers mostly on one 
side of the branches. Capsule light green. 

5. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stem tumid at the base, 1-3-leaved; leaves 
filiform, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side ; involucre mostly 
shorter than the cymose panicle ; sepals rigid, ovate-lanceolate, very acute, as 
long as the globose dark green capsule. — Low grounds, Florida to North 
Carolina. May- June. — Stem l°-3° high. Panicle dense or elongated. 

6. J. Gerardi, Loisel. Stem terete (l°-2° high) ; leaves linear ; panicle 
contracted ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, the margins brown, rather longer than 
the oval light brown capsule. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. 



JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 521 

§ 2. Stems jointed, leafy : clusters or panicles tennlnal. 
* Leaves terete or somewhat flattened , knotted : stamens 3. 

7. J. scirpoides, Lam. Rigid ; stem stout, erect j leaves terete, panicle 
erect, contracted, the few large globose green or brownish heads composed of 
several more or less distinct smaller ones ; sepals lanceolate-subulate, as long 
as the lanceolate taper-pointed 3-angled capsule ; seed ovoid, reticulated, with- 
out appendages. (J. echinatus, Ell.) — Varies with the smaller more numer- 
ous and crowded heads conspicuously lobed by the more distinct clusters, and 
with broader and shorter sepals aud capsules. — Sandy swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina. July - Sept. — Stem 2° high, from a thick creeeping rhi- 
zoma. Heads 4" - 7'' in diameter. 

8. J. polycephalus, Ell., Michx. in part. Stem tall, virgate, com- 
pressed near the base ; leaves long, flattened, and often somewhat sword- 
sliaped ; panicle large, widely spreading, the numerous globose many-flowered 
pale heads sessile, or on long diverging peduncles ; sepals linear-subulate, 
shorter than the lanceolate-subulate 3-angled capsule ; seeds oblong, striate, 
barely pointed. — Ponds and miry margins of streams, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. July - Sept, — Stem 2° - 4° long. Leaves weak; 1° - 2° long, sometimes 
Y wide. 

9. J. brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (l°-2° high), mostly 2- 
leaved, heads 2-10, globular, closely many-flowered, pale green ; sepals linear- 
subulate, unequal, the outer ones longer ; capsule ovoid, acute, i -celled, 
shorter than the sepals; style very short. — Florida to South Carolina, and 
westward. 

10. J. difFusissimus, Buckley. Stem leafy (6' -3° long), weak ; leaves 
compressed, knotted ; panicle decompound, widely spreading, the clusters 
.5 - 7-flowered ; sepals equal, lanceolate, acute ; capsule (4" long) oblong-linear, 
barely acute, twice as long as the sepals ; seeds ovoid obtuse. — New Orleans, 
Tennessee, and westward. 

11. J. Elliottii, Chapm. Stem slender, nearly terete ; leaves terete, 
grooved near the base Avithin ; panicle erect, simple or compound ; heads (I'' - 
2'' long) 5-8-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, as long as the ovoid obscurely 
angled obtuse dark brown capsule ; seeds reddish brown, oblong, striate, with- 
out appendages. (J. acuminatus, £"//., not of Michx.) — Bogs and ditches, 
Florida to North Carolina. ■ June -August. Root fibrous, often bearing 
small tubers. Stem l°-2°high. Heads commonly very numerous. Cap- 
sule 1" long, shining. 

12. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems clustered, 3' -2° high; leaves fili- 
form, terete; panicle simple or compound; clusters few - many -flowered ; 
sepals subulate-lanceolate ; capsule triangular, acute, equalling or longer than 
the sepals ; seeds not appendaged, — Low or marshy ground ; common, 

Var. debilis, Engelm. Stems weak, erect or declining, 1° or less long ; 
panicles mostly simple ; heads 2 - 5-flowered ; sepals shorter than the capsule. 
— Wet places, chiefly in the upper districts. 

13. J. Canadensis, Gay. Stems clustered; leaves terete; heads few or 
numerous, in an open or dense panicle ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, the ex- 



o22 juxcACE^. (rush family.) 

r.erior shorter ; capsule triangular, longer than tlie sepals ; seeds appendaged. 
— Wet ground ; conunon. August- Sept. 

Var. subcaudatus, Engehn. Stem slender, 1^ - 2° higli ; panicle spread- 
ing; heads 8 - 2()-Howered ; sepals very acute; seeds short-appendaged. — 
Swamjts, (ieorgiu and South Carolina. 

Var. longecaudatus, Kugelm. Stem .stout, 2° -3^ higli ; panicle erect, 
compound, the many-tlowered heads separate or clustered ; seeds long-ajj- 
peiuhiged at both ends. — Swamps and sliallow ponds, Georgia to Nortli 
Carolina. 

* * Leaves terete, knotted : stamens 6 {car'mble 'in No. 14) : flowers clustered. 

14. J. caudatus, Chajim. Rigid throughout ; stem stout, from a tiiick 
and creeping rhizoma; leaves commonly 3, short and pungent ; panicle erect, 
compound, mostly contracted; clusters numerous, more or less crowded, 2-4- 
flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, unequal, the inner ones half as long as the 
oblong obtuse-angled acute capsule ; seeds with a long and tail-like appendage 
at each end, white and shining. — Pine barren swamps and bogs Sept. — 
Stem 2° high. Leaves 2' -6' long, strongly knotted. Capsules light browii, 
turning almost black. 

15. J. asper, Engelm. Rigid, erect (2° -3° high), papillose-scabrous; 
leaves terete ; panicle erect ; heads 2 - 6-flowered ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
strongly nerved, very acute, tlie inner ones longer, and barely shorter than 
the beak-pointed capsule ; seeds oblong, finely ribbed. — Swamps, Henderson 
County, North Carolina (Canb//), and northward. 

16. J. militaris, Bigel. Stout (2° -4° high), 1 -leaved ; heads panicled, 
5- 10-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, acute, as long as the ovate, taper-beaked, l- 
celled capsule ; stamens 6 ; seeds globose-ovate, abruptly pointed. — In water, 
Alabama {Drummond), and northward. — Probably not within my limits. 

* -*- * Leaves terete, ohscurebj knotted: stamens 6: flowers solitary, in slender 
l-sided cijmose panicles, mostly transformed into a tuft of rudimentary leaves. 

17. J. pelocarpus, E-. Mey. Rhizoraa creeping, filiform; stems slen- 
der (6'- 10' high) ; leaves filiform, tender; panicle compound, diffuse; the 
small flowers somewhat scattered ; sepals acutish, shorter than the oblong 
taper-pointed capsule; seeds without appendages. — Sandy margins of ponds 
and swamps, South Carolina, and northward. July. 

Var. crassicaudex, Engelm. Rhizoma thick; stems taller (l°-2°); 
panicles larger, and diffuse. — Grassy margins of ponds near the coast, West 
Florida. July - Sept. 

* * * * Leaves hnotless, concave or flattened. 

18. J. marginatus, Rostk. Stems flattened (1°- 2° high) ; leaves linear, 
flat or concave ; panicle mostly simple ; heads few - many-flowered, rarely soli- 
tary or by pairs ; flow^ers triandrous ; exterior sepals lanceolate or ovate-lance- 
olate, awn-pointed ; the interior oblong, obtuse, broadly margined, about as 
long as the globular dark brown capsule; seeds oblong, acute at each end. 
(J. cylindricus, Curtis, th^ many-flowered heads cylindrical.) — Var. biflorus. 
Stems taller (2° - 3° high) ; panicle decompound, diffuse ; heads very uumer- 



PONTEDERIACE^. (piCKEREL-WEED FAMILY.) 523 

ous, 2 - 4-flowered ; seeds narrower aud more-pointed. — Ditches and low 
grounds. July - Sept. — The variety in the lower districts. 

19. J. bufonius, L. Annual; stems low (2'- 8' high), tufted; often 
branched ; leaves very narrow ; panicles forking; flowers solitary or 3- 6 in a 
cluster ; sepals whitish, lanceolate, acute, longer than the oblong obtuse pale 
capsule. — Damp cultivated ground, apparently introduced. April- May. 

20. J. leptocaulis, Terr. & Gray. Stems low (6'- 12' high), ca^spitose, 
slender ; leaves flat, shorter than the stem ; heads 1 - 5, 3 - 6-flo\vered ; sepals 
ovate-lanceolate, nearly equal, awn-pointed, longer than the 3-6 stamens, 
and obovate capsule; seed obovate, apiculate. — Georgia, Tennessee, aud 
westward. 

21. J. repens, Michx. Stems mostly creeping or floating ; leaves linear- 
sword-shaped, those of the stem nearly opposite ; heads cymose, scattered, top- 
shaped, several-flowered ; sepals rigid, lanceolate-subulate, slender-pointed, the 
exterior strongly keeled, and as long as the linear-oblong obtuse capsule, 
much shorter than the flat interior ones ; filaments exserted. — Miry banks of 
streams and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. — Stems 6'- 2° long. 



Order 156. PONTEDERIACE^E. (Pickerel-weed Family.) 

Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs, with perfect mostly irregular 
flowers from a l-leaved spathe. — Perianth corolla-like, unequally 6- 
cleft or 6-parted, imbricated in the bud, withering-persistent. Stamens 
3 - 6, more or less unequal, and unequally inserted on the throat of 
the perianth : anthers 2-celled, erect, introrse. Ovary free. Style 
single: stigma 3-6-lobed. Capsule l-S-celled, 1 -many-seeded. 
Seeds anatropous. Embryo slender, in mealy albumen. 

1. PONTEDERIA, L. Wampee, Pickerel-weed. 

Perianth funnel-shaped, 2-lipped, with the upper lip 3-lobed, the lower 3. 
parted, the curved tube fleshy and coiled in fruit. Stamens 6, unequally in- 
serted; the three lower ones exserted, the three upper short and often 
imperfect : anthers oval, blue. Ovary 3-celled, two of the cells empty, the 
other with a single suspended ovule. Style slender. Capsule (utricle) 1- 
seeded. — PJiizoma thick and creeping. Stem erect, bearing above the mid- 
dle a single short-petioled leaf, and at the summit a hairy spike of blue flow- 
ers, from a l-leaved spathe. Radical leaves long-petioled, sheathing. 

1. P. eordata, L. Stem and terete petioles erect (2° -3° high) ; leaves 
(3' - 8' long) varying from round-cordate to lance-oblong, obtuse, finely nerved ; 
spike dense, cyhndrical (2' -4' long), the peduncle enclosed in the convolute 
spathe ; upper lobe of the hairy perianth spotted with yellow, the tube 6-ribbed. 
— Miry margins of ponds and rivers, Florida, and northward. July- Sept. 

2. HETERANTHERA, Euiz & Pavon. 

Perianth salver-form, 6-lobed, the tube long and slender. Stamens 3, nearly 
equal. Capsule 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentre, many-seeded. 



524 COMMELYNACEiE. (SPIDEKWOKT FAMILY.) 

* Flowers pedunded: lobes of the perianth unequal : anthers oj 2 forms : capsule 

iinperfectlji ^-celled: leaves oblong or reniform, lomppetioled . 

1. H. reniformis, R. tS: P. Leaves reuiform; spatlies 3 - 5-flowered ; 
perianth white. — North Carolina and Teuuessee. August. 

2. H. limosa, V'alil. Leaves oljlong; sjjathes I -flowered; perianth blue. 
— Tennessee, and northward. August. 

* * Flowers sessile : lobes of the perianth nearbj equal : anthers alike, sagittate : 

capsule l-celled : aquatic: leaves linear, sessile. 

3. H. graminea, Vahl. Stein long (l°- 3°) and slender; spathe 1-flow- 
ered ; perianth yellow. (Schollera, Schreb.) — Ponds and lakes, Florida, near 
the coast, and northward. July- August. 



Order 157. COMMELYNACE^3E. (Spiderwort Family.) 

Herbs, with cliiefly fibrous roots, jointed and leafy stems, and perfect 
or somewhat polygamous often irregular flowers. — Perianth of three 
herbaceous or colored persistent sepals, and three fugacious petals. 
Stamens 6, hypogynous, perfect, or a part of them sterile : anthers 2- 
celled, often of two forms. Styles single: stigma entire. Ovary free 
from the perianth, 2-3-celled, with 1- several orthotropous ovules in 
each cell. Capsule loculicidally 2-3-valved, 1 - several-seeded. Em- 
bryo pulley-shaped, placed in a cavity of the albumen opposite the hi- 
lum. — Plants somewhat succulent. Stems often branching. Sheaths 
of the leaves entire or open. 

1. COMMELYWA, Dill. Day-flower. 

Flowers irregular. Sepals mostly colored. Petals fugacious, two of them 
kidney-shaped and long-clawed, the other smaller. Stamens unequal, three 
of them fertile, the others with 4-lobed sterile anthers: filaments beardless. 
Capsule 1 -3-celled, the cells 1 -2-seeded, or one of them frequently empty. — 
Stems branching. Leaves flat, oblong, or lanceolate, on sheathing petioles ; 
the floral ones cordate and spathe-like, folded, and enclosing the few-flowered 
peduncle. Flowers blue. 

1- C. nudiflora, L. Stem smooth, filiform, and creeping; leaves short 
(1^-2' long), ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; sheaths fringed at the throat; spathes 
nearly crescent-shaped, obtuse at the base, lateral and terminal ; peduncles by 
pairs} one of them bearing 3-4 small fertile flowers included in the spathe; 
the other long-exserted, filiform, 1-flowered; odd petal ovate, sessile ; seeds 
reticulated. — Low grounds, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. (l) ? 
— Stem l°-2°long. 

2. C. Virginica, L. Pubescent; stem erect; sheaths hairy; leaves 
(4' -6' long) oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, thin, rough above; spathe (when 
opened) round ovate, contracted at the base; sterile peduncle included; petals 
large, the odd one lanceolate ; capsule 2-3-seeded. (C. erecta. Ell.) — Varies 
(C. angustifolia, Michx.) with the stems smooth, ascending; leaves narrowly 



p 



COMMELYNACE^. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.) 525 

lanceolate, rather rigid, and like the sheath nearly smooth ; flowers smaller, 
seeds pulverulent. — Light or sandy soil, Florida, and northward. May - 
Sept. 2/ — Stem l°- 2° high. The spathes contain a viscid secretion until 
the seeds mature. 

3. C. hirtella, Vahl. Stem stout, erect ; leaves (3' -5' long) lanceolate 
or oblong, acute, very rough above, tlie sheaths fringed with brown hairs ; 
spathes crowded, short-stalked, hooded, narrowed at the base ; sterile peduncle 
included ; petals nearly alike, the odd one smaller ; seeds transversely oblong. 

— Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. August -Sept. 2/ — Stem 1°- 
14° high. 

4. C. erecta, L. Upper sheaths and spathes pubescent, otherwise gla- 
brous ; stems mostly clustered and simple, 1° high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
3' -4' long; spathes single, hooded ; cells of the capsule 1-seeded, all dehis- 
cent ; seeds smooth. — Dry sandy soil in the lower districts. July- Sept. 

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spiderwort. 

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals similar, ovate, fugacious. 
Stamens all fertile, the filaments hairy : anthers kidney-shaped. Ovary 3- 
celled, with two ovules in each cell. Capsule 2 -3-celled, the cells 1 - 2-seeded. 

— Perennial herbs, with narrow keeled leaves, both the floral ones and those 
of the stem. Flowers in umbel-like clusters, axillary and terminal, expanding 
in the morning. Fruiting pedicels recurved. 

1. T. Virginica, L. Smooth, or villous with glandless hairs; leaves 
linear, broadest at the base, mostly purple-veined ; clusters axillary and ter- 
minal, sessile, many-flowered ; flowers closely packed in 2 rows in the bud, 
each with an ovate scarious bract at the base ; petals blue, like the style and 
densely bearded filaments, twice as long as the lanceolate-ovate sepals. — Dry 
sandy soil. March - May. — Stems i°-2° high. Flowers V in diameter. 

2. T. pilosa, Lehm. Stem often branched, and, like the sheaths, villous 
or nearly smooth ; leaves oblong, narrowed at the base, pubescent on both 
sides ; clusters axillary and terminal, sessile, dense, many-flowered ; the pedi- 
cels and oblong sepals villous with glandular hairs ; seeds transversely oblong, 
pitted on the back ; petals blue. — Light soil in the upper districts. May - 
July. — Stem l°-\^° high. Leaves V -l^' wide. Flowers |' in diameter. 

3. T. rosea, Vent. Stem simple, slender, smooth ; leaves linear-lanceo- 
late, fringed on the margins; clusters solitary or by pairs, on long (3'-60 
terminal peduncles, few-flowered ; petals bright rose-color, three times as long 
as the ovate-lanceolate sepals. — Liglit fertile soil in the lower districts. 
June -August. — Stera 6^ -8' high. Flowers J^ in diameter. 

4. T. Floridana, Watson. Stem (4'- 8Mong) tender, ascending from 
a creeping base, branching; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute, ciliate at 
the base (f or less long), the floral ones bract-like; flowers very small (2'^- 
3'' wide), terminal, shorter than their pedicels ; sepals pubescent. — Coast of 
East Florida ( Cwr^i'ss K 



52G XYRTDACEiE. (yELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY.) 

Okukr 158. MAYACACE^E. (Mayaca Family.) 

Creeping moss-like marsli herbs, with very iiuinerous narrow and 
pellucid leaves, and solitary axillary flowers. Represented only by 

1. MAYACA, Aul,let. 

Flowers regular, perfect, Scijals :], ]aiif(;o]ate, licrhaceous, persistent. 
Petals 3, obovate, deciduous or witiieriiig-jjeisistent. Stamens 3, free, inserted 
on the base of the sepals, persistent : anthers erect, spoon-shaped, imperfectly 
2-celled, emarginate at the apex, introrse. Ovary l-celled. Ovules few, or- 
thotropous, fixed to three parietal placentae. Style single, terminal, persist- 
ent : stigma minutely 3-l()bed. Capsule rugose, 3-valved ; the valves bearing 
the placentas in the middle. Seeds globose, furrowed and })itteil, jjointed at 
the apex. Embryo minute at the apex of the albumen. — Stems branching, 
tender. Leaves alternate, linear, emarginate. Flowers white or ])ui'j)le. 

1. M. Michauxii, Schott & Endl. Fruiting peduncles longer than the 
leaves, recurved; capsule few-seeded; flowers (3" -4" wide) \\liite or jjale 
purple. — Springy places, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. — Stems 
2' - 6' long. Leaves 3" - 4'" long. 



Order 159. XYRIDACE^E. (Yellow-eyed Grass 
Family.) 

Perennial stemless marsh herbs, with fibrous roots, sword-shaped 
equitant leaves, and perfect irregular fugacious flowers, collected in 
a dense imbricate-bracted spike. Sepals 3 ; the two lateral ones glu- 
maceous, keeled, persistent ; the inner one hyaline, enfolding, in the 
bud, the petals and stamens. Petals 3, rounded, distinct, or united by 
their long claws. Stamens 3, and inserted on the summit of the claws 
of the petals, or 6, and the alternate ones sterile, hypogynous, and 
commonly bearded with jointed hairs : anthers erect, 2-celled, extrorse. 
Ovary free, 1 - 3-celled. Style single, 3-parted. Capsule 3-valved, 
many-seeded. Seeds minute, orthotropous. Embryo minute, at the 
apex of the albumen. — Scape commonly twisted or spiral, 2-edged 
near the summit, with a spathe-iike sheath at the base. Spikes 
mostly solitary. 

1. XYBIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass. 

Petals distinct. Stamens 6, the alternate ones hypogynous, sterile, com- 
monly bearded at the summit, and slightly cohering with the claws of the 
contiguous petals. Stigmas entire. Capsule l-celled, 3-valved, the valves 
hearing the placentas in the middle. Seeds very numerous, finely ribbed. — 
Spikes ovoid or oblong. Bracts coriaceous or somewhat crustaceous, rounded, 
closely imbricated, convex and discolored on the back ; the lower ones empty. 
Keel of the lateral sepals mostly winged and variously lacerated. Flowers 
yellow. 



XYRIDACE^. (yellow-eyed GRASS FAMILY.) 527 

§ 1, Sheath of the scape longer than the leaves. Biennials? 

1. X. brevifolia, Michx. Scape nearly terete, smooth ; leaves narrowly 
linear, smooth on the edges ; spike globose, light brown, few-flowered ; bracts 
soon lacerated at the apex ; lateral sepals lanceolate, rigid, crenulate on the 
wingless keel ; petals obovate, rounded ; sterile filaments sparingly bearded. 

— Low sandy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. April- May. — Plant 
light brown. Scape 6' -12' high, clustered. Leaves V-3' long. Spike 2''- 
3" long. Petals 2" long. 

2. X. flabelliformis, Chapm. Scape filiform, smooth, terete below, 
slightly compressed above; leaves very short, linear-lanceolate, smooth, spread- 
ing like a fan, laterally curved ; spikes oblong, mostly acute, few-flowered, 
angular; bracts light brown, entire ; lateral sepals lanceolate, short-fringed on 
the wingless keel ; petals obovate; sterile filaments often beardless. — Low 
pine barrens, near the coast. West Florida. April -May. — Scape 4' -12' 
high. Leaves i' - 1' long. Spikes 2" -4" long. Petals 2" long. 

§ 2. Sheath of the scape shorter than the leaves. Perennials. 

* Sterile f laments bearded: sepals Included, 

-t- Lateral sepals fringed on the keel. 

3. X. ambigua, Beyr. Scape rigid, finely furrowed, rough, 2-edged 
above, 1-angled below; leaves linear-lanceolate, rough on the edges; spike 
ovate-lanceolate or oblong, even, often acute, many-flowered ; bracts light 
brown, oval, not crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals lanceolate, tapering at 
each end, shining, narrowly winged ; petals round-obovate ; seeds ovoid. — 
Open grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July -Sept. — Scape 
2°-3° high, mostly solitary. Leaves 6' -12' long. Spikes 9"- 15" long. 
Petals Y long. 

4. X. Stricta, Chapm. Scape flattened and broadly margined, rough- 
edged above, smooth and 1 - 2-angled below, slightly striate ; leaves long, 
linear, snciooth ; spikes oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts 
dark brown, orbicular, crowded on the spike ; lateral sepals broadly winged 
above the middle, narrowed below ; petals small, Avedge-obovate • seeds ovoid. 

— Shallow ponds in the pine barrens. West Florida. July - Sept. — Scapes 
slender, clustered, 2° -3° high. Leaves l°-lJ°long. Spikes 9"- 12" long. 
Petals 2" long. 

5. X. flexuosa, Muhl. Somewhat bulbous; scape smooth, 2-edged 
above, nearly terete below ; leaves linear, smooth ; spikes globose, few- 
flowered ; lateral sepals lanceolate, wingless. (X. bulbosa, Kunih.) — Swamps 
in the upper districts of Georgia, and northward. July -Sept. — Scape 6'- 
12' high. Leaves 4' -8' long. Spike 3" -.5" long. 

H- H- Lateral sepals hroadhj ivinged, and varioushj toothed or fimbriate. 

6. X. Elliottii, Chapm. Scape slender, flattened and 2-edged through- 
out, or 1-edged below, roughish and mostly spiral ; leaves narrowly linear, 
sharp edged, twisted; spike few-flowered, elliptical, obtuse; lateral sepals 
linear, the wing cut-toothed above the middle; petals obovate. (X. brevi- 
folia, Ell. ex descr.) — Wet grassy pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. 
July. — Scape 1°-1|° high. Leaves 6' -9' long. Petals 3" long. 



528 XYEIDACE^. (yellow-eyed GRASS FAMILY.) 

7. X. difformis, Chapm. Scapes clustered, slender, smooth, widely 2- 
edged above, terete or 1-2-angled below; leaves tliiu, linear lanceolate, 
smooth; spikes many-tlowered, ovate, acute, even, often 2-4-cleft; lateral 
sepals lanceolate, with tlie broadly winged keel iucised-flmbriate ; petals obo- 
vate ; seeds elliptical, smooth. — Swamps near the coast, West Florida. 
July. — Scapes 1°-!^'' liigh. Leaves 9' -15' long. Sjiikes 6"- 9" long. 
Petals small. 

8. X. serotina, Chapm. Scapes clustered, twi.sted, and mostly spiral, 
rougli-angled and 2 edged above, striate ; leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, rough 
on the edges; spikes many-flowered, ovoid, obtuse, dark brown, even; bracts 
round-obovate, closely imbricated; lateral sepals linear, narrowly winged 
above, fimbriate and at length incised ; petals small, obovate ; seeds ovoid, 
pulverulent. — Varies with shorter leaves (2'-3'), and smaller globose or 
ovate heads. — line barren swamps. West Florida. Sept. -Oct. — Scapes 
1° - 1 ;V° high. Leaves 8' - 12' long. Spikes 6' - 9' long. Petals 2" long. 

9. X. elata, Chapm. Scapes elongated, slender, smooth, terete below, 2- 
edged abov^e ; leaves long, linear, smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong or oval, often 
acute, many-flowered ; scales dark brown ; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, 
sparingly toothed on the narrowly winged keel ; petals wedge-obovate ; seeds 
elliptical, smooth. — Sandy swamps near the coast, West Florida. July- 
August. — Scapes 3° -4° high. Leaves l.^°-2° high. Spikes ^'-1' long. 
Petals 2" long. 

10. X. Caroliniana, Walt. Scapes several, smooth, rigid, 1 - 2-angled 
below, compressed and 2-edged above; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 
smooth ; spikes rugose, oblong-ovate, obtuse, many-flowered ; bracts light 
brown, thick, the margins thin and soon lacerate ,• lateral sepals linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, the narrowly winged keel cut-fringed aboA'e the middle ; petals 
obovate ; seeds ovoid. — Shallow ponds and swamps, Florida, and north- 
ward. July -August. — Scapes l°-2° high. Leaves 6'- 15' long. Spikes 
6"- 12" long. 

11. X. iridifolia, Chapm. Rigid, smooth and shining; scape stout, 
terete or 1 -angled beloAv, dilated and 2-edged above ; leaves long, strap-shaped ; 
spikes oval or oblong, obtuse, rugose, many-flowered ; bracts dark brown, very 
thick, strongly convex ; lateral sepals linear, membranaceous, the keel fimbri- 
ate and at length incised throughout ; petals round-obovate ; seeds lanceolate, 
angled, pulverulent. — Shallow ponds, Florida. August -Oct. — Scape 2° - 
3° high, 2"-3" in diameter. Leaves 2°-2|° long, J'- 1' wide. Spikes 1' 
long. Petals 3" long. 

12. X. platylepis, Chapm. Scapes mostly twisted and spiral, angular 
below, 2-edged above, roughish ; leaves linear and lanceolate, twisted, smooth; 
spikes large, oblong or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered; bracts pale brown 
or whitish, orbicular, thin, closely imbricated ; lateral sepals linear, the keel 
narrowly winged, fimbriate toward the apex ; petals small ; seeds elliptical, 
smooth (X. flexuosa, E/l. ^) — Low sandy places, Florida to South Carolina. 
July - Sept. — Scape 2^-3° high. Leaves 9' -15' long. Spikes f'-lf 
long. 



ERIOCAULONACE.E. (PIPEWORT FAMILY.) 529 

* * Sterile filaments bearded : sepals exserted. 

13. X. fimbriata, Ell. Not bulbous; scape tall, furroAvecl, rough, 2- 
edged above ; leaves long, strap-shaped, smooth ; spikes ovate, acute, many- 
flowered ; lateral sepals long-fimbriate above the middle ; petals small. — 
Ponds and miry places, Florida, and northward. Sept. - Oct. — Scapes 3°- 4° 
high. Leaves U °- 2° long. Spikes 9"'- 12'" long. Petals 3'' long. 

14. X. torta, Smith. Bulbous; scape nearly terete, 1-edged, smooth, 
mostly spiral ; leaves linear, rigid, concave, with rounded edges, mostly spiral ; 
spikes pale, lanceolate or cylindrical, acute ; lateral sepals winged and fimbri- 
ate above the middle ; petals large, round-obovate. — Sandy, often dry soil, 
Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Scape \^°-2° high. Leaves few, 
6'- 12' long, tumid and dark brown at the base. Spikes V-l^' long. Petals 
9" long, expanding at midday. 

* * * Sterile filaments beardless: leaves filiform. 

15. X. Baldwiniana, R. & S. Smooth; scape slender, terete or 1- 
angled ; leaves filiform or bristle-like, compressed ; spikes ovoid, few-floAvered ; 
lateral sepals lanceolate, the narrowly winged keel cut-serrate ; petals obovate ; 
seeds linear-oblong, smooth. — Open grassy pine-barren swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina. July -Sept. — Scapes clustered, 10' -12'' high. Leaves 4'- 
6' long. Spikes 2" -A" long. Petals 3" long. 



Order 160. ERIOCAULONACE^. (Pipewort Family.) 

Perennial chiefly stemless marsh herbs, with narrow tufted leaves, 
and minute monoecious or dioecious flowers, collected in a dense hairy 
chaff^'-bracted head. — Stam. Fl. Sepals 2-3. Corolla tubular, bi- 
labiate or 3-toothed, or sometimes wanting. Stamens 2 - 6 : anthers 
introrse. — Pist. Fl. Sepals and petals 2-3. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 
a single orthotropous ovule in each cell. Style 2 - 3-parted, Capsule 
loculicidally 2 - 3-valved, 1 - 3-seeded. Embryo minute at the apex 
of the albumen. — Leaves concave and partly clasping at the base. 
Scape furrowed and commonly twisted, with a spathe-like sheath at 
the base. Exterior scales broader, empty, and involucrate. Flowers 
fringed with white club-shaped hairs. Corolla white. 

Synopsis. 

1. ERIOCAULON. Stamens 4. Anthers 2-celled. Style 2-parted. Corolla 2-lipped. 

2. P^PALANTHUS. Stamens 3. Anthers 2-celled. Style 3 parted, the lobes entire. 

3. LACHNOCAULON. Stamens 3. Anthers 1-celled. Style 2 - 3-parted, the lobes entire, 

or 2-cleft, 

1. ERIOCAULON, L, Pipewort. 

Flowers monoecious, each in the axil of a scale-like bract. Sepals 2-3, Co- 
rolla of the staminate flowers tubular, 2-lipped or 3-lobed ; of the ])istillate 
flowers 2 - 3-petalous. Stamens 4 or 6 : anthers 2-celled. Style 2 -3-parted : 
stigmas 2-3. Capsule 2 —3-celled, 1 - 3-seeded. — Scapes single or numerous, 

34 



530 ERIOCAULONACE^. (riPEWOllT FAMILY.) 

mostly from a short and villous rootstock. Lobes of tlie corolla furnished 
with a blackish gland on the inner face, commonly l)earded with club-sliaped 
hairs. — The following species are all tetrandrous, with a 2-parted style and a 
2-celled capsule. 

1. E. decangulare, L. Leaves from lanceolate to linear-subulate, con- 
cave, obtuse; sca])es single or clnstered; head compact, hemispherical, at 
length globose; scales of tlie inxolucre numerous small, oblong, acutish, 
straw-colored, or liglit brown, passing into the linear spatulate acuminate 
bearded l)racts, these longer than the flower. — Boggy j)laces, Florida, and 
northward. July -Sept. — Scapes 2° -3° high. Leaves 4'- 12' long, 2" -6" 
wide. 

2. E. gnaphalodes, Midix. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, flat, very 
acute, rigid, or the innnerscd ones thin and pellucid; scapes few or single; 
head hemispherical ; scales of the involucre few, oblong or roundish, very ob- 
tuse, turning lead-color; bracts shorter than the flower, spatulate, their broad 
and bearded summit turning blackish. — Swatnps and shallow ponds, Florida, 
and northward. April- June. — Scapes l^°-2° high. Leaves 2'-G'' long. 

3. E. septangulare, Withering. Leaves short (r- 2' long), subulate- 
linear, pellucid; scape weak and slender; head small, hemispherical, densely 
white-bearded ; scales of the involucre rounded ; bracts spatulate. — Wet pine 
barrens, Mississippi {Prof. Hilgard). 

4. E. Ravenelii, Chapm. Smooth throughout; root fibrous; leaves 
linear, acute, flat; scapes low and slender, clustered; heads small (\"-2" in 
diameter), globose; scales of the involucre few, oblong, very obtuse, whitisli, 
pellucid ; bracts dark brown, beardless. — Wet places, Florida to South Carv 
olina. — Scapes V - 6' high. Lea,ves 1^-2' long. i 

2. P^PALANTHUS, Martins. 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3. Corolla tubular, 3-toothed. 
Stamens 3 : anthers 2-celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals and petals 3. Style 3- 
parted, the divisions entire : stigmas 3. Capsule 3-celled. — Habit of the 
preceding. 

1. P. flavidulus, Kunth. Leaves short (T- 2' long), subulate, smooth, 
or sparingly pubescent ; scapes num.erous, filiform, 5-f arroAved, hairy ; heads 
hemispherical, yellowish Avhite ; scales of the involucre oblong, acute, smooth ; 
flowers slender, pedicelled; sepals linear, acute; stamens and styles exserted. 
(Eriocaulon, Michx.) — Low sandy pine barrens. April -May. — Scape 6'- 
12' high. 

3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. 

Flowers monoecious. Staminate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none. Sta- 
mens 3, with the filaments united below into a club-shaped tube : anthers 1- 
celled. Pistillate Fl. Sepals 3, equal. Corolla none, or reduced to tufted 
hairs. Style club-shaped, 2-3-parted, the divisions entire or 2-cleft : stigmas 
2-6. Capsule 2 -3-celled. — Habit of the two preceding. Bracts and sepals 
blackish, fringed with club-shaped hairs. 



CYPERACE^ (sedge FAMILY.) 531 

1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. Leaves linear (l'- 2' long), hairy, becoming 
smoothish ; scapes slender, hairy, 4-f arrowed (1° high) ; heads globose ; bracts 
and sepals spatulate, obtuse, fringed with white hairs ; divisions of the style 3, 
each 2-cleft. — Low grassy pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May- 
June, growing in tufts. — Heads 2'' -3'^ wide. 

Var. minor. Scapes 2' -3' high; heads 1^" wide. — Low pine barrens, 
Bristol, Florida. May -July. 

2. L. glabrum, Kornicke. Csespitose; leaves linear, smooth (1' long) ; 
scapes minierons, smooth, 5-furrowed (3' -5' high) ; heads globose, becoming 
oblong, dark brown ; bracts and sepals spatulate-obovate, obtuse, slightly 
fringed with short brownish hairs ; divisions of the style 3, entire. — Sandy 
springy places, Florida, and westward. June -Oct. — Heads 3" long. 



Order. 161. CYPERACE^E. (Sedge Family.) 

Slender herbs, with simple solid mostly 3-angied stems (culms), and 
grass-like leaves, with closed sheaths. Flowers spiked, each in the 
axil of a single (rarely 2-4) scale-like bract (scale). Perianth com- 
posed of hypogynous scales or bristles, or none. Ovary 1-celled, with 
a single erect anatropous ovule, forming in fruit a lenticul,ar or 3- 
angled achenium (nut), which is often crowned with the persistent 
jointed base of the style (tubercle). Stamens 1-12: anthers erect. 
Style 2-3-cleft or parted. Embryo minute at the base of the 

albumen. 

Synopsis. 

Tribe I. CYPERE^. Flowers perfect: spikelets 1 - many-flowered : scales one to 
each flower, imbricated in 2 rows : perianth bristly, or none. 
* Perianth none : nut beakless. 

1. CYPERUS. Spikelets few -many-flowered: inflorescence terminal. 

2. KYLLINGIA. Spikelets 1-flowered : inflorescence terminal, capitate. 

* * Perianth bristly : nut beaked. 

3. DULICHIUM. Spikes lateral and terminal : spikelets many-flowered. 

Tribe II. L,IPOCARPHE^. Flowers perfect : spikes many-flowered : scales 2-4 
to each flower ; the exterior ones imbricated in many rows : perianth none. 

4. HEMICARPHA. Inner scale 1 : involucre mostly 1-leaved, erect. 

5. LIPOCARPHA. Inner scales 2 : leaves of the involucre 2 or more, spreading. 

Tribe III. SCIRPE-iiE. Flowers perfect : spikes commonly many-flowered : scales 
one to each flower, imbricated in several (rarely 2) rows, all fruitful, or the lowest 
empty : perianth bristly, hairy, or wanting. 

* Perianth of 3 bristles, alternating with 3 stalked scales. 

6. FUIRENA. Nut pointed : scales of the clustered axillary and terminal spikes awned. 

* * Perianth bristly, occasionally wanting. 

7. ELEOCHARIS. Nut tubercled : culms leafless, sheathed at the base, bearing one ter- 

minal spike. 

8. SCIRPUS. Tubercle none : culms mostly leafy at the base or throughout : spikes 

commonly numerous : perianth of 3 - 6 bristles. 

9. ERIOPHORUM. Perianth of numerous long and woolly hairs : otherwise like Scirpus. 



532 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

* * * Perianth none : style tumid at the base. 
+- Scales imbricated in several rows : spikes terete. 

10. FIMBRISTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 2 : imt lenticular or globose. 

11. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Style deciduous : stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled. 

12. ISOLEPIS. Style persistent at the base : stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled. 

-i- -t- Scales imbricated in 2 rows : spike compressed. 

13. ABILDGAARDIA. Style 3-cleft, jointed to the 3-angled nut. 

Tribe IV. IlHYNCHOSPOIlE-(E. Flowers perfect or polygamous : spikelets com- 
monly few-flowered : scales one to each flower, imbricated in few -several rows, the 
lower ones empty, the upper mostly sterile ; perianth bristly, or none. 
* Perianth bristly (occasionally wanting in Rhynchospora). 

14. RHYNCHOSPORA. Style 2-cleft or entire, dilated and persistent at the base : nut len- 

ticular or globose. 

15. CH^TOSPORA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous : nut 3-angled : spikelets terminal. 

* * Perianth none. 
IG. PSILOCARYA. Spikes terete, many-flowered, cymose : flowers perfect. 

17. DICHROMENA. Spikes compressed, capitate : most of the flowers imperfect. 

18. CLADIUM. Spikes few-flowered, only the uppermost flower perfect : nut globose. 

Tribe V. SCLEKIE^. Flowers monoecious : sterile spike many-flowered : scales 
one to each flower, imbricated in few rows : fertile spike 1-flowered, with two or 
more scales : perianth none. 

19. SCLERIA. Style 3-cleft, deciduous. Nut bony, globose or 3-angled. 

Tribe VI. CARICE^. Flowers monoecious, very rarely dioecious : sterile and fer- 
tile flowers on the same spike, or on separate spikes : scales one to each flower, 
imbricated in few - many rows : nut enclosed in a sac : perianth none. 

20. CAREX. Bristles within the sac none. Spikes axillary and terminal. 

1. CYPERUS, L. 

Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, commonly flat or compressed. Scales imbri- 
cated in two opposite rows, often decurrent on the jointed rachis, deciduous. 
Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style 2 -3-cleft, deciduous. Nut lenticular 
or 3-angled. — Culms 3 angled (rarely terete), jointless, leafy or occasionally 
sheathed at the base. Spikelets numerous (rarely 1-2), disposed in single 
or umbellate heads or spikes, and surrounded with a leafy involucre. Rays 
sheathed. 

§1. Pyceeus, — Styles-cleft: nut lenticular . 

* Spikelets clustered on the common rachis, or capitate. 

1. C. flavescens, L. Umbel sessile or of 2-4 rays, shorter than the 
spikelets; spikelets 3 -several in a cluster, oblong-linear, acute, spreading, 
20 - 30-flowered ; scales yellowish brown, ovate, obtuse, appressed ; rachis 
margined ; stamens 3 ; nut orbicular, black, smooth or papillose ; culms clus- 
tered, 4' -10' high; leaves and 3-leaved involucre narrowly linear. — Low 
grounds. July - August. 

2. C. diandrilS, Torr. Umbel of 2-5 short and unequal rays, the 
longer ones longer than the spikelets; spikelets lanceolate-oblong, acute, 
brownish or dark brown, spreading ; scales ovate, obtuse, appressed, green on 
the keel ; rachis margined ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate, roughish, dull 



CYPEHACEiE. (sedge FAMILY.) , 533 

gray. — Wet places, North Carolina, and northward. August. — Culms 4' - 
10' high. Involucre 3-leaved. 

3. C. leucolepis, Carey. Spikelets capitate, ovate-lanceolate, flat, acute, 
5 - 7-flowered ; scales ovate, mucronate, compressed-keeled, 7-nerved, the scari- 
ous sides broadly decurrent; style deeply 2-parted; stamens 2-3; nut (imma- 
ture) oblong, lenticular; culms low (2'- 3'), tufted, obtuse-angled, shorter 
than the smooth keeled leaves. — Damp cultivated grounds, Quincy, Middle 
Morida. August. — Head 3'' -4'' in diameter, composed of 3-4 compact 
clusters; spikelets V long, white. 

* * Spikelets scattered on the common rachis (spiked). 

4 C. Nuttallii, Torr, Umbel sessile or of 3 - 6 rays, r-2' long ; spike- 
lets spreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, light or yellowish brown, 12-20- 
flowered, the lower ones commonly compound; scales rigid, oblong-ovate, 
acute or mucronate, appressed ; stamens 2 ; nut oblong-obovate, very obtuse, 
grayish and minutely pitted ; culms clustered, 3-angled, 4^-15' high ; leaves 
and involucre narrowly linear. — Salt or brackish soil, Florida, and northward. 
July - Sept. 

5. C. fiavicomus, Michx. Umbel compound, many-rayed ; spikelets 
crowded, linear, acute, 12-30-flowered; scales loosely imbricated, yellowish, 
round-obovate, emarginate, with broad scarious margins, at length spreading ; 
rachis broadly margined ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, black, smooth and shining, 
barely shorter than the scale ; culms thick, obtuse-angled, 1°- 3° high ; leaves 
broadly linear, as long as the culm. — Low grounds and ditches, Georgia and 
South Carolina. May - Sept. — Involucre 3 - 5-leaved. Spikelets 6'' - 9" long. 

6. C. polystachyus, Rottb. Umbel of 4-8 rays, simple or somewhat 
compound; spikelets crowded, linear, acute, 15 -25-flowered ; scales thin, 
ovate, acute, closely imbricated ; rachis slightly margined ; stamens 2 ; nut 
linear-oblong or somewhat club-shaped, short-pointed, grayish and minutely 
pitted ; culms filiform, 3-angled, 6'- 12' high ; leaves and elongated involucre 
very narrow. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina. 
July - Sept. — Rays 1' - 2' long. Spikelets 4'' - 7^' long. 

§ 2. Cyperus proper. — Style 3-cleft: nut 3-angfed. 
1. Umbel simple or compound: spikelets spreading, forming loose or compact 
spikes at the summit of the rays: scales rigid, 1 - l\ -nerve d : joints of the 
rachis commonly conspicuously winged: stamens 3. 

* Spikelets approximate or crowded on all sides of the common rachis. 
-1- Spikelets compressed. 

7. C. StrigOSUS, L, Umbel large, 4 - 8-rayed, simple or compound, much 
shorter than the involucre ; involucels bristly, shorter than the dense oblong 
spikes; spikelets linear, acute, 6- 10-flowered ; scales somewhat scattered on 
the very slender rachis, oblong-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the linear- 
oblong acute minutely dotted dull nut ; culms (l°-3° high) tumid at the base, 
as long as the broadly linear leaves. — Swamps and damp soil. July -Sept. 
— Rays 4' - 6' long. Spikelets |' - f ' long. Sheath of the rays bristle-pointed. 

8. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Umbel simple or compound, 6 - 9-rayed, shorter 
than the 3 - 6-leaved involucre ; sheaths of the ravs truncate ; involucels 



534 CYPERACEiE, (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

bristly, sliorter than the ovate compact spikes ; spikelets linear, acute, 5-8- 
liowered; scales linear lanceolate, acute, involute, spreading, much lono-er 
•than tlie oblong-linear acute dull aii<l nn'nutclj' jjitted nut; culms smooth 
(2° -3° higli) ; leaves very rough on tiie margins, whitish beneatli. — Swamps 
and wet places, Florida to North Carolina. August- Sept. — Culm rather 
slender, l.>nger than the leaves. Spikelets G"-8" long. 

y. C. brunneus, Swartz. Umbel compcnind, ol' 4-0 rays; sjjikes ovate 
or oblong, dense; spikelets spreading (4" long), linear-lanceolate, 8- 10-fiow- 
ered, acute; scales obloiig-ovate, acute, spreading, 9-11-nerved, thrice the 
length of the oblong-obovate pointed blackish nut; culms obtuse-angled, shorter 
than the (3° -4° long) wliitisli long-tapering leaves. — Sandy shores, South 
Florida. Oct. :^ — Culm 2° -3° high. Leaves rough-edged. Kays 2' -3' 
long. Spikelets light brown. Joints of the rachis broadly winged. 

10. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. Umbel 3-12-rayed, shorter tlian the 
involucre; spikelets very numerous, narrow-linear, 12-50-flowered; scales 
minute, oblong-ovate, yellowish and glossy on the sides ; wings of the rachis 
at length free ; nut oval, compressed-3-angled ; culms obtuse-angled ; leaves 
pale beneath; involucels leafy, longer than the spikes. —Ponds and ditches. 
July- Sept. ® — Culms i°-4° Ingli. Leaves V'-W wide. Spikelets 
2" - 8'' long. 

H. C. Halei, Torr. Umbel many-rayed; spikes densely clustered, cylin- 
drical, i'-f long, the involucels few and linear; spikelets flat, 12-14- 
fiowered ; scales brown, sharply keeled, 5-nerved ; nut triquetrous ; culms 2° - 
3° high, round-angled. — Marshes, Florida, and westward. 

12. C. dissitiflorus, Torr. Umbel simple, 3-4-rayed; spikelets scat- 
tered along the upper portion of the slender rays, lanceolate, compressed, 
acute, 5 - 7-flowered ; scales oblong-lanceolate, acute ; nut oblong-obovate, 
compressed-triangular; culms filiform (l°-2° high) ; leaves narrow-linear. — 
Mississippi, Tennessee, and westward. 

1- -1- Spikelets terete or angular. 
■M- Scales closeljj imbricate: spikelets, short, oblong. 

13. C. tetragonus, Ell. Umbel of 6- 12 slender rays; spikes cylindri- 
cal, loose ; spikelets horizontal, short (2'^-3" long), 4-angled, 4 - 6-fiowered ; 
scales ovate, 9-1 1-nerved, twice as long as the oblong dull nut ; culms mostly 
slender, l°-2° high, as long as the leaves; involucre many-leaved. — Dry 
sandy soil, along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. August- Sept. 2/ — 
Spikes I'-li' long, .5'' wide, those on the longer rays commonly compound. 
Kays 3'- .5' long. 

14. C. ligularis, L. Umbel many-rayed; spikes compact, cylindrical, 
compound, pale ; spikelets short {2" -3" long), spreading, nearly terete, 7- 
flowered ; scales thin, ovate, acute, 7-nerved, twice the length of the obovate 
triangular acute nut ; rachis broadly winged; culms stout, nearly terete (2°- . 
3° high), glaucous, like the broadly linear rough-edged leaves. — Wet sandy 
places, Punta Rassa, South Florida.. 

-I-+ -M- Scales rather distant: spikelets linear. 

15. C. speeioSUS, Vahl. Umbel 4 - 6-rayed ; spikes loose, mostly shorter 
than the leafy involucels ; spikelets spreading or reflexed, linear-subulate, 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 535 

terete, 10- 12-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, faintly nerved, appressed ; nut 
oblong, coinpressed-3-augled ; culms slender, obtuse-angled. — Swamps and 
ditclies. August -Sept. © — Culm 2° -3° high. Spikelets 6" -8'" long, 
Hexuous in fruit. 

16. C. distans, L. Umbel large, compound, 8- lO-rayed; spikelets fili- 
form, -4"- G'' long, spreading, 8- 10-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, faintly 
nerved, twice as long as tlie winged joints ; nut oblong, 3-angled ; culms 2° -'6° 
higli. — Wet pine wooJs, North Carolina. 

17. C. refractUS, Engelm. Umbels mostly simple, 3-9-rayed, 3^-9' 
long; spikes loose; spikelets filiform, terete, 6- 10-flowered, 9''-12" long, at 
length refracted ; scales oblong, obtuse, about twice the length of the oblong 
triquetrous nut and the winged joints ; culms slender, \°-2° high, commonly 
exceeding the rough-edged leaves. — Georgia, Tennessee, and westward. 

* * Spikelets compressed, somewhat 2-runked, mostly few and scattered on the 
common rachis : perennials, with creeping tuber-bearing rootstocks : flowers 
mostly abortive. 

18. C. eseulentus, L. Umbel mostly simple, erect, 5-6-rayed, shorter 
than the 3-5-leaved involucre; spikelets linear, spreading, 12-24-fiowered, 
the lower ones often clustered ; scales oblong, obtuse or short mucronate, 
compressed-keeled, thin-margined, spreading at the apex, yellowish brown ; nut 
oblong, triquetrous, acute. — Sandy soil near the coast, Florida, and north- 
ward, July - Sept. — Culms 1° - 1^° high, acute-angled, longer than the erect 
smooth leaves. Rays 2' -4' long. Spikelets 6''-8" long. Whole plant 
yellowish. 

Var. maerostachyus, Boeckl. Larger (2°-3°high); spikelets longer 
(1' long) and broader, 30 - 40 flowered ; scales acute, rounded on the back. — 
Coast of Florida, and westward. 

19. C. rotundus, L. Umbel simple or compound, 3 -8- rayed, mostly 
longer than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikes composed of 3 - 9 scattered linear 
flat 20-30-flowered spikelets; scales oblong, obtuse, appressed, 7-nerved on 
the green keel, the membranaceous sides dark chestnut ; nut obovate ; culms 
smooth, slender, longer than the broadly linear crowded spreading rough 
leaves. — Sandy soil, along the coast. August- Sept, — Culm 9'- 18' high. 
Rays slender, 2' -4' long. Spikelets ^' -V long. 

2. Umbel compound: spikelets compressed, many flowered, scattered in loose 
spikes at the flliform summit of the rays : scales thin, 5-nerved, separate: 
joints of the rachis slightly margined : stamens 2. 

20. C. Iria, L, Umbel 6- 8 rayed, erect, shorter than the 3-4-leaved 
involucre; spikelets erect-spreading, oblong-linear, 12 - 24-flowered ; scales 
spreading, nearly orbicular, obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, 5-nerved 
on the green keel, the thin whitish sides minutely pitted ; nut oblong-obovate, 
abruptly-pointed; style very short; culms (1° high) slender, acute-angled, 
longer than the smooth narrow leaves. — South Carolina (Ravenel), Mississippi 
{Tracey). Probably introduced. 



536 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

3, Umbel compound or decompound, diffuse: spik'elets 2-ranked, compressed, 
manij-Jlowered, .'i-lO In a cluster at the summit of the general and jjurtial 
rai/s : scales closeij imbricated, 3 - 7-nerved, decurrent on the ruchis : sta- 
mens 3. 

* Culms terete, knotted, leafless: involucre verij short: nut oblong. 

21. C. articulatus, L. Umltel cujnpouud, luauy-rayed, spreading or re- 
curved ; involucre oi' three bract-like puiigeut leaves ; s]>ikelet.s long (^' - 1 .2' 
long), linear, spreading, 30- 40-fiowered ; scales whitish, ohhaig, obtuse, 7- 
nerved on the back, thrice the length of the linear-oblong dull nut ; rhizonia 
creeping, bearing tul>er-like buds; culms stout (3°- 5^ high), tumid at the 
sheathed base. — Marshes near the c(jast, Florida to South Carolina. Au- 
gust-Sept. 2/ — Flowers mostly abortive. 

* * Calms 3-angled, knotless : involucre lea/g : nut obovate. 

22. C. Haspan, L. Umbel many-rayed, decompound, spreading, the 
filiform rays mostly longer than the 2-leaved involucre; spikelets small (4"- 
5" long), 3 -5 in a cluster, linear, acute, 20 -40-flowered ; scales light reddish 
brown, very small, oblong, mucrouate, 3-uerved, free at the apex ; nut white, 
granular-roughened ; culms teuder, sharply angled ; leaves linear, smooth, 
shorter than the culms (1°- 1-^°), often reduced to membranaceous sheaths. — 
Ponds and ditches. July - Sept. 

23. C. dentatus, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 4-7-rayed, sliorter 
than the 3-4-leaved involucre; spikelets 3-5 in a cluster (3"-7'' lo'^g). 
ovate-oblong, obtuse, flat, 12-30-flowered ; scales ovate, acute, compressed, 
7-nerved on the green keel, membranaceous on the reddish brown sides, spread- 
ing at the apex; nut minute, whitish ; rhizoma creeping, bearing tubers; 
culms slender (1° high), obtuse-angled, longer than the rigid keeled leaves. — 
Sand}^ swamps and banks. South Carolina [Torrey), and northward. Sept. 
2/ — liays 1^-2^ long. 

24. C. Lecontei, Torr. Umbel compound, erect, 6-12-rayed, shorter 
than the 3-leaved involucre ; spikelets commonly three in a cluster, ol)long or 
linear-oblong, obtuse, flat, 30 - 70-flowered (^'-U long) ; scales closely imbri- 
cated, ovate, obtuse, compressed, yellowish, faintly 7-nerved, appressed at the 
apex ; nut minute, blackish ; culms rigid, obtuse-angled, as long as the rigid 
leaves. — Low sandy places along the coast, East and West Florida. July - 
Sept. 11 — Ehizoma creeping. Culms 6' -12' high, Eays 2' -6' long. 
I'achis with very short joints. Whole plant pale straw-color. 

4. Umbel simple or compound : spikelets many-floioered, compressed , numerous in 
a cluster , farming more or less d^nse heads at the summit of the common and 
partial rays : rachis loingless : stamen solitary. 

* Umbel compound : spikelets ovate or oblong, flat : scales ^-nerved, concave on 
the back, acute : nut minute, lanceolate or oblong. 

25. C. virens, Michx. Umbel spreading, compound, many-rayed ; invo- 
lucre 4 - 6-Ieaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets (4''- 6'' long, 
and about 20 in a cluster) oblong, 30 -40-flowered, pale green ; scales oblong 
lanceolate, straight; nut lanceolate, acute at each end; culms stout (2° -4° 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 537 

high), rough-angled above ; leaves broad, elongated, reticulated. Miry places, 
Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. Jl — Plant pale green. Eays 3' - 
4' long. Spikelets turning yellowish. 

26. C. calcaratus, Nees. Umbel often decompound, many-rayed, widely 
spreading ; involucre 4-leaved, many times longer than the umbel ; spikelets 
short (li"- 2" long), ovate, 10- 15-flowered, very uumeruus in the heads; 
scales lanceolate, incurved, spreading at the apex ; nut minute, linear- lanceo- 
late, slender-pointed; culms slender (2°-3° high), obtuse-angled or nearly 
terete ; leaves narrow, rigid, rough on the margins near the summit. — Low 
pine barrens and margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. 11 — 
Culms tumid at the base. Leaves of the involucre horizontal. Heads light 
brown. 

27. C. Surinamensis, Rottb. Umbel compound, of 4-6 primary rays, 
and as many smaller ones, shorter than the 4-leaved involucre; spikelets (10- 
20 in a cluster) oblong or oblong-linear, 40 - .50-flowered ; scales yellowish, 
ovate, st]-aiglit, free at the apex ; nut oblong, pointed, abruptly contracted at 
the base, minutely wrinkled; culms (6' -15' high) obtuse-angled, very rough, 
longer than the narrow leaves. — Sandy swamps, Middle Florida, and west- 
ward. Sept. (l). 

* * Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets lanceolate or linear, compressed : scales 
8 -10-7ierved, tapering into a long spreading or recurved point: nut ohovate- 
oblong : low tufted annuals. 

28. C. aristatus, Kottb. Umbel of 1-2 short rays or sessile, much 
shorter than the 2-3-leaved involucre ; spikelets very numerous in the clus- 
ters (green), oblong-linear (2^' long), 10-20-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, 8- 
nerved, gradually pointed; culms weak, acute-angled (2' -6' high), as long as 
the smooth narrowly linear leaves. — Low sandy places (apparently intro- 
duced). July - Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves green. 

Var. versicolor, Clarke. Spikelets 8-20 in a cluster, reddish brown; 
scales rigid, 10-nerved, abruptly pointed; sheaths dark brown. — South 
Florida. 

29. C. acuminatus, Torr. Spikelets (whitish) numerous in a compact 
cluster, oblong, compressed, 20-30-flowered ; scales thin, keeled, oblong, 
tapering into a spreading point, faintly 3-nerved ; nut minute, narrowly obo- 
vate ; culms clustered : leaves one or two, very narrow, like the 3-leaved in- 
volucre. — Low ground, Tennessee, and westward. — Culms 4^-8' high. 

5. Umbel simple or sessile : spikelets inserted on all sides of the common rachis, 
forming clusters or heads : joints of the rachis mostly winged : scales rigid, 
5-l\-nerved: stamens 3. 

* Spikelets few in loose clusters. 

30. C. filiformis, Swartz. Clusters sessile ; spikelets 6-12, erect, terete, 
subulate, 6 - 12-flowered ; scales scattered, appressed, oblong, mucronate, finely 
nerved ; rachis very slender, flexuous ; nut oblong, acute ; culms tufted, fili- 
form, acute-angled, longer than the bri.stle-like leaves ; involucre 2-leaved, the 
lower one elongated and erect. — Key West. Nov. 2/ — Culms 4'- 10" 
high, tumid at the base. Spikelets 4"- 6" long. ^ 



538 CYPERACE.E. (sedge FAMILY.) 

31 . C. compressus, L. Umbel simple or compound, often sessile, shorter 
than the 4 -G-leavcil involucre; spikelets spreading, linear, flat, 12-30-fio\v- 
ered ; scales ovate, acuminate, closely iml)ricated, keeled ; nut broadly oljovate, 
acute-angled, black and sliining ; culms obtuse-angled, longer than the pale 
green leaves. — Cultivated grounds. July -Sept. (T) — Culms 4' -12' high. 
Umbel spreading, sometimes reduced to few spikelets or a single one. Spike- 
lets somewhat glaucous, 4''-G" long, serrated l>y the jirojecting points of the 
scales. 

32. C viscoSUS, Ait. Umbel simple, of 3 - 5 short erect rays ; involucre 
elongated, 3-leaved ; spikelets several in a: cluster, lanceolate, compressed, 
1 2 - 20-tlowered ; scales whitish, ovate, acuminate, loosely imbricated in fruit, 
hispid-serrulate on the keel, tlie broad margins embracing the pear-shajjed 
acutely angled nut ; culm flattened on one side, rounded on the other, as long- 
as the slender keeled leaves. — Dry sandy soil. South Florida. May - Nov. 
— Culms 9'- 15' high, straw-color, like the leaves. Spikelets ^ long. 

* * Spikelets numerous in conipacl globular oblonfj or cijlindrlcal heads. 

33. C. fuligineus, Chapm. Head solitary, globose, shorter than the 
2-leaved inv(jlucre ; s])ikes lanceolate, acute, compressed, 8 - 12-flowered ; scales 
(black) ovate, obtuse or emarglnate, mucronate; nut ol)long-obovate ; culms 
filiform, obtuse-angled, thrice the length of the narrow rigid leaves. — Key 
West. Nov. — Culms |°-1° high. Sheaths of the leaves blackish. Head 
5'f in diameter. Scales 9-nerved. 

34. C. flliculmis, Vahl. Umbel of 1 -2 spreading rays or none ; involu- 
cre 3 - 4-leaved ; spikelets 15-20, in a dense globose head, linear-lanceolate, 
6-10-Howered ; joints of the rachis barely margined; scales (greenish) ovate, 
obtuse or emarginate, short-mucronate, loosely imbricated ; nut obovate ; 
culms (10'- 15' high), slender, wiry, longer than the linear leaves. — Dry 
sandy soil. July - Sept. — Heads ^' in diameter. 

35. C. Martindalei, Britton. Allied to the preceding, but taller (1|°- 
2° high) ; umbel 2 - 8-rayed, spikelets compressed, acute ; scales closely imbri- 
cated ; rachis winged. — Dry pine barrens near the coast, West Florida. 

36. C. Grayii, Torr. Umbel of 4-6 erect rays, shorter than the 3-4- 
leaved involucre ; spikelets 6 - 9 in a rather loose head, linear or linear-lanceo- 
late, 5 - 7-flowered ; joints of the rachis winged ; scales (brownish) closely 
imbricated (spreading in fruit), ovate or oblong, obtuse; nut obovate; culms 
(8'- 12' high) filiform, wiry, longer than the bristle-shaped leaves. — Dry 
sandy pine barrens, North Carolina [Curtis), and northward. August - 
Sept. 

37. C. OVUlaris, Torr. Umbel 3 - 6-rayed, rarely wanting ; heads small, 
globose or oblong; spikelets (1 J" -2" long) angular, obtuse, 2-4-flowered ; 
scales ovate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely imbricated ; nut oblong ; culms 
smooth, rather acute-angled, mostly longer than the leaves. — Wet or dry 
soil, common and variable. August - Sept. — Culms i° - 2° high. Heads 2" - 
3" in diameter. 

38. C. retrofractus, Torr. Umbel of about 8 slender (2' -6' long' 
rays, longer than the involucre ; heads obovate; spikelets subulate, reflexed- 



I 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 539 

terete ; scales 4-5, the two lower ones ovate and empty, the upper lanceolate, 
acute; nut liuear-obloug ; cnlin tall (2° -4°), downy and roughish, like the 
broadly linear leaves. — Barren sandy soil, Florida, and northward. July- 
Sept. — Leaves much sliorter than the culm. 

39. C. retrorsus, Chapm. Umbel simple, 8-rayed ; spikes clavate-obo- 
vate ; spikelets lanceolate, acute, reflexed, 2 - 3-flowered, the lowest flower fer- 
tile; scales oblong, 7-nerved, scarcely longer than the oblong triangular nut; 
rachis very slender, broadly winged ; culm smooth (2° high); leaves linear, 
involucre longer than the umbel. — Roberts's Key, Caximbas Bay, South 
Florida. 

40. C. Baldwinii, Torr. Umbel 6 - 12-rayed, shorter than the involucre ; 
heads globose or oblong ; spikelets linear, somewhat compressed, acute, 6-12- 
fiowered ; scales (greenish or yellowish) oblong, obtuse, mucronate, closely im- 
bricated ; nut oblong; culms (l°-2°high) obtuse-angled, longer than the 
linear leaves. (Mariscus echinatus, Ell.) — Cultivated ground, Florida to 
North Carolina, and westward. July - Sept. — Spikelets '^" - 6'' long. 

41. C. Lancastriensis, T. C. Porter. Culms triangular (l°-2° high) ; 
leaves rather broadly linear; umbel 6-9-rayed; spikelets subulate, numerous 
in an oval or globular head, soon reflexed, 3 ~ 6-flowered ; scales oblong, ob- 
tuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong nut ; rachis broadly winged. — 
Alabama {Porter), and northward. 

42. C. cylindrieus, Chapm. Umbel 3 - 6-rayed, simple, erect ; heads 
oblong or cylindrical ; spikelets very numerous, lanceolate, 7 - 9-flowered ; 
scales oblong, 7 - 9nerved,pale, twice the length of the oblong triangular nut ; 
rachis very slender, narrowly winged ; culms (1° - 2° high) triangular, smooth ; 
leaves broadly linear, as long as the culm. — Sandy keys of Caximbas Bay, 
South Florida. 

43. C. Blodgettii, Britton ? Umbel 3-5-rayed, simple, longer than the 
3-leaved involucre ; Heads globose, dense, 3'^ - A" in diameter ; spikelets 6-8- 
flowered ; scales oval, obtuse, little longer than the ovate-oblong triangular 
nut ; rachis strongly winged ; culms 6' - 12' high, much longer than the smooth, 
linear leaves. — Keys of Caximbas Bay, South Florida. 

2. KYLLINGIA, L. 

Spikelets compressed, mostly 1-floAvered. Scales commonly 4, imbricated 
in tAvo rows, the two lower ones small and empty, the third perfect, the fourth 
imperfect. Perianth none. Stamens 1-3. Style elongated, 2-cleft. Nut 
lenticular. — Culms jointlcss, 3-angled, leafy at the base. Involucre S-.^- 
leaved. Spikelets collected in single or clustered sessile heads. Plants 
odorous. 

1. K. pumila, Michx. Heads (green) mostly 3, globose or ovate ; spike- 
lets 1-flowered, ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end ; scales 3, the lowest minute, 
the middle one ovate, compressed, mucronate, mostly serrulate on the keel, 
enclosing the upper one ; nnt obovate ; stamens 2 ; culms weak, acute angled ; 
leaves and 3 -4-leaved involucre linear. — Wet places, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. July - Sept. (l) — Culms tufted, 4' - 1 0' high. 



540 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 

2. K. cdorata, Vahl. Heads (white) 1 - 3, ovate or oblong; spikelets 
ovate-ol)]oii<^-, acute, I -flowered, or imperfectly 2-flowered ; scales 4-5, the two 
lower ones minute, the third and fourth alike, ovate, acute, smooth, the fiftli 
enclosed in the fourth ; stamens 2 ; nut obovate ; culms erect, obtuse-angled ; 
leaves and 3-5-leaved iuvolucre broadly linear. — Low exposed, places and 
along roads, Middle Florida. August -Sept. 2/ — Culms 4'- 12' liiah. 
Plant pale green, ])leasaut-scented. 

3. K. monocephala, L. " Heads single, gloljose, compact ; spikelets 
1-flowered, monaudrous, ovate, acuminate, the 2 superior scales striate, nearly 
smootii ou the sides, serrulate-ciliate ou the keel, the two inferior minute ; nut 
somewiiat orbicular; involucre 3-leaved, one of the leaves' erect, the others 
horizontal." I'orr. — Low moist places near the coast, Georgia and Florida. 
— Hhi/.oma creeping. Culms 1° high. Head greenish, generally inclined. 
Leaves abruptly pointed. 

3. DULICHIUM, Eichard. 

Spikelets linear, compressed, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 rows, 
decurrent ou the joints of the rachis. Perianth composed of 6-9 downwardly 
hispid rigid bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft, Kut lanceolate, compressed, 
long-beaked. — Pereimial. Culms terete, jointed, leafy. Leaves numerous, 
3-rauked, linear or lanceolate, short and spreading. Spikes numerous, soli- 
tary in the upper axils, simple or the lower compound. Spikelets 8-14, 2- 
ranked, spreading, 6- 10-flowered. Scales lanceolate, many-nerved, closely 
imbricated. Bristles nearly twice as long as the compressed or concave 
nut. 

1. D. spathaceum, Richard. — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and north- 
ward. August - Sept. — Culms 1° - 2° high. Leaves V - 3' long. Spikelets 
g//_ J 2'^ long. Peduncles of the lower spikes longer than the sheaths. 

4. HEMICARPHA, Nees. 

Spikes many-flowered, ovate, one or few^ in a terminal (apparently lateral) 
cluster. Scales imbricated in many rows, ovate or obovate. Lmer scale 
single, behind the flower, very thin, minute. Perianth none. Stamens 1-2. 
Style 2-cleft. — Small tufted annuals with naked culms, narrow radical leaves, 
and an erect mostly 1 -leaved involucre. 

1. H. SUbsquarrosa, Nees. Culms nearly terete (2'- 4' high); leaf 
solitary, shorter than the culm; involucre 1 - 2-leaved, the lower erect, the 
other short and reflexed or wanting; spikes 2 (rarely one); scales brown, 
ovate-oblong, acuminate ; stamens 2 ; style deeply 2-parted, smootli ; nut ob- 
long-obovate, minutely pitted in lines. — Low sandy places, Florida, and north- 
ward. August - Sept. — Sheaths brown. Spikes 2" - S'' long. 

5. LIPOGARPHA, K. Br. 

Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales spatulate, imbricated in many rows, 
deciduous, the lowest empty. Interior scales 2, parallel to the exterior ones, 
membranaceous, enclosing the floAver and nut. Stamens 1-2. Style 2-3- 



I 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 541 

cleft. Nut compressed, 3-angied. — Culms joiutless, leafy at the base. Spikes 
in a terminal cluster. Involucre leafy. 

1. L. maculata, Torr. Annual; culms clustered, terete ; leaves much 
shorter than the culm, linear, concave, smooth ; involucre 2 - 6-leaved, spread- 
ing or recurved ; spikes small, ovate, 3 - 9 in a cluster ; scales spotted ; scales 
of the perianth very thin, the nerves at length free and bristle-like below^ ; 
nut oblong, contracted into a short neck. — Springy or miry places, Florida 
to North Carolina. July - Sept. — Culms 4' - 8' high. Spikes l''-2'' long, 
green. 

6. PUIRENA, Rottb. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows, awned at the apex. 
Perianth consisting of three petal-like stalked scales alternating with as many 
bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Nut 3-angled, raised on a stalk, and 
pointed with the persistent base of the style. — Culms terete, jointed. Spikes 
single or clustered, lateral and terminal. Scales hairy. 

1. F. SCirpoidea, Vahl. Rhizoma thick and creeping ; culms slender ; 
leaves reduced to pointed sheaths, smooth ; spikes 1 -3, terminal, ovate, sup- 
ported by a small bract-like involucre ; scales obovate, 9-nerved, pointed with 
a short erect awn ; stalks of the oval barely pointed petal-like scales longer 
than the hispid bristles. — Wet sandy places near the coast, Florida and 
Georgia. May -Sept. 2/ — Culms 1° high. 

2. "F. longa, Chapm. Glabrous; culms weak, declining, 2° -4° long; 
lower sheaths leafless, the upper short-leaved ; umbel terminal, sessile : 
spikes 2-4 in a cluster, oblong-ovate ; scales hairy, obovate, aAvned ; petal- 
like scales ovate, barely longer than their stalks ; bristles slightly hispid ; 
nut acutely triangular, pointed. — Low pine barrens near the coast, West 
Florida. 

3. F. squarrosa, Michx. Culms clustered, smooth, or pubescent near 
the summit ; leaves flat, linear or linear-lanceolate,, the margins, like the lower 
sheaths, hairy ; spikes oblong, in lateral and terminal clusters ; scales oblong- 
obovate, with the long pale aAvn recurved ; petal-like scales ovate, acute ; 
bristles as long as the stalk of the obovate nut. — Var. hispida. (F. liispida, 
Ell.) Leaves, sheaths, and upper portion of the culm bristly-hairy ; petal-like 
scales acuminate ; bristles nearly as long as the nut. — Swamps, Florida, and 
northward. July -Sept. ^ — Culms ^°- 2° high. Leaves 2' - 5' long. Ter- 
minal cluster occasionally compound. 

7. ELEOCHARIS, R. Br. Spike Rush. 

Spikes many- (rarely 2-4-) flowered. Scales imbricated on all sides of the 
rachis, or somewhat 2-ranked, the lowest usually empty, bract-like, and per- 
sistent. Perianth of 3-8 bearded bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens 
1-3. Style 2 -3-cleft. Nut compressed, biconvex, or 3-angled, crowned with 
the persistent jointed base of the style (tubercled). — Commonly perennials, 
with creeping rootstocks. Culms jointless, leafless, sheathed at the base, 
bearing at the apex a single spike. 



542 CYPERACEiE. (sEDGE FAMILY.) 

§ 1. Eleociiaius proper. — Spikes manij-Jlowered : scales unbricated i)} sci'- 

eral rows. 

* Spikes cijllndr lad, saircehj thicker tJian the soft ceUidar cidias: nut biconvex, 

pitted or wrinkled in lonr/ilndinal lines. 

1- Scales rounded, t/iick and Jaint/i/ nnoed : stijh'. :VclcJt: bristles 0, sjjarinfjhj 

bearded or snioothish, as Iuikj as the nut. (Liniiiocliloa, Nees) 

1. E. equisetoides, Torr. Culms stout, t(n(;U;, knotted by cross parti- 
tions, rougiiish ; scales pale, rouud-ovate, obtuse or the upper acute, scari(nu) 
on the margins ; bristles hispid ; nut pale brown, obscurely wrinkled, sliining, 
crowned with a sessile conical-beaked acute tubercle. (Scii-pus e(iuisetoides, 
Ell.) — Ponds, Florida, and northward. July-Sej)t. 2/ — Culms l°-2° 
high, 3" in diameter. Sheaths brown. Spikes 1' long. 

2. E. quadrangulata, H. Br. Culms unequally 4-sided, witli the angles 
acute; scales pale, roundish, very obtuse, scarious* on the margins; bristles 
slender, bearded, unequal; nut broadly obovate, finely pitted, dull white, 
tubercle ovate or conical, free around the base, much shorter than the nut. 
— Ponds and ditches, Florida, and nortliward. July -Sept. 2/ — Culm 2°- 
3° high, r'-2'' in diameter. Sheaths purplish. Spikes T long. 

3. E. cellulosa, Torr. Culms obscurely 3-angied below, terete above; 
scales pale brown, round-obovate, white and scarious on the margins; bristles 
rather rigid, nearly or quite smooth ; nut oblong-obovate, conspicuously pitted, 
narrowed into the conical (at length flattened) tubercle. — Marshes, Florida, 
and Avestward, near the coast. August — Sept. 21 — Rootstocks creeping, 
slender. Culms l°-2° high, l^' in diameter. Upper sheath elongated. 
Spikes Y-^' long, spirally twisted. 

-(- -^Scales oblong, nerved on the back, thin on the margins: style 2-3-cleft' 
bristles 7, strongly bearded, longer than the nut. 

4. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Culms erect, rather slender, acutely 3-angled, 
intermixed with hair-like abortive ones ; spike 6 - 8-flowered, acute ; scales 
greenish, obtuse, rather distant on the flattened rachis, clo.sely imbricated ; 
style 2-cleft ; bristles unequal, as long as the nut and tubercle ; nut (1" long) 
deeply pitted in lines, scarcely shorter than the subulate tubercle. — Shallow 
ponds, near Quincy, Florida, and northAvard. August. — Khizoma filiform. 
Culms 6'- 12' high. Spikes Y long. 

5. E. elongata, Chapm. Culms floating, slender, terete, mingled with 
hair-like abortive ones ; spike 12 - 20-flowered, acute ; scales rather distant on 
the compressed rachis, oblong-ovate, obtuse, green on the back, dark brown 
on the sides ; style 3-parted ; bristles rather longer than the obovate biconvex 
cr somewhat 3-angled faintly pitted nut ; tubercle minute. — In still water, 
Florida. July. ^ — Rootstocks filiform. Culms 2° - 3° long, all but the 
summit immersed. Spikes 6'^ - 9'' long. Nut Y' long. 

* * Spikes thicker than the culm : style 3-cleft : nut 3-angled. 
•I- Bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle : nut longitudinally furrowed and 

pitted. 

6. E. tuberculosa, R. Br. Culms somewhat compressed, tough and 
wiry; spikes pale, ovate or oblong, acute; scales oblong, rigid, 1-nerved ; nut 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 543 

obovate, as large as the ovate compressed 3-anglecl tubercle ; bristles rigid, 
hispid. ^ — Varies with larger spikes aud pubescent bristles. — Wet places, 
cliieHy along the coast, Florida, and northward. March - Sept. 11 — Culms 
6'- 12' high. Spikes 3" -4'' long (6'' -8" in the var.). Nut shining. 

7. E. tortilis, Schultes. Culms unequally 3-sided, acute angled ; spikes 
short, ovate, acute ; scales ovate-oblong, whitish, with brownish sides ; nut 
obovate, flat on the inner face, twice as long as the conical-beaked compressed 
acute tubercle ; bristles rigid. ( Scirpus simplex, Eli.) — Miry places along 
streams, Florida to North Carolina. May -Sept. 2/ — Culms 1°-U° high, 
very slender, twisted when dry. Spikes 2'' -3'' long, angular, few-floAvered. 

8. E. prolifera, Torr. Culms filiform, diffuse or floating, compressed ; 
spikes ovate-lanceolate, acute, proliferous or rooting ; scales whitish, thin, 
oval, obtuse; nut obovate, conipressed-3-angled ; tubercle half as long as the 
nut, conical, 3-angled, free at the base ; bristles stout. — Marsliy borders of 
ponds and streams, Florida to North Carolina. May - Sept. 2/ — Culms 
10' -20' long, tough and wiry. Spikes 2" -4" long, very rarely fruiting. 

-1- H- Bristles 4-6, longer than the smooth nut. 

9. E. intermedia, Torr. Culms bristle- form, diffuse, furrowed; spikes 
oblong-ovate, acute, 8-10-flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, thin, 
brown on the sides ; nut (yellowish) obovate, narrowed at the base, flat on the 
inner face, backed with the subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, stout, as long as 
the nut and tubercle. — Wet places and in shallow streams, Georgia, and 
northward. — Culms 5° long. Spikes 2" - 3" long. Nut minutely striate. 

10. E. albida, Torr. Culms terete, spongy ; spikes pale, oval or oblong, 
obtuse, many-floAvered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, Avhite or brownish ; nut 
broadly obovate, whitish, flat on the inner face, smooth and shining ; tubercle 
minute, free at the base ; bristles 6, reddish, longer than the nut. — Wet sandy 
places along the coast. May -Sept. % — Khizoma filiform, creeping. Culms 
2' -6' high. Spikes 2" -3" long. 

11. E. rostellata, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, wiry; spikes 
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 12 - 20-flowered ; scales rigid, oval, obtuse, light brown ; 
nut obovate, flat on tlie inner face, tapering into the conical beaked tubercle ; 
bristles 4-6, stout, twice as long as the nut. — South Carolina, and north- 
ward. — Culms 1°- 1^° high. Spikes 3" -4" long. 

-1- -I- -1- Bristles 2- 6, not exceeding the nut, often wanting. 

12. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, tough and 
wiry ; spikes ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, many-floAvered ; scales thin, ovate, 
obtuse, white on the broad margins ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut black, obconical, 3- 
angled or biconvex, truncate at the apex, and capped with the triangular 
minutely pointed white tubercle ; bristles 3, as long as the nut, sometimes 
wanting. — Pine barren swamps, Florida, and northward. June - Sept. 2/ — 
Culms 1° - 1|° high. Spikes 4" - 5" long, 2'' thick, occasionally proliferous. 

13. E. arenicola, Torr. Khizoma long and creeping ; culms slender 
slightly compressed, striate, tough and wiry ; spikes ovate, or at length oblong 
or cylindrical, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, brown at 
the summit, white on the margins; nut (yellowish) obovate, compressed 3- 



544 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 

angled, contracted into a neck at the base of the short conical-beaked tubercle ; 
bristles 4-6, reddish, not longer than the nut. — Sandy sea-sliore, West Flor- 
ida to South Carolina. May -Sept. % — Rhizoma and sheaths black. 
Culms G'-15' higli. Spikes 3"- 6" long, occasionally 2-3-cleft. Nut mi- 
nutely pitted. 

1-1-. E. tricostata, Torr. Kliizoma stout, creeping; culms nearly terete, 
striate, wiry; spikes cylindrical oblong, acutish, mauy-ttowered; scales thin, 
oblong, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins : 
uut obovate, with strong and rib-like angles, contracted into the minute conical 
tubercle; bristles none. — Low pine barrens, Florida, and northward. May- 
Sept. ^ — Hhizonia and slieaths pale. Culms 1°-1.^° high. Spikes 2"*- 4^' 
long. Nut very small, minutely wrinkled. 

15. E. tenuis, Schultes. Culms filiform, acutely 4-angled, the sheaths 
purple; spikes elliptical, obtuse or acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, ob- 
tuse, green on the keel, dark brown on the sides, white on the margins ; nut 
obovate, 3-angle(1, transversely wrinkled and pitted, crowned with the l)road 
depressed short-pointed tubercle; bristles 2-3, much shorter than the uut, 
fugacious. — Wet places, chiefly in the upper districts. — Culms 8'- 12' high, 
almost bristle form. Spikes 3''- 4" long. Nut pale brown. 

16. E. mierocarpa, Torr. Culms bristle- or hair-like, 4-angled ; spikes 
ovate or oblong, obtuse, 10 -many-flowered, often proliferous; scales oblong, 
obtuse or acutish, membranaceous, brownish, Avith white margins ; nut very 
minute, white, obovate, rounded at the apex, and crowned with the depressed 
minutely pointed tubercle ; bristles 3-6, rarely as long as the nut, occasion- 
ally wanting. — Wet sandy places, Florida to North Carolina, and westward. 

17. E. Torreyana, Boeckl. Spikes many-flowered, dark brown; nut 
obovate, oblong, narrowed at the apex, and crowned with the conical 3-angled 
tubercle ; bristles rigid, rather longer than the nut. — Low sandy places, Flor- 
ida, and northward, chiefly near the coast. May- Sept. — Culms tufted, 3'- 
9' high. Spikes V ~2" long. Lowest scale larger and persistent. Nut 
strongly 3-angled. 

* * * Spikes thicker than the culm: style 2-3-cleft: nut lenticular. 
•1- Culms 4-angled, bristle-like. 

18. E. bicolor, Chapm. Culms erect or procumbent, 4-angled or 4-fur- 
rowed ; spikes ovate, obtuse, 8- 12-flowered; scales thin, loosely imbricated, 
ovate, obtuse, white on the keel and margins, the sides dark brown ; style 2 - 
3-cleft; nut very minute, white, obovate, lenticular, smooth, twice as long as 
the three fugacious bristles ; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, one third 
as long as the nut. — Sandy margins of ponds, near Quincy, Florida. August. 
(T) — Culms tufted, T- 6' long, when growing in water finely knotted. Spikes 
l¥' long. 

19. E. atropurpurea, Kunth? Culms tufted, erect, 4-furrowed, the 
sheaths dark brown ; spikes ovate or oblong, obtuse, at leugth very many- 
(70-100-) flowered; scales oval, very obtuse, thin, brown on the sides, white 
on the margins ; stamens 2 ; style 2-cleft ; nut very minute, pear-shaped, com- 
pressed, almost truncate at the apex, tipped with the somewhat peltate tuber- 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 545 

cle ; bristles none. — Margins of ponds and streams, Florida, and westward. 
June -August, (l) — Culms 3' -5' high. Spikes V-2" long, the lower 
scales deciduous as new flowers are developed. Nut black, smooth and 
shining. 

■^ ^- Culms terete or compressed, more or less spongy. 

20. E. capitata, R.Br. Culms tufted, nearly terete; spikes globose- 
ovate, closely many-flowered ; scales chartaceous, oval, pale, or brown near 
the rounded summit; nut black, smooth and shining, broadly obovate, bicon- 
vex, rather shorter than the stout bristles ; tubercle white, depressed, apicu- 
late. — Low ground near the coast, Georgia, and westward. — Culms 4' -6 
high. Spikes 2" long. 

21. E. OChreata, Nees. Rhizoma slender, creeping ; culms compressed ; 
spikes short, ovate, 4- 16-flowered; scales membranaceous, whitish, oblong, 
obtuse, deciduous ; nut black and shining, broadly obovate, biconvex, tipped 
with the sliort conical tubercle ; bristles 6, as long as the nut. — Springy or 
miry places, South Carolina, and westward. June -Sept. 2/ — Culms I' -4' 
high. Spikes T' - 2'' long. Scales often brown when young. Nut very small. 

22. E. olivacea, Torr. Culms compressed, furrowed, diffuse ; spikes 
ovate, acutish, many-flowered; scales ovate, obtuse, thin, purplish on the sides, 
green on the keel, the margins white; nut obovate, dull, dark olive; tubercle 
distinct, conical-beaked ; bristles 6-8, about as long as the nut. — Wet sandy 
places, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. — Culms 2' - 5' long. Spikes 
3" long, 20 -30-flowered. . 

23. E. palustris, R. Br. Rhizoma creeping; culms slender, terete, 
striate ; spikes oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, many-flowered ; scales oblong, 
membranaceous, brown on the sides, at length whitish, the upper ones acute ; 
nut dull yellow, obovate, tumid, minutely dotted; tubercle short, triangular- 
ovate, compressed ; bristles 4, slender, commonly as long as the nut. — Marshes 
and wet places, Florida, and northward. June -Sept. 2/ — Rhizoma black. 
Culms 1° - 3° long. Spikes 3"- 5'' long. 

24. E. Obtusa, Schultes. Culms tufted, terete, thick and spongy; spikes 
ovate or oblong, obtuse, many-flowered ; scales thin, oblong, obtuse, commonly 
brown on the sides, green on the keel, with broad and white margins ; style 
2-3-cleft ; nut (light brown) obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, scarcely 
wider than the short compressed acute tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, twice the 
length of the nut. (E. Engelmannii, Steudl., spikes cylindrical, 4"-6'' long ; 
bristles shorter.) — Muddy margins of ponds and streams. Common and va- 
riable. June -Sept. — Culms 6'- 18' high. Spikes 2' -4' long. 

25. E. COmpressa, Sulliv. Culms flat, from a creeping rootstock (1°- 
2° high) ; spikes ovate-oblong, many-flowered ; scales oblong, acute, dark pur- 
ple, the margins white ; nut obovate, compressed, the small tubercle acute ; 
bristles 1-4, very slender, about the length of the nut, often wanting. — Wet 
places, mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and northward. 

§2. Ch^tocyperus. — Spikes few-Jlowered, compressed: scales membrana- 
ceous, imbricated in 2-3 rows : style 3-cleft. Culms capillary. 

26. E. aciCUlaris, R.Br. Culms (2'- 12' high) angled; spikes ovate, 
B-6-flowered acute; scales oblong, with reddish sides; nut oblong, white, 

35 



546 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

nearly terete, longitudinally ribbed and pitted, pointed with tlie conical or 
depressed tubercle; bristles 3-4, shorter than the nut, sometimes wantino-. - 
Margins oi" ])Ouds, Florida, and northward. Jane -Sept. 

27. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms short ( 1'- 2' high), grooved on one side ; 
spikes-ovate, 3 - G-flowered ; scales whitish, ovate ; nut ovate, pale, prominently 
3-anglcd, smootli and shining, narrowed above into the miimte tubercle ; bris- 
tles 6, longer than the nut, sometimes wanting. — Muddy or sandy banks 
near the coast, Florida, and northward. April - July. — Khizoma very slender, 
bearing minute tuber-like buds. Sjiikes T' - 2" long. 

28. E. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms (4' -6' long) grooved, diffuse, wiry; 
spikes oblong, Hat, 3 - fj-flowered, ])r(>liferous and rooting; scales 4-6, 2- 
rankod, lanceolate, obtuse, finely nerved, tbe lower ones longer; nut smooth, 
oblong, strongly 3-angled, crowned with tlie conical 3 angled sessile tubercle i 
bristles 4-6, uneciual, the longest as long as the nut. —Swamps, Florida and 
Georgia. June- Sept. % — Sheaths light brown. Spikes 2" long. 

8. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush. 

Spikes terete, single, or oftener in clusters or umbels, which are subtended 
by a 1 -many-leaved involucre, Scales imbricated in several rows. Nut ob- 
tuse, or pointed by the persistent jointless base of the style. Tubercle none. 
— Culms jointed and leafy, or leafy or sheathed only at the base. Otherwise 
like Eleocharis. — All perennial e:^cept No. 2. 

§ 1. Culms jointless : leaves or sheaths radical. 
* Spike solitary, terminal. 

1. S. CSespitOSUS, L. Culm tufted ("6'- 10' high), terete, wiry; sheaths 
numerous, rigid, imbricated, the uppermost ending in a short leaf; spike 3- 
8-flowered ; involucre 2-leaved, as long as the spike, pointed ; nut oblong, com- 
pressed-3-angled, abruptly pointed, half as long as the smooth capillary bris- 
tles. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. July. — Rhizoma 
thick and creeping. Spike l''-2'' long. 

* * Spikes 2 -many, apparently lateral: the 1-leaved involucre erect and 

continuous with the culm. 

•t- Spikes in sessde clusters. 

2. S. debilis, Pursh. Culm terete, slender, commonly leafless ; spikes 
2 - 5, oblong-ovate or cylindrical ; involucre elongated ; scales round-ovate, 
obtuse, mucronate ; style 2 - 3-cleft ; nut broadly obovate, plano-convex, smooth, 
shorter than the 4-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Borders of ponds and streams, 
South Carolina, and northward, (l) — Culms i°-li° high. Spikes 3" -5" 
long. 

3. S. pungens, Vahl. Culm stout, acutely 3-angled, two of the sides 
concave, leafy at the base ; leaves channelled, sharply keeled ; involucre slen- 
der (3' -4' long) ; spikes 3 - 6, light brown, oblong-; scales membranaceous, 
oval, 2-cleft, mucronate-awned, slightly ciliafe; anthers slender-pointed; style 
2-cleft ; nut round-obovate, plano-convex or lenticular, as long as the 3-5 his- 
pid bristles, (S. Americanus, Pers.) — Sandy marshes along the coast, West 



CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 547 

Florida, and northward. Jime-Sept. — Culm 2° -3° high. Leaves 2-3, 
mostly shorter than the culm. Spikes 4'' -6" long. 

4. S. Olneyi, Gray. Culm stout, with three-winged angles, and three 
deeply channelled sides, leafless, or the sheaths ending in short pointed leaves ; 
involucre short (^'- 1' long), rigid; spikes 7-13, short, ovate, dark brown; 
scales smooth, orbicular, 2-cleft, mucronate; anthers obtuse; style 2-cleft; 
nut round-obovate, plano-convex, as long as the 6 hispid bristles. — Brackish 
marshes. West Florida, and northward, June -Sept. — Culm 2° -4° high. 
Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes 1" long. 

-«- -1- Spikes umhelled. 

5. S. lacustris, L. Culm tall (3°-8° high), terete, leafless, or the rad- 
ical sheaths leafy-pointed ; involucre 1-leaved, pungent, shorter than the 
decompound umbel ; spikes ovate or oblong, mostly clustered ; scales ovate, 
emarginate, rough-awned, ciliate on the margins, pubescent on the back and 
green keel ; style 2-cleft ; nut obovate, pointed, plano-convex, shorter than the 
3-6 strongly hispid bristles. — Varies, Avith the broader keeled and fimbriate 
bristles rather shorter than the round-obovate nut. — Fresh or brackish 
marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward. July -Sept. 

6. S. leptolepis, Chapm. Culms 3-angled, 2° -3° high; leaves long, 
sharply keeled, triangular-compressed near the obtuse curved apex, the im- 
mersed ones flat and pellucid ; involucre slender (7' long), leaf-like, with 
shorter ones at the divisions of the compound umbel ; spikes single, oblong or 
cylindrical, many-floAvered, acute ; scales light brown, lanceolate-oblong, acute, 
smooth, membranaceous, mucronate, and, like the three obtuse anthers, finely 
spotted ; style 3-parted ; nut whitish, 3-angled, oblong-obovate, long-pointed, 
shorter than the 5 slender and minutely denticulate bristles. (S. Canbyi, 
Gray.) — Lakes and ponds, Middle Florida, and westward. Sept. 

§ 2. Culms jointed, leafy throughout: umbel terminal: involucre 2 -several- 
leaved, spreading. 

* Bristles hispid, dowmcard. 

7. S. maritimus, L. Culm sharply 3-angled, rough aboA^e; leaves 
longer than the culm, keeled ; umbel simple, 1 - 3-rayed, bearing single or 2 - 3 
spikes in a cluster, or the spikes all clustered and sessile ; involucre 2 4-leaved, 
much longer than the umbel ; -spikes large, ovate or oblong-ovate, dull broAvn ; 
scales thin, ovate, pubescent, tipped with a spreading awn ; nut round-obovate, 
plano-convex or lenticular, smooth and shining, twice the length of the 4 weak 
bristles. — Saline marshes, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. — Culm 
2° -3° high. Spikes 6"- 10" long, 4'" in diameter. 

8. S. polyphyllus, Vahl. Culm obtuse-angled, smooth ; leaves long, 
rough on the margins ; umbel decompound, spreading ; spikes small, 3 - 8 in a 
cluster, ovate, yelloAvish-broAvn ; scales ovate, mucronate, keeled ; bristles 6, 
slender, hispid near the summit, mostly tortuous, 2-3 times as long as the pale 
compressed-3-angled pointed nut. (S. exaltatus, Pursh.) — Shady swamps. 
North Carolina, and northAvard. July. — Culm 2° -5° high. Spikes V 
long. 



548 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

9. S. atrovirens, Muhl. Culm 2° -4° high, obtuse-angled; leaves pale, 
6"- lu" wide; umbel erect ; clusters of spikes closely packed in large green- 
ish brown heads ; scales oblong, pointed ; bristles rather longer than tbe white 
compressed oboA'ate jjointed nut, naked below the middle. — Marshes and 
wet banks in tlie uj)])er districts. July. 

10. S. divaricatUS, Kll. Culm round-angled, many-jointed ; leaves flat, 
broadly linear; umbel large, widely spreading or drooping, decompound, 
longer tlian the 3-leaved involucre; spikes all single, oblong-linear, scattered; 
scales ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, brown on the sides ; bristles hair-like, rather 
rougbened tban liispid, crisped at the summit, longer than the obovate pointed 
equal-sided, acute-angled nut. — Muddy banks of the Chipola River, and of 
Flat Creek, near Aspalaga, Florida to South Carolina ; not common. Au- 
gust. — Culm 2° -4° high, often proliferous at the joints. Umljel 6'- 12' 
long. Spikes 2" -3'' long. 

11. S. (?) submersus, Sauvalie. Culm floating, terete, sheathed; um- 
bel large, decompound, leafy, the leaves short, capillary, clustered like the 1- 
flowered pedicelled spikes ; scales two, linear, the lower empty ; style 2-cleft ; 
nut obovate, lenticular, puncticulate, pointed by the persistent base of the 
style, shorter than the 6-10 capillary bristles. (Websteria limnophila, S. H. 

Wright.) — Lakes and ponds, Volusia County, Florida {G. W. Webster). — 
Culm 1 ° - 3° long. Leaves 1 ' - 3' long. Spikes 4'' - 6" long. 

* # Bristles 6, capillar^/, smooth, crisped and entangled. (Trichophorum.) 

12. S. Eriophorum, Michx. Culm nearly terete, with the joints re- 
mote ; leaves linear, elongated, keeled ; umbel terminal, decompound, spread- 
ing or recurved, shorter than the 3 - 5-leaved involucre ; spikes single or 
clustered, ovate ; scales thin, lanceolate, obtuse ; bristles many times longer 
than the oblong compressed-3-angled beak-pointed nut, at length exserted, and 
covering the spike with woolly down. — Swamps and low grounds, Florida, 
and northward. July - Sept. — Culm 2° - 4° high. 

* 

13. S. lineatus, Michx. Culm 3-angled ; leaves flat, linear-lanceolate ; 

umbels lateral and terminal, longer than the 1 - 3-leaved involucre ; spikes all 
single, cylindrical ; scales rigid, keeled, mucronate ; bristles barely exserted ; 
nut as in the preceding. Swamps, Georgia, and northward. June -August. 
— Culm 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 3'' - 4'' long. 

§ 3. Culms jnmfless : leaves radical : spikes capitate : involucre several-leaved. 

14. S. Cubensis, Poepp. & Kunth. Culm acutely 3-angular, leafy at 
base (8'- 12' high), shorter than the leaves and the involucre; spikes obo- 
vate, compressed, 12-flowered, closely packed in a terminal globular head; 
scales rigid, oblong-obovate, tapering into a stout spreading point, 13-nerved; 
stamens 3 ; style deeply 2-parted ; nut ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, concavo- 
convex ; bristles none. — Marshes, New Orleans {Dr. Hale), Mobile (Mokr). 

9. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton-Grass. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in many rows. Perianth com- 
posed of numerous (rarely 6) smooth and flat hairs, much longer than the 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 549 

scale, and forming a woolly or silky tuft. Stamens commonly 3. Style 3- 
cleft, deciduous. Nut 3-angled or lenticular. — Perennials, with leafy culms, 
in our species, and clustered or umbelled spikes. 

1. E. Virginicura, L. Culm nearly terete, rigid; leaves narrowly 
linear, elongated ; spikes densely clustered, nearly sessile, erect ; involucre 2 - 
3-leaved ; wool reddish, thrice the length of the brownish scales ; nut com- 
pressed-3-angled, acute. — Bogs and swamps, Florida, and northward. June - 
August. — Culm 2° - 3° high. Leaves 10' - 1 8' long. 

2. E. polystachyon, L. Culm terete ; leaves broadly linear, 3-angled 
at the summit ; spikes umbelled, distinct, on slender at length nodding pedun- 
cles ; involucre 2-leaved, shorter than the umbel ; wool white, many times 
longer than the dark brown scales ; nut obtuse. —? Meadows and bogs in the 
upper districts, Georgia, and northward. August - Sept. — Culm 1°- 2° high. 
Leaves 3' - 6' long. 

10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in several rows. Perianth none. 

Stamens 1-3. Style 2-cleft, commonly flat and fringed on the margins, 

tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut lenticular. — Culms jointless, leafy at the 

base. Involucre 1 - several-leaved. Spikes terminal, umbellate or clustered. 

# Spikes umbelled. 

1. E. spadicea, Vahl. Perennial; culms clustered, nearly terete, rigid 
(2° -3° high) ; leaves long, linear or filiform, concave, rough on the margins ; 
umbel simple or compound, erect ; involucre 2 -3-leaved; spikes ovate or ob- 
long, dark brown ; scales smooth, rigid, rounded ; nut obovate, acute, slightly 
furrowed and pitted. — Salt marshes, Florida, and northward. August - Oct. 

Var. puberula. (Scirpus puberulus, Michx.) Culms single, slender 
(l°-2°high); leaves filiform, involute, and, like the spikes, densely pubes- 
cent and somewhat hoary ; nut round-obovate, obtuse. — Low pine barrens. 

2. P. laxa, Vahl. Annual; culms (6'-18Miigh) slender, and, like the 
narrowly linear leaves, often pubescent ; umbel mostly simple ; involucre 2-4- 
leaved ; spikes oblong-ovate ; scales orbicular, mucronate ; nut obovate, strongly 
furrowed and pitted, warty on the edges. (Scirpus sulcatus, Ell.) — -Low 
grounds, in fields and waste places, Florida to North Carolina. August - 
Sept. — Umbel occasionally reduced to a single spike. 

^ * Spikes clustered, sessile. 

3. P. Vahlii, Link. Annual; culms densely tufted (3' -6' high), bris- 
tle-like, like the rough leaves ; spikes .5 - 10 in a terminal cluster, oblong or 
cylindrical, pale, or at length yellowish brown; involucre 4-leaved, erect- 
spreading, longer than the culm ; scales lanceolate, tapering into a slender 
spreading point; nut oblong-obovate, crossed with faint lines. — River banks, 
Florida, and westward. August - Sept. — Spikes 2'' -3" long. 

11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. 
Spikes terete, many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few (4 -6) rows. Peri- 
anth none. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-angled. — 
Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes umbelled. 



550 cYrERACE^. (sedge family.) 

1. T. autumnalis, Nees. Calms slender, flat, 2-edged, 6' -12' high, 
tufted; involucre 2-lcaved, mostly shorter than the simple compound or de- 
compound umbel; spikes linear lanceolate; scales ovate-lanceolate, mucrouate, 
imbricated in 4 rows; stamens 2; nut white, obovate, obtuse, ofteu warty, 
(Scirpus aulumnalis, L.) — Low grounds, very common. July -Oct. O). 

2. T. railiacea, Noes. Culm weak, compressed-4-an<^led (6' -12' high) ; 
leaves ensiiurm, straight, erect ; umliel decompound, spreading; spikes small 
[V wide), globular, tlie scales obhmg, obtuse, 3-nerved ; nut obovate, roughish. 

— Bogs and ditches, Florida. 

12. ISOLEPIS, K.Br. 

Spikes few -many-flowered. Scales imbricated in few -several rows. Peri- 
anth none. Style .3-cleft, the tumid base persistent at the ape.x of the .'J-angled 
nut. — All annuals (in our species), with filiform or bristleform culms and 
leaves. SpiivCS umbelled or clustered. Leaves radical. 

* Spikes umbelled or solitan/. 

1. I. eapillaris, R. & S. Culm (4' -6' high) smooth, furrowed, and, 
like the rough-edged leaves, bristle-like; spikes 3-4, in a simple umbel, ob- 
long, 6 - 8-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse, strongly keeled, brown on the sides, 
imbricated in 4 rows ; nut obovate, obtuse, nearly equal-sided, transversely 
wrinkled; stamens 2. — Moist sandy places, Florida, and northward. June- 
Sept. — Sheaths of the leaves bearded at the throat. Involucre 2-3-leaved, 
scarcely longer than the umbel. 

2. I. ciliatifolia, Torr. Culms tufted, filiform, angled (6' - 12' high) ; 
leaves bristle-form, hispid on the edges, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; 
umbel compound ; spikes several (l"-2" long), 6 - 12-flowered, linear-oblong ; 
scales oval, strongly keeled, brown on the sides ; nut obovate, very obtuse, 
nearly equal-sided, obscurely wrinkled. — Dry sandy places, Florida to North 
Carolina. August - Sept, 

3. I. coarctata, Torr. Culms (1° high) terete, filiform; leaves bristle- 
form, smooth, with the sheaths bearded ; umbel compound, contracted ; spikes 
(3" long) linear-oblong, 10- 15-flowered ; scales ovate, acutish, imbricated in 
4 rows ; nut flat on the inner face, obtuse-angled in front, obscurely dotted. — 
Dry sandy soil, Georgia and South Carolina, near the coast. Sept. - Oct. 

— Rays of the umbel Y long. 

4. I. carinata, Hook. & Arn. Culms setaceous, with a single setaceous 
leaf at the base, casspitose; spike solitary, apparently lateral, ovate, 6 -8-flow- 
ered ; scales ovate, acute, strongly keeled, twice as long as the acutely 3- 
angled roughish nut. — New Orleans {Dj\ Hale), and northward. 

* * Spikes clustered in a terminal head. 

5. I. Stenophylla, Torr. Culms (2' -4' high) densely tufted, 3-angled, 
and, with the bristle-form leaves and involucre, bristly-ciliate ; involucre much 
longer than the head, 3-4-leaved, dilated and ciliate at the base; spikes 4-6, 
oblong-linear, 8- 10-flowered; scales lance-ovate, slender-pointed, hispid on 



CYPERACEJE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 551 

the 3-nerved keel; nut (bluish) obovate, obtuse, wrinkled. — Dry sandy soil, 
Florida to North Carolina. August - Sept. 

6. I. Warei, Torr. Culms filiform (l°-li° high), smooth, 3-angled, 
much longer than the bristle-form hispid leaves ; sheaths bearded at the 
throat with long silky hairs ; leaves of the involucre rigid, twice as long as 
the head, orbicular and cut-fringed at the base ; spikes 8- 10 in a head, ovate, 
many-flowered ; scales ovate, mucronate, many-nerved ; nut obovate, obtusely 
angled, obscurely wrinkled. — Dry sands near the coast, Florida. Sept. — 
Heads ^ i^ diameter. 

13. ABILDGAARDIA, Vahl. 

Spikes many-flowered. Scales imbricated in 2 or (by the twisting of the 
rachis) 3 rows, keeled, decurrent on the rachis, deciduous. Perianth none. 
Stamens 1-3. Style 3-cleft, tumid at the base, deciduous. Nut 3-augled. — 
Culms jointless, leafy at the base. Spikes solitary, clustered or umbelled. 

1. A. monostaehya, Vahl. Culms filiform, tufted (6'- 10' high); 
leaves shorter than the culm, filiform, obtuse, concave ; spikes solitary (rarely 
by pairs), ovate, acute, compressed, 8-12-fiowered, much longer than the 
bract-like mucronate 1 -leaved involucre; scales broadly ovate, acute or mu- 
cronate, compressed-keeled, with broad and white margins ; stamens 3 ; nut 
somewhat pear-shaped, 3-angled, warty, yellowish white. — South Florida 
{Dr. Blodgeit). 

14. RHYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak Rush. 

Spikes 1 - several-flowered. Scales imbricated in few rows, the lowest 
empty, the upper usually bearing imperfect flowers. Perianth of 3-6 (rarely 
12-20) hispid or plumose bristles, occasionally wanting. Stamens mostly 3. 
Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular or globose, crowned with the dilated and persist- 
ent base of the style (tubercled). Perennials, with jointed and leafy culms. 
Spikes small, disposed in axillary and terminal corymbs or clusters. 

§ 1. Eeioch^te. — Bristles of the perianth 6, plumose. 

1. R. plumosa, Ell. Culms (6'- 12' high) and leaves filiform; spikes 
few, in about three small clusters at the summit of the culm ; nut nearly glob- 
ular, strongly wrinkled, pointed with the short ovate smooth tubercle ; bris- 
tles rather longer than the nut, plumose throughout or nearly to the summit. 
— Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June - July. 

Var. intermedia. Culms taller (l°-2° high) ; leaves narrowly linear; 
clusters 4-6, forming an interrupted spike at the summit of the culm ; nut 
obovate, pointed with the conical-beaked pubescent tubercle ; bristles plumose 
only at the base, or below the middle. — Sandy pine barrens, often in dry 
places, Florida. 

2. R. semiplumosa, Gray. Culms erect, rigid (l°-2° high); leaves 
narrowly linear ; spikes oblong-ovate, dark brown, crowded in a terminal 
head, or rarely in a remote axillary one ; nut globose-obovate, faintly wrinkled, 
pointed with the short broadly conical smooth tubercle ; bristles exceeding 



552 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 

the tubercle, plumose below tlie middle. — Dry sandy ridges uear the coast, 
Florida. July- August. — The leaves, like those of the procediug species^ 
have a joint-like contraction near the middle. 

3. R. oligantha, Gray. Culms (6'- 12' liigh) and smooth leaves bristle- 
like, reclining; corymb terminal, of 3-6 large (4" long) ovate-lanceolate 
whitish stalked spikes ; nut oval, lenticular, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle dilated 
at the base, conical, flat ; bristles louger or shorter than the nut, plumose be- 
low the middle. — Low open pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June - 
July. 



§ 2. EllYNCHOSPOiiA proper. — Bristles of the perianth 3 - 20, snwoth, 
scabrous, or luspid. 

* Nut transverselij wrinkled or uneven: bristles denticulate or hispid upward. 

-t- Bristles shorter than the nut. 

4. R. rariflora, Ell. Culms and leaves bristle-form; corymbs 2-3, re- 
mote, spreading ; spikes few ami scattered, ovate ; nut broadly obovate, bicon- 
vex, strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the 6 fragile bristle's ; tubercle flat, 
broadly conical,^ as long as the nut. — Low grassy pine ]>arrens. June- 
July. — Culms 1°- 1^° long, commonly reclining. Sjnkes pedicelled. 

5. R. Torreyana, Gray. Culms erect, slender, nearly terete; leaves 
narrowly linear or bristle-form ; corymbs 1 - 3, remote, erect ; nut obovate, 
flat, about twice as long as the 6 bristles ; tubercle compressed-conical, dilated 
at the base, i the length of the nut. — Wet ground, South Carolina, and north- 
ward. July. — Culm l°-3° high. Corymbs many-flowered and somewhat 
spreading, or few-flowered and capitate. 

6. R. cymosa, Nutt. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled ; leaves narrowly 
linear; corymbs mostly 3, distant, open or contracted; spikes ovate, clustered, 
light brown; scales mucronate; nut broadly obovate, biconvex, faintly wrin- 
kled, twice as long as the 3-6 bristles; tubercle broadly conical, compressed, 
i as long as the nut. — Var. globulaeis. Smaller (6'- 15' high) ; corymbs 
reduced to few globose-ovate dark brown clustered spikes; nuts smaller, and 
deeper furrowed. — Low ground, Florida, and northward. June- July. 

7. R. compressa, Carey. Culms stout, 3-angled (2° -3° high) ; leaves 
linear, rigid; corymbs 3-5, remote, spreading; spikes ovate, numerous, in 
dense bracted clusters ; scales acute ; nut obovate ; the flat or somewhat de- 
pressed sides strongly wrinkled and pitted, twice as long as the 6 bristles; 
tubercle conical-beaked, with the dilated base wider than the nut. — Margins 
of pine barren ponds, Florida. June -July. — Eadical leaves numerous, 1° 
long. 

■i- ■\- Bristles equalling or longer than the nut {in No. 9 variable). 

8. R. stenophylla, Chapm. Culms and leaves setaceous ; corymbs 1 - 
2, small, erect ; spikes 5-7, distinct, lanceolate-oblong ; nut obovate, biconvex, 
strongly wrinkled, twice as long as the conical-beaked tubercle; bristles 6, 
slender, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Low grassy pine barrens, 
Florida. June- July. — Culms tufted, 1° long. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 553 

9. R. microcarpa, Baklw. Culms (2° high) erect, slender, nearly te- 
rete ; leaves narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-6, slender, spreading, compound ; 
spikes small, round-ovate, scattered ; nut round-obovate, lenticular, strongly 
wrinkled, tipped with the very short and broad tubercle; bristles 5-6, as 
long as the nut. — Varies with the spikes clustered, and the 3 bristles not half 
the length of the nut. — Margins of ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July - 
August. 

10. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culms nearly terete, slender (2° -3° high); 
leaves narrowly linear; corymbs 4 -.5, narrow, remote, compound, drooping; 
spikes scattered, lanceolate ; nut lanceolate-oblong, compressed, twice as long 
as the conical-beaked tubercle ; bristles 6, very slender, twice the length oi 
the nut. — Swamps and banks of streams in the middle districts. July- 
August. 

11. R. deeurrens, Chapm. Culms (2°-3°high) erect, nearly terete, 
very slender and bending near the top; leaves linear, elongated, flat and 
somewhat glaucous ; corymbs 5-6, remote, compound, the bristle-like branches 
spreading or drooping; spikes (T'long) ovate, scattered, pedicelled; nut ob- 
ovate, lenticular, slightly wrinkled and pitted ; tubercle compressed, crescent- 
shaped, with the edges decurrent, ^ the length of the nut ; bristles 6, as long 
as the nut. — Marshy banks of lakes and rivers, West Florida. June - July. 

12. R. patula. Gray. Culms 3-angled (2° -3° high), slender above; 
leaves linear ; corymbs 3 - 5, remote, compound, widely spreading ; spikes 
scattered, ovate, on slender stalks; nut round-obovate, lenticular; tubercle 
flat, conical, half the length of the nut, ciliate on the edges ; bristles 6, rather 
longer than the nut. — Varies with the spikes lanceolate, the narrower nut 
contracted at the base, and the bristles twice the length of the nut. — River 
swamps, Florida and Georgia. June - July. 

13. R. Elliottii, Dietr. Culm (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves linear 
(V^-2'' wide); corymbs 3-5, compound, the lower ones remote; spikes 
small, ovate, crowded ; nut obovate, flattened, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle 
broadly conical, flat, ^ as long as the nut ; bristles 6, strongly hispid, as long 
as the nut and tubercle. (Scirpus schoenoides. Ell.) — Margins of ponds in 
the pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and westward. June - July. — Nuts ^" 
long, several on a spike. 

14. R. caduea, Ell. Culms stout (3^^- 4° high), 3 angled; leaves broadly 
linear (3" -4" wide); corymbs 4-6, compound, remote, the branches and 
short pedicels erect ; spikes very numerous, approximate, ovate ; scales cadu- 
cous ; nuts 4 - 8 on the spike, obovate, biconvex, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, 
conical, ciliate, ^ as long as the nut ; bristles 6, slender, twice as long as the 
nut. — Swamps and wet banks of streams. August. — Spikes 2'' long. Nut 
twice as large as in No. 13. 

15. R. stipitata, Chapm. Culms tall (3° -5° high), triangular, bend- 
ing; leaves linear; corymbs 4-5, compound, drooping; spikes (4" long) 
ovate-lanceolate, the scales persistent; nuts stipitate, 1 -3 in a spike, roundish, 
biconvex, finely wrinkled, twice as long as the compressed-conical tubercle ; 
bristles 6, more than twice the length of the nut ; stamens 3. — Kiver banks, 
South Florida. 



r>o4 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

16. R. miliacea, Gray. Culms tall (3°-4° high), 3-angled; leaves flat 
(3'' - 4" wide) ; corymbs 6 - 8, distant, compouud ; the branches and slender 
pedicels spreading horizontally; spikes ovate; scales caducous ; nuLs4-8on 
the spike, rouud-obovate, biconvex ; tubercle compressed, conical; bristles 6, 
slender, as long as the nut and tubercle. — Bogs and deep miry places, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. June- July. —^Die nuts of this and the preceding 
species remain on tlie spike after the scales have fallen away. 

17. R. punctata, Kll. Culms (l°-2° high) slender, 3-angled; leaves 
short, linear-lanceolate; corymbs 3-4, cluster-like, tlie lateral ones simj>le, 
distant, and long-peduncled ; spikes ovate; nut obovate, compressed, with 
transverse pitted f ui-rows, rather shorter than the 6 slightly hispid bristles ; 
tubercle conical, compressed, shorter than the nut. — Near Savannah and 
St. Mary's, Georgia {Elliott). May -June. 

18. R. Grayii, Kunth. Culmsolitary, 3-angled (2° -3° higli); leaves lin- 
ear, rigid, shining; corymbs 3 -4, distant, capitate; spikes few, large, ovate; 
nut round-obovate, tumid, slightly pitted, dull ; tubercle short-conical, dilated 
at the barie ; bristles 6, as long as the nut and tubercle ; stamens 3-6. ( K. dis- 
tans, Ell.) — Dry pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June -July. 

* * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid upward. 

19. R. megalocarpa, Gray. Culms stout (2° -3° high), 3-angled; 
leaves rigid, linear, shining ; corymbs 4-6, distant, spreading or somewhat 
contracted j spikes (3" long) ovate, single; nut large (2'' long), orbicular- 
obovate, biconvex, light brown, turning blackish ; tubercle short-conical from 
a spreading base; bristles 6-10, commonly shorter than the nut; stamens 12. 
(R. dodecandra, Baldio.) — Dry sands along the coast of Florida, and Wil- 
mington, North Carolina. May -August. 

20. R. Baldwinii, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) sharply 3-angled, rough; 
leaves short, glaucous, smooth, very acute ; corymbs 1 - 3, contracted or nearly 
capitate; spikes ovate, dark chestnut; nut ovate, lenticular, twice as long as 
the flat conical tubercle ; bristles 12-14, longer than the nut ; stamens 6. — 
Wet pine barrens, Georgia and Florida. June - July. 

21. R. eiliata, Vahl. Culms blunt-angled (lO-2° high); leaves short, 
glaucous, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, fringed on the margins ; corymbs mostly 
solitary, capitate ; spikes light brown, ovate ; nut oval, lenticular, minutely 
roughened ; tubercle flat, conical ; bristles 6, ^ the length of the nut ; stamens 
3. — Wet pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June - August. — Leaves 
2' -4' long. Lateral corymb (when present) remote. 

22. R. fascicularis, Nutt. Culms obscurely 3-angled, commonly slen- 
der (2° -3° high) ; leaves pale, narrowly linear ; corymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, 
or sometimes compound ; bracts conspicuous ; spikes light brown, oblong-ovate, 
densely clustered ; scales mucronate-awned ; nut oval or orbicular, lenticular, 
dark brown, usually pale in the middle and on the prominent edges ; tubercle 
white, broadly or narrowly conical, obtuse, compressed, one third to one half 
the length of the nut ; bristles 4-6, varying from one half to nearly twice the 
length of the nut. (U. distans, Nutt., the form with longer bristles.) — Low 
pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. June - July. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 555 

23. R. fuscoides, Boekl. Closely allied to the precediug, but every way 
smaller ; culms 6' - 1 8' high, caespitose ; corymbs capitate, by pairs at the sum- 
mit of the culm, aud ofteu a distant lateral one ; spikes ovate ; bristles 6, as 
long as the nut, rarely twice as long. (R. fascicularis, var. distaus, Flora.) — 
Low piue barrens, Florida to North Carolina. July - Sept. 

24. R. brachychseta, Sauv. Culms caespitose, prostrate, 6'- 12' long, 
setaceous, like the leaves ; corymb solitary, terminal, capitate ; spikes few, 
pale ; nut minute, orbicular, thrice the length of the 3-6 bristles. (R. fas- 
cicularis, var.. Flora.) — Wet piue barrens, West Florida. 

25. R. filifolia, Gray. Culms (l°-2° high) filiform, erect; leaves seta- 
ceous ; corymbs 2-4, distant, capitate ; spikes densely clustered, lanceolate ; 
nut minute, obovate, lenticular, smooth and shining, twice as long as the com- 
pressed triangular-ovate ciliate tubercle ; bristles 6, rigid, nearly as long as the 
nut and tubercle. — Margins of pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. 
July - August. — Culm nearly terete. Spikes brown. Nut pale, with thick- 
ened edges. 

26. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culms rigid, acutely 3-angled, glaucous 
green, rough above ; leaves erect, ciliate-serrulate ; corymb terminal, capitate, 
compact ; spikes very pale ferruginous, lanceolate, 1-flowered ; nut obovate, 
smooth, compressed, reddish brown, with a paler disk ; tubercle yerj short, 
depressed, apiculate ; bristles 3, one fifth the length of the nut ; stamens 3 ; 
style 2-cleft. — Wilmington, North Carolina ( Curtis). June. — Culm 12'- 20' 
high. Nut 1" long. 

27. R. gracilenta, Gray. Culms and leaves filiform or setaceous; cor- 
ymbs 2-3, distant, capitate, brown ; spikes densely clustered, ovate-lanceo- 
late ; nut oval, dull, as long as the slender subulate tubercle ; bristles 6, twice 
as long as the nut. — Wet pine barrens, Florida, aud northward. July - Au- 
gust. — Culms 1^-2° high. 

* * * Nut smooth and even : bristles hispid downivard, 

28. R. alba, Vahl. Culms (l°-2°high) slender, 3-angled above; leaves 
narrowly linear or setaceous ; corymbs mostly 2, capitate, white, turning 
brownish, the lower one long-peduncled ; spikes ovate-lanceolate, 1-iiowered ; 
nut obovate, lenticular, twice as long as the compressed subulate tubercle ; 
bristles 10-20, rigid, as long as the nut and tubercle, ciliate at the base. — 
Wet springy places, Florida, and northward. August - Sept. 

29. R. glomerata, Vahl. Culms (2° -3° high) 3-angled; leaves nar- 
rowly linear ; corymbs 4-12, often by pairs, capitate, dark brown; spikes 
ovate-lanceolate ; nut obovate from a stalk-like base, lenticular ; tubercle sub- 
ulate, as long as the nut, with its dilated base equalling it in width ; bristles 
6, stout, nearly as long as the nut and tubercle. — Var. paniculata. (R. 
paniculata, Gray.) Culms stout (3° - 4° high) ; leaves flat (2" - 3" wide) ; 
corymbs compound, paniculate, with the very numerous spikes clustered at the 
summit of the branches. — Bogs and springy places, Florida to North Caro- 
lina, and westward. July- Sept. 

30. R. cephalantha, Gray. Culms (2° -3° high) nearly terete; leaves 
narrowly linear ; corymbs 4-8, mostly by pairs, globose, compact; spikes nu- 



§56 



CYPERACE^, (sedge FAMILY.) 



nierous, lanceolate-oUouj^, dark brown ; nut broadly obovate from a stalk-like 
base, compressed, almost truncate at tlie apex, and much wider than the base 
of tlie subulate tubercle; bristles 6, as long as tlie nut and tubercle. — Bogs 
and sliady swamps, Florida, and northward. July -August. 
§ 3. Haloscikenijs. — Perianth none. 
.31. R. pusilla, Cliapm. Culms ((i'-12' high) and leaves Ijristle-form ; 
corymbs 2-3, distant, erect-spreading, the upper one compound; spikes mi- 
uute, ovate, mostly scattered on the branches, 3-flowered ; scales ovate, brown ; 
nut white, oblong-obovate, compressed-lenticular, contracted at tlie base, trans- 
versely wrinkled ; tubercle depressed-c(;nical, free at the base. — Margins of 
pine barren ponds. Middle and West Florida. June. 

32. R. divergens, Cliapm. Culms (6'- 12' high) and leaves filiform or 
bristle-form ; corymbs 2-3, distant, spreading ; spikes small, scattered, pedi- 
celled, 3-flowered; scales brown, ovate; nut obovate, biconvex, minutely 
pitted ; tubercle depressed, sessile, minutely pointed iu tlie centre. — Low pine 
barrens, Florida to South Carolina. June. 

33. R. Chapmanii, M. A. Curtis. Culms (12' - 20' high) densely tuited, 
erect, setaceous or filiform, like the short and flat leaves ; corymb solitary, 
terminal, capitate ; spikes whitish, lanceolate, densely clustered, 1-flowered ; 
scales 5, the uppermost fertile; nut oval, lenticular, smooth and shining; 
tubercle short, sessile, broadly conical; stamens 1-2. — Flat pine barrens, 
Florida to South Carolina. July - August. 

§ 4. Ceratoschcenus. — Perianth o/4-6 bristles: style entire, or sliyhtlij 
2-cleft: tubercle subulate, 2-4 times longer than the nut. 

34. R. corniculata, Gray. Culms stout (3° -4° high), 3-angled ; leaves 
flat, scabrous on the edges (6"- 10" wide) ; corymbs 3-5, erect, compound ; 
spikes brown, ovate-lanceolate ; style very long, the lower and persistent por- 
tion upwardly scabrous ; nut narrowly obovate, smooth, the sides concave and 
minutely dotted ; bristles 5-6, rigid, smoothish, half as long as the nut : 
tubercle subulate, 3-4 times the length of the nut. (Rhynchospora longiros- 
tris. Ell.) — Ponds and ditches, Florida, and northward. July - Sept. — Leaves 
1° - 2° long. Nut and tubercle nearly 1' long. 

35. R. maerostachya, Torr., var. patula. Corymbs very large 
decompound, diffuse ; style minutely 2-cleft ; nut broadly obovate ; bristles 
slender, twice as long as the nut ; otherwise like the preceding. — Ponds and 
ditches, Florida. August. — Culms 3° -4° high. Terminal corymbs often 1° 
in diameter. 

36. R. cyperoides, Mart. ? Culms (2°- 3° high) nearly terete, straight, 
like the long narrow erect and channelled leaves ; spikes densely clustered in 
1-6 globular heads, the lateral heads long-peduncled and somewhat corym- 
bose ; scales about 9 (the fourth fertile), whitish ; style very long, minutely 
2-cleft ; nut obovate, lenticular, obscurely wrinkled, hispid on the margins 
above, shorter than the 6 slender bristles ; tubercle bristle-awl-shaped, twice 
as long as the nut, (C. capitatus, Flora.) — -Pine barren ponds, Florida, and 
westward. June - August. — Leaves 2" - 4" wide, as long as the culm. Head 
composed of 30 or more spikes. Nut and tubercle 3" long. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 557 

15. CHiETOSPORA, R. Br. 

Spikes few- (1 - 8-) flowered. Scales imbricated in two rows ; the lower 
ones empty, the upper bearing perfect flowers. Perianth of 3 - 6 scabrous or 
plumose bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft, not dilated at the base, nearly 
deciduous. Nut triaugular, mostly pointed by the persistent base of the style. 
— Leaves radical, narrow. Spikes in a terminal cluster, subtended by a 1 - 2- 
leaved involucre. 

1. C. nigricans, Kunth. Culms tufted, jointed near the summit ; 
leaves rigid, erect, semi-terete, shorter than the culms ; sheaths black ; in- 
volucre 2-leaved, the lower longer than the ovoid dark brown head ; spikes 
ovate-lanceolate, compressed, 6 - 8-flowered ; scales ovate, keeled ; rachis zig- 
zag ; bristles 6, unequal, dilated at the base, hispid upward, longer than the 
globose-3-angled white and polished nut. (Schoenus nigricans,/..) — Damp 
soil, chiefly along the coast, Florida. May. % — Culms 1°- 1^° high. 

16. PSILOCARYA, Torr. 

Spikes many-flowered, terete. Scales imbricated in several rows, mem- 
branaceous, all bearing perfect flowers. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 
2-cleft. Nut biconvex, transversely wrinkled, crowned with the persistent 
base of the style. — Culms leafy. Spikes ovate, disposed in spreading lateral 
and terminal corymbs. 

1. P. rhynehosporoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete (i°-2°high); 
leaves narrowly linear, longer than the culm ; corymbs 2-3, widely spread- 
ing, the terminal one mostly compound ; spikes pedicelled ; scales ovate, 
acute ; nut orbicular, strongly wrinkled ; tubercle compressed, very short, ses- 
sile, but not decurrent on the edges of the nut. (Scirpus nitens, Vahl.) — 
Shallow pine barren ponds, Florida to North Carolina. July. (T) — Culms 
commonly rooting at the lower joints. 

2. P. eorymbiformis, Benth. Corymbs less spreading ; scales of the 
spikelets thinner and narrower, obtuse ; nut faintly wrinkled ; tubercle tri- 
angular, acuminate, as long as the nut ; otherwise like the preceding. — 
Georgia, Florida, and westward. 

17. DICHROMENA, Richard. 

Spikes compressed, few-flowered, aggregated in a terminal head, and sur- 
rounded by an involucre of several leaves, which are commonly white at the 
base. Scales imbricated in two rows, most of them bearing abortive flowers. 
Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Nut lenticular, crowned with the broad and per- 
sistent base of the style. Perianth none. Perennials. Culms jointless, leafy 
at the base. Scales white, membranaceous. 

1. D. leucocephala, Michx. Culms (lo-H°high) slender, 3-angled ; 
leaves narrowly linear; involucre of 4-7 narrow leaves; nut orbicular, 
Avrinkled; tubercle flat, broadly conical, sessile, but not decurrent. — Damp 
soil, Florida to North Carolina. August- Sept. — Involucre unchanged in 
drying. 



558 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 

2. D. latifolia, Baldw. Culms stout (2° -3° high), nearly terete ; leaves 
broadly linear, elongated; leaves of the involucre 8-9, tapering from the 
l)road (.'i"-4'"' wide) base to the slender summit, becoming reddish ; nut round- 
obovate, faintly wrinkled ; tubercle flat, conical, olttuse, the sides decurrent on 
the edges of the nut. —Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina. May- 
July. — Heads larger than those of tlie preceding. 

18. CLADIUM, P. Br. 

Spikes ovate, 1-2-flowered. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower ones 
empty. Perianth none. Stamens 2, Style 2-3-cleft, the divisions often 
2 -3-cleft, deciduous. Nut globose-ovate, the pericarp thickened and corky 
near the apex. Tubercle none. — Culms tall. Spikes disposed in axillary 
and terminal cyme-like panicles. 

1. C. effusum, Torr. (Saw-Grass.) Culms (4° - 8^ high) nearly terete ; 
leaves linear, elongated, saw-edged ; panicles numerous, diffuse ; spikes small, 
3-4 in a cluster, deep brown ; scales about 6, the uppermost bearing a per- 
fect flower, the next below staminiferous, the others empty; nut ovate, pointed, 
wrinkled. (Schoeuus effusus, Swartz.) — Fresh or brackish marshes along the 
coast, Florida to North Carolina, and Avestward. July- August. 

2. C. mariseoides, Torr. Culms nearly terete ; leaves narrow-linear, 
smoothish; panicles 2-3, the few branches erect ; spikes 3 - 8 in a cluster ; 
nut ovate, acute, faintly wrinkled. (Schoenus, Muhl.) — Grassy ponds. West 
Florida, North Carolina, and northward. 



19. SCLERIA, L. Nut Rush 

Flowers monoecious. Sterile spike few -many-flowered. Scales loosely im- 
bricated in 2-3 rows. Fertile flowers solitary, separate or at the base of the 
sterile spike. Stamens 1 -3. Style 3-cleft. Nut globose or ovate, stony or 
bony. — Chiefly perennials, with creeping rootstocks, and triangular leafy 
culms. Spikes clustered, lateral and terminal. 

§ 1. ScLERiA proper. — Nat supported hij an annular or 3 -6-lobed disk. 

* Nut smooth : stamens 3. 

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culms stout, rough, sharply angled (2° -3° 
high); leaves broadly linear, smooth or hairy; spikes disposed in 3-6 clus- 
ters at the summit of the culm, and 1-2 distant lateral ones on long and 
drooping peduncles ; disk forming a complete narrow^ ring at the base of the 
globose-ovate yellowish white nut. — Low grounds, Florida, and northward. 
June - August. 

2. S. Oligantha, FJl., Michx.? Culms (l°-2° high) slender, smooth, 
sharply angled, often glaucous, like the smooth linear leaves ; spikes 3-5, sin- 
gle, scattered, forming a terminal interrupted compound spike, and 1-2 dis- 
tant lateral ones, on long drooping peduncles; bracts leafy ; disk of 9 minute 
globular lobes at the base of the white and polished ovate nut. — Thickets 
and margins of fields, Florida to South Carolina. July, 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 55^ 

* * Nut reticulated: disk of S flattened lobes: stamens 2. 

3. S. reticularis, Michx. Culms slender (1°- 1^° high), scabrous he- 
low; leaves narrowly linear; spikes clustered, axillary and terminal, the 
lateral ones on a short erect peduncle ; nut globose, small, reticulated and 
pitted ; lobes of the disk appressed to the base of the nut. — Margins of ponds, 
Florida and northward. August- Sept. 

4. S. Torreyana, Walpers. Culms weak, rough on the angles ; leaves 
linear, obtuse ; spikes separate, the axillary ones on a long and drooping 
peduncle ; nut globose, wrinkled and somewhat hairy, obscurely pitted ; lobes 
of the disk appressed to the nut. — Damp pine barrens, Florida, and north- 
ward. August - Oct. — Culms 1° - H° long. Nut 1^" - 2" in diameter. 

^ * * Nut ivarti/ : disk bearing 3-6 globular lobes : stamens 3. 

5. S. Ciliata, Michx. Culms slender, rigid {U°-2° high), smooth below, 
sparingly fringed on the angles above; leaves 2, narrowly linear (1'" wide), 
rigid, smooth, or with scattered hairs on the margins ; sheaths pubescent ; 
clusters terminal ; sterile spikes large, many-flowered ; nut globose, pointed, 
closely beset with unequal warts, these corresponding to the angles of the nut 
and at the base larger than the rest ; lobes of the disk 3, globular, entire. — 
Dry pine barrens. Florida to South Carolina. June - August. — Rhizoma 
thick and creeping. 

6. S. Elliottii, Chapm. Culms stout (i°-l° high), densely rough- 
fringed on the angles throughout ; leaves 3-4, broadly linear (2''-3''' wide), 
closely fringed on the margins and midrib beneath ; sheaths pubescent ; clus- 
ters 2, the lateral one remote, on a short erect peduncle; sterile spike small, 
few-flowered ; nut globose, deeply wrinkled or pitted, and with slender warty 
projections at the base; lobes of the disk 3, globose, 2-lobed. (S. hirtella. 
Ell.) — Low pine barrens, Florida to North Carolina July. 

7. S. pauciflora, Muhl. Smoothish or hairy or villous throughout; 
culms (6' - 12' high) slender ; leaves narrowly linear ; clusters small, of 1 -few 
spikes, terminal, and also a remote axillary one on a short erect peduncle ; 
sterile spike few-flowered ; nut globose (small), pointed, closely beset with 
minute warts, these at the base elongated ; lobes of the disk 6, distinct, globose. 
(S. Caroliniana, Willd., the villous form.) 

Var. glabra. Smooth throughout, or the leaves and bracts scabrous at 
the summit; culms erect (1° high), rigid, but slender, like the erect leaves; 
clusters terminal ; spikes many-flowered ; lobes of the disk 3, each 2-lobed. 
This also varies, with longer (2° -2-^°) diffuse culms, and with 1-2 distant 
axillary clusters on long (.5^-10') drooping peduncles. — Low sandy pine 
barrens, Florida, and northward ; the varieties chiefly southward. May - 
August. 

§ 2. Hypoporum. — Disk none: nut concave and often pitted at the sides of 
the triangalar base. 

* Clusters of spikes terminal, leaf /-bracted. 

8. S. Baldwinii, Torr. Culms rough above (2° -3° high) ; leaves mostly 
2, linear, rigid ; nut large (2'' long) dull white, globose-ovate, obscurely angled, 



560 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 

even, or longitudinally furrowed, concave at the sides of the abruptly con- 
tracted base, slightly pointed. — Pine barren swamps, Florida and Georgia, 
near the coast. June- July. 

9. S. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender (1° high), smooth, like the filiform 
leaves; nut small (1" long), ovate, dull white, furrowed lengthwise, the sides 
at the base concave and pitted. — Low jjine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. 
June— July. — Flant Ijrowuish, tufted. 

* * Clusters of sj)ikes [small) numerous, scattered near the suinmit of the culm, 
foriniiKj an interrupted compound spike: bracts mostly short. 

10. S. filiformis, Swartz. Glaucous; culms slender (^°-2° high), 
smooth ; leaves narrowly linear, rough on the margins and keel, ciliate at the 
throat ; clusters 3-4, erect, few-flowered, the lowest remote, leafy-bracted ; 
scales lanceolate, rough-pointed ; stamens 3 ; nut obovate, obscurely 3-angled, 
smooth and glassy, concave at the base, not pitted. — South Florida. Oct. 

11. S. verticillata, Muhl. Culms very slender (6'- 12' high), smooth, 
like the narrowly linear or filiform leaves and sheaths ; clusters 3-5, erect; 
scales smooth ; nut very small, globose-3-angled, pointed, rough with raised 
wavy ridges, not pitted at the base. — Varies with hairy sheaths, more numer- 
ous (6 - 9) clusters, and reticulated nuts. — Damp soil, Florida, and northward. 
June- July. 

12. S. hirtella, Swartz. Culms (6 -12' high) smooth; leaves linear, 
and, like the sheaths, hairy ; clusters 4-6, nodding ; scales bristle-awned ; nut 
globose-3-angled, very minute, pointed, smooth, not pitted at the base. — Low- 
pine barrens, Florida to South Carolina. July - August. 



20. CAREX, L. Sedge. 

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, spiked Sterile and fertile flowers in 
the same spike [androgynons), or in separate spikes. Scales imbricated in few- 
many rows. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-cleft, exserted from a sac {perirjy- 
mum) which encloses the ovary and the lenticular biconvex or 3-angled nut. 
— Perennials, with grass-like leaves. Spikes from the axils of scale-like or 
leaf-like bracts, simple or compound. 

§ I. ViGNEA. — Stigmas two: nut lenticular, or more or Jess compressed. 

1. Spikes all androgynous, short, sessile, mostly exceeding the bracts. 

* Sterile and fertile flowers variously disposed. 

1. 0. bromoides, Schk. Spikes 4-6, distinct, oblong-lanceolate, com- 
pressed ; perigynia lanceolate, erect, finely nerved, ending in along flat rough- 
margined 2-cleft beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate mucronate scale. — 
Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. March- April. — Culms tufted, 
weak and slender, \'^-\}f high. Leaves narrowly linear. Spikes occasion- 
ally wholly sterile or fertile. Perigynia somewhat 2-ranked. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 561 

* * Spikes loith the upper flowers sterile, the lower fertile. 

■I- Spikes indefinite, disposed in a dose panicle. • 

•^ Perigynia sessile. 

2. C. decomposita, Muhl. Panicle long, drooping, the upper spike- 
like branches densely clustered, the loAver elongated, distinct, and spreading ; 
perigynia obovate, biconvex, nerved, abruptly short-beaked, about the length 
of the ovate pointed white-margined scale. — Wet margins of ponds and 
streams. May. — Culms erect, stout, 2° -3° high. Panicle 4' -6' long. 
Bracts of the lov^^er spikes bristle-form. Perigynia dark brown at maturity. 

3. C. VUlpinoidea, Michx. Panicle spike-like, erect ; clusters of spikes 
8-12, short, oval, the upper ones densely crowded ; perigynia small, ovate or 
roundish, compressed, short-beaked, 2-cleft at the orifice, faintly nerved at the 
broad base ; scales yellowish, mucronate. — Low ground. May. — Culms 
l-^°-2° high. Panicle 2' -3' long, cylindrical. Bracts of the lower spikes 
setaceous or leaf-like, often exceeding the panicle. Perigynia yellowish at 
maturity. 

++ -M- Perigynia short-stalked, truncate at the base : culms acute-angled, stout. 

4. C. crus-COrvi, Shuttleworth. Panicle very large, the lower branches 
long and distinct, the upper short and crowded ; perigynia plano-convex, 
ovate, strongly nerved, dilated at the base, tapering into a long and slender 
rough-edged deeply 2-cleft beak, thrice the length of the ovate mucronate 
scale. — River swamps, Florida, and westward. May. — Culms, like the 
broad {^ - 1' wide) leaves, glaucous. Panicle 4' - 9' long, oblong or spike-like. 

5. C. stipata, Muhl. Panicle oblong ; the short ovate branches densely 
clustered ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, strongly nerved, tapering into a stout 
rough-edged erect-spreading 2-cleft beak, 2-3 times the length of the scale. 
— Swamps. April -May. — Plant yellowish. Culms 1°- 2° high. Leaves 
4'' -9'' broad. 

•<- •<- Spikes 4-10, disposed in a simple spike or head, or {in No. 6) the lowest 

ones compound. 

6. C. sparganioides, Muhl, Spikes 6-10, ovoid, the upper crowded, 
the lower scattered and often compound ; perigynia flattened, ovate, acute at 
the base, narrowly margined, nerveless, spreading, with a short and rough 2- 
cleft beak, twice as long as the thin ovate scale. — Upper districts of Georgia, 
and northward. — Culms stout. 2° high. Leaves broadly linear, as long as 
the culm. Common spike 2' - 4' long. Perigynia yellowish, 

7. C. Muhlenbergii, Schkr, Spikes 5-8, ovoid, approximate, or 
crowded in an oblong head; perigynia round-ovate, plano-convex, strongly 
nerved, or (in var. enervis, Boott) nerveless, with a short and broad rough- 
edged 2-cleft beak, barely longer than the ovate short-pointed scale. — Dry 
sterile soil, Florida, and northward. — Culms 12^-18' high, rigid, rough above, 
twice as long as the narrow leaves. Head or spike V long. Bracts bristle- 
form, longer than the spikes. 

8. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes 5-6, small, crowded in a compact 
ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, few-nerved, short and rough-beaked, as 

3G 



562 cYrEKACE^. (sedge family.) 

long as the ovate long-pointed scale. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. — 
Culms 9' -15' high, naked above, rough on the angles, tough and wiry. 
Leaves narrow. Head J' long. liracts bristle-like. 

9. C. rosea, Schk., var. radiata, Dew. Spikes 2 -4, 3- G-flowered, dis- 
tant; perigynia ol)long, jdano-convex, rougli-beaked, spreading at maturity, 
twice as long as the liroadly ovate oljtuse or short-mucronate scale. — Upper 
districts, Georgia, and northw :ird. — f-uliiis 1° high, smooth, longer tlian the 
nar]-ow leaves. Common s]>ike 2'-3' hjng. Bract of the lowest spike com- 
monly exceeding the culm. 

10. C. Texensis, Bailey. Spikes 4 - 5, scattered, few-flowered, all but 
the uppermost Icafy-bracted ; perigynia spreading, lanceolate, spongy at the 
base, smooth, more tlian twice longer than the ovate acute scale; culms very 
slender, 5°- 1° high, exceeding the tender leaves. — Mississippi ( Traceij), and 
westward. 

11. C. retroflexa, Muhl. Spikes 4 -.5, crowded, or the lower ones dis- 
tinct, ovoid, the lowest short-bracted ; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, smooth- 
beaked, 2-cleft, at length widely spreading or reflexed, spongy at the base, 
barely longer than the ovate long-pointed scale. — Open woods, Florida, and 
northward. — Culms slender, 1° high, rough-angled above. Leaves narrow, 
shorter than the culm. Common spike about V long. 

* * * Spikes with the lower flowers sterile, the upper fertile. 

12. C. Stellulata, Good. Spikes 3-5, obovoid, distinct, the uppermost 
club-shaped at the base; perigynia ovate, rounded at the base, tapering into a 
short and rough 2-cleft beak, finely nerved, spreading and finally recurved, 
rather longer than the ovate pointed scale. (C. scirpoides, Schk.). — Shady 
river swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high, M'^eak. Leaves 
narrow and tender. Spikes small. 

Var. sterilis. Sterile and fertile spikes on separate culms, or some of 
them either sterile or fertile on the same culm, otherwise like the preceding, 
and growing in similar places. (C sterilis, Willd.) 

Var. conferta. Culms taller (2° high) and stouter; spikes larger and 
more crowded; perigynia round-ovate, twice as long as the broadly ovate 
barely pointed scale. — Pine barren swamps. 

13. C. canescens, L., var. alpicola, Wahl. Spikes 5 - 7, small, scat- 
tered, roundish, 6- 10-flowered; perigynia ovate, plano-convex, short and 
rough-beaked, spreading and tawny at maturity, rather longer than the ovate 
acute white scale. — High mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — 
Culms weak and slender, 10'- 15' high, longer tlian the narrow tender leaves. 

14. C. SCOparia, Schk. Spikes 6-8, approximate, ovate or oblong, 
many-flowered ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, narrowly margined, acute at the 
base, tapering into a long 2-cleft rough beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate 
pointed scale, turning light brown at maturity. — Swamps, South Carolina, 
and northward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough above, longer than the narrow 
leaves. 

15. C. tribuloides, Wahl. Spikes 10 or more, crowded in an oblong 
head, oval or obovate, light green ; perigynia lanceolate, tapering into a mar- 
gined serrulate beak, nearly twice the length of the obtuse scale. (C. lagopo- 



CYPERACE.^. (sedge FAMILY.) 563 

dioides, Schi\) — Wet banks aud swamps. North Carolina, and westward. — 
Culms taller (2° - 2^° high), and leaves wider than the last. Spikes some- 
times fewer, smaller and scattered. (Var. redvicta, Bailey.) 

16. C. Straminea, Schk. Spikes 3 - 6, distinct, ovoid ; perigyuia ovate 
or round-ovate, broadly winged, abruptly narrowed into a short 2-cleft beak, 
somewhat tawny and spreading at maturity, longer than the ovate-lanceolate 
scale. — Dry ground. — Culms l°-2° high, rather rigid, exceeding the nar- 
row-linear leaves. 

Var. foenea, Torr. Spikes longer and narrower, pale green; perigynia 
ovate, appressed, less broadly margined, tapering into a more slender beak; 
culms and leaves less rigid. — Low ground. Common. 

Var. mirabilis, Tuck. Tall (2° -3° high), and rather weak; spikes pale 
green, approximate; perigynia ovate-lanceolate, spreading at the tip, or 
slightly recurved. — Low woods in the upper districts, 

17. C. alata, Torr. Spikes 6-10, large (6"- 8" long), ovoid, approxi- 
mate ; perigynia flat, broadly obovate, wing-margined, abruptly contracted 
into a very short beak, longer than the lanceolate scale ; nut oval, stalked. — 
Marshes, Florida to North Carolina. —Culms 2° -3° high, leafy below the 
middle. Spikes brownish at maturity. Perigynia 2^" long. 

2. Uppermost spikes (1 or 2) sterile or androgynous, the lower fertile. 

18. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spike solitary, peduncled ; fertile spikes 
mostly 3, linear-club-shaped, loosely flowered below, spreading, the lowest 
peduncled ; perigyuia elliptical, tapering and at length spreading or recurved 
at the apex, nerveless or nearly so, as long as the oblong black scale ; culms 
smooth (1° high) ; leaves narrowly linear. — Mountain swamps, North Caro- 
lina, and northward. 

19. C. Striota, Good. Sterile spikes 1-2; fertile spikes 2-4, linear- 
cylindrical, sessile or the lowest short-ped uncled, erect, dense-flowered ; peri- 
gynia elliptical, erect, nerveless, commonly shorter than the narrow obtuse 
reddish brown scale ; culms (2° high) rough-angled ; leaves linear. — Swamps 
in the upper districts. 

20. C. crinita, Lam. Sterile spikes mostly 2, often with fertile flowers 
intermixed ; fertile spikes 3-4, long-cylindrical, dense-flowered, on long droop- 
ing peduncles ; perigynia round-ovate or obovate, somewhat inflated, 2-nerved, 
abruptly short-pointed, shorter than the long-awned scale ; culms rough-angled 
above (2° - 3^ high). — Swamps in the upper districts. — Spikes H'- 3' long. 

21. C. gynandra, Schw. Perigynium ovate or elliptical, acute, ob- 
scurely nerved at the base, the upper ones crowded, and as long as the acute 
scale, the lower ones scattered, and shorter than the awned scales, sheaths 
scabrous ; otherwise like the last. — Damp woods, Florida, and northward. 

§ 2. Carex proper. — Stigmas 3 : nut 3-angled : terminal spikes commonly 
sterile, the others fertile. 

1. Spike solitary. 
* Sterile at the summit. 

22. C polytrichoides, Muhl. Spike linear, few-flowered ; perigynia 
lanceolate-oblong, many-nerved, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice as long 



564 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

as the oblong mucronate scale ; bract scale-like or occasionally leafy and ex- 
ceeding the spike; cnhns tufted, filiform, weak (r/-12' high), rough al)Ove, 
longer than the very narrow leaves. — Bogs and swamps, common. 

23. C. Fraseri, Andrews. Spike oblong, many-Howered, the fertile por- 
tion globose ; perigyuia ovoid, inflated, abruptly sliort-pointed, longer than 
the oblong obtuse hyaline scale; leaves very wide (T or more), obtuse, serru- 
late and wavy on the Tnargins, convolute below, and shcatliing the base of the 
naked smooth culm. — Shady banks of streams on the mountains of North 
Carolina. — Leaves G'- 12' long, longer than the culm. 

24. C. Jamesii, Schw. ? Spike linear (6"- 10" long); sterile flowers 
20-25; perigynia 1-4, ovoid, smooth, 3-nerved, abrujjtly contracted into a 
slender compressed rough-edged beak, longer than the ovate white green- 
keeled scale ; leaves linear, flat, abruptly pointed, longer than the bristle-like 
prostrate culms. — Shady banks, Florida, and westward. — Culms 3' - 6' long. 
Plant whiti.sh. 

25. C. Willdenovii, Schkr. Sterile flowers 4 - 8 ; perigynia 6 - 9, ob- 
long, the lower much shorter than the leafy green scale ; otherwise like the 
last. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. 

* * Dicecious. 

26. C. Boottiana, Benth. Culms slender, naked, rough, shorter than 
the linear bright-green radical leaves ; spikes (rarely 2) many-flowered, pur- 
plish, cyliudi'ical, erect ; fertile spike dense-flowered ; perigynium obovate, ob- 
tuse or abruptly short-beaked, ciliate and 2-toothed at the orifice, nerved, 
pubescent, ciliate-toothed on the angles, shorter and narrower than the oblong- 
acute or abruptly pointed purple scale. — North Alabama [Peters], and west- 
ward. — Culms 6' - 8' long. Spikes 1' - 2' long. 

2. Spikes two or more {rarely solitary). 

* Culms with a sterile and fertile spike from a terminal leafless sheath, and two 

or more fertile ones in the axils of the radical leaves. 

27. C Baltzellii, Chapm. Sterile spike rigid, often with a few fertile 
flowers at tlie base ; fertile spikes 3-6, linear-cylindrical, closely many- 
flowered, one (rarely two) on an erect peduncle which is included in a leafless 
sheath at the base of the sterile spike, the others on long recurved or spread- 
ing radical peduncles, commonly sterile at the summit ; perigynia obovate- 
oblong, pubescent, abruptly short-pointed, as long as the obovate obtuse 
mucronate reddish brown scale. — Dry sandy soil. Middle "Florida. — Leaves 
all radical, 2'' -4" wide, glaucous, very rough above, longer than the culm. 

* * Terminal spike sterile heloio [often wholly so in Nos. 29 and 41), fertile 

above, the others chiefly fertile. 

■^Perigynia inflated , contracted into a long and slender beak. 

28. C. scjuarrosa, L. Spikes 1-4, oval, thick (|'-|'), erect, pedun- 
cled ; perigynia horizontal, obovate, smooth, 3-nerved, abruptly contracted 
into a long subulate smooth 2-cleft beak, longer than the lanceolate acute 
scale. — Swamps and meadows, near the mountains, Georgia, and northward. 
— Culms 8' - 16' high, shorter than the linear leaves and bracts. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 565 

29. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 4-7, the terminal one smaU, often 
Avholly sterile or fertile, the others cylindrical, erect, dense-floAvered, the upper 
ones approximate and nearly sessile, the lower scattered, on exserted pedun 
eles ; perigyuia horizontal, contracted into a long and slender 2-cleft beak, 
shorter than the awn-like scales. — Swamps and meadows, upper districts of 
Georgia, and westward. — Culms 1°-1^° high, flexuous above, shorter than 
the broad leaves and bracts. 

-1- -i-Perifjt/nia beakless. 

++ Spikes approximate, ovoid or cylindrical, dense-flowered, sessile, or on short 
and erect peduncles : bracts short. 

30. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Spikes 3-4, oblong, the upper one pedun- 
cled, the others sessile or nearly so ; perigynia whitish, smooth, elliptical, 
compres3ed-3-angled, obtuse and emarginate at the apex, commonly shorter 
than the ovate acute or awn-poiuted blackish scale. — Mountains of Georgia, 
and northward. — Culms 1°-1^° high? rough above, longer than the narrow 
glaucous leaves. 

31. C. triceps, Michx, Spikes 2-4 (mostly 3), sessile or nearly so, 
ovoid or oblong, many-flowered ; perigynia pubescent or at length smoothish, 
ovate, compressed-3-angled, strongly nerved, obtuse and emarginate at the 
apex, about as long as the oblong mucronate white scale. — Damp soil, Florida, 
and northward. — Culms erect l'^-l|° high, rough-angled, and, like the nar- 
row leaves, and sheaths, more or less pubescent. 

32. C. Smithii, Porter. Spikes 3-4, ovoid or oblong, sessile, few-flow- 
ered ; perigynia smooth, round-pear-shaped, obscurely angled, faintly nerved, 
contracted into a short and entire point, as long as the oblong obtuse or barely 
pointed white scale — Low ground, in the upper districts. — Culms 1° high, 
very slender. Leaves and sheaths smooth. 

33. C. virescens, Muhl. Spikes 2-3, cylindrical, short-peduncled, 
densely many-flowered ; perigynia small, pubescent, ovoid, strongly nerved, 
3-angled, acute and entire at the apex, as long as the ovate mucronate white 
scale. — Low grassy meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 1°- 
2° high, rough. Leaves and sheaths hairy. 

34. C. Shortiana, Dew. Spikes 4-5, approximate, erect, cylindrical, 
densely many-flowered, the lower stalked, all staminate at the base ; perigynia 
round-obovate, nerveless, about the length of the thin ovate scale ; culms 
rigidly erect, mostly shorter than the broadly linear leaves. — Damp ground, 
Tennessee, and northward. — Culms F -3° high. Spikes V long. 

-i-t- ++ Spikes remote, linear or cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, on long and 
mostly drooping peduncles : bracts long and leaf-like: perigynia smooth, some- 
what inflated, few and faintly nerved. 

35. C. OXylepis, Torr. & Hook. Spikes 4 - 5, linear, all on long bristle- 
like partly included nodding peduncles, distant ; perigynia oblong, acute- 
angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the lanceolate rough- 
pointed white scale. — Low ground, Florida, and westward. — Culms slender, 
l^°-2° high, the loAver part, like the leaves and sheaths, pubescent. 



566 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 

36. C. aestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes 3-5, linear or filiform, loosely 
flowered, erect, the lowest on uearly exserted peduueles, the upper almost 
sessile ; perigynia oblong, obtuse-angled, obtuse and entire at the apex, twice 
as long as the ovate obtuse or emarginate scale. — Mountains of North Caro- 
lina. — C'ulnis 1°- 1^° Ji'rtl'j smooth. Lowest sheaths pubescent. 

37. C. gracillima, Scliw. Spiices 3-5, distant, linear, on slender and 
nodding ])ediuicl('S ; perigynia oblong, o])tuse, entire and oblique at the ori- 
fice, aljout twice as long as the oblong obtuse short awned scale. — Wet 
meadows, North Carolina, and northward. — Culm l°-2° high. Spikes 1'- 
1-^' long, thicker than tliose of the preceding. Sheaths smooth. 

38. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Spikes 3-4, remote, oblong-cylindrical, 
all on slender nearh^ exserted peduncles, nodding ; perigynia ovate-oblong, 
inflated, round-angled, emarginate at the pointed apex, longer than the ob- 
long awned scale. — Mountains of Georgia {Muhlenberg). — Culms \^°-2° 
high. Leaves and sheaths more or less pubescent. Spikes rather deuse- 
flowered. 

39. C. miliacea, Muhl. Spikes 4, linear, all on exserted nodding pe- 
duncles, the terminal one often wholly sterile ; perigynia yellowish, ovate, 
compressed-3-angled, nerveless or nearly so, tapering into a spreading slightly 
emarginate point, as long as the oblong mucronate scale. — Mountains of 
Georgia {Torreij). — Culms weak, 1°-1|° high. Sheaths smooth. Lower 
perigynia scattered. 

* * * Terminal spikes sterile, the others fertile, or with Jew sterile /lowers at the 

summit. 
•*- Perigijnia small (f -3" long), slighthj or not at all inflated, obtuse or short- 
beaked. 
■iH- Fertile spikes sessile, ovoid or oblong, dense-floivered : perigynia pubescent, 
short-beaked or p)ointed. 

40. C. filiformis, L. Sterile spikes 2 or more, slender, long-peduncled ; 
fertile spikes 1-3, distant, oblong ; perigynia ovoid, obtuse, 3-angied, densely 
pubescent, obscurely nerved, abruptly contracted into a short emarginate 
point, longer than the oblong mucronate brown scale. — Bogs and SAvamps, 
South Carolina {Torrey). — Culms 2° high, smooth. Leaves filiform, elon- 
gated. Bracts leafy, many times longer than the spikes. 

41. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile spikes 1 -2, thick, short-peduncled ; fer- 
tile spikes 1-2, approximate, ovoid or oblong ; perigynia oblong-ovate, 3- 
angled, deusely-puhesceut, strongly nerved, tapering into a distinct beak, with 
a white membranaceous 2-cleft orifice, longer than the oblong mucronate 
brown scale. — Sandy swamps in the upper districts, and northAvard. — Culms 
rigid, acute-angled, 1° - 2° high. Leaves short, linear. Bracts short, the upper 
one shorter than the spikes. 

42. C. dasycarpa, Muhl. Sterile spike single, short-peduncled ; fertile 
spikes 2-3, approximate, oblong ; perigynia woolly, oblong, 3-angled, striate, 
scarcely beaked, wdth the orifice entire, twice the length of the ovate barely 
pointed pale scale ; nut stalked. — Shady woods, Florida to South Carolina. — 
Culms 6' -12' high, rough-angled. Leaves pubescent. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 567 

43. C. tenax, Chapm. Culms (10'- 15' high) and rigid channelled 
leaves rough, hut not pubescent ; spikes and ovate beaked and less pubescent 
perigynia larger ; nut sessile ; otherwise like the preceding, and possibly a 
stouter form of it. — Dry sand ridges. Middle Florida. 

44. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. Sterile spike single; fertile spikes 
mostly 2, ovoid, approximate, 4 - 6-flowered, the lower one with a short or 
scale-like colored bract ; perigynia nearly globose, pubescent, abruptly con- 
tracted into a short 2-cleft beak, longer than the oblong-ovate dark brown 
scale. — Dry woods in the upper districts. — Stoloniferous. Culms 1° or less 
high, shorter than the narrow green leaves. 

45. C. varia, Muhl. Spikes 2-5, the upper contiguous, the lowest often 
leafy-bracted ; perigynia acuminate at both ends, about the length of- the 
oblong-ovate pale scale. (C. Emmousii, Dew.) — Dry light soil, chiefly in 
the upper districts. — Culms filiform, commonly longer than the narrow-linear 
leaves, often stoloniferous. 

46. C. nigromarginata, Schw. Spikes mostly 3 - 5, few-flowered, the 
sterile little exceeding the two contiguous fertile ones ; perigynia oval, trian- 
gular, slender-beaked, shorter than the black-margined scale ; stigmas 3 ; nut 
triangular; culms r-6' high, much shorter than the rather rigid linear 
leaves. — Dry open woods. North Carolina, and westward. 

47. C Floridana, Schw. Habit and inflorescence like the preceding ; 
scales slightly or not at all discolored ; stigmas 2 or 3 ; perigynia plano-con- 
vex ; nut lenticular. — Light dry soil, Florida, and westward. 

++ -w- Fertile spikes linear or ctjlindrical, remote, all, or the lowest, on distinct 
and commonly elongated peduncles. 
= Perigynia striated with numerous fine nerves: sterile spike always single. 
t Perigynia smooth, nearly terete, obtuse or barely pointed : bracts long and leaf- 
like : spikes erect. 

48. C. grisea, Wahl. Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 3-4, 
linear-oblong, rather loosely flowered (4''' -8'' long), the upper one nearly ses- 
sile; perigynia oblong-ovoid, pointless, somewhat inflated, twice as long as 
the white ovate rough-awned scale ; culms smooth, 1° high ; leaves and bracts 
broadly linear. — Low ground, chiefly in the upper districts. 

Var. angustif Olia, Boott. Sterile spike long-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
mostly 3, linear, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest at the base of the culm ; 
perigynia 4-8, lanceolate-oblong, 3-angled, alternate and 2-ranked, pointless 
and entire at the apex, longer than the ovate rough-awned scale. — Dry open 
woods, Florida. — Culms filiform, 8'- 12' high. Leaves and bracts linear. 
Lowest sheaths dark brown. 

49. C. flaccosperma, Dew. Spikes 4 - 5, the sterile short, sessile, the 
fertile distant, closely many-flowered, leafy-bracted, the lowest long-pedun- 
cled; perigynia oblong, obtuse, twice the length of the ovate awnless scale; 
culms 6'- 18' high; leaves broadly linear. — Rich shaded soil, Georgia, and 
westward. 

50. C. granularis, Muhl, Sterile spike short, sessile; fertile spikes 
3-4, linear-cylindrical, densely many-flowered, yellowish, the upper one nearly 



56S CTPERACE^. (hedge FAMILY.) 

sessile, the lowest distant and long-peduncled ; perigynia small, globose-ovate, 
contracted into a minute mostly recurved entire or emarginate point, longer 
than the ovate obtuse or barely pointed scale. — Meadows and banks of 
streams, Florida, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves and bracts 
broadly linear, 3-nerved. 

51. C. conoidea, Schk. Sterile spike long-peduncled; fertile spikes 
2-3, ol)loiig (ji- (yliiidrical, densely many-Howered, remote; perigynia small, 
oblong-ovoid, obtuse, striate with impres.sed nerves, smooth and shining, equal- 
ling or the lower shorter than the ovate pointed or short-awned scale. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves 
and bracts linear. Spikes \' -\' long, the lowest long-peduncled. 

52. C. tetaniea, Schk. Sterile spike short-peduncled; fertile spikes 
1-3, linear-cylindrical, remote, loosely flowered ; perigynia obovate, narrowed 
at the base, contracted into a short bent point, longer tlian the ovate acute or 
short-awned scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — ("ulms 
1° high. Leaves and bracts narrowly linear. 

53. C. Meadii, Dew. Sterile spike mostly long-peduncled, slender; fer- 
tile spikes 1-3, oblong (4" -8" long), closely flowered; perigynia obovate, 
abruptly contracted into the entire orifice, barely longer than the oblong acute 
broadly margined scale ; culm 6' - 1 2' high ; leaves narrow-linear, shorter 
than the culm. — Mountains of Georgia, and northward. 

54. C. polymorpha, Muhl. Sterile spikes 1 or 2, short, long-pedun- 
cled; fertile spikes 1 or 2, remote, erect; perigynia oblong-ovate, minutely 
granular, entire at the white oblique orifice, longer than the ovate, mostly ob- 
tuse, brownish purple scale; culms 1°-1^° high; leaves short, erect. — Low 
grassy meadows, North Carolina {Curtis), and northward. 

55. C. Oligocarpa, Schk. Sterile spike short-peduncled ; fertile spikes 
mostly 3, loosely 4 - 8-flowered ; perigynia thick, finely striate, oblong, with 
a straight or slightly spreading point, shorter than the ovate long-awned 
white scale; style very short; culms 10' -15' high; leaves narrow-linear. — 
North Carolina (Curtis), and northward. 

t t Perigiinia srriooth, 3-angled, with a recurved or spreading point: lowest 

peduncles elongated and often recurved. 

J Bracts leafy : scales white. 

56. C. laxiflora, Lam. Sterile spike ped uncled, exceeding the bracts; 
fertile spikes 2-3, remote, linear, loosely 8- 12-flowered; perigynia oblong- 
obovate, tapering into a smooth spreading entire beak, longer than the oblong 
mucronate scale. — Plant more or less glaucous. Culm 10' - 1 5' high, usually 
compressed-3-augled above. Leaves linear or lanceolate, tender. Sheaths 
smooth. 

Var. striatula. Culms, leaves, and especially the sheaths, rough ; sterile 
spike sessile or nearly so, shorter than the bracts ; fertile spikes 3-5, rather 
closely 12-20-flowered, the 2-3 upper ones commonly approximate; peri- 
gynia obovate, abruptly short and bent-pointed. — Dry open woods and mar- 
gins of fields ; common, and varying greatly in the form of the perigynia and 
width of the leaves. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 569 

57. C. styloflexa, Buckley. Sterile spike sliort-peduncled; fertile 
spikes 3, oblong, few-flowered, very remote, the lowest on a long and mostly 
nodding peduncle ; perigynia lanceolate or oblong, narrowed at the base, ta- 
pering into a spreading rough-angled mostly emarginate beak, longer than 
the oblong mucronate scale. — Shady swamps, Middle Florida, to the moun- 
tains of North Carolina. — Culms filiform, 1°- 1J° high, and, like the sheaths 
of the linear leaves, roughened downward. 

58. C. digitalis, Willd. Sterile spike small, sessile, or nearly so ; fer- 
tile spikes commonly 3, remote, very slender, loosely 5 -8-flowered, all on long 
bristle-like peduncles, the lowest near the base of the culm and generally re- 
clining; perigynia alternate, ovoid, with a short and spreading entire point, 
twice the length of the ovate acute green-keeled scale ; leaves linear, green ; 
culms 6'- 12' high. — Low ground, common. 

59. C. ptychocarpa, Steudl. Sterile spike very small, nearly sessile, 
the fertile mostly 3, closely 6 - 8-flowered, the two upper approximate, nearly 
sessile, much shorter than the broad foliaceous bracts; the lowest distant, 
long-peduncled, erect ; perigynia nearly thrice the length of the ovate obtuse 
or barely pointed white scale. (C. digitalis, var., Flora.) — Wet shaded 
banks, Middle Florida. — Culms 3' - 5' high, much shorter than the broadly 
linear glaucous leaves. 

I I Bracts sheathing, leafless or nearlij so : scales broivn or black. 

60. C. plantaginea, Lam. Fertile spikes 3-4, remote, the lowest at 
the base of the culm, linear, erect, loosely few-flowered, the peduncles mostly 
included in the brown leafless sheaths ; perigynia oblong-obovate, short -pointed, 
longer than the ovate acute black scale. — Mountains of North Carolina, and 
northward. — Leaves all radical, V or more wide, about as long as the slender 
culm. 

61. C. Caroliniana, Buckley. Fertile spikes 3, loosely 3 - 6-flowered, 
remote, all on long bristle-like drooping peduncles, which are partly included 
in the sheaths of the short bracts ; the lowest near the base of the culm ; 
perigynia ovoid, short-pointed, rather longer than the oblong mucronate dark 
brown scale. — Table Mountain, South Carolina {Buckley). — Kadical leaves 
4" - 6^' wide, 3-nerved, exceeding the tufted culms. 

= = Perigynia with few and scattered nerves, commonly a little inflated, straight- 
beaked or pointed : spikes all, or the lowest, on long and mostly nodding pe- 
duncles : bracts leafy. 

t Spikes linear or flliform, loosely flowered : perigynia lanceolate or oblong. 

62. C. venusta, Dew. Fertile spikes 3 -5, linear (I'-l^' long), remote, 
or the two upper ones approximate and erect ; perigynia oblong, acute at each 
end, rough-hairy, notched at the orifice, twice as long as the oblong obtuse 
scale. — Low banks of streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 2° -3° 
high. Sheaths of the linear leaves very rough. 

63. C. debilis, Michx. Fertile spikes 3 - 5, remote, filiform, drooping ; 
perigynia alternate, lanceolate, smooth, acute at the base, tapering into 
a 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong obtuse 1-nerved scale; sheaths 



570 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 

sinootli. — Swamps and low grounds, common. — Culms verv slender, 1° -2° 
liigli. 

G4. C. juncea, Willd. "Spikes '2-4, slender, erect, brownish purple, 
the sterile one illifonn, the fertile loosely flowered, somewhat remote, the low- 
est on an exserted peduncle; perigynia 3-angled, spiudle-sliaped, rough at the 
apex, with the orifice entire ; scales ovate, obtuse, and longer than the peri- 
gynia, or lanceolate, mucronate, and about eciualling them." Boott. — Sum- 
mit of lloan Mountain, North Carolina. — Leaves somewhat bristle-form, 
shorter than tlie culm. 

t t Spikes cijUndrical or ohIuiKj, dense! ij munij-Jloiuered : per'Kjijnia ovate or 

roundish. 

65. C. SCabrata, Schw. Sterile spike short, single ; fertile spikes 4-5, 
rather distant, on erect exserted peduncles ; perigynia ovate, rough, spreading, 
with few rather prominent nerves, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, longer than 
the oblong acute brownish scale. — Shady swamps. South Carolina and Ten- 
nessee. — Culms (1°-1^° high) and broadly linear thin leaves very rough. 
Bracts leaf-like, destitute of sheaths. 

66. C. Barrattii, Torr. Sterile spikes 1-2, long and rigid; fertile 
spikes 2-3, cylindrical, all on drooping peduncles, commonly sterile at the 
summit ; perigynia yellowish, compressed-3-angled, round-elliptical, slightly 
roughened, emarginate or entire at the orifice, longer than the oblong obtuse 
or pointed black scale. — Marshes, North Carolina (Curtis), and north- 
ward. — Culms l°-2° high, rough-angled, longer than the rigid glaucous 
leaves. 

67. C. verrucosa, Muhl. Sterile spikes 1-3, sessile or short-peduncled, 
often with fertile flowers variously intermixed; fertile spikes 4-10, cvlindri- 
cal or oblong, the upper ones sessile and erect, the lower long-peduucled and 
drooping ; perigynia glaucous, globose-obovate, 3-angled, strongly nerved or 
nerveless, abruptly contracted into a short and entire point, about as long as 
the brown rough-awned scale. — Margins of ponds and rivers, Florida to 
North Carolina. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Leaves glaucous, setaceously attenuate. 

68. C. Cherokeensis, Schk. Sterile spikes 2-4, slender; fertile 
spikes 5-15, often 2-3 from the same sheath, oblong or cylindrical, sterile 
at the summit, all on long and nodding peduncles ; perigynia whitish, ob- 
long, compressed-3-angled, short-beaked, with the orifice membranaceous and 
obliquely 2-cleft, longer than the oblong acute scale ; stigmas elongated. — 
Banks of the Apalachicola River, Florida, to the mountains of Georgia, and 
westward. — Plant whitish. Culms l°-2° hi^h, smooth, like the linear 
leaves. 

69. C. microdonta, Torr. & Hook. " Staminate spikes 3 ; fertile spikes 
about 4, exsertly pedunculate, erect, cylindrical, attenuate, and more or less 
staminiferous at the summit ; fruit ov^ate, compressed, obscurely striate, 
acute, with a minutely bidentate orifice, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate 
acuminate, somewhat cuspidate scale.',' Torrey. — Mississippi [Bailey], and 
westward. 



CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 571 

•»- •*- Perigijnia large (3'' -6'' long), and commonlij much inflated, conspicuously 
nerved, tapering into a conical or long and subulate 2-cleft beak. 

•^ Sterile spike single: styles persistent, contorted: perigynia smooth: spikes 
many-flowered {^except No. 77). 

70. C. comosa, Boott. Fertile spikes 4, cylindrical, approximate, on 
exserted nodding peduncles [l^-^Y lo^i^) » perigynia (2" long) oblong, 
spreading or reflexed, tapering into a long subulate deeply 2-cleft beak, with 
bristly, spreading teeth, longer than the awned scale. — Swamps, Florida, and 
northward. — Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough-angled above. Leaves broadly 
linear, and, like the bracts, exceeding the culm. 

71. C. hystricina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3, oblong or cylindrical, on 
nodding peduncles ; perigynia oblong-ovate, many-nerved, spreading, taper- 
ing into a minutely 2-cleft beak, twice as long as the oblong awned scale ; nut 
obovate, smooth. — Swamps, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 1° - 1^° high, 
rough above, shorter than the leaves and bracts. Spikes 1'- 1^'long. 

72. C. tentaculata, Muhl. Sterile spike nearly sessile ; fertile spikes 
1-3, sessile, approximate, or the lowest remote and short-peduncled, ovate or 
cylindrical-oblong ; perigynia ovate, spreading, few-nerved, the long subulate 
beak cleft on the inner side, and minutely 2-toothed, twice as long as the 
lanceolate awned scale ; nut ovoid, roughish. — Meadows and low grounds, 
common. — Culms 1°"- 1^° high. Leaves and bracts elongated. 

73. C. gigantea, Rudge. Fertile spikes 3-4, oblong or cylindrical; 
the upper approximate and nearly sessile, the lowest distant and short-pedun- 
cled, erect ; perigynia (6'' - 7'' long) widely spreading, strongly many-nerved, 
tapering from an ovate and obtuse base into a long subulate rough 2-cleft 
beak, with hispid teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut 
depressed, 3-angled. — Pine barren ponds, Florida to South Carolina, and 
-westward. — Culms 2° high, smooth, shorter than the broad linear leaves 
and bracts. 

74. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 3-4, approximate, sessile, or 
the lowest short-peduncled, erect, oblong, thick (1' in diameter); perigvnia 
(6" -7'' long) erect-spreading, tapering from the ovoid acutish base into a 
subulate smooth or slightly roughened beak, with smooth and spreading 
teeth, twice as long as the oblong awn-pointed scale ; nut rhombic-oblong. — 
Deep river swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms and leaves as in the 
preceding. 

75. C. Halei, Carey. Sterile spike slender, long-peduncled ; fertile 
spikes 2-3, remote, ovoid or oblong (1' in diameter), erect, the lowest com- 
monly on a partly exserted peduncle, the others nearly sessile ; perigynia 
large (6'' long), tapering from a greatly inflated and rounded base into a 
smooth and slender 2-cleft beak, with smooth and spreading teeth, more than 
twice as long as the oblong acuminate scale ; nut rhomboid. — Swamps, Flor- 
ida to the mountains of Georgia, and westward, — Culms 1° high, smooth and 
slender, as long as the narrow smooth leaves. Spikes whitish, V -\^' long. 

76. C. SUbulata, Michx. Sterile spike small; fertile spikes 3-4, re- 
mote, few-flowered, the lowest on a partly exserted peduncle, erect ; perigynia 



572 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 

4-6, su))nlate, smooth, reflexed, the rigid teeth reflexed aud appressed to the 
slender heak, four times as luug as the awn-pointed scale. — Deep swamps, 
Georgia to North Carolina. — Culms smooth, filiform, l°-l^°higli, longer 
than tlie linear leaves. 

++ ++ Sterile spike sinrjle: sti/le deciduous, stniifjht or ?ie(ir/ij so: /i-rti/e spikes 

f(ni)-Jiowered. 

77. C. folliculata, L., var. australis, Bailey. Fertile spikes .3-4, 
ovoid, remote, 8-10-Ho\vered, on erect peduncles, sterile at the summit; peri- 
gynia (6" long) horizontal, lanceolate, tajjering into a smootli beak, with erect 
hispid teeth, one third longer than the lanceolate rough-pointed scale. — Wet 
margins of streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms smooth, 2° high, 
commonly exceeding the linear flat leaves. 

78. C. turgescens, Torr. Fertile spikes 2, near or remote, on short 
included peduncles, ovoid, 8 - 12-flowered ; perigynia erect-spreading {A" long), 
lance-ovate, strongly nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft heak, with hispid 
erect teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. — Pine Itarren swamps, 
Florida to North Carolina. — Culms smooth, 2° -3° high, longer than the nar- 
row rigid and channelled leaves. 

79. C. Elliottii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes mostly 3, approximate 
and nearly sessile, or the lowest remote and long-peduncled, globose, 8-16- 
flowered, sterile at the apex; perigynia small (3'' long), oblong-ovate, com- 
pressed, spreading, few-nerved, tapering into a short smooth beak, with erect 
hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate obtuse scale. — Boggy margins of 
pine barren streams, Florida to North Carolina. — Culms 1° - 2*^ high, rough 
above, longer than the narrowly linear leaves. 

80. C. intumescens, Rudge. Fertile spikes 2-4, approximate, the 
upper sessile, tlie lower peduncled, globose, 1 - 1 5-flowered ; perigynia large 
(6" long), spreading, tapering from a rounded and greatly inflated base into 
a short and smooth 2-cleft beak with hispid teeth, twice as long as the ovate 
acuminate scale. — Shady swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms 1°- H° 
high, rough above, shorter than the broadly linear deep green leaves and 
bracts. 

81. C. Grayii, Carey. Fertile spikes 2, globose, closely 1.5 -30-flowered; 
perigynia sparsely pubescent (in ours), reflexed; culms tall (2°-3°high)j 
otherwise like the last. — Swamps near Rome, Georgia, and northward. 

++++++ Sterile spikes 2 or more : fertile spikes many-flowered. 
= Perigynia pubescent. 

82. C. trichocarpa, Muhl. Sterile spikes about three, linear, long- 
peduncled; fertile spikes 2, cylindrical, on short and mostly included pedun- 
cles; perigynia thin, rough-hairy, tapering from a rounded ovate base into a 
rather slender rough beak, with long acnte teeth, longer than the oblong acute 
awnless scale. — Deep marshes, Georgia, and northward. — Culms 2° - 3° high, 
rough above. Leaves linear, elongated. 

83. C. striata, Michx. Sterile spikes 2-4, long-peduncled; fertile 
spikes 1-4 (mostly 2), remote, sessile, or the lowest long-peduncled. oblong 
or cylindrical; perigynia thick, ovate, pubescent above the middle, contracted 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 573 

into a short and whitish 2-cleft or emarginate beak, longer than the oblong 
acute scale. — Pine barren swamps, Florida, and northward. — Culms l|°-2° 
high. Leaves narrowly linear, keeled, rather rigid. Perigynia occasionally 

nearly smooth. 

^= = Perigijnia smooth. 

84. C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 4 - 6, dark brown; fertile spikes 
2-3, oblong-cylindrical, sterile at the summit (l|'-2' long), on erect pedun- 
cles; perigynia ovate-oblong, obscurely nerved, tapering into a smooth 2-cleft 
beak, longer than the oblong brown awned scale. — Deep marshes, common. 
— Culms stout, 2° -3° high, rough above, shorter than the broad (|') smooth- 
ish and glaucous leaves and bracts. 

85, C. buUata, Schk. Sterile spikes 2- 3, long-peduncled; fertile spikes 
1-2, oblong or oval (1' long), sessile, or on very short exserted peduncles; 
perigynia globose-ovate, much inflated, strongly nerved, smooth and shining, 
slender-beaked, longer than the oblong acute scale. — Swamps, South Carolina, 
and northward. — Culms 1°-1^° high, shorter than the linear leaves and 
bracts. 



Order 162. GRAMINE^. (Grass Family.) 

Chiefly herbs. Stem {culm) mostly hollow and with closed joints 
Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, narrow and entire. Sheaths open, or split 
on one side, and usually prolonged into a membranaceous or fringed 
appendage {liguld) at the base of the blade. Flowers in spiked or 
panicled spikelets, consisting of 2-ranked imbricated bracts or scales 
{glumes), of which the 1 or 2 lower ones are empty, the others (1 or more) 
enclosing a smaller and thinner one (palea or paiet), a 1-celled 1-ovuled 
ovary, and 1 - several stamens, are the flowering glumes, forming the 
floret. Perianth none, or consisting of 2 - 3 minute hypogynous scales 
{lodicules). Anthers versatile, 2-celled. Styles 2 - 3-parted, with hairy 
or plumose stigmas. Fruit a caryopsis {grain). Embryo placed on 
the outside and near the base of mealy albumen. — Root fibrous. 

Synopsis. 

Series I. Spikelet jointed with the pedicel below the lowest glume. 

Tribe I. PANICE^. Spikelets with a single terminal perfect awnless flower, or 
with a Becond imperfect one in the glume below. Floret coriaceous in fruit. 

* Spikelets without a bristly or spiny involucre, 
■f- Spikelets in 2 - 4 rows on 1-sided lateral and terminal spikes. 

1. KEIMARIA. Glumes 2. Spikelets lanceolate, acute. Culms creeping, 

2. PASPALUM. Glumes 3. Spikelets mostly ovate or orbicular, plano-convex, in 2-4 

rows. 

3. ERIOCHLOA. Glumes 3. Spikelets lanceolate, with a callous ring at the base. 

4. OPLISMENUS. Glumes 4, the lower awned. Spikes short and distant. 

■J- t- Spikelets variously panicled (except § 1 in No, 7). 

5. ANTH^NANTTA, Glumes 3. Spikelets alike, in a contracted panicle, villouB. 



574 GRAMIXE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

G. AMPHIC ARPUM. Glumes 3. Spikelets of 2 kinds, one in a terminal panicle, the other 
larger, on a solitary subterranean peduncle. 

7. PANIC UM. Glumes 4, the lowest smaller, the third staminate or neutral. 

* * Spikelets subtended by a bristly or spiny involucre. 

8. SETARIA. Involucre of 1 - several bristles persistent on the pedicel. 

9. CENCHRUS. Involucre bur-like, of several barbed spines partly united, and enclosing 

1-3 spikelets. 

10. PENNISETUM. Spikelets enclosed in an involucre of fine often plumose bristles. 

* * * Spikelets sunk in excavations of the thick racliis. 

11. STENOTAPHRUM. Culms creeping. Flowering branches short and erect. 

Tribe II. OllYZEJE. Spikelets perfect or unisexual, 1-flowered. Empty glumes 
none (except No. 1(J). Stamens mostly G or more. 

* Spikelets perfect. 

12. LEERSIA. Spikelets compressed, mostly ciliate. Stamens 1-6. 

* * Spikelets unisexu?i. 

13. LUZIOLA. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in separate panicles. Stamens 6-11. 

14. HYDROCHLOA. Spikelets in simple few-flowered axillary and terminal spikes. Sta- 

mens G. 

15. ZIZANIA. Staminate and pistillate spikelets in the same panicle. Stamens 6. 

16. PHARUS. Spikelets in pairs, unequal, the smaller hexandrous, the larger pistillate. 

Tribe III. MAYDE.^. Spikelets unisexual, the pistillate in excavations of the rachis 
of the jointed spike. 

17. ROTTBCELLIA. A pistillate and staminate spikelet at the base of each joint of the 

spike. 

18. MANISURIS. A pistillate spikelet at the base, and a neutral one at the top of each 

joint of the spike. 

19. TRIPSACUM. Spikes pistillate at the base, staminate above. 

Tribe IV. ANDROPOGONE.(E. Spikelets in pairs or threes on each joint of the 
rachis of the spike or branch of the panicle, one sessile and perfect, the others pedi- 
celled, staminate or neutral (rarely perfect). Glumes 4, the two lower larger, empty, 
and more rigid, the third staminate or neutral, the floret hyaline and mostly awned. 

* Spikelets in short-jointed spikes. 

20. ELIONURUS. Spikes single, long-peduncled. Spikelets awnless. 

21. ANDROPOGON. Spikes single, digitate, or panicled, mostly white-hairy. Spikelets 

awned. Lowest glume 2-keeled on the back. 

22. HETEROPOGON. Spikes clustered, 1-sided. Sterile spikelet 3-androus, its glumes 

flat, twisted. Floret long-awned. 

* * Spikelets panicled. 

23. IMPERATA. Sessile and pedicelled spikelets both perfect and awnless. 

24. ERIANTHUS. Sessile and pedicelled spikelets both perfect and awned, \^fith an invo- 

lucral tuft at the base. 

25. SORGHUM. Spikelets in pairs or threes, only the sessile one perfect and awned. 

Series II. POACE^. Pedicel jointed above the lowest glume. 

Tribe V. PHALiARIDE^. Glumes 5, only the uppermost fertile, the two lower 
empty, the middle ones staminate, neutral, or rudimentary. 

2G. PHALARIS. Middle glumes rudimentary. Floret triandrous. 

27. ANTHOXANTHUM. Middle glumes empty, awned. Floret diandrous. 

28. HIEROCHLOE. Middle glumes triandrous. Floret diandrous. 



GR AMINES. (grass FAMILY.) 575 

Tribe VI. AGKOSTIDE^. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely with a rudiment or second 
fiower above. Glumes 3, the two lower empty. Palea rarely wanting. Inflorescence 

panicled. 

* Glumes membranaceous or chartaceous. 

•I- Empty glumes united below, conduplicate. 

29. ALOPECURUS. Flowering glume dorsally awned. Inflorescence spiked. Palea none. 

-I- -t- Glumes separate, convex or keeled. 

30. SPOROBOLUS. Spikelets awnless. Flowering glume 1-nerved, longer than the un- 

equal empty ones. 

31. AGROSTIS. Spikelets mostly awned. Flowering glume 3-5-nerved, thin, shorter 

than the nearly equal empty ones. Palea small or none. 

32. POLYPOGON. Empty glumes long-awned. Panicle spike-like. 

33. CINNA. Spikelets flattened. Flowering glume awned below the apex. Stamen 1. 

34. CALAMAGROSTIS. Spikelets 1-flowered, and often with the pedicel of a second 

flower. Floret surrounded by a tuft of long hairs. 
* * Flowering glume awned at the tip (except No. 35) of a firmer texture, closely investing 

the grain. 

35. THURBERIA. Flowering glume awned below the tip. 

• 36. STIPA. Flowering glume with a single long twisted awn. 

37. ARISTIDA. Flowering glume triple-awned. 

38. MUHLENBERGIA. Empty glumes unequal. Floret hairy at the base, mucronate or 

straight awned. 

39. BRACHYELYTRUM. Empty glumes very smaU. Floret long-awned. Stamens 2. 

Tribe VII. AVENE^. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, the terminal one mostly rudi- 
mentary. Rachis or base of the flowers often bearded. Flowering glume awned on 
the back or below the apex. Spikelets panicled. 

* Flowers perfect, or the uppermost rudimentary. 

40. AIRA. Spikelets 2-flowered. Flowering glume 2-cleft. 

41. DESCHAMPSIA. Spikelets 2-flowered, and with a hairy rudiment. Flowering glume 

truncate, toothed. 

42. TRISETUM. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Flowering glume compressed, keeled, 

awned. 

43. DANTHONIA. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Flowering glume rigid, 2-cleft, the 3 

middle nerves united into a twisted awn. 

* * Spikelets 2-flowered, one perfect, the other staminate. 

44. HOLCUS. Upper flower staminate and awned. Glumes keeled. 

45. ARRHENATHERUM. Lower flower staminate and long-awned. Glumes concave. 

Tribe VIII. CHLORIDES. Spikelets 2 - several- (rarely 1-) flowered, in 2 rows in 
racemose or digitate (rarely solitary) spikes. Upper flowers imperfect. 
* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered, awnless. 

46. SPARTINA. Spikes racemed. Spikelets flat. Glumes keeled. 

* * Spikelets 2 - 3-flowered, the lowest flower perfect. 

47. GYMNOPOGON. Spikelets linear, scattered. Flowering glume and rudiment awned. 

Spikes racemed, filiform. 

48. BOUTELOUA. Spikes short, dense, racemed. Flowering glume 3-toothed. 

49. CHLORIS. Spikes digitate. Spikelets roundish. Flowering glume mucronate. 

50. CYNODON. Spikes digitate, slender. Flowering glume awnless. Culms creeping. 

* * * Spikelets 4 - 5-flowered, only one of the middle ones perfect. 

51. CTENIUM. Spike solitary. Flowering glume stout-awned on the back. 

* * * * Spikelets several-flowered, the lower flowers perfect- 

52. ELEUSINE. Spikes digitate. Spikelets crowded or imbricate. 



576 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

53. LEPTOCHLOA. Spikes racemose, filiform. Flowering glume awnless. 

54. DIPLACHNE. Spikes racemose. Flowering glume mucronate or awned. 

Tribe IX. FESTUCKvE. Spikelets panicled, few - many-flowered, the flowers all per- 
fect, or the uppei iiio.st, and rarely the lowest imperfect or abortive. Glumes mem- 
branaceous or rarely indurated, awnless, or short-awned at or near the tip. 

* Flowers perfect, or the uppermost abortive. 
-K Flowering glumes 2-cleft and awned at the apex. 

55. TRIODIA. Spikelets few-flowered. Nerves of the glumes hairy, excurrent. 

56. TRIPLASIS. Spikelets 3-flowered. Flowering glume and palea fringed, the mid-nerve 

of the glume extended into a bearded awn. 

57. BROMUS. Spikelets large, few - many-flowered. Flowering glume rounded on the 

back, and awned below the 2-cleft apex. 

H- •)- Flowering glumes entire, awnless (except in No. 58). 
1-i- Glumes obtuse or rounded on the back. 

58. FESTUCA. Spikelets mostly terete. Flowering glumes rigid, often awned at the tip. 

59. MELICA. Spikelets short and thick, few-flowered, the upper flowers imperfect, con- 

volute. Glumes 5-nerved, obtuse, scarious-margined. 

60. GLYCERIA. Spikelets terete or flattish. Flowering glume 7-nerved, scarious at the 

tip. 

61. DIARRHENA. Spikelets few, several-flowered. Flowering glume coriaceous, 3-nerved, 

acute. Culms nearly leafless. 

++ 1-f Glumes keeled on the back. 

62. DACTYLIS. Spikelets in dense 1-sided clusters. Glumes awn-pointed, ciliate on the 

keel. 

63. EATONIA. Spikelets 1 - 3-flowered. Lower glume narrow, the upper 3-nerved, obo- 

vate, enclosing the florets. 

64. POA. Spikelets few-flowered. Flowering glume thin, 5-nerved, scarious on the mar- 

gins, commonly woody below. 

65. ERAGROSTIS. Spikelets few - many-flowered, compressed. Flowering glume 3- 

nerved, acute. Palese persistent. 

* * Lower flowers imperfect. 

66. UNIOLA. Spikelets broad and flat. Glumes rigid, compressed, the 3-6 lower ones 

empty. 

67. PHRAGMITES. Spikelets villous, 3 - 6-flowered. Lowest flower triandrous. 

* * * Flowers dioecious. 

68. DISTICHLIS. Spikelets large, flat, many-flowered. Glumes rigid, rounded on the 

back. 

69. MONANTHOCHLOE. Spikelets single, terminal, 3 - 5-flowered. Leaves very short and 

rigid. 

Teibe X. HORDED. Spikelets 1 - several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of the 
jointed rachis of the terminal spike. Empty glumes 1-2, rigid, rarely wanting. Up- 
permost flowers imperfect or abortive. 

* Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis. 

70. LOLIUM. Spikelets placed edgewise on the rachis. Empty glume one. 

71. AGROPYRUM. Spikelets placed flatwise on the rachis. Empty glumes two. 

* * Spikelets 2 -4 at each joint of the rachis. 

72. HORDEUM. Spikelets 3 at each joint, l-flowered, the lateral ones sterile. 

73. ELYMUS. Spikelets 2-4 at each joint, 1 - several-flowered. Empty glumes 2, 

collateral. 

74. ASPRELLA. Spikelets 1 - 3 at each joint. Empty glumes none. 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 577 

Tribe XI. BAMBUSE^. Spikelets few - many-flowered. Empty glumes 2 -sev- 
eral. Flowering glumes awnless. 
75. ARUNDINARIA. Culms tall and woody. Leaves jointed at the base, persistent. 
Spikelets racemed or panicled. 

1. REIMARIA, riuegge. 

Inflorescence as in Paspalum, but the sessile lanceolate spikelets consisting 
of only one empty glume, and a membranous fertile floret. Stamens 2. 
Grain enclosed. 

1. R. Oligostachya, Munro. Culms ascending from a creeping base, 
l°-2° long, branching; leaves linear, attenuate; spikes 3-4, filiform, at 
length refracted, l'-2' long; spikelets acute, appressed to the flexuous rachis 
in two rows. — Wet banks. East Florida. 

2. PASPALUM, L. 

Spikelets usually ovate or orbicular, plano-convex, 1-flowered, borne in 2-4 
rows in unilateral spikes or racemes, these terminal, or scattered along the 
naked summit of the culm. Empty glumes 2, thin ; fertile floret coriaceous. 
Stamens 3. Grain enclosed. — Mostly perennial grasses, with flat leaves, and 
loug-ped uncled inflorescence. 

§ 1. Palet of the floret facing the rachis of the spike. 
* Culms {branches) erect from a creeping base, I -2-jointed : spikes 2-4, in 
pairs or approximate, flliform : spikelets ovate-lanceolate, acute, alternately 
appressed to the sides of the rachis: glumes longer than the floret, 

1. P. furcatum, riugge. Culms 1°- 2° high, 2-jointed; leaves 3"' -5" 
wide, obtuse ; peduncles 2-4 from the upper sheath, long and slender, and 
often a single short one from the lower; spikes mostly in pairs, 2' -4' long; 
spikelets 2^' long. (P. digitaria. Flora.) — Wet ground in the lower districts. 

2. P. platycaule, Poir. Culms ^°-\° high, 1-jointed; leaves V'-2" 
wide, obtuse ; peduncles 2-7 from the sheath ; spikes oftener 3, very slender, 
riong; spikelets barely T' long, slightly pubescent. — Low ground, Florida 
to Mississippi. 

§ 2. Palet of the floret facing outward. 

* Spikes approximate or in pairs, terminal, or solitary or axillary. 

3. 'P. distichum, L. (Joint Grass.) Culms 1°- 2° long from a creep- 
ing base; leaves glaucous, flat, linear, acute, 3' -6' long, 2"-^'' wide, the 
sheaths fringed; spikes 2-4, approximate, I'-l^' long; spikelets in 2 (rarely 
3-4) rows, ovate-oblong, acute, often more or less pubescent. — Ditches and 
damp ground, common. 

4. P. vaginatum, Swartz. Glabrous ; culms diffusely creeping, short- 
jointed, the clustered branches, |°-1° high; leaves narrow-linear, attenuate 
to a filiform point, concave or folded, l'-4' long, their short dilated sheaths 
mostly imbricated ; peduncles short, single ; spikes in pairs. Tor less long; 
spikelets in 2 rows, lanceolate, acute, the upper glume mostly undulate. — Var. 
REiMARioiDES. Every way larger, 1° - 3° long, spikes often in threes, 2' long ; 
spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 1|-'' long. — Saline marshes along the coast, Flor- 
ida, and westward. 

37 



578 GRAMINE.^. (grass FAMILY.) 

5. P. Conjugatum, Berg. Smooth and brauchiiig (2° long) ; leaves 
tliiii, linear; ,s})ike.s 2-'i, Hut, the two terminal ones conjugate; spikelets 
minute, in two rows, ovate, long-fringed. — >sew Orleans [Dr. Hale). 
Introduced. 

6. P. ciliatifolium, IMiclix. Culms 1°- 2° high; leaves undulate, cili- 
ate, smooth or hairy like the sheaths, .'>'-12' long, 6"- 10" wide; spikes 2-4 
in a terminal raceme, or solitary and axillary, closely flowered, 2' -4' long; 
spikelets in pairs, roundish, 1"-1^" long. — C'ultivated ground, common. 
July -Sept. 

Var. dasyphyllum. Leaves and sheaths villous ; spikes mostly 3, the 
axillary ones included; spikelets mostly single. (P. dasyphyllum, J'^ll.) — 
With the type. 

7. P. setaceum, Michx. Culms slender, l°-2° high; .leaves and 
sheaths generally villous ; spikes solitary, long-peduncled, the axillary ones 
short-peduncled or included ; spikelets single, \" long. — Dry sandy soil. 
July - Sept. 

8. P. debile, Michx.? Mostly glabrous; culms filiform, 2° -3° high; 
leaves 3' -6' long, 3'' -5'' wide; spikes mostly solitary, filiform, all on long 
(6'- 10') setaceous peduncles, these often 2 or more from each sheath ; spike- 
lets in pairs, g'' long. (P, longepedunculatum, Zeco»^e ?) — Dry sandy soil 
along the coast, Georgia and Florida. 

9. P. monostachyum, Vasey. Glabrous; culms strictly erect, 2° -3° 
high, simple; leaves narrow, erect, rigid, convolute, the lower 1°-1^° long; 
spike solitary, erect, long-peduncled, 6' -8' long; spikelets imbricated in two 
rows, oblong-oval, 1-J" long. — South Florida, and westward. 

* * Spikes 3-12 {rarel}j 2 or numerous), in a terminal raceme. 
■f- Rachis of the spike filiform : spikelets distinctly pedicelled. 

10. P. raeemulOSUni, Nutt. Spikes 2-3, slender, erect (4' long); 
spikelets single or by pairs, obovate, distant on the filiform and som.ewhat 
flexuous rachis, distinctly pedicelled ; glumes smooth, obtuse, Tnerved ; culms 
simple, erect (2° -3° high); leaves long, linear, keeled, glaucous, sprinkled 
M'ith long white hairs. — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. August -Sept. 2/. 

■*- -^ Rachis of the spike flat or triangular : spikelets short-pedicelled, 
= Spikelets a line, or less, long. 

11. P. purpurascens, Ell. Annual, nearly glabrous; culms erector 
ascending, branching, l°-3° long; leaves thin, broadly linear, 6'- 12' long, 
the sheaths often purple ; spikes 2-12 (fewer on the branches), 2'-3' long; 
spikelets 1" long, oval or roundish, crowded in 3 -4 rows under the broad 
rachis; glumes 5-nerved. — Low ground in the middle and lower districts. 

12. P. plicatulum, Michx. Perennial, glabrous; culms simple, slen- 
der, 2° -3° high; leaves long, linear; spikes 3-5, distant, 2' long; spikelets 
oval, in 3 rows under the narrow rachis, T' long; second glume plicate within 
the pale thickened margins. — Georgia, Florida, and westward. 

13. P. csespitOSUm, Flugge. Culms slender, 1°-H° high; leaves 
narrow-linear, ciliate ; spikes 3 -4, filiform, Tlong; spikelets in three rows, 



GRAMINE^, (grass FAMILY.) 579 

elliptical, ^'^ long ; glumes 3-nerved, minutely pubescent and granular. 
(P. Blodgettii, Flora.) — South Florida. 

14. P. Drummondi, Vasey. Culms 2° -4° high, branching below; 
leaves broadly linear, 6'- 10' long; spikes 3-4, 3' -4' long; spikelets in 2-3 
rows, oval, V long, pubescent and granular. — South Florida {Vaseij), and 
westward. 

15. P. virgatum, L. Culms 3°-.5'^ liigli; leaves long, 3" -4'' wide; 
spikes numerous (20 or more), 2' -3' long, the lower mostly germinate; ra- 
chis slender; spikelets \" long, in 4 rows, ovate; glumes acute, hairy along 
the margin. — Mississippi, and westward. 

= =^ Spikelets exceeding a line in length. 

16. P. prSBCOX, Wait. Very smooth and somewhat glaucous, or the 
lower leaves and sheaths hairy; culms simple, slender, 2° -4° high; leaves 
long and narrow ; spikes 3-6, 1'- 3' long, bearded at the base; spikelets in 
2-3 rows, orbicular, flat ; glumes 3-nerved. — Low pine barrens. May - Oct. 

17. P. Iseve, Michx. Mostly glabrous; culms simple, 2° -3° high; 
leaves flat, 2" -3" wide, of varying length ; spikes 2-5, slender, 2' -4' long, 
bearded in the axils ; spikelets in 2 rows, orbicular, \\" long ; glumes 5-nerved. 
— Moist ground, common. 

18. P. difforme, Leconte. Culms 2° -3° high, from creeping root- 
stocks ; leaves broadly linear ; spikes 2-4, 2' - 3' long ; spikelets in 2 - 3 row^s, 
oblong-oval, l^' long, glabrous. — Low ground near the coast. North Carolina, 
and westward. 

19. P. Floridanum, Michx. Culm stout, erect, 2° -4° high; leaves 
rigid, broadly linear, l°-2° long, smooth and glaucous, or the lowest densely 
villous ; spikes 3-5, 2' - 4' long ; spikelets in 2 - 3 rows, oval or roundish, 
about 2" long ; glumes glabrous. — Damp or dry soil in the lower districts. 

20. P. dilatatum, Poir. Culms stout (3° -4° high) ; leaves flat, linear- 
lanceolate, smooth ; spikes 4-6, racemose ; spikelets in 4 roAvs, ovate, acute, 
villous on the margins, much wider than the flat rachis ; glumes 5-nerved, 
longer than the roundish floret. — Alabama, New Orleans, and westward. 
Introduced. 

21. P. pubifloruni, Eupr., var. glabrum, Vasey. Culms stout, erect 
from a creeping base, 2° -3° high ; leaves spreading, 6^-9' long, 4" -6'' wide, 
flat ; spikes 3 - 6, thick, spreading, 2'- 3' long; rachis broad and flat ; spike- 
lets in 3-4 rows, barely more than V long, oblong, obtuse, smooth or pubes- 
cent. — Tennessee, and westward. 

22. P. giganteum, Baldw. Culms very stout, 4° - 6° high ; leaves 1°- 
2° long, V wide, papillose-ciliate on the margins; spikes 3-4, 5' -8' long, dis- 
tant, spreading; spikelets in 2-3 rows, about 2" long, oval, acute. — East 
Florida. Rare. 

t- -1- -t- Rachis of the spikes broad, membranous, concave, covering the minute 
spikelets: culms branching , creeping , or floating : spikelets in 2 rows. 

23. P. fluitans, Kunth. Culms mostly floating; leaves lanceolate, 4' - 6" 
long ; spikes numerous ; spikelets pubescent, concealed under the rachis. — 
Along rivers in still water. 



580 GRAMINEiE. (gRASS FAMILY.) 

24, P. Walterianum, Schultes. Culms creeping ; leaves linear, 1'- 2' 

long; spikes 3-6; s])ikc;lets glabrous, partly concealed under the racliis. 

Low muddy banks. North Carolina, and westward. 

3. ERIOCHLOA, IIBK. 

Inflorescence as in Paspaluni, but the spikelets (in ours) 2-flowered, the 
lower'flower staniinato, and the glume of the floret tij)i)(,'d with a short pubes- 
cent awn. I'edicel of tlio sjjikelets thickened above the joint. 

1. E. mollis, Kunth. Culms stout, 4°-6° high, simple or branching; 
leaves 1° - 1 .\° long, flat, widening upwards ; panicle downy ; spikes or racemes 
8- 10, 2' -4' hjng; spikelets in 2 rows under tlie filiform rachis, ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute, appressed-])ubescent. — Var. LONGiKOLiiJM (K. longifoliuni, Vaseij), 
is lower (2° -3° high) and more slender; leaves narrower. — Coast of Florida 
to South Carolina, in sandy soil. 

4. OPLISMENUS, Beauv. 

Panicle composed of short cluster-like few-flowered distant 1-sided spikes; 
glumes nearly ecpial, unequally (the lowest longer) awned. 

1. O. setarius, L. Culms ascending from a long creeping base, slender, 
branching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, thin, 1'- 2' long ; spikes al)out 5, 5 - 8-flow- 
ered. (Panicum hirtellum, S. Flora) — Low shady woods, North Carolina to 
Mississippi, near the coast. 

5. ANTHiENANTIA, Beauv. 

Spikelets single, oblong or obovate, loosely racemose on the erect hranches 
of the contracted terminal panicle, 2-flowered, the lower flower staminate or 
neutral ; empty glumes strongly 5-nerved, very villous, as long as the coria- 
ceous acute floret. Stamens 3. — Perennial grasses, with simple, erect culms 
and linear leaves. 

1. A. villosa, Benth. Culms smooth ; leaves linear-lanceolate, strongly 
nerved, fringed on the margins, the lower ones widely spreading ; panicle 
racemose ; spikelets obovate ; sterile flower 3-androus ; anthers and stigmas 
yellow. (Aulaxanthus ciliatus. Ell.) — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North 
Carolina. July -August. — Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and spikelets pale. 

2. A. rufa, Benth. " Leaves erect, linear, smooth, elongated ; sterile 
flower neutral; anthers and stigmas purple; otherwise like the preceding. 
(Aulaxanthus rufus, EIL) — Pine barren swamps, F'lorida to North Carolina. 
Sept. — Leaves and spikelets purplish. 

6. AMPHICARPUM, Kunth. 

Perennial flat-leaved grasses, Avith the spikelets nearly as in Panicum, but of 
two kinds ; one perfect, but rarely fruitful, disposed in a simple terminal 
panicle or raceme ; the other larger, pistillate or perfect, and borne at the 
summit of long runner-like radical peduncles. Lower glume minute or 
wanting. 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 581 

1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Culms tufted, erect from fibrous roots, naked 
above ; leaves lauceolate, rather thin, clothed, like the sheaths, with spreading 
rigid hairs ; upper flowers in a strict panicle ; those at base of the culm 
perfect ; grain ovoid or oblong, terete. — Low sandy pine barrens, Georgia, 
and northward. Sept. — Culms 1°- 3° high. Glumes of the upper flowers 
5 nerved, of tlie lower one white, many-nerved. 

2. A. Floridanum, Chapm. Culms subterraneous, diffusely creeping; 
flowering branches erect (l°-3° high), branching; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
rigid, smooth ; sheaths fringed on the margins ; upper spikelets abortive, 
panicled or racemed, oblong (3'' long) , acute ; glumes 5-nerved; grain com- 
pressed-globose, pointed. — Sandy pine barrens, Florida. Sept. = Oct. 

7. PANICUM, L. Panic Grass. 

Inflorescence spiked, racemose, or panicled. Spikelets 2-flowered, naked 
(no involucre). Empty glumes 2 or 3, herbaceous ; the lowest smaller, often 
minute, or occasionally wanting. Lower flower staminate or neutral ; the 
palet, wdien present, small and hyaline. Upper flower perfect, coriaceous, 
awnless, enclosing the free grain. Stamens 3. 

§ 1. DiGiTARiA.; — Inflorescence spiked, digitate: spikelets 2-3 together, im- 
hricated on one side of the slender rachis : lower flower neutral: glumes 
shorter than the floret : mostly annuals. 

1. P. sanguinale, L. (Crab-Grass.) Culms ascending from a dif- 
fusely creeping base ; leaves thin, spreading, the lower part, like the sheaths, 
hairy; spikes 5'- 10, digitate and alternate, 3' -5' long, spreading; spikelets 
oblong, pointed ; glumes hairy on the margins. — Cultivated grounds and 
waste places everywhere. May - Oct. 

2. P. filiforme, L. Culms erect, spanngly branched (2° -3° high); 
leaves linear, erect, and, like the sheaths, hairy ; spikes 2-5, alternate, erect, 
filiform, 2^-10' long; spikelets oblong, acute, scattered. — Dry sandy soil, 
common. August - Sept. 

3. P. glabrura, Gaudin. Glabrous or nearly so ; culms branching be- 
low, 6'- 12' high ; leaves V-2' long; spikes 2-4, digitate, V-2' long ; spike- 
lets ovoid. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. 

4. P. serotinurQ, Michx. Perennial, creeping, much branched ; leaves 
short (r long), lanceolate, villous, like the sheaths; spikes mostly 5, digitate; 
spikelets minute. — Fields and roadsides, Florida to North Carolina. 

§ 2. Panicum proper. — Glumes awnless, the 2 lotver very unequal, empty ; 

spikelets panicled or racemed. 
* Panicle simple, composed of short 1-sided spike-like branches racemose at the 
summit of the culm; spikelets mostly longer than their pedicels. 
.5. P. Chapmanii, Vasey. Culms slender, erect, U°-2° high; leaves 
narrow-linear ; branches 4-12, remote, 3 - 6-flowered, Y long ; rachis flexuous, 
bristle-like at the apex; spikelets oblong, T'long; lowest glume roundish, 
nearly half as long as the spikelet. (P. tenuiculmum, /7om.)— South 
Florida. 



582 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

6. P. Curtisii, Chapm. Panicle slender, spike-like (G'-8' long), the ap- 
pressed lower branches remote; spikelets ovate-lanceolate; glumes slightlv 
keeled, the upper 5-uerved, twice as long as the lower one, and rather shorter 
than the acutish floret; sterile flower 3-androus; culms and smooth linear- 
lanceolate leaves rigid ; sheaths smooth or hairy. — Ponds and swamps, 
Florida to Nortli Carolina. — Culms 3° -4"^ high, often rooting at the lower 
joints. 

7. P. prostratum, L. Culm creeping, l°-2°long; leaves 1'- 2' long, 
ovate-lanceolate, ciliate and clasping at the base ; panicle short, composed of 
5-9 short closely-flowered brandies ; spikelets less than V long, ovate, acute ; 
glumes longer than the mucronate floret. — Low ground, Mobile and New 
Orleans. 

8. P. paspaloides, Pers. Culms 2°-3° high from a creeping base; 
leaves narrow, G'- 10' long; panicle narrow, the numerous branches V or 
less long, appressed ; spikelets in 2 rows ; lowest glume truncate, the others 
as long as the floret. — South Florida. 

9. P. fuscum, Swartz. Culms l°-2° high, branching; leaves linear, 
3''- 5'' wide; panicle 4' -5' long, the branches scattered, single, erect; spike- 
lets obovate, acute ; glumes reticulate, as long as the finely rugulose floret. — 
South Florida, and westward. 

Var. fasciculatum, Griseb. Culms stouter, 2° -3° high; leaves larger, 
6"- 8" wide; branches of the panicle more numerous and crowded, the lower 
clustered. — South Florida. 

10. P. leueophseum, HBK. Culms tall, branching; leaves broadly 
linear, bearded at the throat (1° long) ; panicle contracted, racemose (10'- 15' 
long), the branches erect ; spikelets scattered on the slender rachis, lanceolate, 
silky-pilose ; lower glume minute or wanting, the second linear, 3-nerved, 
shorter than the floret; the third longer, 5-nerved. — South Florida [Garher). 

* * Panicle compound, the spikelets racemose along its ultimate slender- branches, 

singly, or in cluster-like racemes, longer than their pedicels. 

-t- Root annual. 

11. P. sparsiflorum, Yasey. Culms weak, diffusely branched; leaves 
linear ; panicle simple, the few elongated scattered branches bearing 2-4 ob- 
long-obovate acute spikelets near the summit ; glumes papillose-hispid, the 
second one 5-nerved, longer than the pointed granular-roughened floret ; the 
lower minute, obtuse. (P. angustifolium. Flora.) — Mississippi? and west- 
ward. — Culms 1°- 2° long. Spikelets 1|" long. 

12. P. verrucosum, Muhl. Glabrous; culms very slender, 1°- 4° long, 
branching; leaves linear, 3' - 6' long ; panicles diffusely branching ; spikelets 
scattered on the ultimate setaceous branches, -J" long ; glumes roughened with 
fine warts, the lowest minute. — Wet ground, North Carolina, and westward. 

13. P. proliferum, Lam. Glabrous; culms thick and succulent, as- 
cending, geniculate, ]^° -3° high ; leaves broadly linear, -5-°- 2° long ; panicles 
lateral and terminal, at length diffuse ; spikelets approximate along the se- 
taceous branches, oblong, acute; glumes longer than the acute floret, the 
lowest broad and clasping. (P. geniculatum, Ell., a large form, 3°-6° high, 



GRAMIISTE^. (grass FAMILY.) 583 

Avith leaves 2° long. P. ami^lectens, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, a slender form, 
with narrow (1" wide) setaceously pointed leaves.) — Wet ground, common. 

14. P. hians, Ell. Panicle small, the few scattered spreading branches 
naked below; spikelets in small dense clusters, ovate; upper glume 5-nerved, 
3-4 times louger than the lower ; sterile flowers neutral, louger than tlie 
floret; palet rigid, obovate, involute, gaping at the apex; culms slender (6'- 
18' high); leaA'es linear, smooth. — Low grounds in fields and along roads, 
Florida to North Carolina. 

H- -1- Root perennial. 

15. P. agrostoides, Spreng. Culms stout, 2° -4° high, compressed, 
like the sheaths of the long linear leaves ; panicles lateral and terminal, 4' -8' 
long, closely branched, the small (T' long) purplish spikelets crowded on the 
short spreading branches ; second glume twice as long as the first, and the 
minutely bearded floret. — Bogs and marshes, Florida to North Carolina. 

16. P. anceps, Michx. Culms erect, 2° - 3° high, flat, like the sheaths 
of the long broadly linear spreading leaves ; spikelets mostly crowded, singly 
or in clusters, ovate-lanceolate, acute, l^' long; glumes laterally compressed 
at the top, soon spreading, the second 7-nerved, twice as long as the first, and 
one third louger than the floret. — Low ground, common. 

17. P. stenodes, Griseb. Culms simple or branched, 2° -3° high; 
leaves narrow-linear, erect ; panicle mostly terminal, small and spike-like, or 
larger and spreading; spikelets as in the preceding, about V^ long, more or 
less crowded; glumes 5-nerved. (P. anceps, var.. Flora.) — Low ground, 
Florida, and westward, near the coast. 

18. P. gymnoearpum, FJl. Culms stout, 2° - 4° high ; leaves smooth, 
12'- 14' long, 1' or more wide; panicle nearly simple, the straight spreading 
branches (4' -6' long) clustered or whorled, bearing the lanceolate acuminate 
spikelets in short 3 - 5-flowered 1-sided racemes; glumes open, the first and 
third equal, the second longer, 5-nerved, more than twice as long as the floret. 
— River banks, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 

19. P. repens, L. Culms simple, erect from a creeping base, l°-2° 
high; leaves narrow, involute, 2' -4' long, rigid: panicle 2' -4' long, some- 
what corymbose ; spikelets single, oval, 1 " long ; upper glumes acute, 7 nerved, 
as long as the floret. — Along the coast, Florida, and westward. 

* * * Panicle mostly decompound : spikelets shorter than their pedicels. 

•t- Culms tall, simple. : panicle \° or more long. 

20. P. virgatum, L. Culms 2° -4° high; leaves broadly linear, flat, 1° 
or more long; branches of the large spreading panicle whorled or clustered ; 
spikelets ovate, l"long; glumes acuminate, the upper 7-nerved, one third 
longer than the lowest, and the obtuse floret ; sterile flower triandrous. — 
Open woods, common. 

21. P. amarum, Ell. Glaucous; culms stout, 3° -6° long; leaves long 
and rigid, soon convolute; panicle 1°- 2° long, the branches erect; spikelets 
like those of the preceding, but larger. — Drifting sands along the coast, Flor- 
ida to North Carolina. 



584 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

+- -<- Calms branching: panicle ample, its base or peduncle included in the upper 
sheath : spikelets long-pjedicelled. 

22. P. autumnale, Bosc. Perennial, nearly glabrous ; culms ascending, 
l°liigh; leaves linear, 2' - 3' long, scabrous above ; spikelets spindle-shaped, 
their pedicels 2' -3' long ; upper glumes longer than the acute floret, the lower 
minute. — Dry sandy soil, not common. 

23. P. capillare, L. Annual, hirsute ; cuhns erect or decumbent, \°- 
2° long; leaves broadly or narrowly linear; spikelets lanceolate or elliptical, 
2" or less long ; upper glumes twice as long as the lower, and longer than the 
obtuse horet. — Dry soil, common. 

•i- -1- ^- Culms herbaceous, at first generallij simple, bnt later bearing more or less 
clustered few-flowered branches from the lower joints : leaves mostlg short 
and flat : panicle loose or spreading, V - 6' long. 
•(-+ Spikelets V or more long : sterile flower neutral [excepjt theflrst). 

24. P. latifolium, L. Culms smooth, erect; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
mostly smooth, the sheaths, especially at the joints, villous ; panicle nearly 
simple; spikelets large (2'' long), obovate; glumes pubescent, obtuse, the- 
upper 2-3 times longer than the lower one ; sterile flower 3-androus. — Dry 
rich soil, common. May. — Culms 1°- l^° high. Leaves and panicles 3' -4' 
long, the latter exserted. 

25. P. elandestinum, L. Culms rigid (1°- 2° high), branched, naked 
at the joints; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the sheaths papillose-hirsute; pan- 
icles small, lateral and terminal, more or less included in the sheaths ; spike- 
lets oblong, smooth or pubescent (lY' long); lower glume rarely half the 
length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Dry sterile soil in the upper districts. 
Sept. 11 . 

Var. peduneulatum, Gray? Taller (2° -4° high); leaves 4'- 10' 
long, the sheaths smooth or merely pubescent ; terminal panicle 4' -5' long, 
diffuse, long-peduncled. — River banks, Florida. 

26. P. Joorii, Vasey. Culm 8' -12' high, dichotomously branched, very 
leafy; leaves lanceolate, 3' -4' long; panicles shorter than the leaves, few- 
flowered; spikelets oblong, pubescent, I'^loug; upper glumes as long as the 
acute floret, the lower minute. — Mississippi, and westward. 

27.. P. commutatuni, Schultes. Smooth or pubescent; culms l°-2° 
high ; leaves broadly or narrowly lanceolate, 2' - 5' long ; panicle long-pedun- 
cled, 2' -6' long, diffuse; spikelets oblong, rather acute, V'-l^ long ; upper 
glumes equalling the acute floret, thrice as long as the lower one. (P. ner- 
vosum, Elliott.) — Dry open woods, common. 

28. P. SCOparium, Muhl., Lam. ? Hairy or woolly all over, except the 
upper surface of the somewhat rigid lanceolate leaves ; culms stout (l°-lj° 
high), mostly simple; panicle terminal, exserted ; spikelets obovate (lyiong), 
obtuse, pubescent ; upper glume 9-nerved, three times the length of the lower 
one ; sterile flower neutral. — Open woods and margins of fields, in dry soil. 
May. 

29. P. pauciflorum, Ell. Culms scabrous, soon branching, 1°- 1|° high; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, 2' -3' long, the sheaths hirsute, bearded at the throat ; 



GRAMINEJi:. (grass FAMILY.) 585 

panicle simple, few-flowered ; spikelets smoothish, obovate, H Mong ; upper 
glumes oval, three times the length of the lower one. — Low ground, Florida 
to North Carolina, and westward. 

30. P. viscidum, Ell. Softly villous all over, except the branches of 
the panicle, and a narrow ring below each joint of the tall (3° -4° high) culm ; 
leaves lanceolate, 6'- 10' long, sheaths viscid; panicle compound, lax-flow- 
ered, 4'- 6' long ; spikelets ovate, V long ; upper glume strongly 9-nerved, the 
lowest minute. (P. scoparium, Michx.) — Wet ground in the lowex districts. 

31. P. depauperatum,Muhl. Culms low (2'- 12' high), simple, erect, 
like the linear leaves ; panicle simple, few-flowered, with the branches erect, 
often shorter than the subtending leaf ; spikelets oval-obovate (1'' long)., mostly 
acute ; upper glume 9-nerved, smoothish, three times the length of the ovate 
lower one. — Dry sandy soil in the upper districts. June. — Leaves rigid, 
2' -6' long, smoothish or hairy. 

•w- 4-+ Spikelets less than V long ; sterile flower neutral. 

32. P. scabriuseulum, Ell. Culms smooth or slightly scabrous, 3° - 4° 
high; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 5'- 10' long, the sheaths more or 
less pubescent; panicle smooth, diffuse, long-peduncled, 5' -6' long; spikelets 
smooth, oblong, f" long, mostly purple ; upper glumes longer than the oblong 
acute floret, the lower minute. — Wet banks of streams in the pine bai-rens 
of the lower districts. 

33. P. microcarpon, Muhl. Glabrous ; culms strictly erect, 2° - 3° high ; 
leaves thin, lanceolate, acuminate, cordate, 4' -6' long, the uppermost about 
the length of the panicle ; panicle 4' - 6' long, the setaceous branches diver- 
ging ; spikelets very numerous, oval, smooth, ^" long ; upper glumes as long 
as the oval floret, the lower minute. — Rich shaded soil, chiefly in the upper 
districts. 

34. P. Floridanum. Culms erect, H° - 2° high ; leaves narrowly lanceo- 
late, rigid, 2' -4' long, the sheaths pubescent, the uppermost much shorter 
than the oval panicle ; spikelets oval, f " long, almost villous ; upper glumes 
as long as the floret, the lowest minute ; palet of the sterile flower minute 
or wanting. (P. microcarpon, var., Vasey. P. sphc«rocarpum, i^/ora.) —In 
and around shallow ponds, near the coast of West Florida. 

35. P. sphseroearpon, Ell. Culms 10'- 1 5' high, bearded at the 
nodes ; lowest leaves oblong-ovate, short and crowded, the upper lanceolate, 
cordate- clasping, 2' - 4' long, with the base ciliate, scabrous above; panicle 
oval, 2' -3' long, loosely many-flowered; spikelets oval or roundish, f" long, 
minutely pubescent ; upper glumes thrice as long as the lowest ; floret oval, 
obtuse. — Dry open woods, Florida to Tennessee. 

36. P. consanguineum, Kunth. Smooth or villous; culms 10'- 15' 
high, soon excessively branching; leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2' -4' 
long; panicle 2' -3' long, often simple, loosely flowered ; spikelets oblong or 
obovate, varying from ^''-H'' long; upper glumes strongly 7-nerved ; palet 
of the sterile flower wanting. (P. villosum and P. angustifolium, EIL, the 
smooth form. P. neuranthum, Griseh., a low form growing in dry sandy soil.) 
• — Damp shaded soil, common. 



586 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

37. P. discolor, Muhl. ? Nearly glabrous, and with the habit of the 
precediij;^-; culms 1°- 2° high, purple; leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate, ciliate, 
r-2Moiig; sheaths purple, shorter than the internodes ; panicle simple or 
compound, 2' -3' long; spikelets ol)ovate, smooth; upper glumes strongly 
7-nerved, oval, the lowe.-^t dark purple. — Dry sandy pine barrens near the 
coast. West Florida. 

38. P. laxiflorum, Lam. Culms erect or sprcadiiig, smooth, 6'- 12' 
long; leaves 3'- .5' long, lanceolate, or narrower, ciliate, yellowish; sheaths 
villous y/ith long spreading hairs; panicle lousely branched, hairy ; spikelets 
scattered, oblong or obovate, pubescent, rarely 1'' long ; upper glumes 7- 
nerved, the lower minute. (P. pubescens and P. ciliatum, EIL, the latter a 
low glabrous form, with shorter and broader long-ciliate leaves, and smaller 
smooth s])ikclets.) — Swamps and low ground, common, and very variable. 

Var. pubescens ( P. pubescens, Lam. ) . Pubescent or villous throughout ; 
panicles more compact, many-flowered; spikelets smaller. — Dry open woods 
and fields, very common. 

This very variable species, I suppose, includes among its autumnal forms the 
P. dichotomum, L., which, possessing characters only common to most of the 
species of the group, and in their earlier stages descriptive of none, may well 
be omitted. 

39. P. nitidum, Lam.?, Michx. Smooth or pubescent; culms l°-2° 
higli, mostly purple, often villous at the joints ; leaves few and remote, lanceo- 
late-linear, rather rigid, l'-3' long, the sheaths naked or bearded at the 
throat, the lowest crowded ; panicles ovate or oblong, the numerous flexuous 
branches widely spreading, li'-2' long; spikelets very numerous, obovate, 
minutely pubescent, ^'^ long ; lowest glume minute, the upper as long as the 
floret. — Low ground, common, and very variable. 

Var. barbulatum (P. barbulatum, Michx.), Culms mostly villous at the 
joints ; leaves larger and thinner ; branches of the panicle straight and diver- 
ging ; spikelets oldong, glabrous. — Light shaded soil. 

Var. ensifolium (P. ensifolium, Baldw.). Culms very slender, 6'- 12' 
high; leaves and few-flowered panicle 1' or less long; spikelets minute, pu- 
bescent. — Around pine barren ponds near the coast. 

40. P. lanuginosum, Ell. Softly pubescent throughout ; culms 1°- 2° 
high, geniculate, soon diffusely branching; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, 2'- 
3' long; panicles long-peduncled, oblong, loosely flowered, 2' -3' long, the 
branches smooth and setaceous ; spikelets oval, pubescent, f '' long ; upper 
glumes 7-nerved, five times longer than the lowest one. — Low ground, Florida 
to Tennessee. 

41. P. ramulosum, Michx. Culms very slender, declining, l°-2° long, 
soon dichotomously much branched ; leaves few and remote, lanceolate-linear 
l'-2' long, the sheaths ciliate; panicle long-peduncled, simple, sparsely few- 
flowered, l'-2' long; spikelets long-pedicelled, oblong, smooth, nearly 1'' 
long ; upper glumes .5-nerved, thrice longer than the low^est, equalling the 
floret. (P. nudicaule, Vasei/.) — Shaded miry banks of streams, Florida to 
Tennessee. 

42. P. Baldwinii, Nutt. (in Herb). Low (6' -8' high), tufted, very 
smooth and shining; culm mostly purple ; leaves linear; panicle diffusely 



GRAMINE.E. (gRASS FAMILY.) 587 

branched, many-flowered (1|'- 2' long) ; spikelets minute, purple, very smooth, 
the upper glumes 5-nerved. (P. ranmlosum. Flora.) — Low sandy pine 
barrens, Florida and Georgia. 

-1- -(- -t- -1- Culms frutescent : spikelets nodding. 

43. p. divaricatum, L. Shrubby, smooth ; culms reclining, with short 
and spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, faintly nerved, deciduous from the 
persistent sheaths; panicles small, simple, few-flowered, terminating the 
branches ; spikelets (2" long) obovate, turgid ; glumes smooth, many-nerved, 
tipped with a tuft of down. — Keys of South Florida. — Leaves l^' - 2' long. 
Branches of the panicle short and diverging. 

§ 3. EcHiNOCHLOA. — Spikelets crowded on one side of the racemed or pani- 
cled spikes: glumes hispid-pointed or aivned. 

44. P. Crus-galli, L. Culm stout (2° -4° higli), branching; leaves very 
long, broadly linear, rough; sheaths smooth or hispid; spikes (T- 2' long) 
very numerous ; spikelets clustered; glumes strongly hispid on the nerves^ 
acute or long-awned. — Marshes, and around homesteads, common. August - 
Sept, (l) — Awns pale or purple. 

45. P. colonura, L. Culms (l°-2° high) branching; leaves linear, 
smooth, like the sheaths; spikes 5-12, distant, erect or appressed i^' -V 
long), bearded at the base ; spikelets in 3 rows, awnless ; glumes hispid on the 
nerves, pointed ; floret barely pointed ; rachis rough. — With the preceding. 
July - Sept. (l) — Spikelets purplish. 

§ 4. 'ilYUE'SACiis'E,. — Spikelets a-owded in a spicate panicle: second glume 
gibbous at the base, twice as long as the floret. 

46. P. gibbum, Ell. Culms branching, reclining, 2° -4° long; leaves 
linear-lanceolate, 3' - 6' long, smooth or hairy; panicle 3' -6' long; second 
glume 1 1 -nerved, oval, the lower minute ; sterile flower triaudrous. — Swamps 
in the lower districts. 

8. SETARIA, Beauv. Fox-Tail. Pigeon Grass. 

Spikelets as in Panicum proper, in compact spikes or spike-like panicles, the 
short pedicels bearing an involucre of one or more hispid persistent bristles 
below the joint. Mostly erect, annuals. 

* Bristles hispid downward. 

1. S, verticillata, Beauv. Culms 2° high; leaves lanceolate-linear; 
spikes compact, 2' -3' long; bristles 1-2, short. — Around homesteads. 
Introduced. 

* ■» Bristles hispid upward. 

-(- Spikes simple, cylindrical. 

2. S. glauca, Beauv. Annual; culms slightly compressed, 1°- 2° high ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, scabrous al)ove ; spikes compact, pale or purple, bris- 
tles 6-10, much longer than the spikelets ; floret rugose. — Cultivated ground; 
common. 

3. S. laevigata. Perennial, glabrous ; culms more compressed ; leaves 
longer and narrower ; floret obscurely rugulose ; spikes yellowish ; spikelets 
of the preceding. (Panicum, Muhl.) — Saline marshes along the coast. 



588 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

4. S. imberbis, II. & S. Glabrous; culms \°-3° liigh; leaves linear, 
8'- 10' long-; spikes linear-cylindrical, 2'- T/ long; bristles 4-8, about twice 
as long as tiie spikelet ; floret iuintly rugulose. — Manatee, Florida (Simpson), 
and westward. 

-<- -t- Spikes compound. 

5. S. Viridis, Beauv. Culms smooth, l°-3° high; leaves lanceolate- 
linear, scabrous; spikes cylindrical, compact, 1'- 2' long; bristles 1-3; floret 
fluely striate and dotted. — Cultivated ground. Introduced. 

0. S. COrrugata, Schultes. Culms, leaves, and sheaths scaln-ous ; spikes 
com2)act, cylindrical, 3'- 6' long, purple; bristle long, single; floret stronglv 
rugose. — Dry sandy soil, Georgia and Florida. 

7. S. COniposita, Kunth? Culms smooth, 2° -4° high; leaves smooth- 
ish, linear-lanceolate, l"" long, the sheaths ciliate, bearded at the throat ; spikes 
loosely compound, (r-12' long; bristles long, single or in pairs; floret ob- 
scurely rugulose. — Dry sandy soil along the west coast of Florida. 

8. S. magna, Griseb. Culms smooth, 4° -8° high; leaves long, scabrous, 
■^'-r wide; sjjikes cylindrical, comjjact, G'-18' long; bristles 1-2; floret 
smooth and even. — Wet ground near the coast. 

9. CENCHRUS, L. Sand-spur. Cock-spur. 
Spikelets as in Panicum proper, but enclosed, 1-5 together, in a downy and 
spiny or bristly, at length indurated and deciduous involucre, these bur-like, 
and arranged in a terminal spike. Chiefly annual gra.sses, with branching 
culms. Spines of the involucre barbed. 

1. C. echinatus, L. Culms ascending, l°-2° long; leaves broadly 
linear, 4' - C long ; involucres numerous, globular, spiny above, and with a 
row of bristles above the base, 3 - 5-flowered. — Fields and Avaste ground, 
rather rare. 

2. C. tribuloides, L. Culms ascending, i°-li° high; leaves linear, 
flat; involucres few, globular, the numerous spines spreading and reflexed, 
mostly 3-flowered. — Fields and Avaste ground, too common. 

3. C. incertus, M.A.Curtis. Culm strict, erect or ascending (2° -.3° 
long); leaves linear, folded, the lower sheaths longer than the internodes; 
spike cylindrical, many-flowered ; involucre naked and acute at base, the 10 or 
11 stout spines ciliate; spikelets geminate, smooth; sterile floAver triandrous. 
(C. strictus, Chdpm.) — Sandy coast, Florida to North Carolina. 

4. C. myosuroides, HBK. Tall (4° - 6° high) ; leaA-es long, rigid, con- 
volute ; spikes cylindrical, densely many-floAvered ; involucre small, 1-flowered, 
armed Avith 20, or more, slender spines or brist'es, as long as its strongly 
nerved spikelet. (Panicum cenchroides, Ell.) — South Florida [Blodgett), 
Georgia {Elliott). 

10. PENNISETUM, Rich. 

Characters of Ceuchrus, bnt the involucre composed of distinct scabrous bris- 
tles, of which the interior are plumose beloAv, and deciduous Avitli the spikelets. 

1. P. setosum, Rich. Perennial, 2^-4° high; leaAes linear, glabrous ; 
spikes cylindrical, 3' - 6' long ; spikelets single ; loAvest glume minute or none. 
— Lastero Bay, South Florida ( Garber). 



GRAMTNE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 589 

11. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. 

Spikelets as in Panicum, placed, either in pairs with one pedicellate and 
sterile, or 4-6, and all sessile and fertile, in excavations of the broad flattened 
jointless rachis. Grasses with creeping culms, and flat or folded leaves. 

1. S. Americanum, Schrank. Culm compressed ; flowering branches 
erect, 6^-12'' high ; leaves linear, obtuse ; spikes pedicelled, lateral and ter- 
minal, 2^-5' long; spikelets in pairs, the sterile one neutral, its palet cori- 
aceous, — Damp ground along the coast. June - July. 

12. LEERSIA, Swartz. Cut Grass. 

Perennial aquatic or marsh grasses, with the leaves and sheaths more or less 
roughened by minute curved points, the 1-flowered spikelets compressed and 
imbricated along the slender branches of the mostly simple panicle. Sterile 
glumes none, the floret chartaceous, flat or conduplicate, mostly hispid-ciliate 
on the keel. Stamens 1-6. Grain compressed. 

1. L. oryzoides, Swartz. Culms branching and prostrate below, 3°- 
4° long ; leaves and sheaths very scabrous ; panicle large, diffuse, its base 
mostly included ; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, flat, 2'' long; stamens 3. — 
Swamps and ponds, common. 

2. L. Virginica, Wiild. Culms branching, Aveak and recliniag, 2° -3° 
long; leaves linear ; panicle simple, exserted; spikelets oblong, concave, 1" 
long ; stamens 1-2. — With the preceding, common. 

3. L. lenticularis, Michx. Culms erect, simple, 2° -3° high; leaves 
lanceolate ; panicle simple, spreading ; spikelets oval, flat, 2^' long ; stamens 
2. — Wet or marshy banks, Florida to North Carolina. 

4. L. monandra, Swartz. Culms l°-3° high, slender ; leaves linear, 
the sheaths smooth ; panicle long-exserted, sparingly branched ; spikelets V 
long, oval, acute, smooth ; stamen 1. — Coast of South Florida, and westward. 

5. L. hexandra, Swartz. Culms 2° -6° long, branching; leaves and 
sheaths smooth or scabrous ; panicle contracted, short branched, exserted ; 
spikelets lanceolate, 2'' long ; stamens 6. — Lakes and ponds, often in deep 
water, Florida, and westward, near the coast. 

13. LUZIOLA, Juss. 

Perennial marsh or aquatic grasses, with narrow elongated leaves, and pan- 
icled monoecious inflorescence, the pistillate and staminate spikelets in separate 
panicles. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 2, nearly equal. Stamens 5-11. 
Styles 2, the stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid, free. 

1. L. Alabamensis, Chapm. Glabrous; culms very short; leaves 
mostly 2, linear, the lower elongated, its long sheath including the peduncle 
of the simple few-flowered panicle ; glumes of the staminate spikelet 7-nerved, 
of the pistillate 11 - 13-nerved. — South Alabama and Mississippi. Rare. 

14. HYDROCHLOA, Beauv. 

A small floating or creeping grass, with short oblong-linear flat leaves, and 
simple spikes of 3-4 small moncecioua 1-flowered (white) spikelets, mostly 



590 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

included in the sheaths of the upper leaves, the upper one staminate and ex- 
serted. Glumes 2, hyaline, the lower one emarginate, the upper acute. Palet 
none. Stamens 6. Styles 2 : stigmas elongated. Grain ovoid, free. 

1, H. Carolinensis, Beauv. (Zizania fluitans, il//c/<.r.) — Floating in 
still water or creeping on muddy banks, Florida to North Carolina. July - 
August. — Culm filiform, branching, i°- 2° long. Leaves l'-2' long. 

15. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Wild Rice. 

Rank water grasses, with broad flat leaves, and large diffuse panicles of 
monoecious 1-fiowered spikelets, on club-shaped jointed pedicels. Glumes 2, 
membranaceous, the lower one of the pistillate spikelets awned. Stamens 6. 
Stigmas elongated, brush-shaped. Grain cylindrical, free. 

1. Z. aquatica, L. Spikelets of the lower portion of the panicle stami- 
nate, of the upper pistillate ; awn straight, elongated ; styles 2 ; grain linear. 
— Deep marshes and ponds, common. July. — Culms 4° -8° high. Leaves 
rough beneath. Panicle l°-2° long. 

2. Z. miliacea, Michx. Panicle diffuse ; staminate and pistillate spike- 
lets intermixed ; awns short ; styles united, elongated ; leaves smooth, with 
rough margins; grain oval. — With the preceding. April -May. — Culms 
4° - 6° high. Leaves somewhat glaucous. 

16. PHARUS, P. Browne. 

Aquatic grasses, with broad flat leaves, petiole-like sheaths, and monoecious 
flowers disposed in a simple terminal panicle. — Spikelets by pairs, unequal, 
the smaller pedicelled, hexandrous, the larger pistillate, with the flowering 
glume indurated, involute. Empty glumes 2, thin. Style long ; stigmas 3. 
Grain linear, included. 

L P. latifolia, L. Floating; leaves oblong, rough beneath, longer than 
the sheath ; flowering glume pointed, downy on the back, twice as long as the 
lanceolate empty glumes. — Orange Lake, Florida ( Herb. Thurber). 

17. BOTTBCELLIA, L. f. 

Erect perennial mostly tall grasses, with flat or channelled leaves, and spiked 
inflorescence. Spikes nearly terete, jointed. Spikelets awnless, in pairs at 
the base of each joint ; one imperfect, on a coriaceous and closely appressed 
pedicel ; the other perfect, sessile, embedded in an excavation of the joint, 2- 
flowered. Glumes 4, the exterior flat, coriaceous, with a hinge-like depression 
at the base, the interior boat-shaped, membranaceous. Palets hyaline. Sta- 
mens 3. Styles 2. Grain compressed, free. — Spikes solitary on lateral and 
terminal peduncles or branches. 

1. R. mgosa, Nutt. Culms compressed ; peduncles or branches in pairs, 
short, included in the sheaths of the upper leaves ; spikes spreading, slightly 
compressed ; lower glume lanceolate, transversely rugose ; sterile flower neu- 
tral. — Pine barren swamps and ponds, Florida to North Carolina. Sept. — 
Culms 2° -4° high. Spikes green, H'-2' long, V in diameter. 



GRAMTXE.E. (gRASS FAMILY.) 591 

2. R. COrrugata, Baldw. Culm stout, compressed ; peduncles mostly 
single ; spikes slightly compressed, erect ; lower glume longitudinally grooved 
and somewhat reticulated, ovate ; sterile flower staminate. — Low pine barrens, 
Georgia and Florida, near the coast. Sept. - Oct. — Culm 2° - 4° high. Spikes 
4' - 6' long, 2" in diametei', purplish. 

3. R. cylindrica, Chapm. Culm slender, terete ; leaves narrowly lin- 
ear ; peduncles single, elongated ; spikes slender, terete, mostly curved ; spike- 
lets as long as the joint ; lower glume ovate, obtuse, obscurely pitted in lines ; 
sterile spikelet rudimentary. — Dry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. July - 
Sept. — Culms l°-2° high. Spikes 2' -6' long, V in diameter, purplish. 

18. MANISURIS, L. 

Annual grasses, with branching culms, flat leaves, and spiked inflorescence. 
Spikes lateral and terminal, jointed, the short peduncles enclosed in spathe- 
like sheaths. Spikelets 1-flowered, placed one at each end of the joints of the 
spike ; tlie upper neutral, compressed, of two nearly equal membranaceous 
glumes ; the lower perfect, globose. Glumes coriaceous, concave, the lower 
reticulated. Palet hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain included. 

1. M. granularis, Swartz. Leaves linear-lanceolate, and, like the 
sheaths, hairy ; spikes 6" - 10" long ; spikelets minute, turning black. — Fields 
and pastures. August - Sept. Introduced. — Culms 1° - 2° high. 

19. TRIPSACUM, L. Gama Grass. 

Tall perennial grasses, with solid culms, broad and flat leaves, and spiked 
inflorescence. Spikes jointed. Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper ones staminate, 
the lower fertile, 2-flowered. Staminate flowers by pairs on each short trian- 
gular joint of the slender rachis, 3-androus ; glumes 2, coriaceous ; palese hya- 
line. Pistillate spikelets single, embedded in a deep excavation of the thick 
and polished joints ; the outer glume cartilaginous, concave, the inner mem- 
branaceous, boat-shaped ; lower flower neutral, the upper pistillate, both with 
hyaline palese. Anthers opening by terminal pores. Stigmas elongated. 
Grain free. 

1. T. dactyloides, L. Culms erect, 3° -6° high; leaves 2° -3° long, 
1' wide; spikes 1 -3, 4' -8' long, on long lateral and terminal peduncles, the 
fertile joints 3-5, angular, or, in var. monostachyum, several and terete.— 
Dry rich soil, common. 

2. T. Floridanum, Porter. Culms more slender, 2° - 4° high ; leaves 
narrower and more rigid ; spikes single, 6' - 10' long, erect ; the joints shorter ; 
spikelets smaller, 2-ranked. — Florida, and westward. 

20. ELIOWURUS, HBK. 

Tall erect perennial grasses, with the inflorescence of Andropogon, but the 
awnless spikelets borne alternately on two sides of the slender flexuous rachis, 
forming a solitary long-peduncled villous spike. 

1. E. tripsacoides, HBK. Culms (3° -4° high) straight, smooth like 
the long linear leaves ; spikes long-peduncled, the rachis and pedicel of the 
sterile flower fringed with closely appressed white hairs ; sjjikelets awnless ; 



592 GRAMTNE7R. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

glnmes hispid above ; sterile flower 3-ancIrou8. (Andropogon Nuttallii, Flora.) 
— Low pine barrens, Florida and tlie lower districts of Georgia. Sept. — 
Spikes 3''-0' long. 

21. ANDROPOGON, L. Broom Grass. 

Coarse perennial grasses, with branching erect culms, long and harsh leaves, 
and spiked inflorescence. Spikes lateral and terminal, jointed. Spikelets by 
pairs on each joint of the slender commonly hairy or plumose racliis ; one of 
them pedicelled and staminate, neutral, or rudimentary; the other sessile, 1- 
flowered, and fertile. Glumes 4, the lowest coriaceous, the 2 upper hyaline, 
the 4tli and flowering one awned. Stamens 1-3. 

* Spikes solitary : sterile flowers staminate or neutral. 

1. A. oligostachyus, Chapm. Cuimssimple, rigid, erect; leaves linear, 
smooth, glaucous; spikes 3-4, on short mostly included peduncles, hoary 
with short spreading hairs; lower glume pubescent, -J-^ as long as the con- 
torted awn ; sterile flower neutral, short-awned. (A. hirtiflorus, A'wn^A ?) — 
Dry sand ridges, Middle Florida. August - Sept. — Culm 2° - 3*^ high. Spikes 
2' -3' long. 

2. A. tener, Kunth. Culms filiform, like the smooth soon involute 
leaves ; spikes terete, with the joints bearded at the base, otherwise smooth ; 
spikelets appressed, half as long as the bent awn ; pedicel of the awnless neu- 
tral flower bearded at the apex. — Dry grassy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, 
and westward. Sept. — Culms 2°-3°long. Spikes slender, V -2' long. 
Upper leaves short, bearded at the throat. 

3. A. semiberbis, Kunth. Culms branching, 2° -4° high, the branches 
single, or in unequal pairs; leaves linear, glaucous ; spikes 2' -3' long, short- 
peduncled, the pedicel of the short-awned sterile flower bearded on one side ; 
awn of the perfect flower twice as long as the glumes. — Miami, South Florida 
( Garber). 

4. A. gracilis, Spreng. Culms branching above, 1°-H° high; leaves 
very narrow ; pedicels villous at the top, long-exserted from the filiform leafless 
bracts ; spikes 1^ long, few-flowered ; glumes smooth, the 4th loug-awned. — 
With the preceding ( Garber). 

5. A. seoparius, Michx. Leaves smooth or hairy ; spikes numerous, on 
exserted peduncles, the slender flexuous rachis, and pedicel of the awned or 
awnless staminate or neutral sterile flower fringed with spreading hairs ; per- 
fect flower half as long as the awn, the glumes often roughened with ele- 
vated points. —Dry sterile soil. August -Sept.— Culms 2° -3° high, the 
branches clustered. Spikes V-2' long. 

6. A. maritimus, Chapm. Culms erect from the creeping base, short- 
jointed, the short branches mostly single ; leaves mostly reflexed ; the lower 
sheaths compressed and imbricated ; spikes few, partly enclosed, very villous ; 
glumes 4''- 5'' long, half as long as the twisted awn ; sterile flower triandrous. 
— Drifting sand along the coast. Sept. — Culms 1° - 1 ^® high. Leaves 3' - 6' 
long. 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 593 

* * Spikes 2, and in pairs, rarely 4, or more, hoari/ with long spreading hairs, 
the peduncle sheathed by a leaf-like bract : sterile flower a single glume, or 
obsolete. 

t- Bract mostly shorter than the peduncle, its blade very short or none {in No, 7 

variable). 

7. A. Elliottii, Chapm. Culms 2° - 3° high, bearded at the upper joints, 
the branches short and simple ; leaves narrow-linear, the lower sheaths hairy, 
the upper smooth and mostly densely crowded and enlarged ; spikes 2 (rarely 
4), long-exserted, or included in the upper sheaths, loosely 8 - 1 0-flowered, 
the hairs long and glossy ; glumes scabrous, 2Y' long, one third as long as the 
straight awn. — Dry pine barrens. Sept. 

8. A. aretatUS, Chapm. Culm single (2° -5° high), the appressed 
branches narrowly paniculate ; leaves and sheaths shaggy wi":h long white, 
mostly deciduous hairs; spikes by pairs (l'-l-|-^ long), rather stout, closely 
15-20-flowered ; glumes rough, twice as long as the joints of the rachis; 
hairs of the rachis few and short; stamen 1. — Low pine barrens, Florida. 
Sept. - Oct. 

9. A. argyrseus, Schultes. Glabrous and more or less glaucous ; culms 
2° high ; branches simple, ei*ect, the lower single, the upper in pairs, bearded 
below the upper joints ; leaves linear, 6-8 long ; spikes 2, 1 1-' - 2' long, 10-12- 
flowered, densely villous, the stout peduncle closely enwrapped by the leafless 
bract ; glumes 2^'' long, smooth, nerveless, longer than the rigid very villous 
joints of the rachis ; awns V long ; stamens 3. — Dry soil in the lower districts, 
Sept. - Oct. 

10. A. Cabanisii, Hack el. Habit and most of the characters of the pre- 
ceding, but the spikes narrower and 10- 15-flowered, the rachis less villous, 
witli shorter hairs ; loAver glume scabrous, and faintly nerved ; awns Y long. 
South Florida (Garber). 

t- -I- Bract longer than the peduncle (except No. 15), its blade mostly longer than 

the spikes. 

11. A. longiberbis, Hackel. Culms 2° high, loosely paniculate above 
the middle ; leaves linear, smooth, 5' - 10' long, the lower sheaths appressed- 
pubescent ; spikes 2, rather rigid, closely 10-12-flowered, shorter than the 
bracts, the straight rachis densely villous with long spreading hairs ; glumes 
2'' long; pedicel tipped with a subulate glume. — South Florida (Garber, 
Simpson). 

12. A. Virginicus, L. (Broom Grass.) Culms 3° -4° high, narrowly 
paniculate above the middle ; leaves linear, mostly glabrous, like th6 sheaths ; 
spikes 2-4, 9''- 12'' long, loosely 6-10-flowered, the very slender flexuous 
rachis rather sparsely villous ; glumes 1|" long, one third longer than the 
joints, these naked below; sterile glume none; awns 6" -8" long. — In open 
ground, everywhere. Sept. - Oct. — The most marked varieties are : 

Var. tetrastachyus, Hackel. Culms stouter ; leaves and sheaths villous 
with spreading hairs ; spikes 4, V-l^ long, 12-16-flowered. — Low ground, 
Florida and Alabama. 

Var. Stenophyllus, Hackel. Culms slender, strictly erect; branches 
Straight and erect or appressed ; leaves narrow-linear or filiform, erect ; spikes 

38 



594 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

r long-, 8 - 10 flowered. — Wet piue barrens, Florida. — Culm and leaves 
purple. 

Var. vaginatus. (A. vaginatus, Ell. Ilerb.l) Bracts broad, euclosiug 
the spikes. 

13. A. Mohrii, Ilackel. Culms stout, 3° -4° high, the branches short 
and rigid ; leaves and sheaths woolly ; spikes 4-7, rigid, V -l^ long, 7-10- 
flowered ; glumes 2" long, hispid-serrulate above, as long as the pedicel of the 
awn-like sterile flower; awns 8" long. (A. tetrastachyus, F/ora.) —Around 
pine barren ponds, West Florida and South Alabama. Sept. -Oct. 

14. A. brachystachyus, Chapm. Culms strictly erect, 40-5° high, 
the short and slender branches nujstly in pairs, forming a loose narrow panicle 
2° -3° long; leaves linear, glabrous like the sheaths; spikes in pairs, }/ long, 
G- 8-flowered,as long as the bracts ; glumes 1|" long, twice the length of the 
joints of the slender rachis, and nearly as long as the awn ; sterile flower 
none. — East Florida ( Curtiss). 

15. A. macrourus, Michx. Culms firmly erect, 3°-5°high; leaves 
and sheaths scabrous, and often villous ; panicle 1°- 2° long, composed of ex- 
cessively numerous crowded branches; spikes in pairs, loosely 6-8 flowered, 
exceeding the bracts ; glumes \ longer than the slender joints of the thinly 
villous rachis; sterile flower minute; aAvn 6'' long. ■ — Low ground, common. 
— Upper branches mostly bearded below the joints. 

Var. eorymbosus is a reduced form of the preceding, the simple culm 
(l°-2° higli) l)earing a single corymbose 1-sided panicle. — Wet pine ])arrens. " 

Var. glaucopsis, Ell., is a more slender smooth and glaucous form, Avith 
more open inflorescence, and bracts longer than the spikes. — Pine barren 
swamps. 

Var. ? viridis, Chapm. Culms 3° - 4° high, loosely paniculate with long 
slender branches ; leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy ; bracts longer than the 
scattered spikes. — Low pine barrens near the coast, Florida. 

* * * Spikes 2-5 at the summit of the culm, and 1 - 3 on the branches, rigid, 
not villous, the rachis and pedicel of the triandrous awnless sterile fower 
fringed ivith scattered hairs, and short-bearded at the base. 

16. A. furcatus, Muhl. Culm stout, rigid, 3° - 5° high ; leaves rough, 
fringed at the base ; branches commonly 2 at each upper joint ; spikelets ap- 
pressed ; glumes hispid on the nerves, half as long as the bent awn. — Open 
woods and margins of fields. Sept. — Spikes compressed, 2' -3' long. 

22. HETEROPOGOlSr, Pers. 

Spikes solitary or digitate. Spikelets 1 -flowered, in pairs, the 2-7 lower 
pairs staminate or neutral, awnless, short-pedicelled, the 2 upper sessile, one 
fertile and long-awned, the other sterile and awnless. Otherwise mainly as in 
Andropogon. 

1. H. aeuminatllS, Trin. Culms 4° -8° high, branching above, the 
uppermost branches densely corymbose ; leaves long, linear, the uppermost, 
like the lower glume of the sterile spikelets, pitted along the midnerve ; 
spikes long-peduucled, shorter than the slender bracts ; lower spikelets tri- 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 595 

androus, flat, twisted, membranous, 6''-8'' long, the fertile smaller, indurated, 
closely pubescent, dark brown; awn twisted and pubescent below, 4' -6' long. 
— Margins of fields, Georgia, Florida, and westward. 

23. IMPERATA, Cyrill. 

Spikelets in pairs on the slender brandies of the spike-like panicle, both 
perfect and awuless ; lower glumes clothed with long silky hairs, the upper 
hyaline. Stamens 1-2. 

1. I. Brasiliensis, Trin. Culm simple, erect from long creeping root- 
stocks, 2° -3° high ; radical leaves broadly linear, 2° long, those of the culm 
few and short ; panicles lanceolate, 4' - 5' long ; spikelets 2" long. — South 
Florida. 

24. ERIANTHUS, Michx. 

Tall reed-like grasses, with long flat leaves, and panicled inflorescence. 
Spikelets by pairs on the slender branches, alike, one pedicelled, the other 
sessile, both with a tuft of hairs at the base. Glumes 4, the 2 lower nearly 
equal, membranous, the 2 upper hyaline, the 4th awned. Stamens 2-3. 

1. E. alopecuroides, Ell. Culms 4° -10° high; sheaths of the broad 
(6'' -12'') very rough or pubescent leaves woolly above, rough below; panicle 
(l°-2° long) woolly, expanding, pyramidal; hairs of the involucre copious, 
twice as long as the sparsely hairy (2'' long) glumes; awn straight. — Var. 
CONTORTUS. (E. contortus. Ell.) Smaller (2° -4° high) ; leasees and sheaths 
smooth ; panicle (6'- 12' long) oblong ; awns short and twisted. — Var. brevi- 
BARBis. (E. brevibarbis, Michx.) Smooth or nearly so ; rachis of the oblong 
panicle rough (not woolly) ; spikelets S" long ; hairs of the involucre shorter 
tlian the glumes. — Dry or wet soil. — Sept.. - Oct. 

2. E. Strictus, Baldw. Culms, leaves, and sheaths smooth or slightly 
roughened; panicle (10'- 15' long) spiked; involucre very short or none; 
glumes rough ; awns straight. — River banks, Florida and the lower districts 
of Georgia, and westward. Sept. — Culms 4° -8^ high. Leaves 3" — 6" 
wide. Spikelets twice the size of the preceding. 

25. SORGHUM, Pers. 

Spikelets 2-3 together on the slender branches of the loose panicle; the 
lateral ones sterile or a mere pedicel; the middle or terminal one fertile. 
Lower glumes coriaceous or indurated, mostly bearded, sometimes awnless. 
Otherwise like Andropogon. 

§ 1. Blumenbachia. — Branches of the panicle angular, scabrous: spikelets 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate : two lower glumes at length strongly indurated. — 
This section embraces the following introduced species, which are more 
or less common in cultivation, viz. : S. vulgare, Durra Corn ; S. sacchara- 
tnm. Broom Corn ; S. cernuum, Guinea Corn ; and S. Halapense, Johnson 
Grass. 

§2. CHUYSOPOGOy!.^- Branches of the panicle terete, smooth: spikelets lanceo- 
late: glumes less indurated. — Culms mostly simple. Pedicels bearded under 
the spikelets. Sterile spikelets none. 



596 GRAMIXE^E. (grass FAMILY.). 

* Perennial. 

1. S. avenaceum, (Michx.) Chapm. Culms 3° -5° high, smooth, like 
the linear leaves; panicle erect, oblong, 6' -12' long; glumes pale or yellow- 
ish, the lowest thinly Ijearded, liali" the length of tlie awn. — JJry sterile soil. 
Sept. 

2. S. nutans, Gray. Culms slender, mostly bending, 2^-4° high; leaves 
narrow-linear; jjanicle long and narrow, loosely branched, drooping ; glumes 
dark brown, the lowest densely, the second thinly l)earded, one fourth the length 
of the awn. — Dry open woods. Sept. 

3. S. secundum, (Ell.) Chapm. Culms .strictly erect, 3° -.5° liigh ; 
leaves narrow-linear, convolute; panicle erect, simj)le, 6'- 12' long, the few- 
fiowered branches 1' long, 1-sided; spikelets drooping, l)rown; glumes densely 
bearded, | the length of the awn. — Dry sandy pine barrens, Georgia and. 
Florida. Oct. 

* * Annual. 

4. S. pauciflorum, Chapm. Culms branched near the base, 2° -3° 
high; leaves broadly linear; spikelets 6-12, racemose, the long (2' -3') seta- 
ceous pedicels in whorls of 2 - 6 ; lower glumes dark brown, beardless, like 
the sterile pedicel ; awns 5' - 6' long, twisted below the middle. — Sandy pine 
barrens, East Florida. Sept. 

26. PHALARIS, L. Canary Grass. 

Spikelets crowded in a simple or branching cylindrical or oblong panicle, 
3-flowered, awnless. Glumes 5, the two lower nearly equal, keeled, the third 
and fourth reduced to hairy scales at the base of the floret, the fiftli and flow- 
ering glume coriaceous, and including the palet. Stamens 3. Grain free. 

1. P. intermedia, Bosc. Annual, glaucous; culms ascending, ^°- 2° 
high; leaves lanceolate-linear, 3' -5' long, the uppermost sheath inflated; 
panicle oblong, simple, V long, pale or purplish; lower glumes flat, winged, 
twice as long as the floret. (P. microstachya, DC.) — Low ground along the 
coast. April - May. 

2. P. arundinaria, L. Perennial; culm simple, 2° -4° high; leaves 
long, 2' - 5' wide ; panicle 4' - 8' long, branching ; glumes wingless, thrice the 
length of the floret. — Low banks of streams, Tennessee, and northward. 

27. AWTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet-scented Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded in a spiked panicle; glumes 5, the lower thin 
and unequal, the third and fourth empty and awned on the back, the floret 
small and thin. Stamens 2. Grain enclosed. 

1. A. odoratum, L. Culms l°high; leaves linear, hairy; panicle T- 
3' long. — Low grounds around the larger cities, Savannah, Charleston, etc. 
Introduced. April - May. 

28. HIEROCHLOE, Gmelin. Holt Grass. 

Perennial odorous grasses, with short flat leaves, and 3-floAvered spikelets in 
a short simple panicle. Glumes 5, the two lower large and empty, the third 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 597 

and fourth triandrousand sterile, long-ciliate ; the floret perfect and diandrous. 
Grain free. 

1. H. borealis, R. & S. (Seneca Grass.) Culms erect from the 
creeping base, l°-2° high; leaves distant, lanceolate, r-2' long; panicle 
ovate, 2' - 4' long ; spikelets brown. — Moist ground, Statesville, North Caro- 
lina {Hyamfi). June. 

29. ALOPECURUS, L. Foxtail Grass. 

Spikelets 1-flowered, closely crowded in a simple spike-like cylindrical pan- 
icle. Lower glumes compressed, boat-shaped, sharply keeled, united below. 
Fertile glume compressed, awned on the back below the middle, the upper 
wanting. Stamens 3 Styles 2, distinct, or united below. Grain free, smooth 
and lenticular. 

1. A. geniculatus, L. Low; culms ascending, bent at the lower 
joints; awn longer than the obtuse hairy glume. — Wet cultivated grounds, 
April, — Culms 6' -12' high. Leaves 2' -4' long, with the sheaths shorter 
than the joints. Spikes T- 1^' long. 

The Meadow Foxtail (A. pratensis, L.), a taller species (2°-3° high), 
with acute glumes, is scarcely spontaneous at the South. The same observa- 
tion applies to the Timothy or Herd's-grass (Phleum pratense, L.), which 
differs from Alopecurus in having two paleas and awned glumes. 

30. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. Drop-seed Grass. 

Tufted or creeping grasses, with narrow leaves, and 1-flowered awnless 
spikelets, disposed in open, or crowded in spiked panicles. Glumes 2, membra- 
naceous, unequal, the lower one shorter. Floret mostly longer than the 
glumes, and of the same texture. Stamens 3. Styles 2. 

* Grain globose, loose in the pericarp : panicle exserted : perennial. 
-1- Panicle open, spreading, 

1, S. Domingensis, Swartz. Culms branching near the base, 2° long, 
leaves narrow-linear, roughish above, mostly hairy at the base ; panicle sim- 
ple, the short spreading branches loosely whorled ; spikelets short-pedicelled, 
smooth; upper glume as long as the floret, twice as long as the lower one; 
palet truncate. — Wet sandy places on the Keys along the Reefs of South 
Florida. 

2, S. junceus, Kunth. (Wire Grass.) Panicle narrow, the short and 
spreading branches whorled ; spikelets unilateral ; glumes smooth, the upper 
one acute, 2-3 times longer than the lower, and about equal to the obtuse 
floret; culms (l°-2°high) erect; leaves chiefly radical, filiform and elon- 
gated, involute, those of the culm short and remote. — Dry pine barrens, 
common. April - May, and often in October. 

3, S. Floridanus, Chapm. Panicle diffuse, large ; spikelets (purplish) 
on long hair-like stalks ; glumes acute, the lower one barely shorter than the 
obtuse floret, the upper one a third longer ; leaves rather rigid, flat, pungent, 
very rough on the edges. — Low pine barrens. Middle and West Florida. Sept. 
— Culm 2° -4° high. Leaves l°-2° long. Panicle 1°-H° long. 



598 GKAMIXE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

-^ -<- Panicles spiked. 

4. S. Indicus, Brown. (Smut Gkass.) Culms erect; panicle elou- 
gjitcd, linear; leaves long, Hat; Horet twice as long as the glumes.— Waste 
places. May- Sept. — Culms 2° -3° liigli. Leaves with bristle-like summits. 
Panicle G'-IS' long, turning blackish. Spikelets crowded on tlie short ap- 
pressed branches. 

f). S. Virginicus, Kunth. Culms creeping, short-jointed, the short and 
mostly clustered l.ianclies erect ; leaves 2-ranked, soon convolute, short and 
rigid ; panicle small, lanceolate ; glumes nearly equal, acute, rather longer 
than the floret. — Saline marshes along the coast. July - August. — Flower- 
ing branches 6'- 12' higli. Leaves 2' -4' long. Tanicle I' -2' long, pale or 
purple. 

* * Grain lanceolate or ohloncj, adhering to the investin/j pericarp : panicle spiked, 
more or less included in the sheaths of the leaves. 

6. S. asper, Kunth. Perennial; culms tall and slender ; leaves elongated, 
rough above, bristle-like at the summit ; panicles partly included in the upper 
sheaths ; floret hairy, pointed, 2 -.3 times as long as the rougli-keeled glumes 
and linear grain. — Dry sandy soil. July- August. — Culms 2° -3° liigh. 
Sheaths hairy at the throat. 

7. S. vaginsefiorus, Vasey. Annual; culms low, clustered, bearing 
partly concealed panicles at every upper joint ; leaves short, smoothish ; floret 
smooth, one third longer than the smooth glumes and oval grain. — Dry bar- 
ren soil, North Carolina and Tennessee. Sept. — Culms 6^-12' high. Leaves 
2' -4' long. 

Var. minor, Scribner. Culms more slender and less clustered ; panicles 
less developed ; the lateral ones included ; spikelets and glumes narrower. — 
With the type. 

8. S. Cryptandrus, Gray. Culms rather rigid, 1°- 2° high ; leaves lin- 
ear, flat, bearded at the throat, the uppermost sheath dilated and enclosing the 
base of the dense panicle ; glumes keeled, the upper as long as the floret, and 
twice as long as the lower one. — Coast of North Carolina. 

31. AGROSTIS, L. Bent Grass. 

Tufted usually tender grasses, with flat and narrow leaves ; the small 1- 
flowered spikelets racemose on the hair-like clustered branches of the open 
panicle, on thickened pedicels. Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the floret. 
Flowering glume awnless, or awned on the back, 3 - 5-nerved, the palet 2- 
nerved, occasionally minute or wanting. Stamens 1-3. Styles or stigmas 2. 
Grain free. 

§ 1. Trichodium. — Palet minute or wantincf. 

1. A. elata, Trin. Culms stout, strictly erect, 2°-3° high; leaves 6'- 8' 
long, 1''- 2'' wide ; panicle open, the clustered branches closely floAver-bearing 
above the middle; lower glumes 1^" long, rather longer than the flowering 
one ; palet minute or wanting. — Low sandy pine barrens. Sept. 

2. A. perennans, Tuck. Culms slender, erect, or decumbent at the 
base, l°-2° high; leaves 2' -4' long; panicle at length widely spreading, the 



GKAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 599 

capillary short branches flower-beariug from the middle ; glumes nearly equal, 
one third longer than the floret. — Damp shaded ground. July -August. 

3. A. seabra, Willd. Culms l°-2° high; leaves 3' -6' long; panicle 
large and open, the long (3' - 6') straight capillary scabrous branches closely 
flower-bearing at their summits ; glumes nearly equal, the keel scabrous. 

— Low ground, common. June - July. 

4. A. canina, L. Cnlms slender, erect ; panicle small, oblong, with erect 
smooth branches; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, rough- keeled ; flowering 
glume short-awned below the middle; palet minute. — High mountains of 
North Carolina, and northward. July. — Culms 1° high. 

§ 2. Agkostis proper. — Palet manifest. 

5. A. alba, L. (Fiorin). Culms ascending from creeping rootstocks ; 
leaves short, the ligule long, acute ; panicle expanded in flower, contracted in 
fruit, mostly pale green ; lower glumes nearly equal, the flowering one rarely 
short-awned. — Low ground. Introduced. 

Var. vulgaris, Thurber. (Red Top.) Panicle spreading, mostly pur- 
ple ; ligule short truncate ; leaves commonly wider. — With the preceding. 
Introduced. 

6. A. arachlioides, Ell. Culms and leaves very slender ; panicle con- 
tracted, weak and drooping ; glumes nearly equal, lanceolate, rough on the 
keel and margins ; palet minute ; flowering glume with two minute bristles at 
the truncated apex, and along a very fine awn on the back above the middle. 

— Fields and open woods in the upper districts. April - May. 11 — Culms 
1° high. 

32. POLYPOGOW, Desf. Beard Grass. 

Flat-leaved chiefly annual grasses, with the 1-flowered spikelets stalked, and 
crowded in close clusters in a terminal spiked panicle. Glumes 5, equal, 
awned, and much longer than the floret, the flowering glume truncated and 
toothed at the apex, and often short-awned. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. Grain 
elliptical, free. 

L P. maritimus, Willd. Culms simple (6'- 8' high); glumes pubes- 
cent, hispid on the keel, one third as long as the slender awns ; flower- 
ing glume 4-toothed, unawned. — Coast of North and South Carolina. 
Introduced. 

33. CINNA, L. 

Tall perennial grasses, with broad leaves, bearing the 1-flowered compressed 
spikelets in a large compound terminal panicle. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, 
acute, the sharp keel hispid-serrulate. Floret raised on a stalk, smooth, its 
glume short-awned on the back below the apex. Stamen 1. Grain linear- 
oblong, free. 

1. C arundinacea, L. Culms 2° -7° high, simple; leaves linear-lan- 
ceolate, Y wide ; branches of the panicle in fours or fives, erect in fruit ; spike- 
lets often purplish, 3j''-3" long. — Shaded swamps. July. — Panicle 6'- 15' 
long, rather dense. -^ Var. pendula. Gray. Culms and branches of the droop- 
ing panicle more slender ; pedicels very rough ; spikelets smaller ; glumes 
thinner. — Mountains of North Carolina ( Curtis). 



600 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

34. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adaus. Reed Bent Grass. 
Tall perennial grasses, witli simple erect culms, bearing a loose or contracted 
panicle of 1-fiowered spikelets, and mostly the hairy pedicel of a second flower 
at the base of tlie palet. Glumes nearly equal, compressed-keeled. Floret 
with a ring of hairs at tlie base, its glume mostly awned on the back. Stamens 
3. Grain free. 

§ 1. Deyeuxia. — Rudiment of a second flower plumose : glumes membrana- 
ceous, the flowering one awned on the back. 

1. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culms 2<^-3°high; leaves rigid; panicle 
spike-like; glumes rather rigid, long-pointed, 3" long, the keel very scabrous; 
awn hair-like, above the middle of the glume. — Wet ground. Sept. 

2. C. Canadensis, Beauv. Culms 2° -4° high; leaves flat, thin ; pan- 
icle open in flower, closed in fruit; glumes smoothish, If long, short-pointed; 
awn hair-like, at the middle of the glume. — Mountains of North Carolina! 
July. 

§ 2. Calamoeilfa. — Rudiment of a second flower none : glumes chartaceous, 

awnless. 

3. C. Curtissii, Vasey. Culms 2^ - 3° high ; leaves narrow-linear, smooth ; 
panicle contracted, loosely branched, 1° long; glumes 2'" long, the upper 
equalling tlie floret, the lower one third shorter ; hairs of the floret few and 
short. — East Florida (Garber, Curtiss). 

§ 3. Amophila. — Rudiment of a second flower plumose : glumes charta- 
ceous, the flowering one mucronate or obscurely awned at the tip. 

4. C. arenaria, Koth. Culms 2° - 3° high, from long creeping rootstocks ; 
leaves rigid convolute; panicles spiked, 5'- 10' long; glumes -|^' long, rigid, 
twice as long as the scanty hairs. — Sandy coast of North Carolina. Sept. 

35. THURBERIA, Benth. 

A low tufted annual grass, with erect branching culms, soft-hairy leaves, 
and 1-flowered spikelets in an erect narrow terminal panicle. — Lower glumes 
unequal. 3-nerved, hispid. Floret included, its glume smooth, coriaceous, 
armed below the apex with a stout bent dorsal awn ; palet thin, with an awn- 
like pedicel at its base. Stamens 2. Grain free. 

1. T. Arkansana, Benth. Culms 6'- 12' high. Leaves shorter than 
the culm ; panicle 2' - 3' long. — Coast of West Florida, and westward. 
April. 

36. STIPA, L. Feather Grass. 

Perennial grasses, with convolute leaves, and loose panicles of 1-flowered 
spikelets, with very long awns. Lower glumes membranaceous, nearly equal, 
awnless and persistent. Floret coriaceous, raised on an obconical bearded 
stalk, its glume with a twisted or contorted awn jointed with its apex. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain terete. 

1. S. avenacea, L. Culms (l°-2° high) clustered; leaves narrowly 
linear, rough, the lowest elongated; awn pubescent, bent in the middle, many 
times longer than the dark brown floret. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward. 
April. 



GEAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 601 

37. ARISTIDA, L. Wire Grass. 

Slender grasses, with narrow leaves, and mostly loosely racemose or pan- 
icled inflorescence. Spikelets 1-flowered. Lower glumes membranaceous, 
mostly unequal, acute or awned, the upper stipitate, coriaceous, involute, 
triple- (rarely single-) awned. Palet minute. Stamens 1-3. Grain included, 
free. — Awns (when dry) often bent or twisted. 

§ 1. Awn continuous (not jointed with the glume). 
* Glume single-awned. 

1. A. Floridana, Vasey. Culms simple, 2° high ; leaves long, convolute, 
bearded at the base; panicle 1° long, loosely branched; glumes equal, the 
upper truncate; awn compressed, curved. ( Streptachne, Flora.) South 
Florida {Blodgett). 

* * Glume triple-awned. 

-I- Lateral awns short and erect. 

2. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Poverty Grass.) Culms forking, 6^- 12' 
high; leaves almost setaceous; panicles simple or compound, 2' -3' long; 
glumes equal or (in var. Curtissii, Gray) unequal; middle awn spiral below, 
spreading, the lateral minute. — Dry sterile ground; common. August - 
Sept. 

3. A. ramosissima, Engelm. Culms much branched, i°-H° high;, 
panicles few-flowered; lower glumes unequal, 8'''' -10''' long; middle awn 
coiled below, recurved, the lateral r'-3" long, rarely wanting. — West 
Tennessee [Gattinger). 

4. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms much branched at the base, very slender ; 
leaves flat ; panicle very narrow, with distant appressed branches ; middle awn 
straight, rather longer than the rough spotted lower glume, the lateral ones 
much shorter ; glumes nearly equal. — Dry gravelly soil, Florida to North 
Carolina. August. — Culms 6' - 12' high. 

5. A. scabra, Kunth. Culm scarcely any, the long (li°-3°) peduncle 
arising from a creeping rootstock ; leaves radical, setaceously attenuate ; 
panicle large, diffuse, the branches 2-5 in a cluster; spikelets appressed; 
glumes awn-pointed, the lower one longer ; awns straight, erect, the lateral 
ones very short ; stamens 2. — Sandy coast, Florida. 

-t- •\~ Awns long, equal, or nearly so. 
•^ United at the tip of the glume. 

6. A. Simplieiflora, Chapm. Culms filiform, 2° high, forking ; leaves 
flat, smoothish ; racemes simple, straight, 6'- 9' long, loosely flowered ; empty 
glumes 3" long, nearly equal, awn-pointed, the lower one rough on the keel, 
longer than the floret ; middle awn circular-curved near the base. — Damp 
pine barrens, West Florida. 

7. A. gyrans, Chapm. Culms simple, 1° high; leaves convolute-filiform ; 
panicle simple, with the branches short, appressed ; empty glumes unequal, 
the lower 2'' long, the upper one a third longer, attenuate ; flowering glume 
long-stipitate, the awns nearly equal, curved at the base. — Keys of Caximbas 
Bay, South Florida. Oct. 



G02 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 

8. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms 1°- 2^ high, branched, sleuder; leaves 
convolute ; spikelets scattered, single or by pairs, in a simple terminal raceme ; 
glumes nearly equal, ^'-Tlong; middle awn r-2' long, rather longer thau 
the lateral ones, circular-curved at the base. — Soutli Carolina, and westward, 
rare. Sept. 

9. A. purpurascens, Poir. Culms branching at the base, 1°- 2° high; 
leaves flat, glabrous, like tlie sheaths ; panicle 1°- 1^° long, the branches short 
and erect ; empty glumes unequal, the lower 5" long, the upper shorter and 
equalling the floret; middle awn 1' long, spreading. — Dry sterile soil, com- 
mon. August. 

10. A. lanata, Poir. Muchlikethelast, butlarger (2°-4°high); leaves 
scabrous on the ui)per surface, the sheaths woolly ; branches of the panicle 
longer, and often spreading. — Witli the preceding, hut less common. July- 
August. 

11. A. palustris, Vasey. Culms 3° -4° high, simple or branching; 
leaves flat, glabrous ; panicle long ( 1|° - 2°) and narrow, purj)le ; empty glumes 
■J' long, nearly equal; awns 10''- 16'' long, the middle one spreading. (A. vir- 
gata, var. Flora.) — In and around shallow pine barren ponds, West Florida. 
August - Sept. 

12. A. virgata, Trin. Culms simple, 2° -4° high; leaves flat, soon con- 
volute ; panicle loosely or densely branched, 1° - 1-^° long ; empty glumes equal, 
or the lower shorter, 4" long ; awns spreading, 6" long. (A. condensata. 
Flora.) — Barren sandy soil, near the coast, Florida to North Carolina. 
August - Sept. 

13. A. Stricta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) tufted, simple, straight; 
leaves chiefly radical, filiform, involute, rigid, hairy at the base; panicle (1° 
long) spiked ; glumes short-awned ; lateral awns as long as the floret, the mid- 
dle one one third longer. — Wet or dry pine barrens, very common. June- 

July. 

-M- -M- Awns united above the glume. 

14. A. spieiformis, Ell. Glabrous; culms 1°- 2° high, simple ; leaves 
erect, convolute-filiform ; panicle closely spiked, 3' -5' long; empty glumes 
long-awned, the upper twice as long as the lower one ; awns united far above 
the glume, the middle one 1' long, spreading. — Low pine barrens in the lower 
districts. August - Sept. 

§ 2. Awns united above the glume, and jointed with its summit. 

15. A. tuberculosa, Nutt. Annual; culms rigid, branching (1°-1^° 
high) ; leaves flat; glumes nearly equal, bristle-awned ; awns (2' long) equal, 
twisted below, then widely spreading. — Dry ridges in the middle districts of 
Georgia. Sept. — Panicle simple. 

38. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreb., Drop-seed Grass. 

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes persistent, pointed or awned, equal, or the 
lower one smaller. Floret sessile in the glumes, commonly hairy at the base, 
deciduous with the enclosed grain, its glume 3-nerved and mucronate or awned 
at the apex. Stamens 3. , 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 603 

§ 1. MuHLENBERGiA proper. — Spikelets commonly much crowded, in lateral 
and terminal panicles, short-stalked : cidms branching, from hard scaly 
root stocks : leaves Jiat. 

* Flowering glume awnless. 

1. M. Mexieana, Triu. Panicles obloug, dense; glumes unequal, 
lanceolate, ending in slender hispid awn-like points, the upper one as long as 
the awnless floret. (Agrostis lateriflora, Michx.) — Damp soil, North Carolina, 
and northward. June -July. — Culms ascending, much branched. 

2. M. glomerata, Trin. Culms erect, simple or branched, 2° high ; 
panicle long-peduncled, oblong-linear, interruptedly spicate, 2' -3' long, the 
dense oblong clusters sessile and appressed ; glumes nearly equal, awn-pointed, 
twice as long as the floret. — Statesville, North Carolina {Hyams). 

3. M. SObolifera, Trin. Culms branching, 1°- 2° high; leaves broadly 
linear, 3' -5' long; panicle simple, almost filiform, 2' -3' long, the distant 
branches simple, erect ; spikelets minute ; glumes nearly equal, awnless, rather 
shorter than the floret. — Rocky woods in the upper districts. Sept. 

* * Flowering glume awned. 

4. M. sylvatica, T. & Gr. Culms diffuse, branched (2° -3° high); 
panicles contracted : floret as long as the nearly equal short-awned glumes, its 
awn 2-3 times as long. — North Carolina and Tennessee, in rocky woods. 
Sept. 

5. M. Willdenovii, Trin. Culms sparingly branched, erect ; leaves 
broadly linear ; panicles linear ; spikelets scattered ; floret twice as long as 
the nearly equal short-pointed glumes, its awn 3-4 times as long as the spike- 
let. — Dry rocky soil in the upper districts. July- August. — Culms 3° high. 

6. M. diflFusa, Schreb. Culms decumbent, diffusely branched ; panicles 
long and slender ; glumes very small, the upper one truncated ; awn of the 
floret twice as long as the spikelet. — Shaded waste places, common. August - 
Sept. — Culms l°-2° long. 

§ 2. Teichochloa. — Panicle terminal, diffuse, long-peduncled : spikelets on 
long hair-like stalks :' culms tall and simple. 

7. M. capillaris, Kunth. Leaves rigid, elongated, convolute-filiform ; 
panicle erect, the long and purple glossy branches and spikelets drooping ; 
glumes nearly equal, half as long as the floret, the lower one awned ; flower- 
ing glume 3-awned, with the middle awn many times longer than the spikelet. 
— Varies with both glumes long-awned. (M. filipes, Curtis.) — Sandy soil 
along the coast, and sparingly in the interior. August -Sept. — Culms 2°- 
4° high. 

8. M. trichopodes, Chapm. Culms and leaves filiform, elongated ; 
panicle erect, oblong; spikelets linear, on spreading stalks; floret twice as 
long as the nearly equal awnless glumes, ribbed ; its glume tipped with a 
short awn, and with the two lateral nerves slightly percurrent, hairy at the 
base. — Low pine barrens in the lower districts. Sept. 2/ — Culms 2° -3° 
high. Panicle rarely purplish. Leaves flat. 

9. M. Reverchoni, V. & S. ? Glabrous ; culms tufted, simple (2° high) ; 
leaves chiefly radical, short, flat, narrow-linear ; panicle long-peduncled, sira- 



604 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

pie, spreading ; floret four times as long as the oval obtuse or acute glumes, 
aud nearly e(|ualling the rough awn. (M. cajspitosa, Chapm.) — Dry pine 
barreus, Florida, aud westward. 

39. BRACHYELYTRUM, Jioauv. 

A perennial erect grass, with a simple slender culm, fhit lanceolate leaves, 
and a loose lanceolate simple panicle of large (^' long) 1-flowered spikelets. 
Lower glume obsolete, the upper minute, persistent and awnless. Flowering 
glume rigid, rough with short bristly hairs, concave, 5-ribbed, tapering into a 
long straight awn, and enclosing the shorter 2-pointed palet. An awn-like 
pedicel of a second flower is applied to the back of the palet. Stamens and 
long stigmas 2. Grain linear. 

1. B. aristatuna, Beauv. — Dry rocky places. July. — Culms solitary, 
2° -3° high. 

40. AIRA, L. 

Small tufted annual grasses (sparingly introduced), w^ith linear or setaceous 
leaves, and diffuse panicles of small 2-flowered spikelets. Lower glumes mem- 
branaceous, acute, equal, longer than the florets ; the flowering glume 2-cleft 
at the apex, faintly 3 - 5-nerved, dorsally awned in the middle. Stamens 3. 
Grain free. 

1. A. caryophyllea, L. Culms 5' -8' high; leaves narrow-linear; 
spikelets \Y' long, short pedicelled ; florets both awned. — Near Goldsborough, 
North Carolina {Canhy). 

2. A. capillaris, Plost. Culms 8'- 12' high; leaves setaceous; spike- 
lets f long, long-pedicelled ; one floret uuawned. — Gravelly hills, Rome, 
Georgia. 

41. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. 

Tall perennial grasses. Spikelets 2-flowered, and with a hairy rudiment of 
a third flower. Glumes shorter than the florets, scarious, acute ; flowering 
glume truncate and denticulate at the apex, dorsally awned near the base. 
Stamens 3. Grain free. 

L D. flexuosa, Trin. Culms l°-3°high; leaves chiefly radical, seta- 
ceous ; panicle diffuse ; flowering glume much shorter than the bent and 
twisted awn. — Mountains of Georgia and Carolina. July. 

2. D. CSespitOSa, Beauv. Culms tufted, 2° -4° high ; leaves linear, flat ; 
panicle oblong, with short erect branches ; flowering glume as long as the 
straight appressed awn. — Georgia (Leconte in Herb. Darand). 

42. TRISETUM, Pers. 

Spikelets 2 - several-flowered. Flowering glume compressed-keeled, usually 
bearing a bent awn below the 2-cleft or 2-pointed apex. Otherwise as in 
Aira. Spikelets in open or spiked panicles. 

I. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; culms weak (1°-H° long) ; leaves flat, 
linear; panicle long and narrow, loose; spikelets 2-3-flowered; the lower 
flower awnless, the upper with a spreading awn and an awn-like rudiment at 



GRAMINEJ5. (grass FAMILY.) 605 

the base, or rarely both flowers awnless. ^- Swamps. March - April. — Panicle 
pale, 4' - 8' long. 

2. T. moUe, Kunth. Soft downy; culms short (6' -8'); panicle (2'- 3' 
long) contracted, dense and spike-like; spikelets 2-flowered, the flowering 
glume of both flowers with a spreading awn. — Mountains of North Carolina. 

43. DANTHONIA, DC. 

Tufted grasses, with racemose or panicled spikelets, and rough or bearded 
flowers. Spikelets 3 - many-flowered. Glumes nearly equal, membranaceous, 
longer than the florets, awnless. Flowering glume rigid, concave, many- 
nerved, bearded below, sharply 2-toothed at the apex, bearing an intermediate 
awn, which is flattened and twisted near the base. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, 
free. 

1. D. spicata, Beauv. Spikelets 4-8, racemose, 7-flowered ; flowering 
glume rough with short rigid hairs, much longer than the lanceolate-subulate 
teeth ; culms (10'- 18' high) slender ; leaves short and narrow, soon involute. 
— Dry barren soil. June - July. — Raceme 1' - 2' long. 

2. D. sericea, Nutt. Spikelets numerous, panicled, 7-flowered ; flower- 
ing glume white with long silky hairs, as long as the slender awn-pointed 
teeth ; culms 2° high ; sheaths of the linear leaves woolly above. — Dry sterile 
soil. April. 

3. D. compressa, Austin. Like No. 1, but taller; leaves longer; pan- 
icle larger and more open ; teeth of the flowering glume longer and more 
slender. — Summit of Roan Mountain, North Carolina {Chlckering), and 
northward. 

44. HOLCUS, L. Soft Grass. 

Spikelets 2-flowered, the flowers short-pedicelled, the lower one perfect and 
unawned, the upper triandrous and awned. Glumes 2, thin, keeled, enclosing 
the florets. Palet and glume thin, equal. Grain free. 

1. H. lanatus, L. Soft-downy, erect (2° high); panicle oblong (2' -4' 
long); awns recurved. — Low ground. Introduced. 

45. ARRHENATHERUM, Beauv. Oat Grass. 

Tall grasses, with flat leaves, and spreading panicles with clustered or 
whorled branches. Spikelets 2-flowered, with the awn-like rudiment of a 
third flower ; the lower one staminate, the upper perfect. Glumes mem- 
branaceous, concave, the upper one as long as the florets. Flowering glume 
of the lower flower with a bent dorsal awn below the middle. Stamens 3. 

1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Culms smooth, 2° -3° high ; leaves broadly 
linear ; panicle narrow, whitish, 8' - 10' long ; glumes scarious. — North Caro- 
lina (Curtis). Introduced. May. 2/. 

46. SPARTINA, Schreb, Marsh Grass. 

Rigid perennial grasses, growing chiefly in saline marshes, with simple 
culms, concave or convolute leaves, and flattened 1 -flowered spikelets, closely 



606 GRAMIXE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

imbricated in two rows on one side of tlie trian<i,ular racliis, forming ajv 
pressed or spreading alternate spikes. Empty glumes 2, unequal, acaite or 
short-awned, commonly bristly-serrulate on the keel ; the upper mostly longer 
than the awnless floret. I'alet thin, shorter than the glume. Stamens 1 -.3. 
Styles long, ujiited below, or nearly distinct. Grain free. 
* Leaves concolnte, rush-like. 

1 . S. juncea, Willd. Spikes 3 - 9, remote, erect ; upper glume 2-3 times 
longer than the lower one ; flowering glume, and sometimes the palet, rough 
above. — Sandy or marshy places along the coast. July- August. — Culms 
l°-3°high. Leaves pungent. Spikes T- 2' long. Stamens 1-3. 

2. S. juneiformis, Engelm. & Gray. Spikes 15-30, closely imbricated 
in a cylindrical spike, the lowest rather distinct ; upper glume one third 
longer than the lower one, obtuse, mucronate ; flowering glume rough on the 
back, the palet smooth. — Sandy saline swamps. West Florida. July -Au- 
gust. — Culms (2° -4° high) and rush-like leaves very rigid. Common spike 
4' - 6' long. Proper spikes 4'' - 6'' long. 

* * Leaves concave or flat. 

3. S. polystaehya, Willd. Spikes numerous, spreading ; upper glume 
and nearly equal floret slightly roughened, 2-3 times loiiger than the lower 
one ; leaves broad (^'- 1-^'), concave, very rough on the margins. — Brackish 
marshes, Florida to North Carolina. August -Sept. — Culms stout, 4° -8° 
high. Spikes 2' -3' long, racemed. 

4. S. glabra, Muhl. Spikes numerous, appressed to the common rachis ; 
upper glume linear, obtuse, 3 times the length of the lower one, glabrous ; 
leaves concave, smooth on the margins. — Salt marshes, Florida, and north- 
ward. August - Sept. — Culms 2° - 4° high. Leaves narrower than the last, 
elongated. 

5. S. cynosurioides, Willd. Spikes 5 - 20, erect, 3' - 4' long ; glumes 
awued, the upper twice as long as the lower one ; flowering glume hispid on 
the keel ; palet smooth, obtuse. — Marshes, Tennessee. August. — Culms 3° - 
4° high. Leaves soon convolute. 

47. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. 

Low perennial grasses, with short and crowded distichous spreading leaves. 
Spikelets appressed, scattered on the straight and at length reflexed branches 
of the simple panicle, consisting of 1 - 3 perfect flowers and an awn-like pedi- 
cel above. Empty glumes 2, subulate, hispid-serrulate. Floret shorter than 
the glumes, its glume awned under the apex. Stamens 3. 

1. G. racemosus, Beauv. Culms (1° high) rigid; leaves lanceolate 
(I I'- 2' long) ; branches of the panicle bearing the linear spikelets from the 
base to the summit ; spikelets 1 -flowered ; awn 2-3 times the length of the 
floret. — Dry sandy soil. Sept. - Oct. 

2. G. brevifolius, Trin. Culms and panicle usually more slender; 
spikelets 1 -3-flowered ; oftener borne above the middle of the branches ; awn 
shorter than the floret ; otherwise like the preceding. — Low pine barrens. 
Sept. - Oct. 



GRAMIXE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 607 

48. BOUTELOUA, Lag. 

Spikelets crowded in two rows on one side of the flattened rachis of sin- 
gle or racemose spikes, l-3-flo\vered, the lower flower perfect, the upper 
ones sterile or rudimentary, awned. Glumes keeled, the lower one shorter. 
Flowering glume 3-nerved and 3-toothed ; the palet 2-nerved, 2-toothed. Sta- 
mens 3. 

1. B. hirsuta, Lag. Annual; culms 1°-1J° high, filiform ; leaves very 
narroAV, papillose-ciliate ; spikes 1-2, many-flowered ; upper empty glume 
papillose-hispid. Sterile flower longer than the floret. — South Florida 
( Garber). 

2. B. racemosa, Lag. Perennial; culms l°-3° high; leaves rigid, 
glabrous ; spikes numerous, 4 - 12-flowered ; upper empty glume scabrous on 
the keel ; sterile flower shorter than the floret. — Baiubridge, Georgia {Feaij), 
and westward. 

49. CHLOmS, Swartz. 

Chiefly tropical grasses, with compressed culms and sheaths, distichous flat 
or folded obtuse leaves, and digitate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2-3- 
floAvered, imbricated or crowded in 2 rows on one side of the triangular rachis ; 
the lowest flower perfect and sessile, the upper ones staminate or neutral, and 
stalked. Empty glumes 2, membranaceous, persistent, the upper (exterior) 
short-awned. Floret coriaceous, its glume boat-shaped, mucronate-awned 
under the apex, the palet (mostly wanting in the sterile flowers) unawned. 
Stamens 3. Grain free. 

1. C. petrssa, Swartz. Culms (1° - 2° high) clustered, erect ; leaves glau- 
cous; spikes 3-5; spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper oblong, 
deeply emarginate ; flowering glume dark brown, hairy on the keel and mar- 
gins, bearded at the base ; sterile flower neutral, club-shaped, awnless. — 
Damp soil along the coast, Florida to North Carolina. May- August. 2/ — 
Leaves 3' -5' long. Spikes erect. Spikelets roundish. 

2. C. glauca, Vasey. Culms stout (3° -5° high), and, like the broad 
(6" -8'^ wide) leaves, smooth and glaucous; spikes about twenty; spikelets 
roundish, 2-flowered ; glumes hispid, the upper lanceolate, entire ; floret dark 
brown, smooth ; upper flower obovate, short-awned. — Brackish marshes, 
West Florida. August -Sept. © — Culms Y wide at the base. Leaves 
H°-20 1ong. 

3. C. Floridana, Vasey. Culms slender (2° high) ; leaves (2' -4' long) 
glaucous; spikes single or by pairs; spikelets light brown, 3-flowered, the 
middle flower staminate ; glumes smoothish, truncate, oblong ; flowering 
glume of the perfect floAver hairy on the keel and margins, distinctly aAvned ; 
sterile floAvers oboA^ate, smooth, the loAver one short-awned. — Dry pine bar- 
rens. Middle Florida. July- Sept. :^ — Spikelets larger than in the two 
preceding. 

50. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda Grass. 

Diffusely creeping perennial grasses, Avith short and erect floAvering culms, 
and flat leaves. Spikes digitate, 1-sided. Spikelets croAvded, awnless, 2-flow- 



608 GRAMINE/E. (grass FAMILY.) 

ered ; the lower flower perfect, the upper reduced to an awn-like pedicel. 
Glumes 2, membranaceous, nearly equal. Floret membranaceous, its glume 
large and boat-shaped. Stamens 3. Grain free. 

1. C. Daetylon, Pers. Spikes 3-5, filiform, purple; glumes rough- 
keeled ; floret hjuger than the glumes, its glume hairy on the keel ; anthers 
and stigmas purple. — Waste places. Introduced. — Flowering culms 6' - 12' 
high. Leaves 2' -4' long. Spikes l'-2' long, filiform, sterile. 

Var. maritimus, Nees. Culms stouter (6' high) ; leaves shorter and 
broader, the sheaths imbricated ; spikes 6-8, fruitful. — Sandy coast. South 
Florida. — Leaves V long. 

51. CTENIUM, Panzer. 

Spikelets in two rows on one side of tlie rachis of the terminal solitary 
spike. Glumes 7, the four lower and two upper ones sterile, the fifth fertile. 
Lowest glume minute, second rigid, awned on the back, as long as the spike- 
let, third, fourth, and fifth awned at the tip, sixth and seventh unawned, neu- 
tral. Stamens 3. Grain free. 

1. C. Americanum, Spreng, Culms2°-4°high,from strong perennial 
roots, simple, tufted ; leaves linear, scabrous and glaucous on the upper sur- 
face; spikes 3' -4' long, mostly curved; spikelets spreading (not imbricated) ; 
fertile glume densely ciliate. — Damp pine barrens. August -Sept. 

52. ELEUSINE, Gsert. Crowfoot Grass. 

Annual creeping or spreading branching grasses, with flat leaves and digi- 
tate rarely single spikes. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, crowded on one side 
of the flattened rachis ; the uppermost flower imperfect. Glumes compressed- 
keeled, membranaceous, obtuse or pointed. Floret boat-shaped, pointed. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain roundish, rugose, free. 

1. E. .ffigyptiaca, Pers. Culms ascending from a creeping base; leaves 
fringed; spikes commonly 4, awn-pointed; spikelets 3-4-flowered. — Culti- 
vated ground, common. Introduced. — Culms numerous, 1° high. Spikes 
r-2' long. 

2. E. Indica, Gsert. Culms (6'- 18' high) flattened; leaves flat; spikes 
2 -several, the lower ones sometimes scattered (2' -4' long) ; spikelets 6-flow- 
ered. — Cultivated ground, very common. Introduced. 

63. LEPTOOHLOA, Beauv. 

Spikelets sessile, loosely borne on one side of the filiform rachis of the long 
branch-like racemose spikes, 3 -many-flowered. Glumes unequal, membra- 
naceous, keeled, the flowering ones 3 -nerved, rarely awned, longer than the 
palea. Stamens 3. Grain oblong, free. 

1. L. muoronata, Kunth. Culms 20-3° high; sheaths of the broad 
(4" -6" wide) rough leaves hairy; spikes very numerous, in an elongated ra- 
ceme, 3' -6' long, spreading ; spikelets small, 3 - 4-flowered ; glumes mucro- 
nate, longer or shorter than the florets ; flowering glum© obtuse or emarginate. 
»- Cultivated fields, August - Sept. ®. 



GRAMINE^ (grass FAMILY.) 609 

54. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. 

Spikelets rather loosely flowered. Flowering glumes 2-toothed, mucronate 
or awned between the teeth. Otherwise like the preceding. — Margins of the 
flowering glumes fringed (except the last). 

1. D. dubia, Benth. Culms 2° high, slender; leaves elongated, filiform, 
with smooth sheaths ; spikes 6-10, somewhat corymbose ; spikelets distant on 
the filiform rachis, 6-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, nearly equal, serrulate on 
the keel, shorter than the awnless soon spreading florets ; flowering glumes 
truncate or eraarginate. — South Florida. 

2. D. fascieularis, Beauv. Culms h°-i° long, mostly prostrate and 
rooting at the lower joints, much branched ; raceme partly included in the 
sheaths of the elongated leaves; spikes numerous, approximate, erect, 3^-5' 
long; spikelets lanceolate, 8- 10-flowered ; glumes unequal, shorter than the 
florets ; flowering glumes prominently awned. — Brackish swamps along the 
coast. Sept. (l)- 

3. D. Domingensis, (Link.?) Culms erect, simple, straight and slen- 
der; leaves narrowly linear or filiform, shorter than the culm; spikes 6-12, 
scattered, exserted ; spikelets lanceolate, 6 - 8-flowered ; glumes unequal, acute, 
rough-keeled ; flowering glumes minutely awned. — South Florida. Oct. — 
Culms 1*^-1^° high. 

4. D. rigida, Muuro. Culms low (2'- 4^ high), ascending, rigid; leaves 
subulate, Y - H' long, involute and rigid ; spike 1' - 1^ long, lanceolate, dense, 
1-sided; spikelets linear, acute, 5-11-flowered; glumes serrulate on the keel; 
flowering glume obtuse, emarginate or mucronate, glabrous. (Foa rigida, L.) 
— "Waste ground, introduced in ballast. April -May. 

55. TRIODIA, R. Br. 

Perennial grasses, with tall, erect, simple culms, from a thick and scaly 
rootstock, elongated rigid leaves, and ovate or lanceolate 5 - 7-flowered' stalked 
spikelets, disposed in a simple or compound panicle. Glumes 2, smooth, emar- 
ginate, shorter than the crowded florets. Flowering glumes 2-cleft, shortly 
3-aAvned by the percurrent hairy nerves, bearded at the base. Stamens 3. 
Grain obovate-oblong, free. 

1. T. euprea, Jacq. Panicle ample and diffuse, or contracted and erect, 
bearded in the axils; spikelets terete, lanceolate, mostly purple; flowering 
glume with two awn-like teeth similar to the three short awns. — Woods and 
margins of fields. August - Sept. — Culms 3° - 5° high. Sheaths often hairy. 

2. T. ambigua, Vasey. Panicle short, nearly simple, smooth in the 
axils, clammy ; spikes ovate or roundish, compressed ; teeth of the flowering 
glume obtuse, wider than the three short awns. — Low pine barrens, Florida 
to South Carolina. August. — Culms 2° - 3° high. 

3. T. eragrostoides, V. & S. Panicle large, diffuse, the branches 
single and drooping; spikelets oblong, compressed, 6- 10-flowered ; flowering 
glumes truncate and finely denticulate, slightly awned ; culms tall and slen- 
der; leaves V'-2'' wide. — Florida, and westward. . 

39 



GIO GRAMINE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 

4. T. Stricta, Vasey. ranicle closely spiked, 6' -12' long; spikelets 
ovate-oblong, 5- lO-floweretl, barely longer than the pointed glumes ; flower- 
ing glumes minutely awned; culms strictly erect, 3*^ - 6° high. — Mississippi 
[Tracij), and westward. 

56. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. 

Low tufted fil)rous-rooted annual grasses, with branching culms, linear-sub- 
ulate leaves, and lew loosely 2-4-flowered spikelets, disposed in simple lateral 
and terminal panicles or racemes. Glumes 2, lanceolate, smooth. Floret 
hairy on the margins ; flowering glume 2-cleft, with a bearded or plumose awn 
between the teeth ; tlie palet concave, 3-toothed. Stamens 3. Grain free. 

1. T. Americana, Beauv. Culms erect, 1°- 2° high; leaves and sheaths 
hairv ; awn of the flowering glume plumose, much longer than the awn-poiuted 
teeth. (Uralepis cornuta, Ell.) —T)yy sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
August -Sept. %. 

2. T. purpurea. Culms procumbent or ascending, 1°- 1|° long ; leaves 
and sheaths smooth or roughish ; awn of tlie flowering glume bearded, about 
as long as the obtuse teeth. — Drifting sands along the coast. August - Oct. 
— Leaves V-A' long. Spikelets bright purple. 

3. T. sparsiflora, Chapm. Culms rigid (6'- 12' high) ; leaves short; 
racemes axillary and terminal, few-flowered; spikelets loosely 2-4-flowered; 
glumes nearly equal, the lower one 2-toothed, the upper acute; flowering 
glume oblong, ciliate, twice the length of its awn, the palet villous above the 
middle. — Sandy coast at Punta Eassa, South Florida. Oct. 

57. BROMUS, L. Brome Grass. 

Spikelets large, loosely panicled, 3 - many-flowered. Glumes membrana- 
ceous, unequal, commonly keeled. Flowering glume usually awned under the 
2-cleft apex, convex on the back, about 7-nerved at the base. Stamens 3. 
Grain flattened and grooved on the inner face, and adherent to the palet. 
Culms simple. Leaves commonly broad and flat. 

1. B. eiliatus, L. Perennial; panicle diffuse, the slender drooping 
branches mostly in pairs ; spikelets lanceolate after flowering, 10 - 12-flowered ; 
lower glume 1 -nerved, the upper 3-nerved; flowering glume 7-nerved, hairy 
along the margins, or, in var. purgans, Gray, hairy all over, about twice as 
long as the awn ; culms 2°- 4" high ; leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — 
Eiver banks and rich soil, chiefly in the upper districts. June. 

2. B. secalinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Annual; panicle spreading, 
with clustered, at length drooping branches; spikelets (i'-l' long) 8-10- 
flowered, oblong-ovate ; lower glume 5-nerved, the upper 7-nerved ; the flow- 
ering glume convex, 7-nerved, awnless or short-awned; culms l°-2° high; 
leaves and sheaths smooth or downy. — Grain fields, etc. Introduced. 

3. B. racemosus, L. Panicle erect, contracted in fruit ; flow^ers larger, 
the flowering glume longer than the upper one, barely longer than its awn ; 

■ otherwise like B. secalinus. — Grain fields. Introduced. 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 611 

4. B. Sterilis, L. Annual ; culms ascending (1°- 2° long) ; leaves downy ; 
panicle ample, drooping; spikelets thin, loosely 5-9-flowered, the long-awned 
flowers linear-subulate. — Waste ground. Introduced. 

68. PESTUCA, L. Fescue Grass. 

Spikelets panicled, 3 - many-flowered, the rachis jointed. Glumes unequal, 
mostly keeled. Flowering glumes naked, chartaceous, rounded on the back, 
3 - 5-nerved, entire and mostly acute or bristle-awned at the tip. Stamens 
1-3. Grain adherent. — Culms simple. Leaves linear or setaceous. Pan- 
icles terminal. 

* Annual: panicles contracted : spikelets awned : leaves Jiliform or setaceous. 

1. F. Myurus, L. Culms erect, very slender, included in the sheaths of 
the bristle-like leaves ; panicle elongated, linear, 1-sided, partly included in 
the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the scattered branches appressed ; spike- 
lets compressed, 4-6-flowered; awn 2-3 times the length of the subulate 
sparsely hairy glume. Stamen 1 . — Dry sandy soil, Florida to North Carolina. 
March - April. — Culms 6' - 12' high. Panicle pale, 4' - 6' long. 

2. F. seiurea, Nutt, Culms taller (10' -20'); panicle long-exserted ; 
spikelets 5- 7-flowered ; awn 3-4 times as long as the glume ; otherwise like 
the preceding. — Pry sandy soil, Florida, and westward. Feb. -March. 

3. F. tenella, Willd. Culms (2'- 12' high) erect or ascending; leaves 
narrowly linear or filiform ; panicle exserted, simple, spiked, or the branches 
slightly spreading, mostly purple ; spikelets crowded, compressed, oblong, 8 - 
12-ilowered; awn not longer than the subulate hispid glume. — Dry sandy 
soil, Florida, and northward. Feb. - April. 

* * Perennial: panicles spreading : spikelets aivnless : leaves mostly linear. 

4. F. OVina, L. Culms 1°-H° high; panicle contracted, spike-like; 
spikelets mostly 4-flowered ; awns short or wanting. — Waste ground in the 
upper districts. 

Var. duriuscula, Koch. Panicles often spreading, 1-sided; spikelets 
larger, 6 - 8-flowered ; glumes smooth or scabrous. — Fields and roadsides. 
Introduced. 

5. F. elatior, L. Culms 2° -4° high; leaves linear, smooth; panicle 
long, narrow, erect, the erect branches bearing the loosely 5-10-flowered 
spikelets throughout ; flowering glume oblong-lanceolate, barely pointed. — 
Low ground in the upper districts. Introduced. 

6. F. nutans, Willd. Culms 2° -4° high, and like the broadly linear 
leaves rough, or the latter hairy; panicle 1-sided, simple, erect or bending, the 
few branches mostly in pairs, remote, bearing few ovate 5 - 6-flowered spike- 
lets near their summits, at length reflexed ; glumes rough on the back, acute ; 
flowering glume ovate, barely pointed. — Rich woods and banks. August. 

59. MELICA, L. Melic Grass. 

Spikelets in panicles, consisting of 2 - 8 awnless perfect flowers enclosing 
1-3 imperfect ones. Glumes unequal, membranaceous, convex, scarious on 



612 GRAMIXE-E. (grass FAMILY.) 

the margins, 7-9-nerved. Florets similar, the glume scarious at the apex. 
Stamens .3. Grain free. — Culms simple. Koot perennial. 

1. M. mutica, Walt. Culms slender, l°-2°high; leaves and sheaths 
pubescent or glabrous ; panicle composed of few simple few-flowered branches, 
or reduced to a simple raceme; spikelets racemose, nodding, 2-flowered; 
glumes nearly equalling the spikelet, obtuse or acute; sterile flowers obovate. 
— Kicli open woods. April - May. 

2. M. diffusa, Pursh. Culms 2° -4° high; panicle compound, many- 
flowered; spikelets mostly 3-fiowered ; glumes shorter than the spikelet ; 
flowering glume acute. — Carolina (Pursh). 

60. GLYCERIA, Brown. 

Smooth perennial marsh or aquatic grasses, with flat leaves and few- or 
many-flowered spikelets disposed in a simple or compound panicle. Kachis 
jointed. Glumes membranaceous, obtuse, persistent. Florets somewhat char- 
taceous, early falling away with the separating joints of the rachis ; the glume 
naked, convex, 5- 7-nerved. Stamens 2-3. Grain free, oblong. 
* Panicle contracted. 
-I- Spikelets terete, b - \S-Jlowered : flowering glume scabrous. 

1. G. fluitans, R. Brown. Culms thick, ascending from a creeping 
base, 1°- 5° long ; leaves long, broadly linear ; panicle long and narrow ; spike- 
lets linear, pale, loosely 7-13-flowered {V long) ; floAvering glume obtuse, or 
slightly 3-lobed at the scarious apex, roughish, 7-nerved. — Shallow water in 
the upper districts, and northward. June- July. — Panicle 1° long. 

2. G. acutiflora, Torr. Culms slender, ascending, 2° -3° long; leaves 
linear ; panicle simple, the short branches distant and erect ; spikelets 5-12- 
flowered ; florets subulate ; flowering glume acute, shorter than the long- 
pointed palet. — Shallow ponds, Tennessee. June. 

H- -1- Spikelets more or less compressed, 3 - 7 flowered. 

3. G. Obtusa, Trin. Culms stout, 1°- 2° high ; leaves long, linear ; pan- 
icle oblong, dense, 2' - 3' long, the branches in pairs or threes ; spikelets 5-7- 
flowered ; flowering glume obtuse, 5-nerved. — Coast of North Carolina. 

4. G. elongata, Trin. Culms slender, 2° -3° long ; leaves long, narrowly 
linear, rough; panicle racemose, drooping, 1° or more long, the branches 
single; spikelets 2 -4-flowered, ovate, obtuse; flowering glume 5-nerved. — 
Mountains of North Carolina. 

* * Panicle open or diflfuse. 

5. G. nervata, Trin. Culms erect ; panicle diffuse, the branches at length 
drooping ; spikelets purplish, very numerous, ovate-oblong, 5 - 6-flowered, 
nearly terete ; flowering glume oblong, obtuse, 7-nerved. — Swamps and river 
banks. July. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Spikelets 2" long. 

6. G. pallida, Trin. Culms erect or ascending ; panicle narrow, nearly 
simple, with the branches erect ; spikelets pale, oblong- linear, 5 - 9-flowered, 
nearly terete; flowering glume oblong, minutely 5-toothed, 7-nerved. — Shal- 
low water. North Carolina and Tennessee. July. — Culms l°-3° long. 
Spikelets Z" long. 



GRAMTNE^. (gEASS FAMILY.) 613 

7. G. grandis, Watson. Culms tall (3° - 5° high), smooth ; leaves rough, 
broadly linear; panicle very large, diffuse ; spikelets small (2'' long), lanceo- 
late, 4 - 8-flovi^ered ; flowering glume entire. — Swamps, Tennessee ( Gattinger). 
July. 

61. DIARRHENA, Raf. 

A smooth perennial grass, erect from a creeping rootstock, the simple culm 
naked above, and ending in a simple panicle of few 3 - 5-flowered spikelets. — 
Glumes coriaceous, unequal. Florets longer than the glumes ; flowering glume 
coriaceous, its 3 strong nerves uniting to form a stout subulate point. Stamens 
2. Grain large, free. 

1. D. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) Culms 2° -3° 
high ; leaves broad and flat ; spikelets 2" - 3" long. — Shady woods and 
banks, Tennessee. Sept. 

62. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard Grass. 

Perennial grasses, with simple culms, keeled leaves, and 2-7-flowered 
spikelets crowded in a 1 -sided glomerate panicle. Glumes and flowering 
glumes herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-ciliate on the keel, the latter 
5-nerved. Stamens 3. Grain free. 

1. D. glomerata, L. — Around homesteads. Introduced. May -June. 
— Culms 2° -3° high. Leaves and sheaths scabrous. Spikelets in close 
clusters at the end of the short branches, 2-4-flowered. Glumes and florets 
lanceolate. 

63. EATOWIA, Raf. 

Slender erect and tufted grasses, with narrow leaves, and small naked pale 
spikelets in a racemose or spicate panicle. Spikelets rarely awned, 2-5- 
flowered, the uppermost flower usually an awn-like pedicel. Glumes mem- 
branaceous, shorter than the florets, the lower one linear and 1-nerved, the 
upper obovate, 3-nerved. Flowering glume obtuse, longer than the palet. 
Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong. 

1. E. obtusata, Gray. Panicle dense, spike-like, the 2-flowered spikelets 
much crowded on the short erect branches ; glumes rough on the back, the 
upper one round-obovate, somewhat truncate, rather rigid ; flowering glume 
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, rough-keeled. — Dry soil, Florida, and northward, 
April - May. :^ and ® — Culms 1° - 2° high. 

2. E. Pennsylvanica, Gray. Panicle slender, loose, the 2-3-flowered 
spikelets scattered on the slender branches ; glumes slightly roughened on the 
back, the upper one obovate, obtuse, or abruptly acute ; flowering glumes ob- 
tuse ; leaves flat, with the sheaths smooth, rough, or downy. — Upper districts. 
April. H — Culms 1° - 2° high. 

3. E. filiformis, Vasey. Culms l°-2° high, 2-3-jointed, little exceed- 
ing the involute-filiform radical leaves ; panicle linear, loosely branched, 6'- 
12' long ; spikelets 2-flowered, the lower floret smoothish, the upper often 
bearing a spreading awn under the apex of its glume ; sterile flower a stalked 
glume. (E. Pennsylvanica, var., Flora.) — Sandy coast, West Florida to 
South Carolina. March. 



G14 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

4. E. Dudleyi, Vasoy. Panicle racemose, tlie short branches erect; 
spikelets 2-lluweretl ; glumes nearly equal, tlie lower oblong, the upper ellipti- 
cal, witli broad scarious margins, obtuse or apiculate ; florets obtuse. — Open 
woods in the u})per districts. — Culms l°-2° high. Leaves short and flat. 

64. POA, L. Meadow Grass. 

Grasses with tufted culms, smootli flat and tender leaves, and compres.sed 
few-flowered spikelets in loose or contracted i)auicles. Glumes unequal, 
shorter than the florets, flowering glume nearly membranaceous, keeled, 
scarious on the margins, awnless, 5-nerved, the three more prominent nerves 
mostly hairy or woolly l)elow ; palet .2-toothed, falling at maturity with the 
lower one. Stamens 2-3. Stigmas plumose. Grain free. 

* Branches of the panicle single, or in pairs. 

1. P. annua, L. Annual; culms tender, spreading, 6'- 10' high; leaves 
linear, 3' - 6' long, 1 }/' wide ; panicle ovate, the smooth branches at length 
reflexed ; spikelets ovate, about 5-flowered ; glumes obtuse or emarginate, 
half as long as the sparsely hairy obtuse florets. — Yards and gardens, Florida, 
and northward. Feb. - March. Introduced. 

2. P. cristata, Walt. ? Annual; culms erect, 6' -10' high; leaves linear, 
subulate, 1' long, ^" wide ; panicle linear or lanceolate, dense, the lowest of 
the rough branches spreading ; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered ; flowering glume with 
a prominent crest-like fringe on the back, barely longer than the acute glumes. 
— Dry soil around Quincy, Middle Florida. April. 

3. P. flexuosa, Muhl. Perennial; culms weak, mostly erect, 1°-1|° 
high ; leaves narrowly linear ; branches of the panicle by pairs (li'- 2' long), 
capillary, widely spreading; spikelets 2-4 near the summit of each branch, 
pale, oblong, 3 - 4-flowered ; glumes acute, the lower 1-nerved, the upper 5- 
nerved ; flowering glume compressed and very obtuse at the apex, hairy on 
the nerves. — Rich shaded soil, Florida, and northward. May. 

* * Branches of the panicle 3-6 in a cluster: perennials. 

4. P. Wolfii, Scribner. Culm slender, 2° high ; leaves narrow-linear ; 
panicle loose, nodding, the branches in pairs or threes ; spikelets ovate, 3-5- 
flowered ; empty glumes 3-nerved ; flowering glumes 5-nerved, lanceolate, 
keeled, the margins and keel villous, and a copious web at the base. — Cedar 
glades of Tennessee {Gattinger). 

5. P. pratensis, L. Culms terete, ascending from a creeping base, 
smooth ; leaves mostly abruptly pointed ; branches of the panicle expanding, 
about 5 in a cluster ; spikelets ovate, 3 - 5-flowered, crowded ; florets closely 
imbricated; flowering glume acutish, strongly nerved, hairy. — Rich soil, 
mostly around dwellings. Introduced. May. — Culm 1° - 2° high. 

6. P. trivialis, L. Culms terete, not creeping at the base, scabrous ; 
leaves acute ; spikelets ovate, mostly 2-flowered ; empty glumes strongly 
keeled, the lower 1-nerved, the upper 3-nerved ; flowering glumes 5-nerved, 
fringed on the keel, otherwise smooth. — Tennessee [Gattinger). 

7. P. compressa, L. Culms ascending from a creeping base, genicu- 
late, and, like the sheaths, compressed ; panicle contracted, 1-sided, the shoi't; 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 615 

erect branches 2-4 in a cluster ; spikelets 4 - 8-flowered ; flowering glume 
rather obtuse, hairy below, faintly nerved. — Dry sterile soil. Introduced. 
May. — Culms 1° high. Leaves bluish green. 

8. P. brevifolia, Muhl. Culms erect (2° high) ; leaves broadly linear, 
abruptly acute, those of the culm few and short ; branches of the panicle few, 
mostly by pairs, bearing the 3-flowered spikelets near the end ; flowering glume 
obtuse, faintly nerved, sliglitly hairy on the back. — Rich soil, chiefly in the 
upper districts. April. 

9. P. sylvestris, Gray. Culms compressed (2° high) ; leaves thin ; 
panicle long-peduncled, ovate, the branches 5 - 6 in a cluster, roughish ; spike- 
lets ovate, loosely 3-flowered, the flowering glume villous on the margins and 
keel. — Mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. June. 

10. P. alsodes, Gray. Culms l°-20high; leaves linear, 2' - 5' long ; 
panicle open, bearing the 2-4-flowered spikelets above the middle of the 
setaceous branches, these mostly in fours ; glumes acute, lanceolate, the flower- 
ing ones hairy near the base ; sterile flower an awn-like rudiment. — Summits 
of the mountains of North Carolina. 

65. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. 

Spikelets few -many-flowered, compressed. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, 
not hairy nor w^oolly. Palet mostly persistent after the fall of the glume. 
Otherwise as in Poa. — Culms often branched. Leaves and sheaths smooth 
or hairy. 

* Panicles contracted: spikelets in clusters or racemes: annual. 
-t- Culms prostrate and creeping, diffusely branched. 

1. E. reptans, Nees. Culms filiform, the flowering branches erect (4'- 
6' high), leaves short (T -2' long), linear ; sheaths downy at the base ; panicle 
small (2' -3'' long), ovate or oblong, often contracted ; spikelets linear, 10-30- 
flowered, nearly sessile, imperfectly dioecious. — Low ground. August - Sept. 
— Plant pale green. 

-1- -f- Culms branching, erect or ascending. 

2. E. megastaehya, Link. Culms prostrate and geniculate at the 
base, ascending; leaves linear ; sheaths smooth ; panicle oblong or pyramidal, 
contracted or spreading; spikelets oblong or at length linear (3"- 5'' long), 
10-30-flowered; flowering glume ovate, obtuse. — Cultivated or waste 
grounds. Introduced. July -August. 

3. E. Brownei, Kunth. Low (6'- 12' high), tufted; leaves linear, at- 
tenuate ; panicle simple, racemose, the short branches spreading ; spikelets 
linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile, 20-30-flowered ; flowering glume ovate, acut- 
ish, 3-nerved, the palet ciliate. — East Florida (Garber). 

4. E. oxylepis, Torr. Culms clustered, 4' -8' high, leaves l'-4' long ; 
panicle contracted, interrupted, racemose ; spikelets crowded, ovate, flat, .5 - 7- 
flowered ; flowering glume acuminate, strongly 3-nerved. — Memphis, Ten- 
nessee, and westward. April. 

5. E. COnferta, Trin. Culms erect, stout, ]°-3°high; leaves linear; 
sheaths smooth ; panicle elongated ( 1° - 2<^ long), linear or lanceolate, the very 



616 GR AMINES. (grass FAMILY.) 

numerous clustered braiiches and small ohloiig 8- lO-flowered spikelets erect 

or appresscd ; flowers minute, membranaceous, rather distant on the rachis ; 

tioweriug glume obtuse, 3-nerved. (Poa conferta, Kll. ) — Kiver banks, Florida 

to South Carolina. August -Sept, — Panicle whitish. Spikelets V'-\^" 

long. 

* * Panicles open, spreadiny : spikelets simple. 

-1- Small annuals. 

6. E. ciliaris, Link. Culms slender, prostrate or ascending, geniculate; 
leaves (2' -3' long) linear, bearded at the throat; panicle spiked, cylindrical, 
the minute (Y' long) ovate spikelets densely crowded on the short apjn-essed 
branches, 5 - 7-flowered ; flowering glume obtuse ; the palet fringed on the 
margins with bristly hairs. — Varies with tlie panicles open and diffuse, and 
the spikelets and flowers more scattered on the smooth rachis. — Waste places. 
Introduced. — Culms 6'- 12' long. Spikelets purple. 

7. E. Purshii, Schrad. Culms slender, ascending, geniculate near the 
base, 6'- 12' long; leaves narrowly linear, the sheaths bearded at the throat ; 
panicle 3'- 6' long, the lowest of the widely spreading branches whorled ; 
spikelets linear, .5- 10-flowered, purple or pale, the lateral ones appressed, 
and mostly longer than their pedicels ; flowering glume ovate, 3-nerved. — 
Waste places and cultivated grounds, common. June - Sept. 

8. E. Frankii, Meyer. Culms branched at the base, in tufts, 5'- 10' 
high; panicle oblong, 3' -6' long, the capillary branches widely spreading; 
spikelets 1" long, 2 - 5-flowered, long-pedicelled ; glumes acute, faintly nerved. 
— Low ground, in the upper districts. July - August. 

-1- -1- Tall perennials : culms simple. 

9. E. tenuis, (Ell.). Culms, including the panicle, 2°-3° high; leaves 
l°-2° long, bearded at the base; panicles l°-2° long, capillary, diffuse, 
bearded at the lower axils ; spikelets pale, long-pedicelled, 2 - 6-flowered ; 
florets oblong-lanceolate, acute ; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, strongly 3- 
nerved. — Dry sandy soil in the upper districts. 

10. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, the lower axils 
mostly bearded; spikelets very small (1"-1|" long), 2 - 4-flowered, mostly 
purple, on long diverging capillary pedicels ; glumes and florets ovate, acute ; 
flowering glume obscurely 3-nerved. — Dry uncultivated fields. August - 
Sept. — Leaves and sheaths smooth or hairy. Panicle l°-2° long. 

11. E. Elliottii, Watson. Panicle (li°-3° long) reclining, the bristle- 
like or capillary branches erect-spreading, naked in the axils ; spikelets linear, 
flat (3"-4" long), 8- 12-flowered, the erect-spreading pedicels V-2' long; 
flowering glume acute, 3-nerved, nearly smooth on the keel ; leaves and sheaths 
very smooth and shining. (Poa nitida. Ell.) — Loav grassy places along the 
coast, Florida to South Carolina. August - Sept. 2/ — Leaves narrowly 
linear, longer than the short (6'- 9' high) culm. 

12. E. pectinacea, Gray. Panicle erect, widely spreading, or the nu- 
merous rather rigid and often hairy branches at length reflexed ; spikelets 
oblong-linear, purple, flat, about 8 flowered, shorter than the erect or slightly 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 617 

spreading pedicels ; flowering glumes ovate, acute, strongly 3-nerved, rough- 
keeled. — Dry sterile soil. August -Sept. — Panicle 1°-1|° long. Leaves 
and sheaths mostly clothed with long soft hairs. 

13. E. campestris, Trin. Panicle 1°- 2° long, the long scattered cap- 
illary branches spreading, or the lower ones reflexed, the lower axils bearded ; 
spikelets linear, the lateral ones mostly longer than their pedicels, 2" - 4" 
long, 6- 12-flowered ; flowering glumes closely imbricate, acute, 3-nerved j 
culms clustered; leaves 1° long. — Low pine barrens, common. Oct. 

Var. refracta. Smooth throughout, or the sheaths of the short and rigid 
leaves bearded at the throat ; panicle (6' - 12' long) with the branches reflexed ; 
spikelets sessile or nearly so, 15-20-flowered; flowering glume faintly 3- 
nerved. — Dry soil, Middle Florida. 

66, UNIOLA, L. 

Tough perennial grasses, with erect culms, from creeping rootstocks, and 
mostly broad, flat, many-flowered spikelets, in erect or drooping panicles, with 
one or more of the lower flowers glume-like and neutral, and the upper imper- 
fect. Glumes lanceolate, compressed-keeled. Flowering glume rather rigid, 
strongly keeled, nerved, awnless, larger than the 2-keeled palea. Grain free. 
Stamens 1 - 3. 

* Spikelets long-pedicelled, drooping : glumes appressed. 

1. IT. latifolia, Michx. Culms 2° -3° high; leaves flat, lanceolate (|'- 
1' wide); panicle loose, drooping; spikelets green, oblong, acute, 10-15-flow- 
ered ; flowering glume one third longer than the palea, fringed on the keel, 
acutish; stamen 1. — Banks of rivers in the upper districts. July- August. 

— Spikelets 12''- 15'" long. 

2. U. paniculata, L. Culms stout, 3"^ -5° high; leaves very long, 
rigid, soon convolute ; panicle crowded, drooping ; spikelets whitish, oblong- 
ovate, about 12-flowered; flowering glume serrulate on the keel; stamens 3. 

— Drifting sands along the coast. July -August. — Plant pale. Leaves 2°- 
4° long. 

* * Spikelets sessile or nearly so, erect : glumes at length spreading. 

3. U. gracilis, Michx. Panicle long and slender, the branches appressed ; 
spikelets small (2" -3" long), wedge-shaped, 4- 6-flowered; flowering glume 
longer than the palea, smooth on the keel, obtuse ; stamen 1. — Rich damp 
soil. July - August. — Culms slender, mostly erect, 2° - 4° long. Leaves 2" - 
3" wide. Sheaths smooth. 

4. U. longifolia, Scribn. Culm stouter; leaves broader (4"- 8" wide), 
the sheaths pubescent ; panicle more rigid ; spikelets larger ; otherwise like 
the preceding. — Low ground, Florida to Tennessee. July - Sept. 

5. IT. nitida, Baldw. Panicle short, of few rigid spreading branches ; 
spikelets (6" -8" long) oblong, 6-8-flowered ; flowering glume as long as the 
palea, acute, serrulate near the apex ; stamen 1. — Swamps, Florida, Georgia, 
and westward. August. — Culms slender, 1° - 2° high. Leaves linear, smooth. 



C18 GRAMIXE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

67. PHRAGMITES, Tiiu. Reed. 

Large perennial marsh grasses, with broad fiat leaves, and a large terminal 
diffuse panicle. Spikelets 3 - 6-flowered, with the rachis Ijearded with long 
sillcy hairs. Lowest floret with a single stamen and imperfect ovary, naked ; 
tlie others triandrous and perfect, villous at the base. Glumes unequal, 
pointed. Flowering glume narrowly awl-shaped, 2 -3 times as long as the 
2-cleft palea. Stigmas 2. Grain free. 

1. P. communis, Trin. Culms 5° -8° high; leaves numerous, V-2' 
wide; panicle diffuse, nodding; spikelets 3 - 5-flowered, about as long as the 
white hairs of the rachis. — Deep river marshes near the coast. Sept. 

68. DISTICHLIS, Raf. Spike Grass. 

A low and rigid perennial dioecious grass, growing in saline marshes, with 
linear-subulate involute disticlious leaves, and many-flowered compressed spike- 
lets, crowded in a nearly simple spike. Glumes smooth, somewhat coriaceous, 
obtuse, compressed, not keeled ; the flowering ones many -nerved. Stamens 3. 
Stigmas 2. Grain oblong, free. 

1. D. maritim.a, Raf. Rootstocks long and creeping; culms l°high; 
leaves spreading, rigid, 2^-4' long, smooth, like the imbricated sheaths; 
spikelets oblong, 7 - 1 5-flowered. — Low sandy shores and marshes. August - 
Sept. 

69. MONANTHOCHLOE, Engelm. 

A low maritime perennial grass, with very short and rigid crowded leaves, 
and dioecious flowers. Spikelets terminal, sessile, 3 -5-flowered. Empty 
glumes like the leaves, the flowering ones membranaceous, enclosing the 
palet and stamens or pistils, the uppermost flower abortive. Stamens 3. 
Styles 2,- shorter than the plumose stigmas. Grain free. 

: 1. M. littoralis, Engelm. — Low sandy shores. South Elorida. — Culms 
much branched, 5' -8' high, smooth and rigid, erect, or at length prostrate 
and rooting; leaves 3" long, obtuse, many-nerved, mostly crowded at the 
summit of the short branches, and enclosing the short (3''- 4'^ sessile spikes. 

70. LOLIUM, L. Darnel. 

Spikelets many-flowered, sessile, compressed, the edge applied to the con- 
tinuous rachis. Glumes 2 in the terminal spikelet, in the others only one, and 
bract-like. Flowering glumes rigid, concave, awned below the apex. Sta- 
mens 3. Grain adherent. 

1. L. temulentum, L. Culm stout (2° high) ; rachis (1° long) flexu- 
ous; glume rigid, many-nerved, longer than the 5-flowered spikelet; flowering 
glume awned under the scarious obtuse apex. — Grain fields, North Carolina. 
Introduced. (T). 

2. L, perenne, L. Culms slender (g°- 1^°) ; rachis (6'- 8' long) straight ; 
gliime rigid, many-nerved, shorter than the 8-10-flowered spikelet; flower- 
ing glume awnless or short-awned at the scarious emarginate apex. — Waste 
ground. Introduced. July. (T). 



GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 619 

71. AGROPYRUM, Beauv. Couch Grass. 

Spikelets 3 - many-flowered, compressed, the side applied to the rachis. 
Glumes 2, in all the spikelets. Otherwise like the preceding. 

1. A. repens, Beauv. Culms erect from creeping rootstocks; spikes 
erect, spikelets 4 - 8-flowered ; awns short and straight, or none. — Cultivated 
fields. Introduced. 

2. A. caninum, R. & S. Rootstocks none ; spikes nodding ; spikelets 
3 - 5-flowered ; awns spreading, twice as long as the florets. — Sparingly 
introduced. 

72. HORDEUM, L. Barley. 

Spikelets 3 at each joint of the terminal spike, the lateral ones imperfect, 
the middle one 1 -flowered, with a rudiment at the base of the palet. Glumes 2 
before each spikelet, unequal, awned. Flowering glurne awned. Stamens 3. 
Grain adhering to the palet. 

1. H. pratense, Huds. Annual, 6^-18' high; upper sheath dilated; 
lateral spikelets short-pedicelled, awnless, the middle one long-awned. — Road- 
sides and waste ground. Introduced. 

73. ELYMUS, L. Lyme Grass. 

Coarse flat-leaved perennial grasses, with rigid erect culms, bearing a single 
spike of 2-7-flowered spikelets, arranged 2-4 in a cluster at each joint of the 
flexuous rachis. Glumes 2, placed side by side before the spikelets, coriaceous, 
unequal-sided, mostly awned. Florets of the same texture as the glumes, the 
glume convex on the back, tapering into a rigid awn, the palet enclosing the 
linear hairy-tipped grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas 2. 

1. E. Virginicus, L. Spike dense, erect (3' long), the base usually in- 
cluded in the dilated sheath of the uppermost leaf ; spikelets 2 - 3 in a cluster, 
2 - 3-flowered, smoothish, short-awned ; glumes lanceolate, strongly nerved. — ■ 
River banks. July - August. — Culms 2° - 3° high. Leaves rough. Sheaths 
smooth. 

2. E. Striatus, Willd. Spike dense, erect or slightly nodding (3' -5' 
long), long-peduncled; spikelets 2-3 in a cluster, 1 -3-flowered, hairy, long- 
awned ; glumes linear-subulate, long-awned, much longer than the flowers. — 
Rocky woods and banks in the upper districts. July - Sept. — Culms slender, 
2° high. Leaves and sheaths smooth or pubescent. 

3. E. Canadensis, L. Spike long (6' or more), erect or nodding, ex- 
serted; spikelets in pairs, 5-6-flowered; glumes and palese more or less 
rough-hairy, long-awned. — River banks, mountains of Georgia and Tennessee. 
— Culms 3° - 4° high. Leaves broadly linear. 

74. ASPRELLA, Willd. Bottle-brush. 

Spikelets 2 - 3 on each joint of the rachis, raised on a short and thick stalk 
Glumes none, or a single awn-like rudiment. Otherwise as in Elymus. 



620 G.RAMIXE^. (grass FAMILY.) 

1. A. Hystrix, Willd. Spike erect, 3' -6' long, lax-flowered; spike- 
lets yellowish, 3- 4-flovvered, smooth or rougli-hairy, loug-awued ; leaves and 
sheaths smoothish. — Dry woods in the upper districts. July. — Culms 2° - 
3° liiffh. liachis 2-edf«ed, 



75. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. Cane. Reed. 

Tall woody grasses, with clustei-cd spreading brandies, Ijroad and flat per- 
sistent leaves, and racemose or panicled many-flowered spikelets. Glumes 
unequal, concave, membranaceous, acuminate or awn-pointed. Florets rather 
loosely imbricated on the bearded and jointed rachis ; the glume ovate-lanceo- 
late, concave, many-nerved, awn-pointed, the palet strongly 2-keeled. Sta- 
mens 3. Stigmas 3. Grain oblong, free. 

1. A. macrosperma, Michx. (Cane.) Culms arborescent, 10'^- 20° 
high, rigid, simple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at indefi- 
nite periods fruiting, and soon after decaying; leaves lanceolate (r-2' wide), 
acuminate, smoothish ; panicles lateral, composed of few simple racemes* ; 
spikelets purple, erect ; flowering glume lanceolate-ovate, pubescent, fringed 
(8'' long), awn-pointed. — Banks of the larger rivers, Florida to North Caro- 
lina. Feb. 

2. A. tecta, Muhl, (Reed.) Culms slender, 2° - 1 0° high, branching ; 
leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, roughish, the sheaths bearded at the 
throat ; spikelets solitary, or in a simple raceme at the summit of the 
branches, or frequently on leafless radical culms; flowering glume (6" long) 
ovate-lanceolate, smooth, fringed on the margins. — Swamps, Florida to 
North Carolina. Feb. - March. 



EQUISETACE.E. (hOKSETAIL FAMILY.) 621 



SERIES IL 

CRYPTOGAMOUS ok FLOWERLESS PLANTS» 

Vegetables destitute of proper flowers, and producing, 
in the place of seeds, minute homogenous bodies (spores) 
containing no embryo. 

Class III. ACEOGENS/ 

Plants with a distinct stem, growing from the apex only, 
containing woody fibre and vessels. 

Order 163. EQUISETACE.^. (Horsetail Family.) 
Comprises only the genus 

1. EQUISETUM, L. Scouring Rush. 

Fructification terminal, spiked or cone-like. Spore-cases [sporangia) 6-7, 
borne on the lower surface of the peltate scales, 1 -celled, opening on the inner 
side. Spores loose, furnished at the base with 4 club-shaped elastic filaments 
(elaters). — Stems leafless, grooved, hollow and jointed, bearing at the closed 
joints a toothed sheath, 

1. E. Isevigatum, Braun. Stems perennial, mostly simple, the obtuse 
ridges smooth, or roughened with minute tubercles ; sheaths appressed, with 
numerous bristle-like caducous black teeth. — Stiff clay soil, iforth Carolina, 
and northward. — Stem 1-^° - 4° high, 

2. E. robustum, Braun. Stem tall (2° -4° high), stout, simple; the 
ridges roughened by a single row of tubercles; sheaths short, appressed, 
with a black girdle above the base, and about forty 3-keeled ovate-subulate 
deciduous teeth. — Banks of the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, and west- 
ward, 

3. E. hiemale, L. Stems 2°-3° high, simple, 20-30-fiirrowed, the 

ridges studded with silicious papillae ; sheaths short-cylindrical, girdled with 
black, the membranaceous teeth deciduous. — Wet banks, Georgia, and north- 
ward. 



622 FiLicEs. (ferns.) 

Order 164. FILICES. (Ferns.) 

Leafy plants, mostly with perennial rootstocks (caudex), which in 
this climate are creeping and slender, or stouter and sometimes as- 
cending, but in the tropics often grow many feet high, with a diameter 
of several inches, giving the plants an arborescent appearance (tree- 
ferns). Leaves (fronds) circinately rolled up in vernation, and raised 
on a stalk or petiole (stipe). Spore-cases (sporangia), one-celled, borne 
on the under side of the fronds or along their margins, often covered 
by a membrane of various shape (indusium or involucre), containing 
numerous exceedingly minute spores. 

Synopsis. 

Suborder I. P0LYP0DINE7E. Sporangia collected in dots, lines, or 
variously shaped clusters {sori ov ■ fruit-dots) , or in indefinite masses, cellular- 
reticulated, mostly pedicelled ; the stalk running into a vertical incomplete 
elastic ring, the straightening of which ruptures the ripe sporangium on 
the inner side, discharging the spores. — Fronds simple or variously divided. 

Tribe I. ACROSTICHE^. Sporangia collected in large or indefinite masses on 
the back of the frond : indusium none. 

1. ACROSTICHUM. Sporangia covering the lower surface of the upper pinnse. Veins 

reticulated. 

Tribe II. POLYPODIES. Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, destitute of indusium, 
borne on the back of the frond. 

2. POLYPODIUM. Fruit-dots scattered variously on the back of the frond, borne at or 

near the ends of the veins. 

Tribe III. GKAMMITIDES. Fruit-dots usually linear, dorsal, variously arising 
from the veins. Indusium none. 

3. T^NITIS. Fruit-dots linear, central or submarginal. 

Tribe IV. VITTARIES. Sporangia borne in a continuous elongated marginal or 
sub-marginal furrow. 

4. VITTARIA. Fronds simple, narrowly linear. 

Tribe V. PTE RIDES. Fruit-dots marginal, separate or continuous. Indusium 
formed by the reflexed margin of the frond or its lobes, opening toward the midrib. 

* Indusium thin and membranaceous, continuous around the margin of the fertile pinnse. 

5. PTERIS. Sporangia borne on a transverse intramarginal veinlet. 

6. PELLwiEA. Sporangia borne on the ends of the veins, at length confluent. 

* * Indusium rarely continuous, mostly formed of the reflexed ends of the lobes or divisions 
of the pinnae or pinnules. 

7. CHEILANTHES. Sporangia borne on the veins beneath the reflexed margin of the 

frond. Pinnules with a midrib. 

8. ADIANTUM. Sporangia borne on the under side of the indusium. Midrib none or 

eccentric. 

9. CERATOPTERIS. Fruit-dots on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or forming a 

marginal band of sporangia. 



FiLicEs. (ferns.) 623 

Tribe VI. BliECHNE^. Fruit-dots dorsal, linear or oblong, borne on transverse 
veins parallel to the midrib. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, and opening at tlie 
inner one. 

10. BLECJINUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, covered by a continuous indusium. 

11. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots linear-oblong, in a series near the midrib, covered by 

separate iudusia. 

Tribe VII. ASPLENIE^. Fruit-dots dorsel, linear or oblong, oblique or at right 
angles to the midrib. Indusium fixed by one margin to the veinlet, opening at the 
other. 

12. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the more or 

less reticulated veins, or facing each other in pairs. Frond simple. 

13. ASPLENIUM. Fruit-dots oblique, on the upper side of the veins, rarely on both sides 

of them. Veins free. 

14. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Indusia in pairs, and opening towards each other. 

Tribe VIII. ASPIDIE^. Fruit-dots at or below the ends of the veins, round, or 
somewhat oblong and then placed across the vein. Indusium round or nearly so, 
fixed in the middle and opening at the margin, or renif orm and fixed at the sinus. 

* Fertile and sterile fronds alike. 

15. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium on the back of the veinlet, hood-shaped, fixed at the base 

partly under the fruit-dot, opening toward the apex of the segment. 

16. ASPIDIUM. Indusium mostly on the back of the veins, orbicular or round reniform, 

fixed in the middle or at the sinus, opening all round the margin. 

17. NEPHROLEPIS. Indusium at the end of a free vein, reniform, fixed at the sinus or by 

the arcuate base, opening toward the margin of the frond. 

18. PHEGOPTERIS. Indusium obsolete. 

* * Fertile and sterile fronds different. 

19. ONOCLEA. Fertile fronds contracted, the divisions rolled up and berry-like. 

Tribe IX. "WOODSIE^. Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of a free vein. In- 
dusium fixed beneath the fruit-dot, saucer-shaped, or globose and bursting at the top. 

20. WOODSIA. Indusium divided into irregular lobes, or a capillary fringe. 

Tribe X. DTCKSONIE^. Fruit-dots marginal, roundish, borne at the ends of the 
free veins. Indusium cup-shaped or two-valved, its outer part composed of a reflexed 
lobe of the frond, or more or less united with it. 

21. DICKSONIA. Indusium (in our species) small, nearly globular, membranaceous. 

Suborder II. HYMENOPHYLLE^. Sporangia borne on a setiform 
or slender receptacle, cellular-reticulated, surrounded by a complete transverse 
ring. Involucres marginal, at the ends of the veins, cup-shaped or two-valved. 
Fronds delicately membranaceous and pellucid. 

22. TRICHOMANES. Involucre cup-shaped or funnel-shaped, sometimes 2-lipped. 

Suborder III. SCHIZ^INE^. Sporangia large, borne on narrow seg- 
ments of the frond, oval, cellular-reticulated, crowned by the converging striae 
of a complete apical ring, opening longitudinally. 

23. LYGODIUM. Sporangia attached laterally in two rows to the narrow divisions of the 

pinnae, each one covered by a scale-like indusium. 

24. ANEIMIA. Sporangia attached by their bases to the narrow divisions of the panicled 

fertile branches of the frond. Indusium none. 



624 FiLiCES. (ferns.) 

Suborder IV. OSMUNDINEiE. Sporangia large, nearly sessile on the 
back or margins of the mostly contracted fertile fronds, two-valved, opening 
vertically at the apex. King rudimentary or none. 

25. OSMUNDA. Sporaugia globular, covering the contracted fronds or portions of fronds. 

1. ACROSTICHUM, L. 

Sporangia entirely covering the lower surface of tlie upper pinnae. Veins 
finely reticulated with ol)long hexagonal meshes. — Tall Ferns, with pinnate 
fronds. 

1. A. aureum, L. Fronds coriaceous; pinnaj short-stalked, lanceolate- 
oblong, entire. — Coast of South Florida. — Fronds 4° -8° high, dark green, 
shining. 

2. POLYPODIUM, L. Polypody. 

Fruit-dots round, naked, mostly at the ends of the free or reticulated veins. 
— Rootstocks creeping. Sterile and fertile fronds alike. 

§ 1. PoDYPODiUM proper. — Veins free. 

1. P. VUlgare, L. Fronds evergreen, smooth on both sides, oblong, sim- 
ply and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse, slightly toothed ; 
fruit-dots large. — Mossy rocks, etc. in shady woods in the upper districts of 
Alabama, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 10' high. 

2. P. Plumula, Willd. Fronds linear-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, 
pinnatifid to the black and somewhat chaffy midrib ; the divisions very numer- 
ous, narrowly linear, entire, Avider at the base; fruit-dots small. — Tampa Bay 
{Dr. Leavenworth). — Fronds 12'- 18' high, 18"-24" wide. 

3. P. pectinatum, L. Stipe erect from a stout rootstock, smoothish 
(2' -6' long); frond l°-2° long, broadly lanceolate, attenuate at each end, 
deeply pinnatifid ; pinnae very numerous, alternate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
mostly entire ; sori in two rows. — On trees. East Florida {Miss Reynolds, 
Garber). 

§2. Marginaria, Bory. — Veins obscure, sometimes reticulating near the. 
margin. Stipe and lower surface of the frond covered with chaffy scales, 

4. P. incanum, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, coriaceous, beneath thickly 
beset Avith peltate chaffy scales, smooth and green above, pinnately parted ; 
the divisions oblong, obtuse, entire ; fruit-dots near the margin. — On trunks 
of trees in the lower districts. — Rootstock chaffy, creeping. Fronds 3' - 8' 
high. 

§ 3. CAMPYLONEURtJM, Presl. — Veins parallel, pinnate from the midrib : 
veinlets reticulated, forming a series of parallel angular arcs with short 
veinlets proceeding from their angles. Fronds simple. 

5. P. PhyllitidiS, L. Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire, acuminate, of a 
thin chartaceous texture, semi -pellucid ; fruit-dots rather large, in two rows 
between the veins. — South Florida. — Fronds l^-S** high. 



FiLicEs. (ferns.) 625 

§4. Phlebodium, R.Br. — Veins pinnate from the midrib, furcate : veinlets 
reticulated in mostly elongated meshes. Fruit-dots large, commonly at the 
extremities of two converging veinlets. 

6. P. aureum, L. Fronds smooth and glaucous, broadly ovate, pin- 
nately parted ; tlie divisions lanceolate, acuminate, entire ; fruit-dots mostly 
in a double series in each lobe of the frond, near the midrib. — South Florida. 
— Rootstock large, creeping, copiously beset with lanceolate brown chaffy 
scales. Stipe smooth, 8'- 10' long. Fronds 10' - 15' long, two thirds as wide. 

§ .5. Phymatodes. — Areolcefine, irregular, the free veijilets spreading in 
various directions. 

7. P. Swartzii, Baker. Rootstock very slender, long and climbing; 
fronds single, or 2 - 3 together, 4' or .5' long, lanceolate, mostly obtuse, nar- 
rowed at base into the short stipe, the margins wavy, entire ; sori in a single 
row on the free veinlets. (P. serpens, Swartz.) — Key Largo, South Florida 
{Curtiss), climbing on low bushes. 

3. TJENITIS, Swartz. 

Sori linear, continuous or interrupted, central or intramarginal. — Veins 
reticulate. 

1. T. lanceolata, R.Br. Rootstock thick, creeping ; frond 6' -12' long, 
lanceolate, entire, narrowed at base into the short smooth stipe ; sori intra- 
marginal along the upper part of the frond. — On trees, Rhoda Key, South 
Florida {Curtiss). 

4. VITTARIA, Smith. 

Sporangia on a continuous receptacle immersed in a furrow open outwardly 
at or near the margin of the frond. Veins obscure, simple, connected at their 
extremities by the receptacle. Fronds simple, linear, elongated. 

1. V, linGata, Swartz. Fronds nearly sessile, narrowly linear, elon- 
gated; midrib inconspicuous, lines of fructification near the margin. (V. an- 
gustifrons, Michx.) — On trees, South Florida. — Fronds many from the short 
scaly rootstock, 1°- 2° long. 

5. PTERIS, L. 

Sporangia borne on a transverse marginal receptacle connecting the ends 
of the veins. Indusium continuous, formed of the membranaceous margin of 
the frond, at first reflexed, at length pushed back and disclosing the ripened 
fructification. Fronds 1 - 3-pinnate or decompound. 

1. P. longifoliaj L. Fronds lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, nar- 
rowly linear, acuminate, obtuse at the base, the terminal one elongated, the 
lower ones gradually smaller. — Key West. — Fronds I°-2° high, smooth. 
Stipe more or less chaffy. 

2. P. Cretica, L. Fronds smooth, ovate, ternate or pinnate ; the lower 
pinnae 2-3-parted, sessile, the upper ones decurrent; sterile ones lanceolate, 
or linear -lanceolate, finely serrate ; fertile ones narrower, entire, or spinulose- 
serrate at the acuminate apex ; veins straight, simple or forked, close together, 
almost at right angles to the midrib. — Shady woods. Middle and East Flor- 
ida. — Fronds 6'- 10' long. Stipe smooth, very long and slender. 

40 



626 FiLiCKS. (ferns.) 

3. p. serrulata, L. f. Frond hipinnatifid ; pinnae 12 or more, in oppo- 
site pairs, decurreiit, tlio lower linear, pinuatifid; otherwise nearly as tlie last. 

— Sou.th Carolina and Alabama. 

3. P. aquilina, L. { Brake.) Fronds large, glabrous or somewhat 
hairy beneath, In'oadly triangular, tripinnate ; pinnules oblo::g or linear, 
entire or hastate or pinnately parted ; ultimate segments obtuse, oblong or 
linear, the terminal ones often elongated, the margin rellexed or revolute; 
veins simple or forked; indusium narrow, ciliated. — Common evervAvhere. 

— Stipe stout, 6' - 2° high. Frond 1° - 2° long. 

Var. caudata (F. caudata, L.), with very narrow segments, the terminal 
ones elongj'Jcd, and both surfaces of the frond glabrous or even glaucous, 
occurs in South Florida and along the Gulf coast. 

6. PELL^A, Link. 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear at tlie ends of the A-eins, confluent in a broad 
marginal line of fructification. Indusium as in Fteris. Veins free, forked or 
pinnate. Fronds mostly 1 -3-pinnate, smooth, mostly coriaceous. 

1. P. atropurpurea, Link. Fronds tufted, coriaceous, ovate-lanceo- 
late, pinnate or below bipinnate; pinnas opposite, rather distant, the lower 
ones stalked ; pinnules sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, truncate or subcordate 
at the base, obtuse or rarely somewhat mucronate ; indusium formed of the 
reflexed and little changed margin, at length pushed back and showing a 
broad marginal band of ripened sporangia. — Mountains of Alabama, and 
northward, most]}- on lime-rock. Frond 2'- 12' high. Stipe and rachis black 
and shining, smooth or somewhat rusty- pubescent. 

7. CHEILAWTHES, Swartz. 

Fruit-dots at the thickened ends of the veins, distinct or at length confluent, 
covered by the continuous or interrupted reflexed margin of the lobes. Veins 
free. Fronds 1 -3-pinnate; pinnules with a midrib, often hairy or woolly. 

1. C. Alabamensis, Kunze. Fronds broadly lanceolate, subcoriaceous, 
pinnate; pinna ovate-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, or the loAver ones again 
pinnate ; pinnules ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, often auriculate at the ujDper 
side of the base, glabrous, the margin reflexed and forming a mostly continu- 
ous membranaceous involucre. — Limestone cliffs on the Tennessee and French 
Broad Rivers, Alabama, etc., Buchley. — Fronds 4' -6' long, on slender black 
and polished stipes 2' - 4'' long, pulverulent along tlie upper side, and some- 
what chaffy at the base. 

2. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds broadly lanceolate, like the stalks hirsute 
with rusty hairs, bipinnate ; pinn£e triangular-ovate ; pinnules oblong, obtuse, 
more or less incised ; the ends of the lobes reflexed to form separate herba- 
ceous involucres. — Near Augusta, Georgia [Kunze), and northward. — Fronds 
4' -8' long, becoming smooth above. 

3. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds broadly lanceolate, tripinnate, above 
clothed with white deciduous hairs, beneath densely tomentose with brownish 
white wool ; primary pinnse ovate-oblong ; ultimate segments minute, round- 



FiLiCES. (ferns.) 627 

obovate, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the margin reflexed forming a continuous 
somewhat membranaceous involucre. — French Broad River, North Carolina 
and Tennessee, and southwestward. — Frond 6' -12' long. Stipe and rachis 
whitish with long paleaceous hairs. 

4. C. microphylla, Swartz. Stipe dark brown, from a short rootstock, 
smoothish ; frond smooth, broadly lanceolate, 2-3 pinnatifid, 3' - 9' long ; 
pinnae lanceolate from a broader base ; pinnules linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, 
or the lower ones pinnatifid ; involucre pale, narrow. — Islands near the mouth 
of the St. John's (Curtiss). — Frond 1° or less long. 

8. ADIANTUM, L. Maidenhair. 

Indusium orbicular or transversely elongated, formed of a reflexed and al- 
tered portion of the margin of the frond, bearing the sporangia on its under 
side at the ends of the veins. Midrib none or eccentric : veins forking, mostly 
free. Stipe and rachis commonly black and shining. 

1. A. pedatTim, L. Stipe long and slender, forked, the spreading and 
recurved branches bearing on the outer side several slender horizontal pinnate 
divisions; pinnules numerous, alternate, short-stalked, oblong, entire on the 
lower side, the upper margin cleft and fruit-bearing. — Shady woods, North 
Carolina, and northward. — Stipe 8'- 12' high. The most graceful of all our 
Ferns. 

2. A. tenerum, Swartz. Frond deltoid, 3 - 4-pinnate ; pinnules stalked, 
obliquely rhombic, deciduous, the wedge-shaped base and lower edge entire, 
the upper edge broadly and shortly lobed, bearing the transverse sori at their 
tips. — East Florida (Feajj, etc.). — Fern l°-3° high, the black stipe and ra- 
chis smooth and glossy. 

3. A. Capillus- Veneris, L. Frond ovate-lanceolate, 2-3-pinnate; 
pinnules very delicate, oblique, broadly Avedge-shaped or sometimes rhomboid, 
rather long-stalked, the upper margin deeply incised and fruit-bearing or 
sterile and dentate ; stipe slender, ebeneous ; rachis almost capillary, flexuous. 
— Mostly pendent from limestone cliffs, Florida to North Carolina, and west- 
ward. — Fronds 1° - 3° long. 

9. CERATOPTERIS, Brongn. 
Sori on 2 or 3 veins which are parallel with the midrib and margins of the 
frond, the fruit-dots sessile, roundish, the involucre formed by the inflexed 
margins of the frond which meet at the midrib. 

1. C. thalictroides, Brongn. Floating; stipes thick, with large air- 
cells ; fronds tender, the sterile ones ovate in outline, broadly 3-lobed or 3- 
parted, or at length bipinnatifid, the margins wavy or bluntly lobed ; the 
fertile ones 2-3 pinnate, with linear divisions. — Head-waters of the St. 
John's {Curtiss). 

10. BLECHNUM, L. 

Sporangia on a transverse elongated receptacle parallel to the midrib, com- 
bining the veins near their bases. Indusium fixed by its outer margin, 
opening inward. Veins of the sterile fronds free. Fronds simple or pinnate. 



G28 FiLicES. (ferxs.) 

1. B. serrulatum, Michx. Fronds erect, rigid, pinnate; pinnae articu- 
lated Avith the rachis ; fertile ones linear-lanceolate, acute, finely and sharply 
serrate ; fruit close to the midrib; sterile ones broader, bearing a few chaffy 
scales along the midrib. — South Florida. 

11. WOODWARDIA, Smith. 

Fruit-dots linear-ol)long, in one or two .series on transverse anastomosing 
veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium attached by its outer mar- 
gin to tlie veinlet, opening inward. Veins more or le.ss reticulated, free toward 
the margin of the frond. Fronds mostly pinnatifid or ])innate. 

1. W. angUStifolia, Smith. Fronds smooth, pinnatifid; the .sterile ones 
ovate, witli l)roa(lly lanceolate finely serrate divisions, united at the base and 
decurrent on the stipe, the veins reticulated in several series of areoles ; fertile 
fronds taller, with narrowly linear entire divisions, and a single series of elon- 
gated areoles, each containing an oblong fruit-dot with a vaulted indusium. — 
Bogs and shady banks. — Rootstock creeping, elongated, as thick as a goose- 
quill. Stipe 6'- 12' high, about the length of the frond. 

2. W. Virginica, Willd. Fertile and sterile fronds alike, ovate, smooth, 
pinnate ; pinna; lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, 
obtuse ; veins forked, forming a single series of areoles along the midrib both 
of the pinnae and of the segments ; areoles fruit-bearing in the fertile frond. 
— Shallow ponds. — Rootstock as thick as one's finger, creeping, elongated, 
with a tough black exterior, the interior soft and white. Fronds 1° - 4° high ; 
stipe smooth. 

12. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walking-Leaf. 

Fruit-dots linear or oblong, straight or curved, scattered irregularly on the 
back of the frond, often opposite in pairs, or converging and united. Indusium 
linear, attached by one margin to the reticulated veins of the simple frond. 

1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. Fronds evergreen, lanceolate, cordate or 
hastate at the base, long-acuminate, often rooting at the extremity and giving 
rise to new plants. (Aspleuinm rhizophyllum, L.) — Shaded rocks on the 
mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds 4' -10' long. 

13. ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort. 

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique to the midrib, the indusium attached by 
one margin to the mostly free veins, rarely curved, or double and attached to 
both sides of the vein. 

§ 1. AsPLENiUM proper. — Indusia straight, attached by their whole length to 

the upper side of the vein ; rarely some of them double, and placed back 

to hack. 

* Fronds undivided. 

1. A. serratum, L. Frond entire, acute, long-tapering at the base, 1°- 
2° long, the margins wavy and serrate ; sori linear, on the lower third of the 

veins Eastern coast of South Florida [Garber, Curtiss). — Stipe short and 

rigid. 



FiLicES. (ferns.) 629 

* * Fronds pinnatijid or simply pinnate. 

2. A. pinnatifldum, Nutt. Fronds lauceolate, acuminate, cordate at 
the base, piunatifid, or below sometimes pinnate, the roundish divisions ob- 
tuse, crenate or serrate ; fruit-dots scattered. — Alleghanies of Alabama, and 
northward. — Fronds 3' - 6' long. A form with the lowest segment on each 
side elongated horizontally and acuminate has been found in Alabama by 
Mr. Beaumont. 

3. A. dentatum, L. Fronds linear-oblong, obtuse, pinnate; pinnae 
mostly opposite, 8-12 pairs on short but distinct stalks, roundish ovate (3"- 
4" long), cuneate at the lower side of the base, and truncate at the upper side, 
crenate or serrate, obtuse ; fruit-dots 6 - 8 on each pinna, elongated, the one 
next the rachis often double. — Carolina {Th. Moore), Florida [Binney). — 
Fertile fronds 4' -6' high, the stipe as long as the sterile fronds. 

4. A. Trichomanes, L. Stipe and rachis slender, purplish black and 
shining; fronds many from the short rootstock, linear, pinnate; pinnge numer- 
ous, minute (2" - 3'' long), roundish oblong, narrowed at the base and attached 
to a raised point on the rachis; fruit-dots 4-8 on a pinna. (A. melano- 
caulon, Willd.) — Rocks along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Fronds 
4' - 8' high, 

5. A. ebeneum, Aiton. Stipe and rachis purplish black and shining ; 
fronds linear-lanceolate or spatulate, acuminate, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, 
sessile, linear- oblong, auricled on one or both sides of the base, serrate or 
nearly entire, those below the middle of the frond gradually shorter and de- 
flexed; fruit-dots 10-13 on a pinna. — Florida to Mississippi, and northward. 
— Fronds 6' - 18' high, 1' - Z' wide ; stipe very short. 

6. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Frond thin, broadly lanceolate, pinnate 
below, pinnatifid above, long-attenuate and often rooting at the apex, 4' -9' 
long; pinnae lanceolate from a broader base, 3''- 9'' long. — Shady ravines. 
Central Alabama, and northward. Rare. 

7. A. parvulum, Mart. & Galeotti. Frond rigid, lanceolate, pinnate, 
2' -8' long; pinnae nearly opposite and sessile, oblong, entire or crenulate, 
auricled on one or both sides at the base, 2" - &" long ; sori half-way between 
the margins and midrib. — Calcareous rocks, Florida to Tennessee. 

8. A. firmum, Kunze. Rootstocks short ; frond ovate or oblong, pin- 
nate, rather longer than the pale smooth stipe, 12' or less long ; pinn^ (about 
12) lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, serrate, the terminal one attenuate ; sori in 
two rows. — Marion County, Florida {J. D. Smith). 

9. A. angustifolium, Michx. Fronds tall, lanceolate, pinnate ; pinme 
numerous ; the sterile ones lanceolate from a truncate base ; the fertile ones 
narrower, and bearing 60 - 80 curved fruit-dots on the upper branches of the 
pinnate forking veins; indusia thickish, strongly convex. — Rich soil along 
the mountains. — Fronds l°-3° high, annual. Pinnae 2' -4' long, 4" -8" 
wide. 

* * * Fronds 2 - 3-pinnate or pinnatijid. 

10. A. montanum, Willd. Fronds smnll, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate ; 
pinnae few, petioled, ovate or ti-inngular ; the lower ones pinnatifid ; the upper 



G30 FiLicES. (ferns.) 

uues iijc-ised ; divisions toothed or serrate ; fruit-dots very sliort, the basal ones 
often with a double indusium. — Mountains of Alabama, and northward. — 
Fronds 2' -5' hi^h, witli a winged greenish rachis, and a stij)e nearly as long 
as the frond. 

11. A. Ruta-muraria, L. Fronds small, ovate, pinnate above, bipin- 
nate below, the divisions stalked, obovate-cuneate, toothed at the apex ; veins 
forked from the base; fruit-dots few, indusia laciniate at the margin. — Eocks 
along the mountains. — Fronds 2' -4' higli. 

12. A. Bradleyi, Eaton. Frond thin, pinnate below, pinnatifid above, 
lanceolate-oblong, barely acute, 3' -7' long; pinnai short-stalked, oblong-ovate, 
the lowest ones lobed or pinnatifid. — Mountains, Alabama to North Carolina. 
— Rootstock short. Stipe smooth, black. 

13. A. cicutariuni, Swartz. Tufted from a short rootstock, 3' - 1 2' high, 
smooth; stipe blackish ; frond thin, ovate or oljlong, pinnate or nearly Ijipin- 
nate; pinuas lanceolate, obtuse ; pinnules oblique, entire on the lower edge, 
toothed on the upper, witli the teeth 2— 3-cleft; sori in two rows. — Sumter 
County, South Florida. 

14. A. myriophyllum, I'resl. Fronds delicately membranaceous, lan- 
ceolate, narrowed below, 2-3 pinnate ; ultimate segments obovate-obloug, en- 
tire or 2- 3-lobed; veins single in each segment or lobe, bearing below the 
middle a solitary oblong fruit-dot. — Cavernous limestone rocks, Florida. — 
Fronds 3'- 10' high, with short stipes and narrowly winged rachises. 

15. A. thelypteroides, Michx. Fronds ample, oblong-ovate, pinnate; 
the deeply pinnatifid pinnse lanceolate-acuminate from a broad sessile base ; 
the lower ones smaller, distant, and deflexed ; the lobes oblong, obtuse, cre- 
nately serrate; fruit-dots 8-12 to a lobe, at length confluent, those next the 
midrib toward the ends of the pinnse mostly double; indusium convex, thick- 
ish. — Rich woods in the upper part of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds 
l°-3°high. 

§ 2. Athyrium, Roth. — Indusium thin, attached to the upper side of the 
vein ; or recurved and crossing the vein, attached to both sides of it, thus 
becoming reniform or shaped like a horseshoe. 
16 A. Filix-f oemina, Bernh. Fronds ample, ovate-oblong ; pinn as lan- 
ceolate, numerous ; pinnules oblong or lanceolate, doubly serrate or variously 
incised ; fruit-dots short, at length confluent. (Aspidium Filix-fcemiua, 
Sivartzl) — Low shady woods, Florida to Mississippi, and northward. — 
Fronds l°-3° high. — A. asplenoides (Aspidium asplenoides) is said to differ 
in having a creeping caudex. 

14. SCOLOPENDRIUM, L. Hart's Tongue. 

Sori as in Asplenium, but the involucres arranged in pairs, and opening 
towards each other. 

1. S. vulgare, Smith. Stipe smoothish, 2' -3' long from a thick root- 
stock ; frond lanceolate-oblong, acute, slightly serrulate, cordate at the base, 
6' -9' long, the upper half fruit-bearing. — Shaded rocks, Tennessee, and 
northward. 



FiLicES, (ferxs.) 631 

15. CYSTOPTERIS, Bernhardi. 

Fruit-dots round, on the back of the free forking veins, covered when young 
by a thin ovate or roundish hood-shaped indusium attached by the lower side 
rather beneath the fruit-dot, its apex pointing toward the end of the vein, at 
length reflexed or falling away. — Delicate Ferns with 2 - 3-pinnate fronds, 
and short creeping rootstocks. 

1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Fronds ovate-oblong, bi pinnate ; the ovate-lance- 
olate pinnae mostly opposite, the lowest pair distant, smaller ; pinnules oblong 
or obovate, cuneate at the base and decurrent on the winged secondary rachis, 
variously toothed or incised ; indusium ovate, acuminate. — Moist rocks on 
the mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds 4'- 8' long, on slender 
brownish stipes as long as the frond. Pinnules varying greatly in shape 
and size. 

2. C. bulbifera, Bernh. Fronds lanceolate, very long and attenuated 
at the apex, often bearing bulblets beneath, bipinnate ; pinnas triangular-lance- 
olate ; the lowest pair largest, distant ; pinnules oblong, crenately incised or 
toothed, obtuse ; indusium roundish, truncate. — Eocks on the mountains of 
Georgia, and northward. — Fronds l°-3° long. The bulblets fall to the 
ground, and form new plants, which are about two years in coming to 
maturity. 

16. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield Fekn. 

Fruit-dots round, borne on the veins mostly below their apices. Indusium 
round-reniform and fixed at the sinus, or orbicular and fixed by the depressed 
centre. Veins with acute or attenuated apices. Our species have free veins 
and 1 -3-pinnate fronds. 

§ 1. Lastrba, Bory. — Indusium round-kidney-shaped, fixed at the sinus. 

* Fronds thin and delicate, decaying in autumn : ultimate segments entire or 
nearly so: veins simple or once forked. 

1. A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Fronds smooth, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate ; 
pinnae lanceolate, often recurved, deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest 1-2 pairs 
rather smaller ; segments oblong, obtuse, nearly entire, the fertile ones with a 
strongly revolute margin ; veins mostly forked ; indusium minute, smooth. — 
Swamps and bogs, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 10'- 18' long, with an 
elongated stipe. This species and the next one have slender, nearly naked 
rootstocks, which creep several inches in advance of the fronds. 

2. A. Noveboraeense, Willd. Fronds lanceolate, tapering both ways 
from the middle, pinnate; pinnae lanceolate, hairy beneath along the midrib; 
the lowest 4-6 pairs gradually smaller, distant and defiexed; segments ob- 
long, obtuse, nearly entire ; veins simple; indusium minute, smooth. — Low 
grounds. North Carolina, and northward. — Fronds l°-2° long, on rather 
short stipes. 

3. A. patens, Swartz. Fronds ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent, espe- 
cially on the veins beneath, pinnate ; pinnae lance-linear from a broad base, 
deeply pinnatifid ; the lowest pair a little smaller and reflexed ; segments 
oblong, often falcate, entire, or the upper basal one enlarged and pinnatifid ; 



632 FiLiCES. (fekns.) 

veins simple, free, or the basal ones meeting at the sinus l)etween the seg- 
ments ; indusium small, pul)escent. — Low shady woods, Florida to South 
Carolina, and westward. — Fronds l°-3° high. 

4. A. eonterminum, Wilhl, var. strigosum, Eaton. Eootstock 
thick, erect; stipe short and scaly; frond lV"-3° high, oblong-lanceolate, 
attenuate at each end, pinnate ; piunai very numerous, lanceolate, acuminate, 
sessile, pinnatifid, the lower ones gradually reduced, the segments obliquely 
acute, the lowest ones often elongated ; sori small, in a single marginal row. 
— Polk County, Florida (./. D. Sin'dh). 

5. A. unitum, var. glabrum, Mettenius. Stipe long and slender, 
from a slender creeping rootstock ; frond rather rigid, smooth, ovate-lance- 
olate, pinnate, l|°-2° long; pinna? lanceolate, pinnatifid-lobed, the loljes 
rounded ; lower veins of contiguous lobes united ; sori forming a continuous 
zigzag intramarginal line. — Boggy places. South Florida. 

* * Fronds thicker; ultimate seijments more or less serrate or toothed ; the loivest 
veins more than once forked. 

6. A. spinulosum, SAvartz. Fronds ovate-oblong, thin, smooth ; bipin- 
nate or below tripiunate ; pinuse oblong-lanceolate ; the lower ones broader, 
triangular-ovate ; ultimate segments oblong, or linear-oblong, closely set on a 
narrowly winged partial rachis, variously incised or serrate with spinulose 
teeth ; fruit-dots small ; indusium deciduous, sparingly glandular at the 
margin. (A. intermedium, Muhl.) — Shady woods in the upper districts. — 
Fronds l°-2° long, 5' -9' wide, varying greatly in outline, and in the sliape 
of the segments. 

Var. dilatatum, Gray. Fronds wider in outline, of a rather firmer tex- 
ture ; the piunas fewer and set farther apart, the lowest pair largest, with the 
2-3 lower basal pinnules elongated; segments larger and more distant; 
fruit-dots larger; indusium smooth. — Summits of the Black Mountains, 
North Carolina (Z^w^re/). — Fronds l°-2° long, 10'- 16' wide. 

7. A. Goldianum, Hook. Frond broadly ovate, 2° -4° high: pinnae 
oblong-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, 6' - 9' long, the segments oblong-linear, 
slightly falcate, sharply serrulate ; fruit-dots small, arranged in a row on each 
side of the midvein ; indusium large with a narrow sinus. — Low woodlands, 
Tennessee, and northward. 

8. A. Floridanum, F), C. Eaton. Fronds thickish, broadly lanceolate, 
pinnate ; lower pinnae sterile, triangular-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, with 
closely set oblong obtuse divisions ; upper pinnae fertile, narrower and longer, 
again pinnate, with oblong obtuse pinnules, distant on the narrowly winged 
secondary rachis ; fruit-dots large, half-way between the midrib and margin ; 
indusium round-reniform, smooth. (Nephrodium Floridanum, Hook.) — Wet 
woods, Florida to Louisiana. — Eronds l°-2° high, the sterile ones shorter, 
growing in a crown from a thick and scaly rootstock. 

9. A. marginale, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, smooth, thickish and al- 
most coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnce lanceolate from a broad 
base; pinnules oblong or linear-oblong, attached by a broad base to the nar- 
rowly winged secondary rachis, entire or crenately toothed ; fruit-dots large. 



FiLicES. (ferns.) C)33 

very near the margin ; indusium round-reniform, convex, thickish, smooth. — 
Mountains of Georgia, and northward. — Fronds bluish green, l°-2° long, on 
a short stipe, which, like the short thick rootstock, is shaggy with large brown 
chaffy scales. 

§ 2. PoLYSTiCHUM, Roth, Schott. — Tndasium orbicular, Jixed by the depressed 

centre. 

10. A. aerostichoides, Swartz. Fronds evergreen, thickish, smooth 
and shining, lanceolate, the fertile ones tallest, pinnate ; pinnae numerous, 
short-stalked, oblong-lanceolate, auriculate at the base on the upper side, cune- 
ate at the lower, obtuse or acute, finely serrate or incised with spinulose-poiuted 
teeth ; the upper pinnae of the fertile frond contracted and covered with the 
copious fruit-dots ; indusium round, peltate, smooth and entire. — ■ Shady and 
rocky woods. — Fronds l°-2° high. Rootstock and stipe very chaffy. 

§3. EuASPiDiUM, Undw. — Indusium orbicular, peltate : veins reticulate. 

11. A. trifoliatum, Swartz. Frond thin, cordate-ovate in outline, 3- 
lobed, or 3-foliate, the ovate pinnse entire or 3-lobed, acuminate, the margins 
undulate ; sori scattered ; involucre peltate, orbicular. — Hernando County, 
Florida ( Curtiss) . — Frond 1"^ or less long, barely longer than the slender stipe. 

17. NEPHROLEPIS, Schott. 

Fruit-dots at the ends of the veins, in a series near the margin of the pinnae. 
Indusium reniform, often broadly so, fixed by the sinus, or by the arcuate 
base, open obliquely toward the margin of the pinnae. Fronds pinnate, elon- 
gated ; the pinnae articulated to the racliis. Veins free, forked from the mid- 
rib, their apices thickened. 

1. N". exaltata, Schott. Fronds linear, indefinitely elongated, unfolding 
numerous pinnae, which are oblong-lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side of 
the base, rounded on the lower side, falcate, crenately serrate; fruit-dots 
large ; indusium reniform or crescent-shaped, the oblique sinus narrow and 
deep or broad and shallow on the same pinnae. — South Florida. — Fronds 
1°- 6° long, 2' -3' wide, usually pendent from the trunks of trees. 

18. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. 

Sori small, round, naked, borne on the back of the veins below the apex. 
Stipe continuous with the rootstock. Veins free. 

1. P. hexagonoptera, Fe'e. Fronds annual, broadly triangular, bi- 
pinnatifid ; pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, the lower pair erect ; pin- 
nules oblong, mostly obtuse, crenately toothed or entire ; fruit-dots numerous, 
minute. — Shady Avoods. — A foot or more high from an elongated creeping 
rootstock. Pinnae decurrent, forming irregular hexagonal wings on the rachis. 

2. P. polypodioides, Fee. Frond triangular-ovate ; pinnee approxi- 
mate, hairy, narrowly lanceolate ; fruit-dots marginal. (Polypodium Phegop- 
teris, L.) — Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee. — Stipe 6' -9' long. 
Frond 4' -6' broad. 

3. P. tetragona, T>. C. Eaton. Frond erect, pubescent, 2° high, the 
stipe sharply 4-angled ; pinnae in distant pairs, nearly sessile, lanceolate, acu- 



634 FiLicES. (ferxs.) 

miiiate, pinnatifid, 3' -4' long, the segments entire; veins simple. (Poly- 
])0(liuin, L.) — Rocky woods, East Florida {Miss Reynolds). 

4. P. reptans, D. C. Eaton. Fronds spreading or procumbent, often 
rooting at the apex, l°-2^ long; pinna; i'-T long, oblong, obtuse, creuate, 
truncate at the base, short-pctioled, the lower distant ; veins branching. (Poly- 
podium, Swartz.) — Hernando County, Florida {./. U. Sm'tth). 

19. ONOCLEA, L. 

Fertile fronds contracted, the pinnules strongly revolute and berry-like ; 
fruit-dots on the back of the free veins, with an elevated receptacle ; indusium 
attached partly to the recejitacle and partly to the intervenular surface. 
Sterile fronds foliaceous, much taller than the fertile ones. 

1. O. sensibilis, L. Sterile fronds on a long smooth stipe, broadly 
deltoid-ovate, pinnatifid almost or quite to the rachis ; the divisions lanceo- 
late, entire or crenately incised ; veins finely reticulated with oblong-hex- 
agonal areoles ; fertile fronds shorter, bipinnate ; pinnaj erect, appressed to 
the rachis ; the pinnules crowded. — Meadows and. wet places, — Ilootstock 
nearly naked, creeping. Fronds varying from four inches to three feet in 
height. 

20. WOODSIA, R. Br. 

Fruit-dots on the back of the veins ; the involucres placed beneath the 
fruit-dot, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped, divided into irregular lobes or a deli- 
cate fringe, or sub-globose and contracted at the mouth. Small Ferns with 
many fronds from a short scaly rootstock. 

* Involucre fringed, the hair-like divisions incurved on the sporangia. 

1. W. Ilvensis, R.Br. Fronds sparingly hairy above, villous beneath 
and on the stipe and rachis with brown hairs and narrow chaff, lanceolate, 
pinnate ; pinnae ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, the divisions oblong, obtuse, 
entire or crenate. Fruit- dots enveloped in the fringe of the involucre. — 
Rocks along the Alleghany Mountains. — Fronds 3' - 8' high. 

* * Involucre divided into a few irregular lobes. 

2. "W. Obtusa, Torr. Fronds nearly smooth, broadly lanceolate, pinnate, 
or near the rachis bipinnate ; pinna triangular-ovate, the lower ones distant, 
pinuately parted ; segments oblong, obtuse, the upper ones toothed, the lower 
ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins forked, the tips whitish on the upper 
surface of the frond ; fruit-dots on the lobules ; involucre delicate, the lobes 
hidden by the ripened sporangia. — Rocky places, Georgia, and northward. 
— Fronds 6'- 16' high. 

21. DICKSONIA, L'Her. § SITOLOBIUM, Desv. 

Fruit-dots small, globular, terminal on the free veins ; sporangia on an ele- 
vated receptacle in a thin cup-shaped involucre Which is partly adherent to a 
reflexed lobule of the frond. Fronds large, 2-3-pinnate, from a creeping 
rootstock. — DiCKSONiA proper has large two-lipped involucres, of a firmer 
texture, and several species have an arborescent caudex. 



FiLicEs. (ferns.) 635 

1. D. punctilobula, Kunze. Fronds delicate, slightly glandular-pubes- 
ceut, as is the rachis, lanceolate-acuminate, 2 - 3-pinnate ; pinuse numerous ; 
pinnules oblong-ovate, closely placed, obtuse, pinnately incised or pinnatifld ; 
the divisions obtusely serrate, each one bearing a minute fruit-dot at the 
upper margin. — Moist shady woods in the upper districts. — Eootstock 
slender, extensively creeping. Fronds 2° -3° high, when crushed returning 
a pleasant odor. 

22. TRICHOMANES, L. 

Sporangia with a transverse entire ring, arranged on the lower part of a 
cylindrical, filiform, often elongated receptacle : involucres marginal, funnel- 
shaped, or bell-shaped, entire or two-lipped at the mouth. Fronds delicate, 
very thin and pellucid. 

1. T. Petersii, Gray. Very small, with entangled filiform tomentose 
rootstocks; fronds oblong-lanceolate or obovate, entire or variously pinnatifld, 
narrowed into a slender sti^De nearly as long as the frond, the younger ones 
with a few black forked hairs along the margin ; veins forked, pinnate from 
the midrib ; involucre solitary, terminal, funnel-shaped, the mouth expanded 
and slightly two-lipped, receptacle included. — On the face of a sandstone 
rock, sprinkled from a waterfall, Hancock Co., Alabama (T. M. Peters). 
Also among some Mosses sent from Fensacola, Florida. — Fronds less than an 
inch high. 

2. T. radicans, Swartz ? Fronds pellucid, with a loose roundish areola- 
tion, on a short broadly winged stipe, lanceolate or ovate-lanceulate, bipinnati- 
fid ; pinnae ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, the upper side of the base parallel 
and appressed to the winged rachis, the lower side cuneate ; divisions toothed 
or divided into linear lobes ; involucres terminal on short lobes of the pinnag- 
tubular-funnel-shaped, margined, at the mouth truncate and slightly two- 
lipped ; receptacle exserted a little or very much. — Mountains, Alabama to 
East Tennessee. — Rootstock slender, creeping, tomentose with black hairs. 
Fronds 4'- 8' high, 12'^- 18" wide. 

23. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. 

Sporangia beneath ovate hood-shaped imbricated indusia, in a double row 
on narrow divisions of the fronds, attached laterally, ovate, with a many- 
rayed apical ring. Fronds elongated, climbing, the branches usually in pairs 
with a short common footstalk. 

1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Fronds slender, pinn^ deeply cordate at the 
base, palmately 4 -7-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, entire ; the upper pinnaB 
decompound and bearing the fruit on the very narrow segments. — Low shady 
woods, Florida, and northward ; not common. — Rootstock very slender, creep- 
ing. Fronds 2° -5° high, climbing on weeds and bushes. 

24. ANEIMIA, Swartz. 
Sporangia ovate, many-rayed at the apex, attached by the base in a double 
row to the narrow one-sided paniculate divisions of the two lower branches of 
the frond, or on separate fronds. Indusium none. Fronds erect, commonly 
three-branched, the middle branch sterile and 1 -3-pinnate. 



G36 oniTOGLOSSACEiE. (adder's tongue family.) 

1. A, adiantifolia, Swartz. Fronds sparingly pubescent, erect on a 
slender stipe ; the two lower branches "elongated, pinuately decompound, fer- 
tile ; sterile part of the frond deltoid-ovate, 2 - 3-pinnate ; ultimate segments 
obovate, cuneate, entire or lobed, striate above witli numerous flabellate veins. 

— Key West, etc., South Florida. — Fronds 6' - 12' high, rather rigid. Root- 
stock creeping, slender, covered with a black tomentum. 

25. OSMUNDA, L. Flowering Fern. 

Sporangia globular, sliort-jjcdicelled, having an incomplete transverse ring, 
represented by a few parallel striaj near the apex, opening by a vertical cbink 
into two nearly equal valves, paniculately arranged on contracted parts of the 
frond or on separate fronds. Fronds tall, erect, several from a stout root- 
stock, 1 - 2-pinnate. Veins forking, free. 

* Fronds bipinnate, fertile at the top: sterile pinnce few. 

1. O. regalis, L. Fronds ovate, smooth; sterile pinnae distant ; the finely 
serrulate pinnules distinct, oblong-lanceolate, cordate or truncate at the nearly 
sessile base, sometimes auricled at the lower side of the base; the upper pinnae 
erect, pauicled and thickly covered with light brown sporangia. — Swamps, 
Florida, and northward. — Fronds l°-5° high; pinnules r-2' long, 3" -4" 
wide. 

* * Sterile fronds pinnate : the pinnce numerous, deeply pinnatifd, with ohlomj 

entire segments. 

2. O. Claytoniana, L. Fronds broadly lanceolate, woolly when young, 
at length nearly smooth ; sterile pinnae sessile, oblong-lanceolate, deeply pin- 
natifid ; the segments crowded ; fertile pinnae few, between the middle and the 
base of the frond, contracted, the sporangia deepening in color as the sterile 
pinnae expand. (0. interrupta, Michx.) — Low grounds in the upper districts, 
and northward. — Fronds 2^-3'^ high. 

3. O. cinnaraomea, L. Sterile fronds covered Avith rusty wool when 
young, at length smooth ; pinnae sessile, lanceolate ; segments broadly oblong, 
obtuse ; the lower basal ones in large fronds often elongated and pinnatifid ; 
fertile frond distinct, contracted, bipinnate, very woolly, densely covered with 
cinnamon-colored sporangia, withering before the sterile fronds are expanded. 

— Low grounds, common. — Fronds 1° - 3^ high. 



Order 165. OPHIOGLOSSACE^. (Adder's ToxXGUe 
Family.) 

Sporangia very large, sessile, spiked or panicled, coriaceous, not 
reticulated, on narrow divisions of the frond, destitute of a ring, 
transversely two-valved. Fronds not circinate in vernation. 

Synopsis, 

1. BOTRYCHIUM. Sporangia in panicled spikes. Sterile part of the frond pinnately 

divided. 

2. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Sporangia in a simple spike. Sterile part of the frond simple (except 

No. 4). 



OPHIOGLOSSACEiE. (ADDER's TONGUE FAMILY.) 637 

1. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. 

Fronds mostly solitary, erect from a root of thickeuecl fleshy fibres ; the 
terminal branch fertile, pinnately decompound, bearing on its narrow divisions 
the large coriaceous, transversely 2-valved sporangia ; the lateral branch 
sterile, Avith forking free veins. 

1. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Stem tall ; sterile part of the frond sessile, 
broadly triangular, ternately 3- 4-pinuate; ultimate segments oblong-lanceo- 
late, thin and delicate, toothed and incised; fertile part long-stalked, 2-3- 
pinnate. — Shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Fronds 4' -2° high. 

2. B. ternatum, SAvartz. Stem low; sterile part of the frond mostly 
long-stalked, broadly triangular, 2-4-pinnate; ultimate segments of a thick 
and fleshy texture, roundish, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, entire, toothed, incised, 
or even dissected into very narrow lobes ; fertile part taller than the sterile, 
ovate, 2-3-pinnate. (B. fumarioides, Willd. B. obliquum and B, dissectum, 
Muhl.) — Low shady woods and pastures, rarely in open pine barrens, Florida, 
and northward. — Fronds 3'- 10' high, the succulent stem divided down to 
the surface of the ground, or even lower. 

2. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's Toxgue. 

Fronds mostly solitary, Avith short and often thickened rootstocks, and fleshy 
fibrous roots ; sporangia large, coriaceous, opening transversely, connate, 
arranged in compact simple 2-ranked spikes, proceeding variously from the 
mostly simple sterile part of the frond. Veins reticulated. 

1. O. VUlgatum, L. Sterile part of the frond ovate or oblong-oval, ob- 
tuse, sessile near the middle of the stem, Avithout a midrib, l|'-3'long; fer- 
tile spike terminal, long-peduncled ; rootstock short, erect ; roots fibrous, 
spreading horizontally. — In sphagnous meadows and pastures, Tennessee, 
and northAvard. — Fronds 4' - 10' high. 

2. O. crotalophoroides, Walt. Smaller; sterile part of the frond 
near the base of the stem, ovate, abruptly contracted at the base and slightly 
petioled ; spike short and thick ; rootstock bulbous ; roots slender. — Low 
grounds, Florida to Louisiana. — Fronds 3' -6' high. 

3. O. nudicaule, L. f. Small, sterile part of the frond near the base of 
the stem, ovate or oblong, acute, narrowed into a short petiole ; spike linear 
acuminate; rootstock bulbous; roots coarse. — Low sandy places or occasion- 
ally in dry soil, Florida and Georgia. — Fronds l'-4' high, 

4. O. palmatum, Plum. Frond thick and succulent, drooping, 4'- IC 
long, stipitate from a short woolly rootstock ; sterile part cuneate at base, 
simple, or palmately 2-6-lobed, the lobes tongue-shaped, rarely forking; 
spikes 1-seA-eral at the top of the stipe, or along the basal margins of the 
sterile part, short-stalked, 1' long. — In the axils of the leaves of the Palmetto. 
South Florida. 



638 LYCOPODIACEiE. (CLUB MOSS FAMILY.) 

OiiDKK 100. LYCOPODIACE^. (Club Moss Family.) 

Perennial plants, with solid branching and mostly creeping stems, 
sparingly or thickly clothed with small, simple, sessile, awl-shaped or 
linear leaves. Fructification consisting of 1-3-celled solitary spore- 
cases, axillary, either along the main stem, or only in the axils of the 
upper and mostly changed (bract-like) leaves. 

1. LYCOPODIUM, L. Club Moss. 

Sporangia of one kind, coriaceous, commonly kidney-shaped, opening trans- 
versely into two valves and containing minute powdery spores. Perennial, 
mostly evergreen plants ; the leaves imbricated in several or many rows along 
the stem and branches. 

§ I. Sporangia home along the stem, in the axils of uniform leaves. 

1. L. lucidulum, Michx. Stems ascending, forking, somewhat com- 
pressed; leaves (deep green) in several rows, linear-lanceolate, very acute, 
sparingly denticulate, spreading or reflexed. — Shady woods on the mountains 
of North Carolina, and northward. — Stem 6'- 12' long. Leaves glossy. 

2. L. SelagO, L. Stems short and thick, terete, clustered, erect or as- 
cending, forking ; leaves in several rows, deep green, lanceolate, acute, entire, 
the upper erect, the lower spreading. — High mountains of North Carolina, 
and northward. — Stems 3' -6' high, rigid. Leaves crowded. 

§ 2. Sporangia in the axils of the upper leaves, forming a terminal terete hracted 

spike. 
* Bracteal and stem leaves alike, spreading. 

3. L. alopecuroides, L. Stem thick, terete, forking near the base, 
recurved, and rooting at the apex, very leafy ; leaves in many rows, spreading, 
subulate, bristly -fringed below the middle; peduncles erect, 6'- 12' high, sim- 
ilar to the stem ; spike thick, cylindrical, bristly from the spreading or re- 
curved bracteal leaves. — Open pine barren swamps, Florida to Mississippi, 
and northward. — Stems 1°- H° long, pale green. 

Var. adpressum. Stem 6' -12' long, creeping ; peduncle 4' -6' high; 
leaves entire, those of the spike, which is barely thicker than its peduncle, 
closely appressed. — Damp pine barrens. 

Var. elongatum, Chapm. Sparingly branched (H°-2° long); leaves 
subulate-attenuate, entire, spreading; ])eduncle slender, erect or leaning (10'- 
15' long), the leaves scattered, those of the spike longer, spreading. — Wet or 
overflowed banks, Apalachicola, Florida. 

4. L. inundatum, L., var. pinnatum, Chapm. Stem rather slen- 
der, prostrate, creeping, pinnately branched ; leaves linear-.subulate, bristly- 
fringed below the middle, unequal, the upper and lower ones shorter and 
somewhat appressed, the lateral ones widely spreading ; peduncle mostly soli- 
tary, erect (l°high), very leafy; spike thick, cylindrical, 2'- 3' long. — Low 
pine barrens near the coast. West Florida. — Stem 6' - 1 5' long, and, with 
the spreading leaves, Y wide. 



SELAGINELLACE^. , 639 

* * Bracteal leaves wider than those of the stem. 
-<- Leaves of the stem equal and alike. 

5. Ii. clavatum, L. Stem very long, terete, creeping, with numerous 
short and erect leafy branches ; peduncles with scattered leaves, each bearing 
2-3 linear cylindrical spikes ; leaves in several rows, subulate, entire, incurved, 
pointed, like the ovate erosely-deuticulate bracts, with a spreading bristle. — 
Mountains of North Carolina, and northward. — Peduncles 4' - 6' long. 

6. L. cernUTim, L. Stem forking near the base (6' - 12' long), the di- 
visions arcuate-recurved, and rooting at the tip, the short alternate branches 
forking, and terminated by the short (4'' -6'') nodding spike; leaves about 
6-rowed, linear-subulate, entire, spreading or recurved ; those of the spike 
ovate, acuminate, with bristly margins. — Springy sandy places, Florida and 
Alabama, near the coast. 

■i- -i- Leaves of the flattened stein and branches unequal. 

7. L. dendroideum, Michx. Stem erect (6'- 12'), clothed Avith scat- 
tered appressed subulate and eutii-e leaves, simple below, bearing above nu- 
merous forking and spreading fan-like mostly compressed branches; lower 
row of leaves, and sometimes the upper, shorter, the lateral ones spreading ; 
peduncles short, bearing one or more cylindrical spikes ; bracts spreading, 
ovate, acute, crenate on the margins. (L. obscurum, L.) — High mountains 
of North Carolina, and northward. 

8. L. Carolinianum, L. Stem creeping, pinnately branched, naked 
and rooting beneath ; upper leaves short appressed, the lateral ones widely 
spreading, lanceolate, acute, entire; peduncle slender (6'- 12' high), clothed 
with scattered subulate leaves, and bearing a single linear spike ; bracts ovate, 
acuminate, spreading. — Low pine barrens. — Stem 2' -8' long. 

9. L. COmplanatum, L. Stem long and creeping, the numerous erect 
branches successively forking into many linear crowded flattened branchlets ; 
leaves minute, subulate, imbricated in 4 rows, the lateral ones slightly spread- 
ing ; peduncles with minute scattered leaves,, slender, bearing 2-4 erect cylin- 
drical spikes — Woods along the Alleghanies, and northward. — Stem 2°- 10° 
long. 

2. PSILOTUM, R. Br. 

Sporangia of one kind sessile, globular, opening at the apex into 2-3 valves, 
and filled with very minute powdery spores. 

1. P. triquetrum, Swartz. Stem forking, compressed, the baanches 
3-angled ; leaves very minute, bristle-like ; sporangia spiked, 3-celled, the cells 
imperfectly 2-valved. — Florida. 

Order 167. SELAGINELLACE^. 

Low moss-like terrestrial plants, with branching stems, and scale- 
like leaves. Sporangia of two kinds, either in the same or in separate 
axils, one kind as in the preceding order, the othsr containing few 
(mostly 3-4) larger spores. 



640 ISOETACE.^, 

1. SELAGINELLA, Beauv, 

Characters of tlie Order. 

1. S. rupestris, Spring. Stems rigid, densely clustered, erect or spread- 
in-, mucli hranche.l;' leaves (grayish) subulate, rigid, rough-fringed on the 
margins, bristle-pointed, closely imbricated in ma.iy rows ; spikes linear, nearly 
sessile. -^ Dry sand ridges in the pine barrens, and on dry rocks, Florida, and 
northward. — Stems 2' -3' high. 

2. S. apus, Spring. Stems prostrate, creeping, slender, branched ; leaves 
scattered, uneciual, the lateral ones larger and widely spreading, 2-ranked, 
ovate, acute or obtuse, membranaceous, denticulate on the margins ; the others 
smaller, acuminate, and appressed ; bracts of the short sessile spike similar to 
the leaves. — Low shady woods, Florida, and northward. — Plant whitish. 
Stems 3' - 9' long. 



Order 168. MARSILIACE^. 

Perennial marsh plants, from slender creeping rootstocks, and fili- 
form, or 4-parted petioled leaves. Spores of two kinds, contained in a 
2-valved transversely many-celled receptacle (sporocarp), which rises 
from the rootstock or base of the petioles. 

1. MARSILIA, L. 

Plants with filiform creeping stems, a whorl of 4 wedge-shaped leaves at 
the summit of a long erect petiole, and one or more globular sporocarps borne 
on a slender stalk at the base of the petioles, each divided into several parti- 
tions, which contain the larger and smaller spores. 

1. M. uncinata, A. Braun. Leaves smooth or hairy; sporocarps oval, 
compressed, half as long as the peduncle. — Banks of the Mississippi below 
Vicksburg. 

Order 169. ISOETACE^. 

Mostly aquatic or marsh plants, with filiform clustered leaves aris- 
ing from a depressed 2-lobed trunk. Sporangia sunk in an excavation 
of the dilated base of the leaves, either open, or covered by a fold of 
the leaf (velum), filled with minute spores, the central leaves bearing 
larger spores. 

1. ISOETES, L. 

Characters of the Order. 

1. I. flaccida, Shuttlw. Immersed; leaves very long (H°- 2°), slender, 
flaccid, yellowish green ; spores very small, minutely pulverulent, not reticu- 
lated, — In lakes and clear streams, Middle and West Florida. 

2. I. melanospora, Engelm. Small, mostly monoecious; leaves few 
(5-10), distichous (2'-2-|Mong) ; spore cases covered by the thin edges of 
the cavity {velum) ; larger spores blackish, very minutely warty, the smaller 



SALVINIACEiE. 641 

ones dull, papillose. (Engelmann.) — In shallow depressions on the summit 
of Stone Mountain, Georgia {Engelmann, etc.). 

3. I. Engelmanni, A. Braun, var. Georgiana, Engelm. Leaves 10'- 
12' long, rather slender, stomatose; spore-cases oval, with narrow velum; 
larger spores and smaller spores smooth. — Slow-flowing water in Horseleg 
Creek, mountains of Georgia. 

4. I. Butleri, Engelm. Dicecious; trunk nearly globose ; leaves 8-12, 
bright green, 3' -7' long; spore-cases usually oblong, spotted, the velum very 
narrow, or none ; ligule subulate, from a triangular base ; larger spores warty, 
smaller spores dark brown, papillose. {Engelmann.) — Barrens of Tennessee 
(Dr. Gattinger), and westward. 



Order 170. SALVi:N'lACE^i. 

Small floating branching plants, with two kinds of sporangia en- 
closed in thin sporocarps, and attached to a central receptacle, one 
kind containing a single large spore, the other numerous smaller ones. 

1. AZOLLA, Lam. 

Stems floating free, pinnately branched. Leaves distichous, imbricated, 2- 
lobed. Sporocarps in pairs on the under side of the stem, unequal. 

1. A. Caroliniana, Willd. — On still water, chiefly near the coast, 
Florida, and northward. — Plant reddish, circular in outline, ^' - 1' in diameter. 
Leaves ovate, obtuse, rounded and roughened on the back. 



41 



ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 



Page 238. 

Pluchea Chapmanii, Simpson, is peculiar in bearing the large clus- 
tered heads of P. bifrons, but with the ovate petioled leaves of the other 
species, and may, possibly, prove to be a hybrid form, as Dr. Watson 



Page 302. After Utricularia subulata insert : — 

12. U. resupinata, T>. B. Greene. Flowers solitary, sessile at the 
summit of the filiform scape, violet-purple ; lips entire, the upper spatulate, 
the lower broader ; spur remote, oblong-conical, obtuse, shorter than the 
corolla; leaves filiform. — Margins of ponds, Calhoun County, West Florida, 
May. — Scape 4' - 8' high. Corolla 4''- 5'^ long. 

Page 402. In place of Telanthera polygonoides insert : — 

1. T. fleoidea, Moquiu. Glabrous; sparingly branching, suffrutescent 
and rooting at the base ; leaves lanceolate, the upper sessile ; heads axillary 
and terminal, sessile or short-peduncled, loosely few-flowered ; sepals equal, 
thin, white, barely acute, glabrous ; sterile filaments as long as tlie fertile. 
— Coast of Florida. July-Sept. — Stem thick, 1°- 3° long. Leaves 2' -3' 
long. 

Page 525. After Commelyna Virginica insert : — 

C. elegans, HBK. Puberulous ; stems erect, or procumbent and root- 
ing, branching; leaves ovate-lanceolate, contracted and ciliate at the base; 
spathes mostly single, top-shaped, hooded ; sterile peduncle obsolete ; petals 
mostly white; seed smooth. — South Florida {Garber). July -Sept. — Stem 
1° - 3° long. Leaves 2' - 3' long. 



INDEX. 





Page 




Page 




Page 


Abies, 


457 


Almond, 


141 


Apetalous Exogenous 




Abiktine.e, 


455 


Alnus, 


452 


Plants, 


391 


Abildgaardia, 


551 


Alopecurus, 


597 


Aphyllon, 


305 


Abutilon, 


48 


Alsine, 


42 


Apio's, 


115 


Acacia, 


127 


Alsine^, 


39 


Apium, 


178 


Acalvpha, 


428 


Alternanthera. 


402 


Aplectrum, 


480 


ACANTHACE^, 


363 


Althsea, 


52 


Aplopappus, 


235 


Acanthus Family, 


363 


Alum-root, 


143 


APOCYNACE^, 


341 


Acer, 


87 


Alvssum, 


30 


Apocj'num, 


341 


Acerates, 


347 


AMARANTACE^, 


398 


Apogen, 


270 


ACERINE^, 


85 


Amaranth, 


399 


Apple, 


140 


Achillea, 


264 


Amaranth Family, 


398 


Apricot, 


141 


ACHYRANTHE^, 


398 


Amarantus, 


399 


Apteria, 


477 


Acnida, 


401 


AMARYLLIDACEiE 


, 492 


Aquilegia, 


8 


Acontium, 


9 


Amaryllis Family, 


492 


Arabis, 


26 


Acorus, 


466 


Amblogyna, 


400 


ARACE^, 


464 


Acrogens, 


621 


Ambrosia, 


244 


Aralia, 


183 


ACKOSTICHE^, 


622 


Amelanchier, 


141 


ARALIACE^, 


183 


Acrostichum, 


624 


American Centaury, 


336 


Arbor-Vitse, 


459 


Actasa, 


10 


Amianthium, 


517 


Arctium, 


269 


Actinomeris, 


255 


Ammannia, 


157 


Ardisia, 


296 


Actinospevmum, 


260 


Amorpha, 


102 


Arenaria, 


42 


Adder's Mouth, 


479 


Ampelopsis, 


75 


Arethusa, 


484 


Adder's Tongue, 


636 


Amphiachyris, 


237 


Arethusie^, 


478 


Adder's Tongue Fam- 




Amphiantiius, 


314 


Argemone, 


20 


ily. 


636 


Amphicarpaea, 


117 


Argyranthemum, 


431 


Adiantum, 


627 


Amphicarpum, 


580 


Arissema, 


464 


Adlumia, 


21 


Amsonia, 


342 


Aristida, 


601 


Adonis, 


8 


A3IYGDALE.E, 


129 


Aristolochia, 


392 


^schynomene, 
^sculus, 


108 


ANACARDIACEiE, 


71 


ARISTOLOCHIACEiE, 


86 


Anagallis, 


299 




391 


Agave, 


495 


Anantherix, 


348 


Arnica, 


265 


Ageratum, 


209 


Andromeda, 


285 


Arrhenatherum, 


605 


Agrimonia, 


133 


Andromede^, 


279 


Arrow Arum, 


465 


Agrop3'riim, 


619 


Andropogon, 


592 


Arrow-grass, 


473 


Agrostemma, 


41 


Andropogone^, 


574 


Artemisia, 


265 


Agrostide^, 


575 


Aneimia, 


635 


Arum Family, 


464 


Agrostis, 


598 


Anemone, 


4 


Arundinaria, 


620 


Aira, 


604 


Anemones, 


2 


Asarabacca, 


391 


Air Plant, ' 


497 


Anemonella, 


5 


Asarum, 


391 


AjUGE/E, 


373 


Angelica, 


180 


ASCLEPIADACE^, 


343 


Alchemilla, 


134 


ANGIOSPERME^, 


1 


ASCLEPIADE.^, 


344 


Alder, 


452 


Anise-tree, 


12 


Asclepias, 


344 


Aletris, 


497 


Anona, 


14 


Asclepiodora, 


348 


Alisnia, 


472 


ANONACE.E, 


13 


Ascvrum, 


56 


ALISMACE^, 


472 


Antennaria, 


239 


A^h; 


352 


Alisme.e, 


472 


Anthenantia, 


580 


Asimina, 


13 


Allium, 


509 


Anthoxanthum, 


596 


ASPARAGE^, 


507 


Allspice, 


154 


Anychia, 


397 


Aspen, 


454 



646 




INDEX. 








AsPHODELEiE, 


507 


BiGNONIE/E, 


303 


Burdock, 


269 


ASPIDIK.K, 


02.} 


liignonia Famih-, 


303 


Burmannia, 


476 


Aspidiuiii, 


o;ji 


Bircii, 


451 


BURMAXNTACE/E, 


476 


Asi'ij.:nik-e, 


02:5 


Birch Family, 


451 


Burmannia Family, 


470 


Aspleiiium, 


028 


B nth wort, 


392 


Bur-reed, 


408 


Asprella, 


(51 'J 


Hirtlnvort Famil}', 


391 


Bursera, 


71 


Aster, 


217 


iiitteruut, 


442 


BUKSEKACE.E, 


71 


ASTEHOIDE.E, 


217 


r.lack .lack. 


444 


Bush Clover, 


109 


Astilbe, 


U5 


IJIadd.Tuut, 


84 


Buttercup, 





Astragalus, 


lOfJ 


Bladderuut Family, 


84 


Butternut, 


442 


Alamasco Lily, 


4U3 


Bladdorwort, 


301 


Butterwort, 


302 


Atragene, 


3 


Bladdcrvvort Family, 


301 


Button-Bush, 


194 


Atriplex, 


404 


Blazing Star, 


518 


B\-rsoi)inia, 


88 


AUllANTIACEyE, 


64 


IjLKCIINK.E, 


622 


liVTTXi:ilIACEyE, 


53 


AVKNJC.E, 


575 


Blcctinum, 


027 


Byttneria Family, 


53 


Aveiis, 


134 


Blephilia, 


383 






Avicennia, 


371 


BIctia, 


481 


Cabomba, 


17 


AviCENMIE/E, 


307 


Bloodroot, 


21 


Cahomhe^, 


17 


A3'ftnia, 


53 


Bloodwort Family, 


496 


(jacaiia. 


207 


Azalea, 


287 


iilueberr}", 


281 


CACTACEyE, 


170 


Azolla, 


641 


Blue Cohosh, 


15 


Cactus Family, 


170 






Blue Curls, 


389 


Cjesalpinia, 


125 


Baccharis, 


237 


Blue-eyed Grass, 


501 


C/ESALPIxNIEiE, 


123 


Bachelor's-Button, 


89 


Blue Flag, 


499 


Cakile, 


31 


Bald Cypress, 


459 


Blue Jessamine 


3 


CalamagrostiS; 


600 


Baldwinia, 


260 


Bluet.-J, 


198 


Calamintha, 


379 


Balm, 


380 


Boehmeria, 


437 


Calamus, 


400 


Balsam Family, 


67 


Boerhaavia, 


394 


Calico-bush, 


280 


BALSAMINACE^, 


67 


Boltonia, 


220 


Callicarpa, 


371 


Balsam-Tree Family, 


60 


Borage Family, 


357 


Callirrhoe, 


46 


Bambuse.e, 


577 


Bokrage.e, 


358 


CALLITRICHACE.E, 420 


Baneberry, 


10 


BORRAGlNACEiE, 


357 


Callitriche, 


420 


Baptisia, 


120 


Borreria, 


193 


Calophanes, 


365 


Barbarea, 


27 


Borrichia, 


245 


Calopogon, 


482 


Barberry, 


15 


Botrychium. 


037 


Caltha, 


8 


Barberry Family, 


15 


Bottle Grass, 


019 


CALYCANTHACEtE, 


Barley, 


619 


Bouteloua, 


007 




142 


Bartonia, 


339 


Boykinia, 


144 


Calycanthus, 


142 


Basil, 


373 


Brachyelj'trum, 


004 


Calycocarpum, 


15 


Basswood, 


54 


Brake', 


026 


Calyptranthes, 


155 


BATIDACE^, 


434 


Rramble, 


136 


Camassia, 


510 


Batis, 


434 


Brasenia, 


17 


Camelina, 


30 


Batis Family, 


434 


Brasiletto Family, 


323 


CAMELLIACE^, 


61 


Baj'berr}', 


449 


Brickellia, 


212 


Camellia Family, 


61 


Bean Caper Family, 


67 


Brier, 


136 


Campanula, 


278 


Beard Grass, 


599 


Brome Grass, 


610 


Campanula Family, 


278 


Bear Grass, 


512 


BROMELIACE^, 


497 


CAMPANULACE^, 


278 


Beech, 


448 


Bromus, 


610 


Camptosorus, 


628 


Beech-drops, 


305 


Broom Corn, 


595 


Canar}' Grass, 


596 


Beggar-ticks, 


259 


Broom Grass, 


592 


Canavalia, 


119 


Bejaria, 
Bellflower, 


288 


Broom-rape Family, 


305 


Cane, 


620 


278 


Broussonetia, 


438 


Canella, 


61 


Bellis, 


227 


Brunei la, 


384 


CANELLACE^, 


61 


Bellwort, 


513 


Brunnichia, 


413 


Canella Family, 


61 


Bellwort Family, 


513 


Brunnichie^, 


46 


CANNABINACE^, 


437 


Bent Grass, " 598 


,600 


Bryophyllura, 


150 


CANNACE^, 


491 


BERBERIDACE^, 


15 


Buchnera, 


315 


Canna, 


492 


Berberis, 


15 


Buckeye, 


86 


Canna Family, 


491 


Berchemia, 


76 


Buckleya, 


417 


Caper Family, 


31 


Berlandiera, 


242 


Buckthorn, 


76 


Caper-tree, 


32 


Bermuda Grass, 


607 


Buckthorn Family, 


75 


CAPPARIDACE^, 


31 


Betula, 


451 


Buckwheat Family, 


406 


Capparis, 


32 


BETULACE^, 


451 


Butrbane, 


11 


Capraria, 


315 


Bidens, 


259 


BuTlace, 


74 


CAPRIFOLIACE.E, 


186 


Bigelovia, 


234 


Bulrush, 


540 


Capsella, 


30 


Bignonia, 


303 


Bumelia, 


295 


Capsicum, 


323 


BIGNONIACE^, 


303 


Bupieurum, 


177 


Cardamine, 


24 







INDEX. 






647 


Cardinal-flower, 


275 


Cherry, 


131 


COMBRETACE.E, 


152 


Cardiospermum, 


86 


Cherry Laurel, 


131 


Combretum Family, 


152 


Carex, 


560 


Chickweed, 


43 


Commelvna, 


524 


Carica, 


169 


Chiccory, 


271 


COMMELYNACE^, 


524 


Carice^. 


532 


Chimaphila, 
China Brier, 


289 


C0MP0srr.E, 


203 


Carolina-Allspice Fan^ 


- 


502 


Composite Family, 


203 


iiy, 


142 


China Tree, 


64 


Comptonia, 


450 


Carphephorus, 


209 


Chinquapin, 


448 


Condalia, 


75 


Carpinus, 


448 


Chiococca, 


195 


CONIFERS, 


455 


Carrot, 


182 


Chiogenes, 


283 


Conioselinum, 


181 


Carva, 


441 


Chionanthus, 


252 


Conobea, 


311 


CARYOPHYLLACE^, 


ChLORIDExE, 


575 


Conocarpus, 


153 




39 


Chloris, 


607 


Conopholis, 


305 


(/ashew Family, 


71 


Chrysanthemum, 


264 


Conradina, 


380 


Cassandra, 


284 


Chrysobalane^, 


129 


Convallaria, 


508 


Cassia, 


124 


Chrysobalanus, 


130 


CONVOLVULACEiE, 


Cassyta, 


416 


Chrysogonum, 


240 




326 


CASSYTE/E, 


414 


Clv'ysoph3'lluni, 


294 


CoNVOLVULEiE, 


326 


Castanea, 


447 


Chrysopsis, 


235 


Convolvulus, 


329 


Castilleia, 


320 


Chrysosplenium, 


146 


Convolvulus Family, 


326 


Castor-oil Plant, 


432 


CickoRACE.E:, 


270 


Coontie, 


460 


Casuarina, 


454 


Cichorium, 


271 


Coprosmanthus, 


504 


CASUARINACE^, 


454 


Cicuta, 


177 


Coptis, 


70 


Catalpa, 


304 


Cimicifuga, 


4 


Corallorhiza, 


479 


Catchflj', 


40 


ClMICIFUGE^, 


2 


Coral-root, 


479 


Catesbsea, 


198 


CiNCHONEm, 


191 


Corcliorus, 


55 


Catnip, 


383 


Cinna, 


599 


Cordia, 


358 


Catopsis, 


499 


Cinquefoil, 


135 


CORDIE^:, 


357 


Cat-tail, 


468 


Circfea, 


16o 


Coreopsis, 


256 


Cat-tail Family. 


467 


Cissus, 


74 


Coriander, 


183 


Caulopiiyllum, 


15 


CISTACE^, 


35 


Coriandrum, 


183 


Ceanothus, 


77 


Citharexylum, 


270 


cornacb:^. 


184 


Cedronelia, 


384 


Citrus, 


64 


Corn-Cock le, 


41 


Celandine, 


21 


Cladastris, 


123 


Cornel, 


184 


CELASTRACE^, 


78 


CladiurK, 


558 


Corn us, 


184 


Celastrus, 


8t) 


Claytonia, 


38 


Corydalis, 


22 


Celosia, 


399 


Cleavers, 


191 


Corylus, 


448 


Celosie^, 


398 


Clematide^, 


2 


Cosinos, 


259 


Celtis, 


440 


Clematis, 


3 


(Jotton-Grass, 


548 


Cenchrus, 


588 


Cleome, 


32 


Cotton-Plant, 


53 


Centaurea, 


269 


Clethra, 


288 


Cottonwood, 


454 


Centrosema, 


117 


Cliftonia, 


84 


Couch Grass, 


619 


Centunculus, 


299 


Climbing Fern, 


635 


Cowslip, 


299 


Cephalanthus, 


194 


Clintonia, 


508 


Crab Grass, 


581 


Ceranthera, 


380 


Clitoria, 


117 


Cranesbill, 


66 


Cerastium, 


43 


Clover, 


97 


Crantzia, 


175 


Cerasus, 


131 


Club Moss, 


638 


Crape Myrtle, 


159 


Ceratiola, 


434 


Club Moss Family, 


638 


CRASSULACE^., 


149 


CERATOPHYLLACE^, 


Clusia, 


61 


Cratsegus, 


138 




419 


CLUSIACE^, 


60 


Crinum, 


494 


Ceratophyllum, 


419 


Cnicus, 


268 


Croomia, 


506 


Ceratopteris, 


627 


Cnidosculus, 


432 


Cross-vine, 


303 


Cercis, 


123 


Coccoloba, 


413 


Crotalaria, 


96 


Cereus, 


171 


Cocculus, 


14 


Croton, 


429 


Chajrophyllum, 


132 


Cocklebur, 


245 


Crotonopsis, 


431 


Clisetospora, 


557 


Cockspur, 


588 


Crowberry Family, 


434 


Cbamaecyparis, 


458 


Cocoa, 


464 


Crowfoot Grass, 


608 


Chamasliriura, 


518 


Cocoa Plum, 


130 


CruciferaB, 


23 


Chapmania, 


109 


■Cocos, 


463 


Cryptogamous Plants 


621 


Chaptalia, 


270 


COFFEiE, 


191 


CryptotcTnia, 


179 


Charlock, 


29 


Coffee Tree, 


125 


Ctenium, 


608 


Chawstick, 


78 


ColehicLim Family, 


513 


Cucumber-tree, 


12 


Cheilanthes, 


626 


Collinsonia, 


377 


CUCURBITACE^, 


169 


Chelidonium, 


21 


Colubrina, 


77 


Cudweed, 


239 


Chelone. 


308 


Columbine, 


8 


Cunila, 


375 


CHENOPODIACE/E 


,403 


Col umbo, 


340 


Cuphea, 


159 


Chenopodium, 


404 


Comandra, 


417 


CUPHESSINE.E, 


455 



648 




IXDEX. 








CUPCLIFER/E, 


443 


Dioscorea, 


501 


Epidendrum, 


480 


Currant, 


148 


DIOSCOKEACEvE, 


501 


EpigjL-a, 


283 


Cusciita, 


331 


Diospyros, 


293 


Epilobium, 


162 


CvaCUTEJK, 


326 


Dipholis, 


295 


Epii)hegus, 
KQUISKTACE^, 


305 


Cii.stard-Apple, 11 


, 1G9 


Diphylleia, 


16 


621 


Custard-Apple Familj 


', 13 


Diplachiie, 


609 


Equisctum, 


621 


CYCADACKyE, 


460 


DlPSACACEiE, 


203 


Erngrostis, 


615 


C3'cas Famil}'', 


460 


Dipsacus, 


203 


Erechthitis, 


266 


CVcLOLOIiEiE, 


403 


Dirca, 


416 


Erianthus, 


595 


CVXAUE^K, 


268 


Discopleura, 


178 


ERICA(JE^, 


279 


(;!ynodon, 


607 


Ditch-grass, 


470 


Kkicine.e, 


279 


Cynoglossum, 


362 


Distichlis, 


618 


Erigenia, 


183 


Cvnosciadium, 


180 


Dittany, 


375 


Erigeron, 


225 


CYl'ERACE.E, 


531 


Dock, 


407 


Eriocaulon, 


529 


Cyperus, 


532 


Dodder, 


331 


ERIOCAULONACE^, 


Cypress, 


458 


Dodecatheon, 


299 




529 


Cy1'KIPEI)IE/E, 


478 


Dodonita, 


85 


Eriochloa, 


580 


Cypripedium, 


4'JO 


DODONK.K, 


85 


EHIOGONEyE, 


407 


Cvpselea, 


172 


Dog's Tooth Violet, 


511 


Eriogonum, 


413 


Cyrilla, 


83 


Dogbane Family, 


341 


Eriophorum, 


548 


CvriUaFaniilr, 


83 


Dogwood, 


184 


Erithalis, 


196 


CYKILLACE.E, 


83 


Dogwood Family, 


184 


Ernodia, 


197 


Cyrtopodium, 


482 


Draba, 


29 


Eryngium, 


175 


Cystopteris, 


631 


Dropseed Grass, 597 


,602 


Erysimum, 


28 






Drosera, 


19 


Erythrina, 


116 


Dactylis, 


613 


DROSERACE^, 


19 


Erythronium, 


511 


Daisy, 


227 


Drypetis, 


433 


ESCALLOME/K, 


143 


DALlBERGIEiE, 


95 


Duckweed, 


467 


Eugenia, 


154 


Dalea, 


102 


Duckweed Family, 


466 


Eulophus, 


183 


Dandelion, 


273 


Dulichium, 


540 


Euonymus, 


80 


Danthonia, 


605 


Durra Corn, 


595 


EUPATORE^, 


209 


Darby a, 


417 


Duranta, 


370 


Eupatorium, 


213 


Darnel, 


618 


Dutchman's Breeches 


21 


Euphorbia, 
EUPHORBIACE^, 


422 


Dasvstoma, 


317 


Dj'sodia, 


263 


421 


Datura, 


325 






EUSMILACE^, 


502 


Daucus, 


182 


Eatonia, 


613 


Eustoma, 


338 


Day-flower, 


524 


EBENACEJE, 


293 


Euxolous, 


400 


Dead Nettle, 


387 


Ebony Family, 


293 


Evening-Primrose, 


161 


Decumaria, 


147 


Ecastaphyllum, 


120 


Evening-Primrose Fam- 


Deer-Grass, 


155 


Echinacea, 


248 


ily, 


160 


Delphinium, 


9 


EchinocystuSj 


170 


Everlasting, 


239 


DendrophylaXj 


482 


Echinodorus, 


473 


Evolvulus, 


330 


Dentaria, 


25 


Echinospennum, 


363 


ExccEcaria, 


428 


Deschampsia, 


604 


Echites, 


342 


Exogenous Plants, 


1 


Desmanthus, 


128 


Echium, 


360 


Exostemma, 


198 


Desmodium, 


111 


Eclipta, 


542 






Diamorpha, 


150 


Eel-grass, 


469 


Fagus, ^ 
False Acacia, 


448 


Diauthera, 


365 


Eglantine, 


138 


103 


DIAPENSIACE^, 


290 


Ehretie^, 


357 


False Foxglove, 


317 


DiAPENSIEiE, 


291 


Elder, 


188 


False Hellebore, 


516 


Diapensia, 


291 


Elecampane, 


237 


False Mitre-wort, 


146 


Diapensia Family, 


290 


Eleocharis, 


541 


False Nettle, 


437 


Diarrhena, 


613 


Elephantopus, 


208 


Feather Grass, 


600 


Dicentra, 


21 


Elephant' s-foot, 


208 


Ferns, 


622 


Dichondra, 


331 


Eleusine, 


608 


Fescue Grass, 


611 


DlCHONDRE^, 


326 


Elionurus, 


591 


Festuca, 


611 


Dichromena, 


557 


Elliottia, 


288 


Fkstuce^, 


576 


Dicksonia, 


634 


Elm. 


439 


Feverwort, 


188 


DiCKSONIE.E, 


623 


Elm Family, 


439 


FICOIDE^, 


172 


Dicliptera, 


366 


Elodea, 


475 


Ficus, 


438 


Dicotyledonous Plants 


, 1 


Elodes, 


60 


Fig, 


438 


Didiplis, 


157 


J^lymus, 


619 


Figwort, 


307 


Diervilla, 


187 


Elvtraria, 


363 


Figwort Family, 


306 


Digitaria, 


581 


eMpetrace^, 


434 


Filago, 
FILICES, 


239 


Dioclea, 


119 


Endogenous Plants, 


461 


622 


Diodia, 


194 


Enslenia, 


349 


Fimbristylis, 


549 


Dion^ea, 


20 


EpIDENDRE/E, 


478 


Fir, 


457 



INDEX. 



649 



Fireweed, 


266 


Golden Club, 


Flaveria, 


' 261 


Golden-rod, 


Flax, 


64 


Golden Saxifrage, 


Flax Family, 


6-t 


Golden Seal, 


Fleabaae, 


225 


Gold-Thread, 


Floerkia, 


66 


GOMPHRENE.^, 


Flower de Luce, 


499 


Gonolobus, 


Flowering Fern, 


636 


GOODENIACE^, 


Flowering Plants, 


1 


Goodenia Family, 


Flowerless Plants, 


621 


Goodyera, 


Flv Poison, 


517 


Gooseberry, 


Fly-trap, 


20 


Goosefoot, 


Forestiera, 


353 


Goosefoot Family, 


FORESTIERE^, 


352 


Gordonia, 


Forget-me-not, 


362 


Gossypium, 


Fothergilla, 


156 


Gouania, 


Four-o'clock Family, 


393 


Gourd P'amih', 


Foxtail Grass, 


597 


GRAMINE^, 


Fi'agaria, 


136 


Grape, 


Franklinia, 


62 


Grass Family, 


Frasera, 


240 


Grass of Parnassus, 


Fraxi>^e^, 


352 


Gratiola, 


Fraxinus, 


352 


Grindelia, 


French Mulberry, 


371 


Gromwell, 


Fringe Tree, 


352 


Ground Cherry, 


Froelichia, 


403 


Ground Laurel, 


Frog's-bit Family, 


475 


Ground Nut, 


Fugosia, 


53 


Groundsel, 


Fuirena, 


541 


Guaiacum, 


Fumaria, 


22 


Guettarda, 


FUMARIACE^, 


21 


Guinea Corn, 


Fumitory, 


22 


Gyminda, 


Fumitory Family, 


21 


Gymnadenia, 
Gymnocladus, 


Gaillardia, 


262 


Gymnolomia, 


Galacine^, 


291 


Gvmnopogon, 


Galactia, 


117 


GYMNOSPERM.E, 


Galax, 


291 


Gynandropsis, 


Galium, 


191 




Gama Grass, 


591 


Habenaria, 


Garberia, 


212 


H^MODORACEiE 


Gatesia, 


365 


Halesia, 


Gaultheria, 


283 


Halophila, 


Gaura, 


160 


HALORAGE^, 


Gaylussacia, 


280 


HAMAMELACE/F,, 


Geisemium, 


201 


Hamamelis, 


Genipa, 


197 


Hamelia, 


Gentian, 


338 


Hartwrightia, 


Gentiana, 


338 


Hart's Tongue, 


GENTIANACE^, 


335 


Haw, 


Gentian Family, 


335 


Hawthorn, 


Georgia Bark, 


198 


Hazel-nut, 


GERANIACE^, 


66 


Heart's-ease, 


Geranium, 


66 


Heath Family, 


Geranium Family, 


66 


Hedeoma, 


Gerardia, 


318 


Hedge Hyssop, 


Germander, 


390 


Hedge Mustard, 


Geum, 


134 


Hedge Nettle, 


Gilia, 


335 


Hedysare^, 


Gillenia, 


133 


Helenium, 


Ginseng, 


184 


Helianthella, 


Ginseng Family, 


183 


Helianthemum, 


Glasswort, 


405 


Helianthus, 


Gleditschia, 


125 


Heliopsis, 


Glj'ceria, 


612 


HeL10TR()PE.E, 


Gnaphalium, 


239 


Heliotropium, 


Goat's Rue, 


104 


Hellebore, 



227 

146 

10 

10 

399 

350 

227 

227 

489 

148 

404 

403 

62 

53 

78 

169 

573 

73 

573 

149 

311 

236 

361 

323 

283 

115 

266 

68 

196 

595 

79 

485 

125 

251 

606 

455 

32 

487 
496 
292 
476 
159 
151 
151 
197 
209 
630 
188 
138 
448 

33 
279 
378 
311 

27 
388 

94 
262 
254 

35 
257 
247 
357 
359 

10 



Helleborine^, 2 

Helleborus, 10 

Hemicarpha, 540 

Hemp Family, 437 

Hepatica, 4 

Heracleum, 181 

Herd's-grass, 597 

Herpestis, 310 

Hesperis, 28 

Heteranthera, 523 

Heteropogon, 594 

Heterotheca, 235 

Heuchera, 143 

Hexalectris, 481 

HiBiscE^, 45 

Hibiscus, 51 

Hick or}', 441 

Hieracium, 271 

Hierochloe, 596 

HippocastanEuE, 85 

Hippocratea, 81 

HiPPOCRATE.E, 79 

Hippomane, 

Holcus, 

Holly, 

Holly Family, 

Holy Grass, 

Hone^'-Locust 

Honeysuckle, 

Honeysuckle Family 

Hop, 

Hop Hornbeam, 

Hop-tree, 

HoRDEyE, 

Hordeum, 

Horehound, 

Hornbeam, 

Hornwort, 

Hornwort Family, 

Horse Balm, 

Horsechestnut, 

Horse Mint, 

Horsetail Family, 

Hosackia, 

Hottonia, 

Hound's-tongue, 

Houstonia, 

Huckleberry, 

Hudsonia, 

Humulus, 

Huntsman's Cup, 

Hydrangea, 

Hydrangea, 

Hydranthelium, 

Hydrastis. 

HYDROCHARIDACE^ 

475 
Hydrochloa, 589 

Hydrocotvle, 174 

Hydrolea^ 356 

HVdrole^, 354 

HYDROPHYLLACE^., 

354 
Hydrophyllum, 354 

Hygropliila, 364 

Hymenocallis, 493 

Hymenopappus, 261 



605 

81 

81 
596 
125 
187, 287 
186 
437 
449 

69 
576 
619 
388 
448 
419 
419 
377 

86 

375, 382 

621 

99 

297 

362 

198 

280, 281 

37 
437 

18 
146 
143 
315 

10 



650 




INDEX. 








Hymenophylle^e, 


623 


LABIATiE, 


371 


LlPOCARPHE^, 


531 


Hvpelate, 
HVl'ERICACEiE, 


85 


LAIJIATIKLORyE, 20f 


,270 


Lippia, 


369 


55 


Lachnantiies, 


4!)6 


Liquidambar, 


152 


Hypericum, 


5G 


Laclinocaulon, 


530 


Liriodendron, 


13 


Hypopitys, 


290 


Lactuca, 


273 


Listera, 


490 


Hvpoxis', 


495 


Lady's Slipper, 


490 


Lithospermum, 


361 


Hyptis, 


37.J 


Lagerstra-niia, 


159 


Litsea, 


415 






Laguncularia, 


153 


Liver-Leaf, 


4 


Ilex, 


81 


Lamb Lettuce, 


202 


Lizard 's-Tail, 


418 


ILICINE^, 


81 


Lamium, 


387 


LOASACEyE, 


166 


II.LKCKBKACEyE, 


'Mi-> 


Lantana, 


370 


Loasa Family, 


166 


lUicium, 


12 


Laportea, 


436 


Lobelia, 


275 


Ilysanthes, 


312 


Larksj)ur, 


9 


LOUELIAGEyE, 


275 


Impatiens, 


67 


Latliyrns, 


108 


Loljelia Family, 


275 


Iniperata, 


595 


LAl/KACE^, 


414 


Loblolly Bay,' 


62 


Indian Hemp, 


341 


Laurel, 


286 


Locust, 


102 


Indian Mallow, 


48 


Laurel Family, 


414 


LOGANIAGEyE, 


200 


Indian Physic, 


133 


Laurocerasus,' 


131 


Logania Family, 


200 


Jiidian-Pipe, 


290 


Leadwort, 


300 


Lolium, 


618 


Indian-Pipe Family, 


290 


Leadwort Family, 


300 


LOMEKTACE^E, 


23 


Indigo, 


105 


Leather-Flower," 


3 


Long Moss, 


497 


Fndigofera, 


105 


Leatherwood, 


416 


Loniceia, 


187 


Inula, 


237 


Leavenworthia, 


26 


Loosestrife, 158 


,290 


lodanthus. 


27 


Lechea, 


36 


Loosestrife Family, 


157 


Ipecac, 


194 


Leersia, 


589 


Lophanthus, 


383 


Ipomcea, 


326 


LEGUMINOS^, 


93 


Lophiola, 


496 


Irenastrum, 


402 


Leiophyllum, 


288 


Lojjseed, 


371 


Iresine, 


401 


Leitneria, 


450 


LORANTHAGE^, 


418 


IRIDACEJ2, 


499 


LEITNERIACEiE, 


450 


Loteje, 


93 


Iris, 


499 


Leitneria Family, 


450 


Ludwigia, 


164 


Iris Family, 


499 


Lemna, 


467 


Lungwort, 


361 


Ironweed, 


207 


LEMNACE^, 


466 


Lupine, 


97 


Isanthus, 


389 


Lemon, 


64 


Lupin us, 


97 


ISOETACE^, 


640 


LENTIBULACE^, 


301 


Luziola, 


589 


Isoetes, 


640 


Leonotis, 


388 


Luzula, 


519 


Isolepis, 


550 


Leonurus, 


888 


Lycium, 


325 


Isopyrum, 


8 


Lepachys, 


250 


LYGGPODIACEiE, 


638 


Itea,' 


146 


Lepidium, 


30 


Lycopodium, 


638 


Iva, 


243 


Leptocaulis, 


178 


Lycopus, 


374 






Leptochloa, 


608 


Lygodesmia, 


273 


Jacquemontia, 


329 


Leptopoda, 


263 


Lygodium, 


635 


Jacquinia, 


297 


Lepuropetalon, 


143 


Lyme Grass, 


619 


Jamaica, Dogwood, 


120 


Lespedeza, 


109 


Lj'simachia, 


298 


Jamestown Weed, 


325 


Lesquerella, 


29 


LYTHRAGE^, 


157 


Jatropha, 


432 


Lettuce, 


273 


Lythrum, 


158 


Jefferson ia, 


16 


Leucothoe, 


284 






Jersey Tea, 


77 


Liatris, 


210 


Macbridea, 


385 


Jewel-Weed, 


67 


LlGULIFLOR^, 


206 


Macranthera, 


316 


JUGLANDACEtE, 


441 


Ligusticum, 


180 


Madder Family, 


190 


Juglans, 


442 


LILIACEiE, 


507 


Magnolia, 


12 


JUNCACEiE, 


519 


Lilium, 


511 


MAGNOLIAGE^, 


11 


Juncus, 


520 


Lilv, 


511 


Magnolia Family, 


11 


Juniper, 


458 


Lily Family, 


507 


MaGNOLIEuE, 


11 


Juniperus, 


458 


Lily of the Valley, 


508 


Mahogany, 


63 


Jussisea, 


163 


Lime, 


64 


Mahogany Family, 


63 






LIMNANTHACE^, 


66 


Maidenhair, 


627 


Kallstromia, 


68 


Limnanthemum, 


340 


Malachodendron, 


62 


Kalmia, 


286 


Limnobium, 


476 


Malachra, 


50 


Kidney-Bean, 


115 


LINAGES, 


64 


MaLAXIDEtE, 


478 


Knotweed, 


409 


Linaria, 


309 


Mallow, 


45 


Knotwort Family, 


396 


Linden, 


54 


Mallow Famih", 


45 


Kosteletzkya, 


50 


Linden Family, 


54 


MALPIGHIAGE^, 


88 


Krameria, 


93 


Lindera, 


415 


Malpighia Family, 


88 


KRAMEKIACEiE, 


92 


Lindheimeria, 


243 


Malva. 


45 


Krigia, 


270 


Linum, 


64 


MALVACEAE, 


45 


Kuhnia, 


212 


Liparis, 


479 


Malvastrum, 


46 


Kylliugia, 


539 


Lipocarpha, 


540 


Malve.e, 


45 







INDEX. 






bbi 


Mandrake, 


16 


Mint Family, 


371 


Nesaea, 


158 


Mangrove, 


152 


Mistletoe, 


418 


Nettle, 


435 


Mangrove F'amily, 


152 


Mistletoe Family, 


418 


Nettle Family, 


434 


Manisuris, 


591 


Mitchella, 


195 


Nettle Tree, " 


440 


Maple, 
Marrubium, 


87 


Mitella, 


146 


Neviusia, 


133 


388 


Mitreola, 


201 


Nicandra, 


325 


Marshallia, 


260 


Mitrewort, 146 


, 201 


Nightshade, 


321 


Marsh Grass, 


605 


Mock Orange, 


131 


Nightshade Family, 


321 


Marsh Marigold, 


8 


Modiola, 


49 


Nnie-bark, 


132 


Marsh Pennywort, 


174 


Mogiphanes, 


402 


Nolina, 


510 


INIarsh Rosemary, 


300 


MOLLUGINE.E, 


172 


N^ondo, 


180 


Marsilia, 


640 


MoUugo, 


173 


Nuphar, 


18 


MARSILIACE^, 


640 


Monanthochloa, 


618 


Nut Rush, 


558 


Martynia, 


304 


Monarda, 


382 


NYCTAGINACE^, 


393 


Mavaca, 


526 


Mo^^ARDEiE, 


372 


Nvmphsea, 


17 


MAYACACE^, 


526 


Monkey-llower, 


309 


NYMPH^ACE^, 


17 


Mayaca Family, 


526 


Monkshood, 


9 


Nyssa, 


185 


May-Apple, 


16 


Monocotvledonous 








Mayde.e, 


574 


Plants^ 


461 


Oak, 


443 


May pop, 


168 


Monopetalous Exoge- 




Oak Family, 


443 


Maytenus, 


80 


nous Plants, 


186 


Oat Grass, 


605 


Mayweed, 


264 


Monotropa, 


290 


Obione, 


405 


Meadow Grass, 


614 


MoXOTKOPEyE, 


280 


Obolaria, 


340 


Meadow Rue, 


5 


jNIoonseed, 


15 


0CIMOIDE.E, 


872 


Meadow-Sweet, 


132 


Moonseed Family, 


14 


Ocimum, 


373 


Medeola, 


506 


Moon wort, 


637 


CEnothera, 


161 


Medicago, 


97 


MORACE^, 


437 


Ogeechee Lime, 


186 


Melampvrum, 


320 


Morinda, 


195 


Oil-Nut, 


417 


MELANTHACE^, 


513 


Morning Glory, 


326 


OLACACE^, 


62 


Melanthera, 


246 


Morus, 


438 


Oldenlandia, 


2o0 


Melanthium, 


515 


jNIotherwort, 


388 


OLEACEiE, 


351 


MELASTOMACE^, 


155 


Mouse-ear, 


43 


OLEINE.E, 


352 


Melastoma Family, 


155 


Mouse-tail, 


6 


Olive Family, 


352 


Melia, 


63 


Mulilenbergia, 


602 


ONAGRACE.E, 


160 


MELIACEiE, 


63 


Mulberry, 


438 


Onion, 


509 


Melica, 


611 


Mulberry Family, 


437 


Onoclea, 


634 


Melic Grass, 


611 


Mullein, 


307 


Onosmodium, 


360 


Melilot, 


98 


Muscadine, 


74 


OPHIOGLOSSACEiE, 636 


Melilotus, 


98 


Mustard, 


28 


Ophioglossum, 


637 


Melissa, 


380 


Mustard Family, 


23 


Ophryde.e, 


478 


Melochia, 


54 


MUTISIACE^, 


270 


Oplismenus, 


580 


Melothria, 


170 


Myginda, 


79 


Opoponax, 


128 


MENISPERMACE^ 


, 14 


Myosotis, 


362 


Opuntia, 


171 


Menispermum, 


15 


Myosurus, 


6 


Orache, 


404 


Mentha, 


374 


Mvrica, 


449 


Orange, 


64 


Mentzelia, 


167 


mVricace^, 


449 


Orange Family, 


64 


Menziesia, 


286 


Myriophyllum, 


159 


Orchard Grass, 


613 


Mercurial is, 


429 


iMvrsinaceae, 


296 


ORCHIDACEiE, 


477 


Merteufia, ' 


361 


MYRSINE, 


296 


Orchis, 


484 


Metastelma, 


350 


Myrsine.e, 


296 


Orchis Family, 


477 


Mexican Poppy. 


20 


Mvrsiue Family, 


296 


Oreodoxa. 


463 


Mezereum Family, 


416 


M'YRTACEiE,'' 


154 


OROBANCHACE^, 


305 


Micranthemum, 


313 


Myrtle Family, 


154 


Orontium, 


466 


Micromeria, 


378 






Orpine, 


149 


Microstylis, 


479 






Orpine Family, 


149 


Mikania, 


216 


NAIADACEiE, 


468 


Oryze.e, 


574 


Milk Vetch, 


106 


Naias, 


469 


Osmanthus, 


352 


Milkweed, 


344 


Xama, 


357 


Osmorhiza, 


183 


INIilkweed Family, 


343 


Nasturtium, 


24 


Osmunda, 


636 


Milkwort, 


89 


Nectandra, 


414 


Osmundine.e, 


624 


Milkwort Family, 


88 


Xegundo, 


88 


Ostrva, 


449 


Mimosa, 


126 


Xelumbium, 


17 


Otophylla, 


317 


Mimosa Family, 


126 


Xelumbone^, 


17 


OXALIDACEJ^., 


65 


MniosE^, 


126 


Nemastylis, 


51)1 


Oxalis, 


65 


Mimulus, 


309 


Xemophila, 


355 


Ox-eye Daisy, 


264 


Mimusops, 


296 


XEOTTIEyE, 


478 


Oxybaphup. 


393 


Mint, 


374 


1 Xephrolepis, 


633 


Oxydendruni, 


286 



(552 




IXDEX. 








Pachysandra, 


433 


Phlox, 


333 


Pokeweed, 


396 


Pachystima, 


81 


Piiorodendron, 


418 


Pokeweed Family, 


395 


Pitpalanthus, 


530 


Phragmites, 


618 


Polanisia, 


31 


Palat'uxia, 


2()1 


Pluynia, 


371 


POLEMUNIACFL'E, 


333 


Palmar, 


4G1 


Pmn-MK/E, 


367 


Polenionium, 


335 


Palmetto, 


■ii>-2 


J'hvllanthus, 


432 


Polemonium Famil}', 


333 


Palms, 


4(J1 


Pliysalis, 


323 


Polxcarpon, 


44 


Panax, . 


J 84 


Pliysocarpus, 


132 


J'olygala, 


89 


PaNICE/E, 


573 


Physostegia, 


387 


pcjLygalace^e, 


88 


Panic Grass, 


581 


Ph3'surus, 


4!i0 


POLYGONACEyE, 


406 


Panicum, 


581 


Phytolacca, 


396 


Polygonatum, 


507 


PAPAVERACEiE, 


20 


PliYTOLACCACEyE 


, 395 


PoLVGONE/E, 


406 


Papaw, 


13 


Piiytoi.aocea;, 


395 


P(dygonella, 


408 


PAl'AY^E, 


l(i8 


I'icea, 


458 


Pol3'gonum, 


409 


Paper Mulberry, 


438 


Pickerel-weed, 


523 


Polynniia, 


240 


Papii.ionace.e, 


o;j 


Pickerel-weed Family 


523 


Poh'petalous Exogenous 


Pappoose-lloot, 


IG 


Picramnia. 


70 


plants. 


1 


Parietaria, 


436 


Pigeon Grass, 


587 


P()I>Y1'<)1>IE.E, 


622 


Parkinsonia, 


126 


Pignut, 


441 


Poly|)odiuin, 


624 


Parnassia, 


149 


Pigweed, 


404 


Polypody, 


624 


PAKNASSIACEiE, 


148 


Pi lea, 


436 


Pol3'pogon, 


599 


Parnassia Family, 


148 


Pimpernel, 


299 


Polypremum, 


201 


Paronychia, 


396 


Pimpernella, 


177 


Polypteris, 


261 


Parsley Family, 


173 


Pinckneva, 


198 


Polystachya, 


482 


Parthenium, 


243 


Pine, 


455 


Poly taenia'. 


182 


Partridge-berr}', 


195 


Pine Family, 


455 


POME^, 


130 


Paspalum, 


577 


Pine- Apple Family, 


497 


Pomegranate, 


142 


Passiflora, 


168 


Pinguicula, 


302 


Pondweed, 


470 


PASSIFLORACE^, 


168 


Pink F'amilv, 


39 


Pondweed Family, 


468 


Passion-Flower, 


168 


Pinkroot, 


200 


I'ontederia, 


523 


Passion-Flower Family 


^,168 


Pin us. 


455 


PONTEDEKIACEyE 


523 


Pavonia, 


49 


Piiiweed, 


36 


Ponthieva, 


490 


Peach, 


141 


PIPERACE/E, 


418 


Poplar, 


454 


Pear, 


141 


Pipe wort, 


529 


Poppy Family, 


20 


Pecan-nut, 


442 


Pipe wort Family, 


529 


Populus, 


454 


Pectis, 


263 


Piri()ueta 


167 


Portulaca, 


39 


Pedicularis, 


320 


Piscidia, 


I2:j 


PORTULACACEyE, 


38 


PelliBa, 


626 


Pisonia, 


394 


Potamogeton, 


470 


Pellitory, 


436 


Pistia, 


465 


Potentilla, 


135 


PeltandVa, 


465 


Pitcher-Plant Family, 


18 


Poterium, 


134 


Pennisetum, 


588 


Pithecolobium, 


127 


Prenanthes, 


272 


Penthorum, 


151 


Planera, 


440 


Prickly Ash, 


68 


Pentodon, 


200 


Planer Tree, 


440 


Prickly Pear, 


171 


Pentstemon, 


308 


Plane Tree, 


441 


Pride of India, 


63 


Peperomia, 


419 


Plane-Tree Familv, 


441 


Primrose Familv, 


297 


Pepper Family, 


418 


plantaginacf:^ 


390 


PRIMULACE^, 


297 


Peppergrass, 


30 


Plantago, 


390 


Prince's Pine, 


289 


Pepper-root, 


25 


Plantain, 


390 


Priva, 


367 


Perilla, 


390 


Plantain Familv, 


390 


Prosartes, 


514 


Periwinkle, 


343 


PL AT AN A CE'^, 


441 


Proserpinaca, 


159 


Persea, 


414 


Platanthera, 


485 


Prunus, 


330 


Persimmon, 


293 


Platanus, 


441 


Pseudophoenix, 


463 


Petalostemon, 


100 


Pleea, 


518 


Psilocarya, 


557 


Petiveria, 


395 


Fluchea, 


238 


Psilotum, 


639 


pETiVEKIE^E, 


395 


Plum, 130 


,140 


Psoralea, 


99 


Petunia, 


326 


PLUMBAGINACE^, 300 


Psvchotria, 


195 


Phacelia, 


355 


Plumbago, 


300 


Ptelea, 


69 


Phfenogamous Plants, 


1 


Poa, 


614 


PTERIDE.E, 


622 


Phalaris, 


596 


POACE^, 


574 


Pteris, 


625 


Phaseole^, 


94 


Podophyllum, 


16 


Pterocanlon, 


238 


Pharus, 


590 


PODOSTEMACE^, 


420 


Puccoon, 


21 


Phaseolus, 


115 


Podostemon, 


420 


Pulse Family, 93, 96 


Pheasant's Eye, 


8 


Podostigma, 


348 


Purslane, 


39 


Phegopteris, 


633 


Pogonia, 


483 


Purslane Family, 


38 


Philadelphus, 


147 


Poison Elder, 


72 


Puttyroot, 


480 


Philibertia, 


350 


Poison Ivy, 


72 


P\cnanthemum, 


375 


Philoxerus, 


401 


Poison Oak, 


72 


Pyrola, 


289 



Pvrola Family, 288 
PyROLiNE.^5, 280, 288 

Pyrrhopappus, 273 

Pvrularia, 417 

PVrus, 140 

Pyxidanthera, 291 

Quassia, 70 

Quassia Family, 70 

Queen's Delight, 427 

Quercus, 448 

Quince, 141 

Randia, 197 
EANUNCULACE^, 3 

Eanuncule^, 2 

Eauunculus, 2 

Raphidophyllum, 463 

Rattlebox, 96 
Rattlesnake Plantain, 489 

Red Bay, 414 

Redbud, 123 

Rod Cohosh, 11 

Red Pepper, 323 
Reed, 618, 620 

Reimaria, 577 

Reynosia, 76 

RHAMNACEiE, 75 

Rharanus, 76 

Rhatany Family, 92 

Rhexia, 155 

Rhizophora, 152 
RHIZOPHORACE^, 152 

Rhododendron, 287 

Rhodora, 280 

Rhus, 71 

Rhynchosia, 114 

Rhynchospora, 551 
Rhynchospore^, 532 

Ribes, 148 

RlBESCE^, 143 

Richardia, 194 

Ricinus, 432 

Riverweed, 420 
Riverweed Family, 420 

Rivina, ' 395 

Robinia, 102 

Rocket, 28 

Rock-rose, 35 

Rock-rose Family, 35 

Rosa, 137 

RoSACEiE, 129 

Rose, 137, 138 

Rose Bay, 287 

Rose Family, 129 

Rose Mallow, 51 

Rottboellia, 590 

ROTTBOELLIE^E, 574 

Roxburghia, 506 
ROXBURGHIACE^, 506 

Royal Palm, 463 

RUBIACE^, 190 

Rubus, 136 

Rudbeckia, 248 

Riiellia, 364 
liue-Anemone, ~ 5 

Rue Family, 68 



INDEX. 




Rumex, 


407 


Ruppia, 


470 


Rush, 


520 


Rush Family, 


519 


RUTACE.E, 


68 


Sabal, 


461 


Sabbatia, 


336 


Sage, 


380 


Sageretia, 


76 


Sagina, 


41 


Sagittaria, 


473 


St. John's-wort, 


56 



St. John's-wort Family, 55 

St. Peter's-wort, 56 

SALICACE^, 452 

Salicornia, 405 

Salix, 452 

Salsola, 406 

Saltwort, 406 

Salvia, 380 

SALVINIACEiE, 641 

Sambucus, 188 

Samolus, 299 
Sandalwood Family, 416 

Sandspur, 588 

Sandwort, 42 

Sanguinaria, 21 

Sanicula, 175 

SANTALACE^., 416 

SAPINDACE^, 84 

SAPINDEiE, 85 

Sapindus, 86 

Sapodilla Family, 294 

Saponaria, 41 

SAPOTACEiE, 294 

Sarracenia, 18 
SARRACENIACE^, 18 

Sarsaparilla, 183 

Sassafras, 415 

Satureia, 378 

Satukei^, 372 

Saururus, 418 

Savory, 378 

Saxifraga, 145 
SAXIFRAGACE^, 142 

Saxifrage, 145 

Saxifrage Family, 142 

Scaivola, 277 

Schgefferia, 79 

Schizandra, 12 

SCHIZANDRE^, 11 

SCHIZ^INE^, 623 

Schoenocaulon, 517 

Schoenolirion, 510 

Schoepfia, 63 

Schrankia, 126 

Schwalbea, 320 

Schweinitzia, 290 

SciRPEyE, 531 

Scirpus, 546 

Scleria, 558 

SCLERIE^, 532 

Sclerolepis, 209 

Scleropus, 400 

Scolopendrium, 630 
Scoparia, ^ 315 



653 



Scouring Rush, 621 

Scrophularia, 307 
SCROPHULARIACEiE, 

306 

Scurvy Grass, 27 

Scutellaria, 384 

Sea Grape, 413 

Sea Mustard, 31 

Sea Purslane, 172 

Sebastiania, 427 

Sedge, 560 

Sedge Family, 531 

Sedum, 149 

Seed-box, 104 

Selaginella, 640 
SELAGINELLACE^, 

639 

Self-heal, 384 

Senebiera, 30 

Senecio, 266 

SEKECIONIDEiE, 239 

Senna, 124 

Sensitive Brier, 126 

Sensitive Plant, 126 

Serenoa, 462 

Sericocarpus, 217 

SESAME^i, 303 

Sesbania, 105 

Sesuvium, 172 

Setaria, 587 

Seutera, 349 

Seymeria, 316 

Shepherd's Purse, 30 

Shield Fern, 631 

Shortia, 291 

Sicyos, 70 

Sida, 47 

Sideroxvlon, 294 

Side-Saddle Flower, 18 

Silene, 40 

SlLENE^, 39 

SlLICULOS^, 23 

SlLIQUOS^, 23 

Silkweed, 344 

Silphium, 240 

Silver Palm, 462 

Simaruba, 70 

SIMARUBACE^, 70 

Sinapis, 28 

Sipiionychia, 398 

Sisymbrium, 27 

Sisvrhinchium, 501 

Sium, 179 

Skullcap, 384 

Slcunk Cabbage, 465 

Sloe, 188 

SMILACACEiE, 502 

Smilacina, 508 

Smilax, 502 

Smilax Family, 502 

Snakehead, 308 
Snakeroot, 11, 91, 175, 210 
Snowberry, 187, 195, 283 

Snowdrop Tree, 292 

Soap ben-y, 86 

Soap-berry Family, 84 

Soapwort, " 41 



Go4 




IXDEX. 








SOLANACE.E, 


321 


Strumpfia, 


196 


1 Thyrnus, 


390 


Solauuni, 


321 


Stuartia, 


62 


Thysanella, 


412 


Solea, 


35 


Stylisma, 


330 


Tiarella, 


146 


Solidago, 


227 


St\ luphorum. 


20 


Tickseed, 


256 


Soliva, 


2G5 


Stvlosanthes, 


109 


Tiedmannia, 


181 


Solomon's Seal, 507, 508 


StYKACACE^E, 


291 


Tilia, 


54 


Sonchus, 


274 


Stykace^e, 


292 


TILIACEyE, 


54 


Sophora, 

Sol'HOltE.E, 


123 


Styrax, 


292 


Tilla>a, 


150 


95 


Sua'da, 


405 


Tillandsia, 


497 


Soi-f^liuni, 


595 


Sumach, 


71 


Tipularia, 


481 


Sorrel-tree, 


28G 


Sundew, 


19 


Titi, 


84 


Sour Gum, 


185 


Sundew Family, 


19 


Toad- Flax, 


309 


Sour-wood, 


286 


Sunflower, 


251 


Tolieldia, 


518 


Spanish Bayonet, 


512 


Supple Jack, 


76 


Torchw(jod, 


69 


Sparganium, 


4G8 


Suriana, 


70 


Torcliwood Fami 


V, 71 


Spartina, 


605 


Sweet Bay, 


12 


Torreva, 


460 


Specularia, 


279 


Sweet Clover, 


98 


Toothache Tree, 


68 


Speedwell, 


314 


Sweet Fern, 


450 


Toolhwort, 


25 


Spergula, 


44 


Sweet Flag, 


466 


Touch-me-not, 


67 


Spergularia, 


44 


Sweet Gum, 


152 


Tournet'ortia, 


359 


Sl'KKGULt^, 


39 


Sweet Potato, 


327 


Tradescantia, 


525 


Spermacoce, 


193 


Sweet-scented Grass, 


596 


Tragia, 


429 


Spice-Bush, 


415 


Sweet-scented Shrub, 


142 


Trautvetteria, 


6 


Spider Lily, 


493 


Swietenia, 


63 


Trema, 


440 


Spider wort, 


525 


Sycamore, 


441 


Tree Orchis, 


480 


Spiderwort Family, 


524 


Symi)horicarpus, 


187 


Trepocarpus, 


182 


Spigelia, 


200 


Symplocarpus, 


465 


Trianosperma, 


169 


Spike Rush, 


541 


Symplocine^e, 


292 


Trianthema, 


172 


Spilanthes, 


247 


Symplocos, 


293 


Tribulus, 


67 


Spiadle-tree, 


80 


Synandra, 


387 


Trichelostylis, 


549 


Spira?a, 


132 


Syriiiga, 


147 


Trichomanes, 


635 


Spiranthes, 


488 






Trich(^stema, 


389 


Spirolobe.e, 


403 


Tsenitis, 


625 


Trifolium, 


98 


Spleenwort, 


628 


Taiinum, 


38 


Triglochin, 


472 


Sporobolus, 


597 


Tanacetum, 


264 


Trilisia, 


212 


Spring Beauty, 


38 


Tansy, 


264 


Trilliace^, 


502 


Spruce, 457 


, 458 


Tape-grass, 


475 


Trillium, 


504 


Spurge, 


422 


Taraxacum, 


273 


Trillium Family, 


502 


Spurge Family, 


421 


Tare, 


107 


Triodia, 


609 


Spurrey, 


44 


Tar-Flower, 


288 


Triosteum, 


188 


Squaw-root, 


305 


Taxine^, 


455 


Triplasis, 


610 


Squirrel-Corn, 


22 


Taxodium, 


459 


Tripsacum, 


591 


Stachyde.e, 


373 


Taxus, 


459 


Trisetum, 


604 


Stachys, 


388 


Teasel, 


203 


Triumfetta, 


55 


Stachytarpha, 


369 


Teasel Family, 


203 


Trumpet-flower, 


304 


Staff-tree, 


80 


Tecoma, 


304 


Trumpet-leaf, 


18, 19 


Staphvlea, 


84 


Telanthera, 


402 


Tsuga, 


457 


STAPH YLEACE^, 


84 


Tophrosia, 


103 


Tubuliflore^, 


203, 207 


Star-Grass, 495 


,497 


Terminalia, 


153 


TULIPACE.E, 


507 


Star Thistle, 


2f)9 


Tetragonotheca, 


247 


Tulip-tree, 


13 


Starwort. 43 


217 


Tetranthera, 


492 


TURNERACEtE, 


167 


Statice, 


300 


Teucrium, 


390 


Turnera Family, 


167 


Steironema, 


298 


Thalassia, 


470 


Twayblade, 


479 


Stellaria, 


43 


Thalia, 


491 


Twin-leaf, 


16 


Stenandrium, 


365 


Thalictrum, 


5 


Twisted Orchis, 


488 


Stenanthium, 


616 


Thaspium, 


179 


Typha, 


468 


Stenotaphrum, 


589 


THEOPHRASTACE^, | 


TYPHACE^, 


467 


Stickweed, 


363 




296 






Stillingia, 


427 


Thermopsis, 


122 






Stipa, 


60O 


Thespesia, 


52 


ULMACE^, 


439 


Stipulicida, 


44 


Thistle, 


268 


Ulmus, 


439 


Stokesia, 


208 


Thorn Apple, 


325 


UMBELLTFER^ 


173 


Stonecrop, 


149 


Thoroughwort, 


213 


Unicorn Plant, 


304 


Storax, 


292 


Thrinax, 


462 


Uniola, 


617 


Storax Family, 


291 


Thuva, 


459 


Urena, 


50 


Strawberry, 


136 


Thurberia, 


600 


Urene^, 


45 


Streptopus, 


514 


THYMELEACE^, 


416 


Urtica, 


435 







INDEX. 






655 


URTICACE^, 


434 


Wake-Robin, 


464 


Wolfsbane, 


9 


Utricularia, 


301 


Waldsteinia, 


135 


Wood Anemone, 


4 


Uvularia, 


513 


Walking-Leaf, 


628 


Woodbine, 


187 


UVULARIE^, 


513 


Walnut, 


442 


Wood Rush, 


519 






Walnut Family, 


441 


Woodsia, 


634 


VACCIXIE.E, 


279 


Waltheria, 


53 


WOODSIE.E, 


623 


Vaccinium, 


281 


Wampee, 


523 


Wood-Sorrel, 


65 


Valerian, 


202 


Warea, 


28 


Wood-Sorrel Family, 


65 


Valeriana, 


202 


Watches, 


19 


Woodwardia, 


628 


VALERIANACE^, 


202 


Water-Chinquapin, 


17 


Wormseed, 


404 


Valerian Family, 


202 


Water-Cress. 


24 


W^ormwood, 


265 


Valerianella, 


202 


Water Hemlock, 


177 






Vallesia, 


343 


Waterleaf, 


354 


Xanthium, 


245 


Vallisneria, 


475 


Waterleaf Family, 


354 


Xerophyllum, 


517 


VAIJDE.E, 


478 


Water-Lily, 


17 


Xuiienia, 


63 


Vanilla, 


484 


Water-Lilv Familj^, 


16 


Ximenia Family, 


62 


Veratrum, 


516 


Water-Milfoil, 


159 


XYRIDACE^, 


526 


Verbascum, 


307 


Water-Milfoil Family 


159 


Xyris, 


526 


Verbena, 


368 


Water-PIaintain, 


472 






VERBENACE^, 


367 


Water-Plantain Earn- 




Yam, 


501 


Verbesina, 


254 


iiy, 


472 


Yam Family, 


501 


Vernoiiia, 


207 


W^ater-Shield, 


17 


Yarrow, 


264 


Vernoxiace^, 


207 


Water-Starwort, 


420 


Yaupon, 


82 


Veronica, 


314 


Water-Starwort Fam- 




Yellow-eyed Grass, 


526 


Vervain, 


268 


ily, 


420 


Yellow-eyed Grass Fam- 


Vervain Family, 


267 


Wax-Myrtle, 


449 


ily, 


526 


Vetch, 


107 


Wax-Myrtle Family^ 


449 


Yellow Jessamine, 


201 


Viburnum, 


188 


Wedelia, 


246 


Yellow Poppy, 


20 


Vicia, 


107 


Whahoo, 


440 


Yellow Root, 


10 


VlCIE^, 


94 


White Cohosh, 


10 


Yellow Water-Lily, 


18 


Vigna, 


116 


White Poplar, 


13 


Yellow-Wood, 


123 


Vinca, 


343 


Whortleberry Family 


280 


Yew, 


459 


Vine, 


73 


Wickv, 


286 


Yucca, 


512 


Vine Family, 


73 


Wild 'Hyacinth, 


510 






Viola, 


33 


Wild Rice, 


590 


Zamia, 


460 


VIOLACE^,, 


32 


Willow, 


452 


Zannichella, 


469 


Violet, 


33 


Willow Family, 


452 


Zanthorhiza, 


10 


Violet Family, 


32 


Willow-Herb, 


162 


Zanthoxylum, 


68 


Virginian Creeper, 


75 


Wind-Flower, 


4 


Zephyranthes, 


493 


Virgin's Bower, 
VITACE/R, 


3 


WiNTEREyE, 


11 


Zinnia, 


446 


73 


Wintergreen, 


283 


Zizania, 


590 


VlTE^ 


367 


Wire Grass, 597 


,601 


Zizia, 


179 


Vitis, 


73 


Wistaria, 


103 


Zornia, 


108 


Vittaria, 


625 


Witch-Hazel, 


151 


Zostera, 


469 


VlTTARIE^ 


622 


Witch-Hazel Family, 


151 


Zygadenus, 
ZYGOPHYLLACE^ 


515 


Voyra, 


340 


Wolffia, 


467 


67 



'-.■/'KH: 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



Hiiill 



il III III 



III 



I 



III 



005 347 095 6 






mmm 



mm 






